1

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebisinteleqtualuri sakuTrebisinteleqtualuri sakuTrebisinteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa uflebaTa uflebaTa uflebaTa

reJimireJimireJimireJimi evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi da da da da mismismismisiiii zegavlena inovaciazezegavlena inovaciazezegavlena inovaciazezegavlena inovaciaze

oleg SatberaSvilioleg SatberaSvilioleg SatberaSvilioleg SatberaSvili

1.1.1.1. SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali

ekonomikis erTaderTi tipi, romelic qveynis konkurentunarianobasa da

keTildReobis grZelvadian zrdas uzrunvelyofs, inovaciaze orientirebuli

ekonomikaa. amas amtkicebs ekonomikuri Teoriac1 da mravali aTeuli warmatebuli

qveynis praqtikac. rac mTavaria, igives amtkicebs mravali warumatebeli qveynis

magaliTi, sadac sxva ekonomikuri modelebi iqna arCeuli2. sainovacio procesebi

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis (is) sakiTxebze imdenadaa damokidebuli, rom is

sferoSi saxelmwifo politika qveynis ganviTarebis erTerT umniSvnelovanes

elementad gvevlineba.

patentebi gamogonebebze kompaniebs konkurentul upiratesobas aniWebs garkveuli

droiT. es kompaniebis mier axali, patentunariani produqtebisa Tu procesebis

SemuSavebis an SeZenis Zlieri stimulia. qveynis ekonomikaSi aseTi produqtebisa

da procesebis wili da, agreTve, maTi ganaxlebis (inovaciis) siCqare gansazRvravs

ekonomikis konkurentunarianobas. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis

iuridiuli dacvis sistemebi uzrunvelyofen ganaxlebaze orientirebuli

ekonomikis funqcionirebas, icaven ra inovaciur kompanias misi patentiT

dadasturebuli codnis sxvebis mier gamoyenebisgan. meore mxriv, igive sistemebi,

zogadad, abrkoleben teqnologiebis Sesaxeb codnis Tavisufal gavrcelebasa da

gamoyenebas. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa (isu) dacvis sferoSi

saxelmwifo politikis amocana am or urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendencias Soris

iseTi balansis dacvaa, romelic qveyanas maqsimalurad swrafi, mdgradi da

konkurentunarianobis zrdis uzrunvelmyofeli ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevs.

balansis dacva rTulia mravali mizezis gamo (maT Soris TRIPS3 SeTanxmebis

xelmowerasTan dakavSirebiT, romelmac bevri ram Secvala samrewvelo

1 Joseph A. Schumpeter. Theory of Economic Development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the

business cycle, 1911.]

2 The Bayh-Dole Act at 25. BayhDole25, Inc., April 17, 2006.

3 daviT gabunia, giorgi TaqTaqiSvili. saerTaSoriso saavtoro samarTali: bernis konvencia, romis

konvencia, TRIPS-is SeTanxmeba. analizi da komentarebi. saqpatenti, Tbilisi, 2005, 280 gv.

2

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa rogorc saerTaSoriso, aseve erovnul

reJimebSi). isu sferoSi politika damokidebulia qveynis mimdinare ekonomikur

mdgomareobaze da am mdgomareobis droSi cvlilebaze, erovnuli samecniero-

teqnikuri kadrebis momzadebis doneze, arsebul ganaTlebis sistemaze,

politikuri sistemis tipze, qveynis sagareo politikasa da geografiul

mdebareobaze da mraval sxva faqtorze. evrokavSiri, romelic amJamad 27 sakmaod

gansxvavebuli saxelmwifos erTobliobaa, integraciis TvalsazrisiT uaRresad

rTuli amocanis gadawyvetis aucileblobis winaSe dgas kidev imitom, rom masSi

Semavali saxelmwifoebi, garda zemoCamoTvlili niSnebisa, saxelmwifo eniT

gansxvavdebian. ena ki inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis iuridiuli dacvis sakiTxebSi

metad mniSvnelovani faqtoria, radganac dacvis obieqti, xSirad, teqstia.

zemonaTqvamis Sesabamisad, yovel wevr saxelmwifos istoriulad Seqmnili aqvs

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa dacvis sakuTari reJimi. meore mxriv,

evrokavSiris erTiani Sida bazari, miuxedavad sabaJo barierebis likvidaciisa da

erTiani valutis SemoRebis, dasrulebulad ver CaiTvleba, Tu ar iqneba

SemoRebuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis erTiani reJimi. es garemoeba,

evrokavSiris codnis ekonomikis mimarTulebiT mimdinare cvlilebis gamo, sul

ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens. vaWrobaSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis xvedriTi

wili ganuwyvetliv izrdeba4. Sesabamisad, evrokavSiris bazris didma (da mzardma)

segmentma SeiZleba erTiani bazris reJimSi ver imuSaos.

sainovacio procesebis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxia

gansaxilveli: a) inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis registraciisa da samarTleblivi

dacvisa da b) inteleqtualur sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis

xelSewyobis.

saqarTveloSi Sesabamisi politikis SemuSavebisa da evrokavSirTan misi

Tavsebadobis uzrunvelsayofad isu sferoSi evrokavSiris gamocdilebis Seswavlas

didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs5.

4 Kamiyama Sh., Sheehan J., Martinez C. VALUATION AND EXPLOITATION OF INTELLECTUAL

PROPERTY. DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY WORKING PAPER, 2006/5,

DSTI/DOC(2006)5. (www.oecd.org).

5 inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sakiTxebi saxelmwifo sainovacio politikaSi: patentebi. gamokvlevis

angariSi. informaciisa da dokumentaciis saqarTvelos federacia, Tbilisi, 2009.

3

2.2.2.2. evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi evrokavSirSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis

samarTlebrivi sistemasamarTlebrivi sistemasamarTlebrivi sistemasamarTlebrivi sistema

evrokavSirisa da wevri qveynebis kanonmdebloba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis

sferoSi cnobs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT6 aRiarebul yvela tipis dacvis

obieqts: gamogonebebze patentebs, samrewvelo nimuSebs, sasaqonlo niSnebs,

adgilwarmoSobis aRniSvnebs, saaavtoro da momijnave uflebebs.

evrokavSirSi ori uwyebaa am obieqtebTan muSaobisTvis pasuxismgebeli: Sida

bazarze harmonizaciis ofisi (OHIM)7, romelic pasuxismgebelia gaerTianebis

savaWro niSnebisa da gaerTianebis dizainis registraciisTvis da evropuli

sapatento ofisi (EPO)8, romelic gamogonebebze patentebs gascems.

erTiani Sida bazris cneba (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Tavisufali gadaadgileba)

gulisxmobs evrokavSiris doneze inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis (is)

standartizacias, rac is yvela saxeobis mimarT evrokomisiis mniSvnelovani

sazrunavia. winsvla saxeobebis mimarTulebiT araTanabaria.

evrokavSiris qveynebis kanonmdebloba harmonizebulia saerTaSoriso konvenciebTan

(WIPO9, WTO

10, ix. agreTve 11 evrokavSirSi is dacvis mdgomareobisa da

problemebis Sesaxeb). amJamad evrokomisia muSaobs iseTi sistemis Seqmnaze,

romelic ufra iafi da efeqtiani iqneba, vidre arsebuli. CamoTvlil sakiTxebTan

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mekobreobasTan, falsifikaciasTan da ukanono

vaWrobasTan brZolis sakiTxebi.

6 samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis parizis konvencia, madridis SeTanxmeba da sxva. yvela SeTanxmebis

sruli teqsti qarTul enaze ixileT saqpatentis saitze (http://www.sakpatenti.org.ge/files/). ixileT,

agreTve sqolio 3 wina gverdze.

7 OHIM - Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (http://oami.europa.eu)

8 EPO - European Patent Office (http://www.epo.org/)

9 WIPO – intelqtualuri sakuTrebis msoflio organizacia (http://www.wipo.int/portal/index.html.en)

10 WTO - vaWrobis msoflio organizacia (www.wto.org)

11 europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/businesses/intellectual_property/index_en.htm

4

3. 3. 3. 3. saavtoro da momijnave uflebebisaavtoro da momijnave uflebebisaavtoro da momijnave uflebebisaavtoro da momijnave uflebebi

evrokavSiris doneze saavtoro da momijnave uflebebi regulirdeba

evroparlamentisa da evrokavSiris sabWos 2001 wlis 22 maisis direqtiviT

2001/29/EC12

("sainformacio sazogadoebis direqtiva"), romelmac mxolod

nawilobriv Secvala manamde miRebuli direqtivebi13, ZirTadad ki Seecada isini

sainformacio sazogadoebis konteqstSi moeqcia. direqtivis mizania miaRwios wevri

qveynebis kanonmdeblobis SeTanxmebul cvlilebas, raTa axali teqnologiebis

gavrcelebasa da maT pirobebSi avtorebis, Semsruleblebis, monacemTa bazebis

mflobelebis uflebebis dacvas Seuwyos xeli. es direqtiva emsaxureba

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis msoflio organizaciis 1996 wlis saavtoro

uflebebze SeTanxmebis14 evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi

asaxvas. erovnuli kanonmdebloba rCeba yovel qveyanaSi davebis ganxilvisa da

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis maregulirebeli. ufro metic, direqtivam ver

gaiTvaliswina saavtoro uflebebis dacvis zogierTi aspeqti, rac qveynebs

garkveuli gadaxrebis saSualebas aZlevs. arsebobs analitikosTa azri, rom

direqtiva ufro uflebebis mflobelTa interesebs icavs, vidre momxmarebelTa

interesebs. asea Tu ise, evrokomisiis doneze debatebi saavtoro uflebebis

sakiTxebze grZeldeba, rac aisaxa 2008 wels mwvane rveulis formiT miRebul

evrokomisiis komunikaciaSi15. rogorc yvela mwvane rveuli, igi

debatebis/konsultaciebis organizebasa da codnis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb

profesiuli sazogadoebis azris gamovlenas, winadadebebis Segrovebas emsaxureba.

E

12 DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 May 2001 on

the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. Official Journal of the

European Communities, 22.6.2001, L 167/10 EN (http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:167:0010:0019:EN:PDF)

13 Directives 91/250/EEC , 92/100/EEC , 93/83/EEC , 93/98/EEC and 96/9/EC.

14 WIPO Copiright Treaty 1996 (http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html)

15 Copyright in the Knowledge Economy. GREEN PAPER Brussels, 16.7.2008 COM(2008) 466 final

(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0466:FIN:EN:PDF)

5

4. 4. 4. 4. gamogonebaTa dacvagamogonebaTa dacvagamogonebaTa dacvagamogonebaTa dacva evrokavSirSievrokavSirSievrokavSirSievrokavSirSi

4.1. zogadi mimoxilva4.1. zogadi mimoxilva4.1. zogadi mimoxilva4.1. zogadi mimoxilva

msoflioSi mzardi sagamomgoneblo aqtivoba, rac codnis ekonomikisken moZraobis

erTerTi umTavresi ganmsazRvreli niSania, evrokavSirSi xelSewyobisa da

konkurentebis mimarT misi maCveneblebis amaRlebas moiTxovs.

evrokavSiri CamorCeba ZiriTad konkurentebs aqtivobis iseTi fundamenturi

maCvenebliT, rogoricaa patentebis ricxvi milion mosaxleze weliwadSi – 30

(aSS – 55, iaponia – 120)16. arsebuli mdgomareoba evrokavSirSi mkvlevarTa da

inovaciis sferos menejerTa SeSfoTebas iwvevs.

evrokavSiris (warsulSi evrogaerTianebis) sapatento sistemam wlebis

ganmavlobaSi ganicada mizandasaxuli cvlileba. Tavidan arsebobda individualuri

erovnuli sistemebis erToblioba. 1977 wels evropuli sapatento organizacia

(EPOrg - esorg)17 dafuZnda da evropuli patenti iqna SemoRebuli (ix. CanarTi 1).

esorg araa damokidebuli evrogaerTianebaze da Tavis SemadgenlobaSi sawyisad,

garda imdroindeli evrogaerTianebis saxelmwifoebisa, esk-sTan mierTebul

Sveicarias, TurqeTs, lixtenSteins, saberZneTs, sloveniasa da bulgareTs

gulisxmobda. amJamad igi 36 qveyanas awevrianebs, maT Soris yvela evrokavSiris

wevrs. amis iuridiuli safuZvelia 1973 wels miRebuli evropuli sapatento

konvencia18. es sistema dResac moqmedebs, Tumca wlebis ganmavlobaSi misi Semdgomi

srulyofis Taobaze diskusia ar wydeba. evrokomisiam 2006 wels gamarTa farTo

konsultaciebi momavali sapatento politikis sakiTxebze, xolo 2007 wels

mimarTa evroparlamentsa da evrokavSiris sabWos. mimarTvaSi Camoyalibebulia

patentebis dacvis problemebi da maTi gadalaxvis samoqmedo mimarTulebebi19.

mTavari problema isaa, rom patentebis dacva evropaSi gacilebiT (10-jer) ufro

Zviria, vidre aSS-Si da iaponiaSi20. garda amisa, evropuli patenti sinamdvileSi

ramdenime erovnuli patentis konaa da davebis warmoqmnisas ganxilva erovnul

16 COMPENDIUM OF PATENT STATISTICS. OECD, 2008 (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/19/37569377.pdf)

17 European Patent Organization (EPOrg). (http://www.epo.org)

18 Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973 - European Patent Convention (EPC). konvenciis teqsti

(http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/html/epc/2000/e/contents.html). amJamad moqmedebs konvenciis me-13 redaqcia (2000 wlis)

19 Enhancing the patent system in Europe. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council of 3

April 2007, COM(2007) 165 final - Not published in the Official Journal 20 B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie and D. François. The cost factor in patent systems. Université Libre de Bruxelles – Solvay Business School –

Centre Emile Bernheim, CEB Working Paper N° 06/002, 2006 (http://www.solvay.edu/EN/Research/Bernheim/documents/wp06002.pdf)

6

sasamarTloebSi warmoebs, rac davis sagnis transsasazRvro xasiaTis SemTxvevaSi

(es ki xSirid xdeba) iuridiul gaurkvevlobebs iwvevs. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom

saWiroa martivi, iafi da maRalxarisxiani sapatento sistemis SemuSaveba.

4.4.4.4.2222. . . . gaerTianebis patentis SemoRebis problemebigaerTianebis patentis SemoRebis problemebigaerTianebis patentis SemoRebis problemebigaerTianebis patentis SemoRebis problemebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom evrogaerTianeba evrokavSirad gardaiqmna, erTian patents,

romlis SemoRebis idea evrokavSiris droidan modis da jerac ganuxorcielebel

survilad rCeba, gaerTianebis patents (community patent) uwodeben. misi SemoReba,

rogorc mizani, aRniSnuli iyo jer kidev lisabonis strategiaSi 2000 wels.

2003 wlis 3 marts evrosabWom SeimuSava erTiani politikuri midgoma

gaerTianebis patentebis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca yvela arsebuli

uTanxmoebis mogvareba ver moxerxda21.

CanarTi 1CanarTi 1CanarTi 1CanarTi 1

evropuli sapatento sistemaevropuli sapatento sistemaevropuli sapatento sistemaevropuli sapatento sistema

iuridiuli safuZveli iuridiuli safuZveli iuridiuli safuZveli iuridiuli safuZveli ---- 1973 wels miRebuli evropuli sapatento konvencia.

marTvis organoebi marTvis organoebi marTvis organoebi marTvis organoebi ---- evropuli sapatento organizacia (EPOrg – esorg), romlis SemadgenlobaSia

misi aRmasrulebeli organo - evropuli sapatento ofisi (eso), da sazedamxedvelo organo -

administraciuli sabWo. ofisi gascems konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul evropul patents. Stab-bina

imyofeba miunxenSi, germania.

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli saagentoebi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli saagentoebi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli saagentoebi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli saagentoebi sistemis ganuyofeli nawilia. maT SeyavT

moqmedebaSi sakuTari qveynebis teritoriaze evropuli sapatento ofisis mier gacemuli evropuli

patenti, ris Semdegac qveynis iuridiuli sistemebi pasuxismgebelni xdebian patentis dacvaze.

sasamarTlo davebs uflebebis darRvevis sakiTxebze im qveynis sasamarTlo ixilavs, romelSic

savaraudo darRvevas qonda adgili.

garda amisa, erovnuli saagentoebi aregistrireben erovnul patentebs da gascemen maT damcav

dokumentebs.

erTianad yvela an ramdenime wevr saxelmwifoSi sapatento dacvis misaRebad erTi

ganacxadis Setanaa sakmarisi evropul sapatento ofisSi. eso awarmoebs eqspertizas

da, dadebiTi Sedegis SemTxvevaSi, gascems patents, romelic ganacxadSi miTiTebul

yvela saxelmwifom unda daicvas (ganmcxadeblis mier erovnul enebze gadaTargmnis

21 Community Patent - Common political approach of 3 March 2003 // Official Journal EPO. 2003. N 5. P. 218 - 223.

7

Semdeg). amgvarad, arsebobs erTiani sapatento procedura da patentunarianobis

erTiani mcneba.

amJamad arsebul evropuli sapatento sistemas gaaCnia garkveuli naklovanebebi.

evropuli patentis SemoRebis udavo progresulobis miuxedavad, igi mxolod

erovnuli patentebis “konis SemaerTebelia”. patenti SeiZleba CaiTvalos

Zaladakargulad safrangeTSi da gaiyos italiaSi, Sewyvitos moqmedeba britaneTSi da,

amave dros, miiRos dasturi germaniaSi. sxva sityvebiT, saerTo warmomavlobis

miuxedavad, evropuli patenti individualurobas iRebs masSi miTiTebul yvela

saxelmwifoSi calcalke. evropuli sapatento sistemis momxmareblebi mis Semdeg

naklovanebebs awydebian:

---- evropuli patentis miRebidan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi ganmcxadebeli valdebulia

gadaTargmnos sapatento dokumenti yvela wevri saxelmwifos enaze, romelSic igi

moiTxovs sapatento dacvas. vadebis daucvelobis SemTxvevaSi ganacxadi Seutanlad

iTvleba. Targmanis Rirebuleba Seadgens evropuli patentis miRebisa da misi ZalaSi

yofnis xarjebis saSualod 50%. aseTi enobrivi reJimi evropuli sapatento sistemis

konkurentunarianobas zians ayenebs. (magaliTad, aZvirebs amerikulTan SedarebiT).

---- evropuli patentis mflobels uwevs Tavisi uflebis dacva cal-calke yvela

wevr saxelmwifoSi. sxvadasxva saxelmwifos sasamarTloebs gansxvavebuli warmodgena

aqvT im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic patentis mflobels SeuZlia MTavisi sarCelebi

erT saqmeSi gaaerTianos sxvadasxva saxelmwifodan ramodenime mopasuxesTan

dakavSirebiT. amitom patentis mflobeli, romelsac surs aseT situacias Tavi

aaridos, amjobinebs sarCeli Seitanos erTdroulad yvela miTiTebul qveyanaSi.

---- dacvis moculoba, romelsac sTavazoben patentSi miTiTebul wevr

saxelmwifoebSi, SeiZleba meryeobdes - gansakuTrebiT “eqvivalentobis principTan”

(doctrine of equivalence) dakavSirebiT, romlis Tanaxmad, patentis dacvis moculoba

sapatento formulis punqtebis sityvieri gamoxatvis farglebs scildeba, anu

formulis sityvieri cvlilebebi, romelnic principul Sinaarsobriv siaxles ar

gamoxataven, ver CaiTvlebian axal gamogonebad (Sinaarsis upiratesoba sityvebTan

mimarTebaSi). sapatento samarTalSi es principi xels uSlis dapatentebuli

gamogonebis "Semovlas" SesaZlo kanondamrRvevebis mier misi umniSvnelo cvlilebis

gziT. praqtika gviCvenebs, rom erovnuli sasamarTloebi erTi da igive gamogonebis

gafarToebul interpretacias sxvadasxvagvarad akeTeben.

dacvis moculobis meryeoba patentis mflobelis, maTi konkurentebis da mTlianad

sazogadoebis interesebs vnebs. pirvelni ar arian darwmunebulni, rom sapatento

dacva, romelic aqvT erT evropul qveyanaSi, igive zomiT uzrunvelyofilia sxvaSi.

8

meoreebma ar ician, SeuZliaT Tu ara sakuTari saqonlis realizacia kanonier

safuZvelze yvela saxelmwifoSi, Tu es kanonierad cnes erT-erT saxelmwifoSi.

gaerTianebis patents gaaCnia rigi dadebiTi Tvisebebisa. gaerTianebis patentis SemoReba

iTvleba zemoTaRniSnuli naklovanebebis aRmofxvris saSualebad (da, amave dros,

evrointegraciis Zlier saSualebad):

---- gaerTianebis patenti mimarTulia erTiani uflebis dadgenisken uflebaTa “konis”

magivrad, romelsac evropuli patenti warmoadgens. gaerTianebis patenti SeiZleba

gaices, misi moqmedebis vada gagrZeldes an Sewydes mxolod mTel evrokavSirTan, da

ara calkeul wevr saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi. es gaerTianebis patentis mTavari

ideaa. amasTan, axali ufleba iarsebebs wevri saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze eso-s

momqmed sistemasTan paralelurad.

amis miRweva SeiZleba ubralo da efeqturi xerxiT: evropul sapatento

organizacias uerTdeba evrokavSiri mTlianad, rogorc erTi wevri. amis Semdeg eso-s

SeuZlia evropuli patentis gacema, romelic moqmedebs erTdroulad mTeli

evrokavSiris farglebSi. gaerTianebis patenti evropuls, misi erovnuli

komponentebiT, ar Secvlis Tu ganmcxadebels surs moiTxovos dacva ara mTel

evrokavSirSi, aramed konkretul wevr saxelmwifoebSi. amasTan, ganmcxadebels ar

SeuZlia orive variantis erTdroulad gamoyeneba.

- gamartivdeba arsebuli enobrivi reJimi, romelic gansakuTrebiT aZvirebs

dapatentebas evropaSi. am mimarTulebiT ixileba ramdenime sqema, romelTagan yvelaze

martivi Cans ganacxadis eso-s sami oficialuri enidan erTerTze Setana Tanxmlebi

TargmaniT or danarCenze (sxva enebze Semdgomi Targmanis, rac amJamad warmoebs,

gareSe).

gaerTianebis patentis SemoReba gulisxmobs evropuli sapatento sasamarTlos

dafuZebas (Community Patent Court – CPC), romelic davebis ganxilvis dros moxsnis

zemoaRniSnul aracalsaxa interperetaciebs. amJamad ixileba evrokomisiis mier

momzadebuli ori winadadeba. erTi winadadeba22 gulisxmobs evropuli sapatento

sasamarTlos funqciebis arsebuli evropuli sasamarTlosTvis (European Court of Justice)23

miniWebas. meore winadadeba24 - specialuri gaerTianebis sapatento sasamarTlos

22 Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION conferring jurisdiction on the Court of Justice in disputes relating to the Community patent (presented by

the Commission). Brussels, 23.12.2003 COM(2003) 827 final, 2003/0326 (CNS)

23 European Court of Justice (http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_7024/) – mTavari sasamarTlo evrokavSiris sakiTxebSi. igi

evrokavSiris sasamarTlos (http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_6999/) erTi nawilia. meore nawilia saerTo sasamarTlo: yofili

The Court of First Instance, amJamad – The General Court (http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_7033/).

24 Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION establishing the Community Patent Court and concerning appeals before the Court of First Instance

(presented by the Commission). Brussels, 23.12.2003 COM(2003) 828 final 2003/0324 (CNS)

9

daarsebas gaerTianebis patentebTan dakavSirebul sadavo sakiTxebze absoluturi

iurisdiqciis miniWebiT, xolo apelaciis ganxilvis funqciisa - pirveli instanciis

sasamarTlosTvis miniWebiT (amJamad saerTo sasamarTlo) (The Court of First Instance – The

General Court).

miuxedavad aSkara upiratesobebisa arsebul sapatento sistemasTan SedarebiT,

gaerTianebis patenti dRemde ganuxorcielebel idead rCeba. misi ZiriTadi aspeqtebi:

iuridiuli sistema, enobrivi reJimi, dapatentebis xarjebi, erovnuli sistemebis

roli, Semosavlebis ganawileba – ganxiluli iyo jer kidev 2003 wels, xolo Semdeg

yovel 2 weliwadSi xelaxali debatebis sagani xdeboda.

enobrivi reJimi Zneli gadasalaxi dabrkolebaa rogorc registraciis procedurasTan,

aseve erTian evropul sapatento sasamarTloSi saqmiswarmoebasTan mimarTebaSi. aq xom

mosamarTleebic, mosarCeleebic, advokatebica da mopasuxeebic sxvadasxva qveynidan

(xSirad erT saqmeSi mravali sxvadasxva qveynidan) iqnebian. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

ganxilvis obieqtebi teqstebia (sapatento formulebi) saWiroa mravalenovani Zalian

zusti Targmani (da isev xarjebi). sapatento saqmianoba yvela qveyanaSi specialistTa

sakmaod didi jgufebis Semosavals uzrunvelyofs, romelic gardauvalad unda

gadanawildes da sxva. winaaRmdegobaTa Soris ukanasknel rols ar TamaSoben wevri

qveynebis kulturul-tradiciuli motivebic. amitom winsvla gaerTianebis patentisken

nelia, magram Tanmimdevruli.

gaerTianebis patentis eso-s sam oficialur enaze (inglisuri, germanuli, franguli)

warmoebaze uari Tqves espaneTma da portugaliam. evropuli sapatento sasamarTlos

luqsemburgSi dafuZnebas (rac logikuria, radganac iqaa ganlagebuli evropuli

sasamarTlo) SeewinaaRmdega germania (upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom amJamad

sapatento davebis umravlesoba germaniaSi ixileba). amitom evrokavSiri saSualedo,

kompromisuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis gziT midis. Targmanis gaiafebis mizniT 2000

wlis 17 oqtombers samTavrobaTaSoriso konferenciaze londonSi miiRes saSualedo

SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmad 2008 wlis 1 maisidan evropuli patentis Targmna araa

saWiro, Tu igi gacemulia im saxelmwifoebSi dasacavad, romelTa oficialuri ena

Tanxvdeba erT-erT eso oficialur enas. sxva saxelmwifoebi, romlebic SeuerTdnen

SeTanxmebas, uTiTeben erT romelime eso oficialur enas, romelzec unda iTargmnos

patenti mTlianad, xolo maT erovnul enaze iTargmneba mxolod gamogonebis formula

10

(da ara aRweriloba)25. am SeTanxmebas SeuerTdnen dania, didi britaneTi, germania,

islandia, latvia, lixtenSteini, luqsemburgi, monako, niderlandebi, safrangeTi,

slovenia, qorvatia, Sveicaria da sxva (sul 35 qveyana) – rogorc evrokavSiris wevri,

aseve ara wevri qveynebi. Tumca, Targmanis mimarT dawesebul SeRavaTebSi qveynebs

Soris gansxvavebebi mainc arsebobs. amitom dapatentebis dros yvela qveynis

kanonmdeblobas ganmcxadebeli cal-calke unda gaecnos26. eso wevri qveynis rezidents

SeuZlia sapatento ganacxadi Seitanos eso-Si TviTon, Suamavlebis gareSe, Tumca

rekomendebulia patentmcodneebTan konsultacia, xolo ararezidenti movalea

ganacxadi patentrwmunebulis SuamavlobiT Seitanos.

kompromisuli zomebi ver iZlevian im srul efeqts, romelsac gaerTianebis

patentisgan elodebian, amitom misi SemoReba evrokavSiris post-lisabonis

strategiuli ganviTarebis (2020 wlamde) dRis wesrigSi darCeba.

5. 5. 5. 5. gaerTianebisgaerTianebisgaerTianebisgaerTianebis (evrokavSiris) (evrokavSiris) (evrokavSiris) (evrokavSiris) savaWro niSani savaWro niSani savaWro niSani savaWro niSani

gaerTianebis savaWro niSnis SemoRebisa da dacvis sferoSi evrokavSirma ufro Sors

wasvla moaxerxa integraciis mimarTulebiT, vidre gaerTianebis patentis SemTxvevaSi.

ganmcxadebel sawarmos (evrogaerTianebis wevri an arawevri qveynidan) Seaqvs

ganacxadi Sida bazarze harmonizaciis ofisSi da iRebs mowmobas, romelic mis

uflebebs mTlianad evrokavSirSi icavs. SesaZloa, savaWro niSnebis sferoSi

evrokavSiris warmateba aixsneba dacvis obieqtis simartiviT, gamogonebaze patentTan

SedarebiT. meore mizezi, SesaZloa, isaa, rom savaWro niSani saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis ufro TvalnaTlivi ganuyofeli nawilia, vidre gamogonebaze patenti.

savaWro niSani yvela wevr qveyanaze Tu ar gavrcelda, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

Tavisufali gadaadgileba – erTiani bazris fundamenturi piroba – ver moxerxdeba.

miuxedavad amisa, 1960-an wlebSi gaerTianebis savaWro niSnis ideis warmoqmnidan 1993

wels mis realizaciamde sakmao dro gavida.

dacvis obieqtia nebismieri grafikuli gamosaxuleba (teqsti, cifrebis kombinacia,

asoebis kombinacia, saqonlisa da SefuTvis moyvaniloba), romelic gvaZlevs

saSualebas gavarCioT erTi organizaciis saqoneli an momsaxureba sxva organizaciebis

saqonelisa an momsaxurebisgan.

25 Agreement on the application of Article 65 of the Convention on the Grant of European Patents. Official Journal EPO, 12/2001, p. 550

(http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/london-agreement.html)

26 eso–s saitze (www.epo.org) yvela qveynis kanonmdelobaa Tavmoyrili.

11

zemoaRniSnul operaciebs aregulirebs evrokavSiris sabWos (miRebis momentSi

evrogaerTianebis sabWos) mier 1993 wels miRebuli kanoni27 da misi Semdgomi

Sesworebebi. igi adgens savaWro niSnebis registraciis wesebs, dacvis periods (10

weli) da misi gagrZelebis wess, sargeblobis uflebebis gadacemis wess

(licenzirebis SemTxvevaSi, organizaciis mflobelebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi), davebis

ganxilvis wess, koleqtiuri savaWro niSnebis28 gamoyenebis wesebsa da sxva.

SemoRebulia gaerTianebis savaWro niSnis sasamarTloebi (pirveli da meore

instanciis), romlebic yvela qveyanaSi moqmedeben. amasTan erTad, savaWro niSnebis

erovnuli sistemebi agrZeleben saqmianobas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu organizacias mTel

evrokavSirSi an mraval qveyanaSi surs sakuTari savaWro niSnis dacva, gacilebiT

iafi ujdeba gaerTianebis savaWro niSnis daregistrireba, xolo Tu mxolod 2-3

qveynis mimarT gaaCnia interesi, SeiZleba am qveynebSi erovnuli registracia arCios.

6. 6. 6. 6. evrokevrokevrokevrokavSiris (gaerTianebis) samrewvelo dizainiavSiris (gaerTianebis) samrewvelo dizainiavSiris (gaerTianebis) samrewvelo dizainiavSiris (gaerTianebis) samrewvelo dizaini

2001 wels evrokavSiris sabWom SemoiRo gaerTianebis dizainis ufleba, romelic

uzrunvelyofs samrewvelo dizainis dacvas evrokavSiris mTel teritoriaze29. am

aqtis mizani iyo evrokavSiris doneze dacvis erTiani sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic

erovnul kanonmdeblobebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis Sedegad warmoqmnil samarTlebriv

gaurkvevlobebs zRvars daudebda. gaerTianebis dizainis registracia xorcieldeba

Sida bazarze harmonizaciis ofisSi an centralur erovnul ofisSi, romelic

movalea gadaugzavnos ganmcxadeblis dokumentacia Sida bazarze harmonizaciis ofiss

evropul gaerTianebis dizainis registrSi Sesatanad. am uflebas gaaCnia ori forma:

registrirebuli dizainisa, romelic 2002 wels Sevida ZalaSi, da

dauregistrirebeli dizainis, romelic 2003 wels Sevida ZalaSi. registrirebuli

dizainis dacvis xangrZlivoba 25 wlamdea (dacvisTvis aucilebeli mosakreblis

perioduli gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi), xolo dauregistrirebelis – 3 weli im

TariRidan, rodesac evrokavSiris farglebSi dizaini naCvenebi iyo sazogadoebisTvis

(magaliTad, gamofenaze). dizainis qveS igulisxmeba produqtis mTlianad an misi

nawilis gare xedis Taviseburebebi, warmoqmnili TviT produqtis an misi gaformebis

xazebiT, ferebiT, formebiT, zedapirisa an masalis TvisebebiT. registraciisTvis

27 Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark.

28 savaWro niSnebi, romelic biznes-asociaciebs ekuTvnis da romliTac mxolod asociaciis wevrebi sargebloben.

29 Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs.

12

aucilebeli pirobaa dizainis siaxle. kanoni aregulirebs uflebis gasxvisebisa da

gadacemis sxvadasxva formebs.

iseve, rogorc savaWro niSnis SemTxvevaSi, samrewvelo dizainis erovnuli sistemebi

moqmedeben gaerTianebis dizainis sitemis paralelurad. momxmarebeli irCevs –

daaregistriros dizaini ramdenime qveyanaSi cal-calke, Tu moipovos gaerTianebis

dizainis uflebebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu uflebebis dacva mraval qveyanaSia aucilebeli,

gaerTianebis dizainis ufleba did finansur da drois dazogvas iZleva. iseve,

rogorc savaWro niSnis SemTxvevaSi, davebis gadasawyvetad SemoRebulia pirveli da

meore instanciis gaerTianebis dizainis sasamarTloebi, romlebic yvela qveyanaSi

moqmedeben.

zemoaRniSnuli direqtiva mravalwliani evoluciis Sedegia. 1993 wlamde Sida

bazarze inovaciisa da konkurenciis gasaumjobeseblad evrogaerTianebis sazrunavi

samrewvelo dizainis sferoSi wevri qveynebis kanonmdeblobaTa harmonizacia iyo,

risTvisac evrparlamentma da evrosabWom direqtiva miiRes30. aman, 7 wlis Semdeg,

gaerTianebis dizainis SemoReba gaxada SesaZlebeli. evrointegraciis procesi aseTi

Tanmimdevruli nabijebiT mimdinareobs, Tumca zogjer es nabijebi sasurvelze ufro

nelia.

7. 7. 7. 7. falsificirebuli saqoneli da falsificirebuli saqoneli da falsificirebuli saqoneli da falsificirebuli saqoneli da mekobreobamekobreobamekobreobamekobreoba

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis sakiTxebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saqonlis

falsifikaciisa da mekobreobis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan, romlis organizebis Taobaze

2008 wels evrokavSiris sabWom daamtkica gegma31. misi daniSnulebaa uzrunvelyos

evrokomisiisa da wevri saxelmwifoebis koordinirebuli muSaoba rogorc

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis reJimis ganmtkicebis, aseve, ufro farTod,

sabaJo zomebis, kanonmdeblobis srulyofis, mrewvelobis seqtorebs Soris

TanamSromlobis da a. S. gziT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva mesame qveynebTan

TanamSromlobas am mimarTulebebiT, samezoblo politikis meqanizmebis gamoyenebis

CaTvliT32.

30 Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 on the legal protection of designs [Official Journal L 289

of 28.10.1998]. 31 European anti-counterfeiting and anti-piracy plan. Council Resolution of 25 September 2008, Official Journal C 253 of 4.10.2008

(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008G1004(01):EN:NOT)

32 aseTi zomebi saqarTvelosTan samezoblo programis CarCoebSicaa dagegmili. ramdenime seminari ukve Catarda saqpatentisa da

GEPLAC-s bazaze.

13

8. 8. 8. 8. evrokavSirSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis evrokavSirSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis evrokavSirSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis evrokavSirSi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis

strategiuli ganviTarebastrategiuli ganviTarebastrategiuli ganviTarebastrategiuli ganviTareba

saerTo xedva da gasatarebeli RonisZiebebi Camoyalibebulia evrokomisiis 2008 wlis

komunikaciaSi "samrewvelo sakuTrebis uflebaTa strategia evropaSi"33. strategiis

mizania evropis sainovacio potencialis sruli gamoyeneba isu reJimis gaumjobesebis

gziT. strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli mimarTulebebisa da RonisZiebebis nawili zemoT

ukve ganvixileT. gaerTianebis patenti da erTiani iuridiuli sistema strategiis

sakvanZo elementebad rCebian. magram aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs qveynebis, kompaniebis

(gansakuTrebiT mss), kvleviTi organizaciebisa da gamomgoneblebis doneze im faqtis

gacnobierebas, rom inteleqtualuri sakuTreba codnaze dafuZnebul ekonomikaSi

gaxda iseTive da, xSirad ufro Rirebuli aqtivi, rogorc finansebi, manqana-

mowyobilobebi da sxva tradiciuli aqtivebi. am aqtivebis SeZena, dacva, gadacema,

Sefaseba da sxva operaciebi gansakuTrebul codnas moiTxovs34. strategiis erTerTi

mizani am codnis deficitis Sevsebaa.

evrokavSirisa da wevri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdebloba isu sferoSi ZiriTadad

harmonizebulia inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis msoflio organizaciis (WIPO),

vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis (WTO) xelSekrulebebTan da SeTanxmebebTan,

rogoricaa: samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvis Sesaxeb parizis konvencia; literaturuli

da mxatvruli nawarmoebebis dacvis Sesaxeb bernis konvencia; Semsruleblebis,

fonogramebis damamzadeblebisa da samauwyeblo organizaciebis uflebaTa dacvis

Sesaxeb romis konvencia; integraluri sqemebis Sesaxeb vaSingtonis SeTanxmeba;

SeTanxmeba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli

aspeqtebis Sesaxeb (TRIPS) da sxva. evrokavSiri, rogorc am xelSekrulebebiT

gauTvaliswinebeli sruliad axali teqnologiebis (genuri inJineriis,

nanoteqnologiisa da sxva) generatori, iTanamSromlebs wevr da arawevr

saxelmwifoebTan am xelSekrulebebis ganviTarebis sferoSi35,36.

33 An Industrial Property Rights Strategy for Europe. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT,

THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE. Brussels, 16.7.2008, COM(2008) 465 final 34

Turning Science into Business: PATENTING AND LICENSING AT PUBLIC RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS.

OECD, 2003, 308 p.

35 Development and implications of patent law in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering. REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO

THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Brussels, 14.07.2005

COM(2005) 312 final (SEC(2005) 943)

14

9. 9. 9. 9. sajaro saxsrebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sajaro saxsrebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sajaro saxsrebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sajaro saxsrebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis gankargva da gamoyenebasakuTrebis gankargva da gamoyenebasakuTrebis gankargva da gamoyenebasakuTrebis gankargva da gamoyeneba

9.1. saerTo mimoxilva9.1. saerTo mimoxilva9.1. saerTo mimoxilva9.1. saerTo mimoxilva

axlo warsulSi universitetebi, tradiciulad, codnis generaciisa da misi

Tavisufali gavrcelebis funqcias asrulebdnen. me-20 saukuneSi, TandaTan,

universitetebma, iseve rogoc saxelmwifo (sajaro) kvleviTma organizaciebma, iseTi

codnis generaciac daiwyes, romelsac komerciuli Rirebuleba gaaCnia. me-20 saukunis

meore naxevarSi universitetebsa da sajaro kvleviT organizaciebSi mimdinare

sazogadoebrivi saxsrebiT dafinansebuli kvleviTi samuSaoebis moculoba imdenad

didi gaxda, xolo Sedegebis rac SeiZleba swrafi praqtikuli aTvisebis

(sazogadoebis samsaxurSi Cayenebis) moTxovnileba imdenad gaizarda, rom specialuri

meqnizmebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba warmoiqmna.

wamoiWra am sajaro dafinansebiT miRebuli codnis mflobelobis, gankargvisa da

gamoyenebis sakiTxi da, agreTve, teqnologiis aTvisebis procesSi sajaro da kerZo,

mogebaze orientirebuli, organizaciebis urTirTqmedebis sakiTxi. amas daemata sajaro

organizaciebis TanamSromelTa motivaciis sakiTxebi. universitetebSi `samewarmeo”

funqciebi gaCnda. daisva am bunebrivad warmoqmnili uzarmazari sainovacio

potencialis ukeT gamoyenebis amocana. 1980 wels aSS-Si bei-doulis kanonis37 da

vmo-s TRIPS SeTanxmebis miRebam am process damatebiTi biZgi misca. amasTan

dakavSirebiT, praqtikulad yvela ganviTarebulma, ganviTarebadma da gardamavali

ekonomikis qveyanam, met-naklebi warmatebiT, scada axleburad, sakanonmdeblo doneze

(sadac ki es SesaZlebeli iyo), gadaewyvita es sakiTxebi. nax. 1-dan Cans, rom

RonisZiebaTa nawili mxolod universitetebs exeba, zogi ki mcire, saSualo da did

sawarmoebsac. danarTSi moyvanil cxrilSi naCvenebia RonisZiebaTa ra Senakrebs

atarebs esa Tu is qveyana. xazi gavusvaT, rom, Cveulebriv, erT jgufad ixileba yvela

aramomgebiani organizacia, iqneba es kerZo Tu sajaro samarTlis subieqti, magram

simoklisTvis xSirad mxolod `universitets” moixsenieben.

36 IPR in nanotechnology: Lessons from experiences worldwide. International workshop, European Patent Office (EPO) and DG Research of the

European Commission, 16 April 2007, Brussels. (http://cordis.europa.eu/nanotechnology/src/iprworkshop.htm).

37 The Bayh-Dole Act at 25. BayhDole25, Inc., April 17, 2006, pp. 44.

(http://www.bayhdole25.org/sites/bayhdole25.org/files/BayhDole25_WhitePaper_20060417.pdf

The US Bayh-Dole Act. (Public Law 96-517, The Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act enacted 1980 and

amended in 1984)

15

SeniSvna: daferili ujredebi organizaciaTa tipebis mimarT RonisZiebis gamoyenebas aRniSnavs)

nax. nax. nax. nax. 1.1.1.1. patentebis gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebebipatentebis gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebebipatentebis gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebebipatentebis gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebebi da RonisZiebebi

mizanimizanimizanimizani RonisZiebebiRonisZiebebiRonisZiebebiRonisZiebebi

uuuuniversitetebi niversitetebi niversitetebi niversitetebi dadadada

sajaro sajaro sajaro sajaro kvleviTi kvleviTi kvleviTi kvleviTi

organizaciebiorganizaciebiorganizaciebiorganizaciebi

mcire da mcire da mcire da mcire da saSualo saSualo saSualo saSualo sawarmoebisawarmoebisawarmoebisawarmoebi

sxvasxvasxvasxva

sajaro (sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi sajaro (sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi sajaro (sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi sajaro (sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi

organizaciebis kvleviT da komerciul organizaciebis kvleviT da komerciul organizaciebis kvleviT da komerciul organizaciebis kvleviT da komerciul

funqciebs Soris balansis dadgena.funqciebs Soris balansis dadgena.funqciebs Soris balansis dadgena.funqciebs Soris balansis dadgena.

beibeibeibei----doulis (doulis (doulis (doulis (Bayh-Dole) kanonis nairsaxeobis) kanonis nairsaxeobis) kanonis nairsaxeobis) kanonis nairsaxeobis

miRebamiRebamiRebamiReba

isu

isu

isu

isu

kuTvnil

ebis

kuTvnil

ebis

kuTvnil

ebis

kuTvnil

ebis

dadgena

dadgena

dadgena

dadgena

universitetebSi „profeuniversitetebSi „profeuniversitetebSi „profeuniversitetebSi „profesosososoris privilegiis“ ris privilegiis“ ris privilegiis“ ris privilegiis“

gauqmebagauqmebagauqmebagauqmeba

dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba da dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba da dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba da dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba da

anazRaurebaanazRaurebaanazRaurebaanazRaureba

teqnologiis gadacemis da sapatento teqnologiis gadacemis da sapatento teqnologiis gadacemis da sapatento teqnologiis gadacemis da sapatento

ofisebis SeqmnaSi safinanso daxmareba, anofisebis SeqmnaSi safinanso daxmareba, anofisebis SeqmnaSi safinanso daxmareba, anofisebis SeqmnaSi safinanso daxmareba, an

patentebis patentebis patentebis patentebis gamoyenebis regionuli centrebis gamoyenebis regionuli centrebis gamoyenebis regionuli centrebis gamoyenebis regionuli centrebis

SeqmnaSeqmnaSeqmnaSeqmna

is bazaze axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis is bazaze axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis is bazaze axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis is bazaze axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis

xelSewyobaxelSewyobaxelSewyobaxelSewyoba

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebisagadasaxado SeRavaTebisagadasaxado SeRavaTebisagadasaxado SeRavaTebi

iZulebiTi licenzirebis gamoyeneba iZulebiTi licenzirebis gamoyeneba iZulebiTi licenzirebis gamoyeneba iZulebiTi licenzirebis gamoyeneba

jandacvis da sxva sazogadoebriv jandacvis da sxva sazogadoebriv jandacvis da sxva sazogadoebriv jandacvis da sxva sazogadoebriv

interesebSiinteresebSiinteresebSiinteresebSi

isu mopovebisa d

a komercializ

isu mopovebisa d

a komercializ

isu mopovebisa d

a komercializ

isu mopovebisa d

a komercializ-- -- aciis xelSewyoba

aciis xelSewyoba

aciis xelSewyoba

aciis xelSewyoba

`mowinave gamocdilebis kodeqsebis”, `mowinave gamocdilebis kodeqsebis”, `mowinave gamocdilebis kodeqsebis”, `mowinave gamocdilebis kodeqsebis”,

`erovnul`erovnul`erovnul`erovnuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis i inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis i inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis i inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis

politikis saxelmZRvaneloebis” da politikis saxelmZRvaneloebis” da politikis saxelmZRvaneloebis” da politikis saxelmZRvaneloebis” da

analogiuri meToduri masalebis momzadebaanalogiuri meToduri masalebis momzadebaanalogiuri meToduri masalebis momzadebaanalogiuri meToduri masalebis momzadeba

licenzirebisas sazogadoebrivi interesis licenzirebisas sazogadoebrivi interesis licenzirebisas sazogadoebrivi interesis licenzirebisas sazogadoebrivi interesis

dacva dacva dacva dacva –––– patentis Semdgomi kvlevebisTvis patentis Semdgomi kvlevebisTvis patentis Semdgomi kvlevebisTvis patentis Semdgomi kvlevebisTvis

gamoyeneba gamoyeneba gamoyeneba gamoyeneba

ggggaTavisufaTavisufaTavisufaTavisufleba xarjebisgan im patentebze, leba xarjebisgan im patentebze, leba xarjebisgan im patentebze, leba xarjebisgan im patentebze,

romelsac kvlevaSi iyeneben romelsac kvlevaSi iyeneben romelsac kvlevaSi iyeneben romelsac kvlevaSi iyeneben (research

exemption)

gamomgoneblisTvis SeRagamomgoneblisTvis SeRagamomgoneblisTvis SeRagamomgoneblisTvis SeRavaTiani periodis vaTiani periodis vaTiani periodis vaTiani periodis

miniWeba gamogonebis publikaciis Semdgomi miniWeba gamogonebis publikaciis Semdgomi miniWeba gamogonebis publikaciis Semdgomi miniWeba gamogonebis publikaciis Semdgomi

dapatentebisTvis dapatentebisTvis dapatentebisTvis dapatentebisTvis (grace period)

isu

isu

isu

isu sferoSi

sferoSi

sferoSi

sferoSi kanonebis meSveobiT

kanonebis meSveobiT

kanonebis meSveobiT

kanonebis meSveobiT

kvlevebis waxal

iseba

kvlevebis waxal

iseba

kvlevebis waxal

iseba

kvlevebis waxal

iseba

winaswari ganacxadi: erTwliani winaswari ganacxadi: erTwliani winaswari ganacxadi: erTwliani winaswari ganacxadi: erTwliani

SesaZleblobaSesaZleblobaSesaZleblobaSesaZlebloba Semdgomi dapatentebisTvis Semdgomi dapatentebisTvis Semdgomi dapatentebisTvis Semdgomi dapatentebisTvis

(provisional patenting)

16

sakvanZo sakiTxia: vinaa sajaro dafinansebiT miRebuli isu mflobeli da

ganmkargveli? evrokavSiris wevrma qveynebma (zogierT SemTxvevaSi regionebmac38)

igi individualurad gadawyvites rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve

kanonqvemdebare/sarekomendacio dokumentebis miRebiT. evrokavSiris doneze am

TvalsazrisiT regulaciebi an direqtivebi miRebuli ar yofila, rac imis

maCvenebelia, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania evrokavSirSi sainovacio procesebisTvis

wevri qveynebis doneze gatarebuli RonisZiebebi.

am qveTavSi Cven veyrdnobiT informaciisa da dokumentaciis saqarTvelos

federaciis angariSs "inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sakiTxebi saxelmwifo

sainovacio politikaSi: patentebi", 2009 weli, romelSic RonisZiebebis

gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtri SeiZleba inaxos.

9.9.9.9.2.2.2.2. sajarosajarosajarosajaro (sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi organizaciebis kvleviT da k(sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi organizaciebis kvleviT da k(sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi organizaciebis kvleviT da k(sazogadoebrivi) kvleviTi organizaciebis kvleviT da komerciul omerciul omerciul omerciul

funqciebs Soris balansis dadgenafunqciebs Soris balansis dadgenafunqciebs Soris balansis dadgenafunqciebs Soris balansis dadgena

aSS-Si SeSfoTebas iwvevda sajaro kvleviTi dawesebulebebis mier kvlevis Sedegebis

dapatentebis simcire da, aseve, praqtikuli gamoyenebis dabali done. 1980 wels aSS-Si

miRebulma bei-doulis (Bayh-Dole) kanonma sicxade Seitana aSS-Si sajaro (saxelmwifo)

saxsrebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebaze uflebebis sakiTxSi. kanonis

miRebamde iTvleboda, rom inteleqtualuri produqtis mflobeli saxelmwifoa,

saTanado damfinansebeli saagentos saxiT. bei-doulis kanoni aZlevs uflebas aSS

universitetebs, sajaro kvleviT da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs (aramomgebian

organizaciebs), mcire da damwyeb firmebs sakuTar saxelze daapatenton

sazogadoebrivi saxsrebis gamoyenebiT miRebuli gamogonebebi (im SemTxvevaSic ki,

rodesac sazogadoebrivi fondebidan dafinansebis mxolod nawilia uzrunvelyofili),

amasTan, komercializaciis SemTxvevaSi gaunawilon roialTi avtor-TanamSromlebs. bei-

doulis kanoni aRiarebs saxelmwifos, rogorc patentmflobelis, araefeqturobas.

amave dros igi gulisxmobs, rom universitets, rogorc dainteresebul

patentmflobels, gacilebiT metis gakeTeba SeuZlia komercializaciis mimarTulebiT,

vidre kerZo pirs (gamomgonebels).

evrokavSiris masStabiT bei-doulis msgavsi kanonis (regulaciis an direqtivis

saxiT) miRebis mizanSewonilobis ganxilvam aCvena, rom evrokavSirSi specialistebi

amis aucileblobas ver xedaven39. zogierTi gamokvleva amtkicebs, rom bei-doulis

38 regionebis qveS igulisxmeba qveynis nawilebi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs regionebSi sakiTxebis iseTi

gadawyveta, romelic gansxvavdeba qveynis centraluri mTavrobis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebisgan.

39 DRAFT Report on the outcomes of the: "Public consultation on transnational research cooperation and knowledge transfer between public

research organisations and industry". EUROPEAN COMMISSION, RESEARCH DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, Directorate M - Investment in

17

kanonis (TviTon aSS-Si) da misi evropuli analogebis dadebiTi efeqti amowurulia40.

asea Tu ise, wminda teqnikurad evrokavSirisTvis bei-doulis msgavsi regulaciis an

direqtivis miReba Znelia, sapatento sferoSi evrokavSiris araerTgvarovnebis gamo

(amaze qvemoT iqneba saubari).

zogierTma qveyanam (avstria, espaneTi, irlandia, norvegia, fineTi, - ix. cxrili

danarTSi), Tumca ar miiRo bei-doulis kanonSi Cadebul ideaTa mTliani speqtris

Semcveli kanonebi, gadaWra erTi _ patentis mesakuTreobis – sakiTxi. kerZod, am

qveynebma daqiravebulTa da damqiravebelTa uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobaSi Seitanes

cvlilebebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac gauqmda tradiciuli TanamSromlis mesakuTreoba

gamogonebaze (sxva samecniero publikaciebTan analogiiT), anu e. w. „profesoris profesoris profesoris profesoris

privilegiaprivilegiaprivilegiaprivilegia“, riTac isu mflobeloba organizaciebs gadaeca, xolo

gamomgoneblebisTvis, isu-s komerciuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebul iqna

gasamrjelo (roialTi)41. qveynebis umravlesobaSi misi ganawilebis sqemebs

organizaciebi/universitetebi TviTon adgenen (Cveulebriv miRebuli Semosavlis 30 –

50% gadaecema avtorebs), magram zogierT qveyanaSi avtorebisTvis roialTis dones

adgens kanoni. warmatebul organizaciebSi wili zeda zRvars uaxlovdeba. zogierT

qveyanaSi kanonma daadgina, rom isu damqiravebels ekuTvnis, Tu daqiravebis kontraqtiT

sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. aris iseTi qveynebic, sadac, kanonis Tanaxmad, am

sakiTxs organizaciebis wesdebebi an Sesabamisi uwyebebi aregulireben. magaliTad,

estoneTSi universitetSi warmoqmnil is uflebebs yvela universiteti Taviseburad

wyvitavs. belgiaSi, sadac bei-doulis kanonis nairsaxeoba moqmedebs, federaluri

saministros dadgenileba kvlevis Sedegebis mflobelobas sajaro kvleviT

organizacias aniWebs, Tuki kvlevis dafinansebaSi sazogadoebrivi saxsrebis wili 80%

aRemateba, xolo misi provinciis, flandriis, kanoni ambobs, rom sazogadoebrivi

fondebis monawileobiT miRebuli yvela gamogoneba universitets ekuTvnis42. zogierT

qveyanaSi (magaliTad, safrangeTSi) kanoni mkafiod ar adgens, Tu vinaa sajaro

saxsrebiT miRebuli gamogonebis mflobeli, xolo zogierTSi (magaliTad, SvedeTi) isu

mflobelebad kanonma kvlav kerZo pirebi (universitetis TanamSromlebi) miiCnia.

Research and links with other policie, political aspects, private investment, relations with EIB. Brussels, 1 September 2006, M1/FM-DD

D(2006). (http://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/pdf/download_en/consult_report.pdf)

40 Leydesdorff, Loet & Meyer, Martin. The Decline of University Patenting and the End of the Bayh-Dole Effect. Scientometrics, (2010)

forthcoming.

41 Knowledge sharing in the European Research Area. Report of the ERA Expert Group, European Commission, Directorate-General for Research,

2008. EUR 23323 EN .

42 P. VAN EECKE, J. KELLY, P. BOLGER and M. TRUYENS. Monitoring and analysis of technology transfer and intellectual

property regimes and their use. National summaries. Results of a study carried out on behalf of the European Commission (DG Research), 2009,

pp.247. (http://www.eutechnologytransfer.eu/files3/national_summaries.pdf)

18

gansxvavebebi arTulebs sxvadasxva qveynis organizaciaTa kooperaciiT (magaliTad,

FP7 farglebSi) Catarebuli kvlevebiT miRebuli isu ganawilebas. evrointegraciis

TvalsazrisiT es uaryofiTi faqtoria.

9.9.9.9.3333. . . . universitetebisTvis dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba universitetebisTvis dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba universitetebisTvis dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba universitetebisTvis dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba

msoflioSi mxolod ramdenime erovnuli sapatento saagento aregistrirebs

patentebs ufasod (didi britaneTi, italia). umravlesobas dawesebuli aqvs

mosakreblebi. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisTvis da aramomgebiani organizaciebisTvis,

romelTa ricxvs universitetebi da sajaro kvleviTi organizaciebic miekuTvnebian,

mraval qveyanaSi kanoniT dawesebulia mosakreblebis Semsubuqeba (xSirad, ganaxevreba).

amas mravali erovnuli sapatento ofisi axorcielebs.

rogorc wesi, mosakreblebi dapatentebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis mTavari

nawili araa. gacilebiT didia xarjebi konsultantebze da patentrwmunebulebze,

romelTa momsaxureba moicavs ganacxadis/aRwerilobis kvalificiurad Sedgenas,

Targmans, patentis sabazro Rirebulebis periodul Sefasebas da sxva. gansakuTrebiT

didia xarjebi saerTaSoriso dapatentebis SemTxvevaSi. patentis msoflio masStabiT

xarisxiani dacvis xarjebma SeiZleba asobiT aTasi aSS dolari Seadginon.

mraval evropul qveyanaSi sajaro organizaciebisTvis saxelmwifo daxmareba

SeiZleba exebodes am xarjebis specialuri fondebidan Semsubuqebasac (Tumca es

aRaraa kanoniT gansazRvruli isu reJimis sakiTxi)43. aseTi praqtika arsebobs,

magaliTisTvis, safrangeTSi (CNRS, http://www.france-science.org/innovation), ungreTSi

(RTIF, www.nkth.gov.hu), region emilia romaniaSi (italia) (programa SPINNER,

www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas) da sxva. Cveulebriv, evrokavSiris qveynebSi daxmareba

sazogadoebrivi fondebidan dapatentebis xarjebis nawilobrivi an sruli dafarvis

saxiT, SeiZleba miiRon rogorc universitetebma da sajaro kvleviTma organizaciebma,

aseve mcire da saSualo sawarmoebma.

mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom yvela RonisZieba wevri qveynebis an regionebis doneze

xorcieldeba. saerToevropuli RonisZiebebi an normatiuli aqtebi am sferoSi ar

arsebobs.

9.9.9.9.4444. . . . axali kompanaxali kompanaxali kompanaxali kompaniebis dafuZnebis xelSewyobaiebis dafuZnebis xelSewyobaiebis dafuZnebis xelSewyobaiebis dafuZnebis xelSewyoba ( ( ( (spin-off))))

evrokavSirSi, iseve, rogorc amerikaSi da aziaSi, gamogonebebis komercializaciis

erT-erTi efeqtiani forma gamogonebebze dafuZnebuli axali kompaniebis Seqmnaa.

erovnuli kanonmdebloba uflebas aZlevs universitetebsa da sajaro kvleviT

organizaciebs xeli Seuwyon sakuTar gamomgonebel-TanamSromlebs maTi patentis

43 Singh, Guriqbal Jaiya and Kalanje, Christopher M. Managing Patent Costs: An Overview. WIPO,

www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/pdf/managing_patent_costs.pdf

19

bazarze gayvanis mizniT daafuZnon axali kompaniebi (campus company) aseT kompanias,

romelic SeiZleba Camoyalibdes saTanado inkubatorSi an mis gareT, universiteti an

sajaro kvleviTi organizacia gadascems eqskluziur licenziebs, xSirad momaval

dividendebSi monawileobis (wilis) sanacvlod. arsebobs axali kompaniebis dafuZnebis

odnav gansxvavebuli sqemebic. magaliTad, SesaZloa axalma kompaniam mxolod licenzia

miiiRos, TanamSromlebis gadasvlis gareSe. yovelwliurad aRricxavs aseT kompaniebs

dania44. spin-ofebis mxardamWeri erovnuli programebi arsebobs irlandiaSi (CORD,

http://www.enterprise-ireland.com/Grow/Finance/CORDEnterprisePlatformProgramme.htm),

germaniaSi (EXIST, www.exist.de).

9.9.9.9.5555. . . . isuisuisuisu reJimis reJimis reJimis reJimis farglebSi kvlevis farglebSi kvlevis farglebSi kvlevis farglebSi kvlevis ganviTarebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba ganviTarebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba ganviTarebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba ganviTarebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba

arsebobs garkveuli winaaRmdegoba dapatentebasa da codnis Tavisufal

gavrcelebas Soris, romlisTvisac universitetebi dResac arian pasuxismgeblebi.

mniSvnelovania saganmanaTleblo, sainovacio da sapatento politikis ise

dabalanseba, rom erTdroulad waxalisebuli iyos rogorc sainovacio saqmianobaSi

investiciebi, aseve teqnologiebis swrafi gavrceleba. pirvelaRmomCenisTvis,

sapatento samarTlis Sesabamisad, miniWebuli monopolia xels ar unda uSlides

gamogonebebSi `Caqsovili” codnis gadmofrqvevas (spill-over) da gavrcelebas im

umniSvnelo dozebiT, romelic investorebs muSaobis xaliss ar daukargavs.

amasTan dakavSirebiT evrokavSiris wevr qveynaTa sapatento kanonmdeblobiT

daSvebulia qveyanaSi dapatentebuli gamogonebebis gamoyeneba kvleviTi da

eqsperimentuli miznebisTvis (anu arakomerciuli gamoyeneba) patentmflobelis

nebarTvisa da misTvis raime anazRaurebis gareSe, e. w. kvleviTi gamonaklisikvleviTi gamonaklisikvleviTi gamonaklisikvleviTi gamonaklisi45. igi

vrceldeba yvela tipis organizaciaze (maT Soris kerZoze), romelic kvlevas awarmoebs,

xolo universitetebisa da sajaro kvleviTi organizaciebisTvis igi ganskuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania. erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis es debuleba gamyarebulia, agreTve,

saerTaSoriso evropuli sapatento konvenciiT, evrogaerTianebis sapatento

konvenciiT, sapatento kooperaciis xelSekrulebiTa (PCT) da TRIPs-is SeTanxmebiT.

universitetebSi bolo wlebSi sapatento sferoSi samewarmeo aqtivobis ganviTareba

`kvleviTi gamonaklisis” cnebis mimarT interesis zrdas iwvevs46.

44 Public Research Commercialisation Survey: Denmark 2008. Series: Innovation: Analysis and Evaluations, 13/2009. Danish Agency for Science,

Technology and Innovation. pp. 34.

(http://en.fi.dk/publications/2009/public-research-commercialisation-survey-denmark-2008/Kommercialisering-UK-2008.pdf)

45 DENT, Chris, JENSEN, Paul, WALLER, Sophie and WEBSTER, Beth. Research Use of Patented Knowledge: A Review. STI Working Paper.

Intellectual Property Rights. DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY, OECD, 17-Mar-2006, pp. 53.

DSTI/DOC(2006)2. (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/16/36311146.pdf)

46 Iles, Kevin. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF EXPERIMENTAL USE EXEMPTIONS IN PATENT LAW ON

INCENTIVES TO INNOVATE. Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, Volume 4, Issue 1 (Fall 2005).

20

kidev erTi winaaRmdegoba Semdgomi kvlevis interesebsa da sapatento aqtivobas

Soris warmiqmneba universitetebis mier sakuTari patentebis licenzirebisas.

magaliTad, licenziats xSirad eqskluziuri licenziiseqskluziuri licenziiseqskluziuri licenziiseqskluziuri licenziis miReba ainteresebs,

gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac dapatentebul teqnologias bazarze gasayvanad

damatebiTi xangrZlivi daxvewa esaWiroeba. spin-ofis SemTxvevaSi licenziati,

rogorc wesi, mcire sawarmoa. misTvis licenzia SeiZleba umTavresi aqtivi iyos. am

winaaRmdegobas evropaSi kanonmdebloba ar aregulirebs, anu, mkacrad rom vTqvaT,

igi isu reJimis sferos ar ganekuTvneba. magram misi mniSvnelobis gamo,

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia am winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvis praqtikas SevexoT.

universitetebs eqskluziuri licenziis gacemis ufleba aqvT, magram misi gacema

niSnavs, rom sazogadoebrivi sikeTesazogadoebrivi sikeTesazogadoebrivi sikeTesazogadoebrivi sikeTe (sazogadoebrivi saxsrebiT miRebuli patenti)

moxmardeba mxolod erT organizacias da daixureba sxvebisTvis. winaaRmdegobis

mosaxsnelad salicenzio xelSekrulebebSi specialur punqtebs iTvaliswineben:

xelSekrulebaSi licenziatis mxridan patentis praqtikuli gamoyenebis droSi

gawerili valdebulebebi SeaqvT da sxva. amiT gamoiricxeba sazogadoebisTvis zianis

momtani SesaZlo qmedebebi, magaliTad, licenziis SeZena ubralod konkurentebis

dasablokad. aq ar vgulisxmobT sazogadoebrivi interesis dacvis iseT gavrcelebul

RonisZiebas, rogoricaa iZulebiTi licenzireba, romelic praqtikulad yvela qveynis

kanonmdeblobiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli da kvlevebTan specifiurad dakavSirebuli araa.

aRniSnuli sakiTxebi detaluradaa aRwerili OECD-s moxsenebaSi "mecnierebis

biznesad gardaqmna" (Turning Science into Business).

farTo gagebiT, sajaro interesebisa da patentmflobelebis interesebis (Tundac

es sajaro organizaciebi iyos) Sexamebis sakiTxebi, romelic patentebis

gafarToebulma/axalma funqciebma warmoqmnes, imdenad rTulia, rom maT

mosawesrigeblad rogorc calkeuli organizaciebis, aseve saxelmwifoebis doneze

muSavdeba meToduri masalebimeToduri masalebimeToduri masalebimeToduri masalebi (ix. qvemoT, qveTavi 10.)47.

patentmflobelis monopoliam rac SeiZleba naklebi ziani unda miayenos codnis

gavrcelebas, anu universitetebisa da sajaro kvleviTi organizaciebis umTavres

tradiciul funqcias. es rogorc mTlianad evrokavSiris, aseve wevri qveynebis

saxelmwifo sapatento politikis mniSvnelovani sazrunavia.

erT-erTi RonisZieba, romelic winaaRmdegobrivi moTxovnebis SeTavsebas

uzrunvelyofs, e. w. SeRavaTiani periodia SeRavaTiani periodia SeRavaTiani periodia SeRavaTiani periodia (grace period). mecniers saSualeba eZleva

gamogonebis Sinaarsi gamoaqveynos (magaliTad, statiis saxiT an gamofenaze CvenebiT),

47 PATENTS AND INNOVATION: TRENDS AND POLICY CHALLENGES. OECD, 2004. (www.oecd.org)

21

ris Semdeg, kanoniT dadgenili drois ganmavlobaSi, Seitanos sapatento ganacxadi.

Cveulebriv amisTvis erTwlian drois monakveTs adgenen (zogierT qveyanaSi 6 Tves).

dapatentebis am reJims uwodeben "pirvelia vinc gamoigona" da ara "vinc ganacxada".

igi aTavisuflebs mecniers publikaciis dayovnebis aucileblobisgan, romelsac

dapatentebis survili iwvevs48. aRniSnuli RonisZieba damaxasiaTebelia zogierTi

ganviTarebuli qveynis kanonmdeblobisTvis (aSS, avstralia da sxva). evrokavSiris

qveynebidan SeRavaTian periods gamogonebaze patentebis mimarT zogierTi SemTxvevaSi

cnobs espaneTisa da portugaliis kanonmdebloba. sxva qveynebis umravlesoba, iseve

rogorc evrokavSiri mTlianad am sakanonmdeblo normis SemoRebas ixilavs49.

germaniaSi, avstriaSi, CexeTSi da ungreTSi 6 Tviani SeRavaTiani periodi moqmedebs

sasargeblo modelebis mimarT, xolo gaerTianebis dizainis mimarT evrokavSiris

mTel teritoriaze moqmedebs 1 wliani SeRavaTiani periodi50.

msoflio praqtikaSi arsebobs kvlevebis Sedegebis dapatentebasa da gavrcelebas

Soris zemoaRniSnuli winaaRmdegobis Serbilebis kidev erTi meqanizmi - e.w.

winaswari ganacxadiswinaswari ganacxadiswinaswari ganacxadiswinaswari ganacxadis Setanis SesaZlebloba (provisonal patenting). esaa srul

patentTan SedarebiT ganacxadis gamartivebuli forma (agreTve, arsebiTad iafic),

romelic gulisxmobs, rom amis Semdeg kanoniT dadgenil droSi (magaliTad,

araugvianes 12 Tvisa, rogorc aSS-Si, an 6 Tvisa, rogorc singapurSi) gakeTdeba

sruli sapatento ganacxadi. prioritetis TariRad iTvleba winaswari ganacxadis

Setanis TariRi. martivi forma niSnavs, rom am SemTxvevaSi ar aris aucilebeli

patentis formulis Sedgena da gamogonebis SedarebiTi donis Cveneba. ganmcxadebeli

igebs adreuli prioritetis miRebiT da, garda amisa, ugrZeldeba gamogonebis dacvis

saerTo vada, radgan dacvis dadgenili vada (magaliTad, 20 weli) aiTvleba sruli

ganacxadis Setanis dRidan. unda aRiniSnos, rom sruli ganacxadis Setana

aucilebelia. amis argakeTebas SeiZleba dapatentebis uflebis samudamo dakargva

moyves. es norma moqmedebs aSS-Si, avstraliaSi, singapurSi da zogierT sxva

48 Keith E. Maskus. Encouraging International Technology Transfer. UNCTAD-ICTSD, Issue Paper No. 7; Turning Science into Business (zemoT,

sqolio 36); Towards a common European view on the features of a grace period. Workshop report. EUROPEAN COMMISSION,

RESEARCH DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, Directorate K – Knowledge-based Economy and Society; Strategic and Policy aspects ; Investment

in Research, Brussels, 14.1.2003. (ec.europa.eu/research/era/pdf/ipr-gp-report.pdf)

49 An assessment of the implications for basic genetic engineering research of failure to publish, or late publication of, papers on subjects which

could be patentable as required under Article 16(b) of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. REPORT

FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL, COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN

COMMUNITIES, Brussels, 14.01.2002. (http://eur-lex.europa.eu). 50 http://www.ipr-helpdesk.org/documents/ES_GracePeriod_0000006559_00.xml.html.

22

qveyanaSi. evropaSi igi araa gavrcelebuli, - moqmedebs mxolod did britaneTSi, -

Tumca mizanSewoniloba aRiarebulia da miRebis SesaZlebloba ixileba51.

zemoT ganxilul RonisZiebebs SeuZliaT gadaWran arsebuli dilema mecnierTa

mxridan Sedegebis farTo ganxilvisa da swrafi publikaciis survilsa da siaxlis

moTxovnas Soris, romelic dapatentebis dros warmoiqmneba. isini, `samewarmeo

universitetebis” warmoqmnis pirobebSi, icaven universitetebis sajaro misias _

codnis gavrcelebas, rac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi inovaciisTvis aranakleb

mniSvnelovania, vidre dapatenteba.

10. 10. 10. 10. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi meToduri masalebis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi meToduri masalebis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi meToduri masalebis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sferoSi meToduri masalebis

momzadebamomzadebamomzadebamomzadeba

sajaro da kerZo seqtorebis urTierTqmedebis procesSi, rac Tanamedrove

inovaciuri saqmianobisTvis Cveulebriv ambad iqca, isu-Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi

imdenad rTuli gaxda, xolo sainovacio sfero imdenad dinamiuri, rom mxolod

kanonmdeblobis daxvewiT yvelaferi ver wydeba. aucilebeli gaxda sainovacio

sferos mravalricxovani moTamaSeebisTvis meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadeba.

maTi mizania daadginon da ganmarton sajaro fondebidan miRebuli saxsrebiT

Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis komercializaciasTan dakavSirebuli

moqmedebis wesebi. sakiTxis sirTulis gamo iTvleba, rom saxelmZRvaneloebi

uaRresad pozitiur rols TamaSoben im qveynebSic ki, romlebmac wesebi saTanado

(bei-doulis tipis) kanonmdeblobiT daadgines, gansakuTrebuls ki im qveynebSi, sadac

aseTi kanoni ar arsebobs. saxelmZRvaneloebs gansxvavebuli saxelebi aqvT sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi: `mowinave gamocdilebis kodeqsebi”, `inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis

erovnuli politikis saxelmZRvaneloebi” da sxva. ganvixiloT ramdenime magaliTi.

CanarTi CanarTi CanarTi CanarTi 2222

irlandiairlandiairlandiairlandia

irlandiaSi sami dokumentia SemuSavebuli:

1. kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis marTvis Taobaze damfinansebeli

saagentoebis moTxovnebi da gzamkvlevi52 igi grantebis mimRebTaTvisaa gankuTvnili. SemuSavebaSi

Svidi saagento monawileobda, romelic irlandiaSi kvlevebisTvis grantebs gascems. igi

gankuTvnilia, agreTve, kolaboratorebisTvis, sponsorebisTvis da im biznesisTvis, romelic

teqnologiebs eZebs. grantis maZiebeli organizacia dokumentis moTxovnebs unda

51 Ian Cockburn. A Provisional Application – An important tool in the Right hands.

(http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/prov_application.htm)

52 Funding Agency Requirements & Guidelines For Managing Research-Generated Intellectual Property. Commercialisation Steering

Group, February 2006. pp. 55. (http://www.sfi.ie/uploads/documents/upload/IPGuidelines-FINAL_Feb06.pdf).

23

akmayofilebdes.

2. sajaro xarjebiT Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis marTvis praqtikis erovnuli kodeqsi 53.

kodeqsi kanoni araa, igi konkretul, adgilobriv garemoebebs SeiZleba moergos. mis

SemmuSavebels, - irlandiis mecnierebis, teqnologiisa da inovaciis sabWos (ICSTI), - SeuZlia

misi ganaxleba da cvlilebebis Setana. igi dainteresebul mxareebs ar avaldebulebs mas

daemorCilon.

3. sajaro-kerZo kolaboraciiT ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis marTvisa da komercializaciis praqtikis erovnuli kodeqsi54 ICSTI-s mier

SemuSavebuli es dokumentic sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa.

sakmaod didi moculobis es samive dokumenti urTierTdakavSirebulia da qveyanaSi dagrovil

saukeTeso gamocdilebas anzogadebs.

CanarTi 3CanarTi 3CanarTi 3CanarTi 3

didi britaneTididi britaneTididi britaneTididi britaneTi

didi britaneTis xazinis iniciativiT 2004 wels jgufma riCard lambertis xelmZrvanelobiT,

mimoixila ra arsebuli praqtika, SeimuSava e.w. lambertis krebuli (tool kit)55. esaa samodelo

kontraqtebis krebuli, romlidanac dainteresebul organizacias SeuZlia airCios is, romelic mis

konkretuli situacias esadageba (kolaboraciuli kvleva, konsorciumi da sxva). sakuTrebis

uflebebi da Sedegebis gamoyeneba am kontraqtebSi erTerTi sakvanZo elementia.

am mimarTulebiT samuSao Catarda, agreTve, daniaSi56, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi da

sxva qveynebSi. meToduri rekomendaciebis mniSvneloba imdenad didia, rom

evrokomisiam saerToevropuli saxelmZRvanelo SeimuSava57.

marTvis damoukidebel amocanad Camoyalibda inteleqtualuri aqtivebis efeqtiani

marTva, rac maTi Rirebulebis swor Sefasebasac gulisxmobs. Sefasebis erTiani

meTodologia jer ar arsebobs. sakiTxis sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, firmebis

dasaxmareblad zogierTma qveyanam am sferoSi saxelmZRvanelo masalebi moamzada.

evropaSi am mxriv pirveli italiaa, sadac ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom,

bankebis asociaciam, industriis konfederaciam da universitetebis reqtorTa

53 National Code of Practice for Managing Intellectual Property from Publicly Funded Research. Irish Council for Science, Technology and

Innovation (ICSTI), January 2004. pp 58. (http://www.sciencecouncil.ie) 54 NATIONAL CODE OF PRACTICE FOR MANAGING AND COMMERCIALISING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FROM PUBLIC-

PRIVATE COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH. The National Policy and Advisory Board for Enterprise, Trade, Science, Technology

and Innovation – ICSTI, November 2005. pp.54 (http://www.forfas.ie/media/acsti051125_ip_code_of_practice.pdf). 55

jgufis mier momzadebuli sanimuSo kontraqtebi da sxva dokumentebi SeiZleba inaxos

misamarTze http://www.innovation.gov.uk/lambertagreements

56 Contacts, contracts and codices. Research co-operation between universities and companies. Danish Rectors’ Conference -

Confederation of Danish Industries. 2004, pp.48. 57

Commission Recommendation on the management of intellectual property in knowledge transfer activities and Code of Practice for

universities and other public research organisations. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Office for Official Publications of the European

Communities, Luxembourg, 2008. ISSN 1018-5593.

24

konferenciam xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas patentebis safinanso-ekonomikuri Sefasebis

Taobaze58.

11111111. . . . ssssagadasaxado SeRavaTebi agadasaxado SeRavaTebi agadasaxado SeRavaTebi agadasaxado SeRavaTebi

patentebis komercializaciis mxardasaWerad araerTma qveyanam miiRo iseTi

sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba, romelic patentebis mflobelebsa da avtorebs

mTlianad an nawilobriv aTavisuflebs komercializaciiT miRebul Semosavalze

gadasaxadebisagan. SeRavaTebs zogjer mxolod universitetebs aniWeben, ufro

xSirad ki nebismier organizaciebsa da sawarmoebs, romlebic am gziT iReben

Semosavals.

amgvari yuradReba isu vaWrobis mimarT misi udidesi sainovacio potencialiT

aixsneba. patentebiT daculi saqonliTa da teqnologiebiT vaWrobis wilis zrda

evrokavSiris konkurentunarianobis erT-erTi saimedo indikatoria. zrdis tempi

TvalsaCinoa: safrangeTSi 1990 wels ucxoeTidan SeZenili licenziebisgan

miRebulma Semosavalma Seadgina 330 milioni evro, xolo 2003 wels - 2.4

miliardi evro. germaniaSi igive maCvenebeli Seicvala 1.3 miliardidan 2.7

miliardamde59.

CanarTiCanarTiCanarTiCanarTi 4 4 4 4

belgiabelgiabelgiabelgia....

belgiaSi 2008 wlidan moqmedebs sapatento Semosavlis 80% gamoqviTva dasabegri bazidan (Patent

Income Deduction), rasac sapatento Semosavlis dabegvris zeda zRvari 33%-dan 6,8%-de dayavs60.

mniSvneloba ara aqvs aris patenti TviTon kompaniis mier SemuSavebuli Tu SeZenili. im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu patenti importirebulia igi nawilobriv mainc unda iyos gaumjobesebuli

kompaniis mier.

dapatentebuli teqnologiebis gadacemis wamaxalisebeli kanonebi miRebulia

niderlandebSi, safrangeTSi, luqsemburgSi, espaneTSi61. ramdenime qveyanaSi

(gaerTianebul samefoSi, daniaSi da sxva) aseTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis

SesaZlebloba amJamad ixileba.

CanarTi CanarTi CanarTi CanarTi 5555

58 PROTOCOLLO D’INTESA SULLA VALUTAZIONE ECONOMICO FINANZIARIA DEI BREVETTI. Il Ministero dello Sviluppo

Economico - L’ Associazione Bancaria Italiana (ABI) - La CONFINDUSTRIA - La Conferenza dei Rettori delle Università Italiane

(CRUI). SOTTOSCRITTO A ROMA IL 21 OTTOBRE 2008.

59 Kamiyama, Sh., Sheehan, J., Martinez, C. VALUATION AND EXPLOITATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DIRECTORATE

FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY WORKING PAPER, OECD, 2006/5, pp. 48. DSTI/DOC(2006)5. www.oecd.org.

60 Tom Swinnen. Tax incentives for Belgian R&D. (http://ipfinance.blogspot.com/2008/12/tax-incentives-for-belgian-r.html) 61

Kessler, Wolfgang and Eicke, Rolf. The Emergence of R&D Tax Regimes In Europe. Tax Notes Int’l, June 9, 2008, p. 845.

(web26.tax.uni-freiburg.de/typo3/fileadmin/repository/lehrstuhl/pdf).

25

irlandiairlandiairlandiairlandia

irlandiaSi patentis licenzirebiT miRebuli roialTi mTlianad Tavisufldeboda gadasaxadisagan

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu patenti irlandiaSi Catarebuli kvleviTi samuSaos Sedegi iyo. es imdenad

mimzidveli SeRavaTi iyo, rom bevri transnacionaluri kompania cdilobda sakuTari kvleviTi

qvedanayofebi irlandiaSi daefuZnebina, riTac irlandia igebda codnis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT. es

garemoeba evrokomisiis kritikas iwvevda wlebis ganmavlobaSi, aniWebda ra irlandias upiratesobas

evrokavSiris sxva wevrebTan SedarebiT. bolos irlandiam miiRo kritika da Secvala kanoni. amJamad

gadasaxadisgan mTlianad Tavisufldeba 5 mln evromde Semosavali, miRebuli im patentebiT,

romelTaTvisac kvleva, dagegmva, damuSaveba, eqsperimentebi, testireba, konstruireba an sxva msgavsi

qmedebebi Catarebulia evropul ekonomikur sivrceSi62. es cvlileba qmnis irlandiisTvis

saSiSroebas, rom kvleviTi qvedanayofebis ganTavseba Sewydeba da eqneba adgili ubralod

irlandiidan licenziebis gayidvas (Svilobili kompaniebis meSveobiT).

avRniSnoT, rom patentebis gamoyenebis/licenzirebis wamaxalisebeli SeRavaTebi

SemuSavebulia wevri qveynebis mier. evrokavSiris marTvis doneze amis Sesaxeb

regulacia an direqtiva ar arsebobs. amave dros, SeRavaTebi yvela qveyanaSi

sxvadasxvaa. ufro metic, SeRavaTebi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes qveynis SigniT

regionebs Soris. magaliTad, espaneTSi baskeTis avtonomiam, isargebla ra

gadasaxadebis damoukideblad dadgenis uflebiT, kidev ufro guluxvi SeRavaTebi

daawesa, vidre TviT espaneTma an romelime sxva evrokavSiris qveyanam63.

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi evrokavSirSi (iseve, rogorc aziisa da amerikis

mraval ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveyanaSi) teqnologiebis dapatentebas,

dapatentebuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebas (anu principuli siaxlis matarebeli

nakeTobebis warmoebas) da am mizniT maT SemuSavebasa da SeZenas uwyobs xels. SeZena

SeiZleba xorcieldebodes rogorc erTian Sida bazarze, aseve evropis gareTac

(importi). patentebiT daculi axali teqnologiebis qveyanaSi Semodinebis

uzrunvelyofa SeiZleba ori gziT:

1. patentebze licenziebis SeZeniT anu isu importiT (rasac SeiZleba Sesabamisi

manqana-mowyobilobis SeZena Tan sdevdes an ar sdevdes)

2. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis meSveobiT, romelsac sxva RonisZiebebTan

(samSeneblo, samontaJo da a.S.) erTad axlavs patentebiT daculi teqnologiebis

qveyanaSi Semotana.

62 Review of the Exemption from Taxation of Patent Income. Goodbody Economic Consultants, February 2007.

(http://www.finance.gov.ie/documents/publications/reports/Patincometaxexgoodb.pdf)

63 Spain: Basque patent box regime: an attractive location for IP Garrigues. (internationaltaxreview.com)

26

pirvel SemTxvevaSi teqnologiis mflobeli xdeba rezidenti kompania, xolo

meoreSi - mflobeli ucxouri kompania rCeba. am ori SemTxvevis mimarT

wamaxalisebeli sagadasaxado garemo sxvadasxvanairad iqmneba. misi meqnizmebis

mimarT damokidebuleba icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria qveynis ekonomikuri

strategia. inovaciuri ekonomikis mSenebeli qveynebi teqnologiebis Semotanis

TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iyvnen upiratesad orientirebulni teqnologiebis SeZenaze

(licenziebis SeZenaze) an pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis gziT maT Semotanaze.

pirveli orientaciis tipiuri warmomadgenlebia iaponia da samxreT korea, xolo

meoresi – singapuri. evropaSi pirveli mimarTulebis mkafio warmomadgeneli Zneli

gamosayofia, xolo meore mimarTulebis warmomadgenelia irlandia. meore

mimrTulebis warmomadgeneli qveynebi zrunaven saerTo dadebiT sainvesticio

garemoze, romelic dapatentebuli teqnologiebis difuziasac uwyobs xels. oRond,

investiciebze orientirebuli im mravali qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic

inovaciur ganviTarebas miznad ar isaxaven, am qveynebs mkafiod aqvT Camoyalibebuli

prioritetuli mimarTulebebi da pirobebi, romlebsac investicia unda

akmayofilebdes, rom ucxoelma investorma uxvi SeRavaTebiT isargeblos.

12. sxva RonisZiebebi12. sxva RonisZiebebi12. sxva RonisZiebebi12. sxva RonisZiebebi

isu dacvis da ganviTarebis kanonebiT gansazRvruli RonisZiebebis erTobliobis

garda, rasac isu reJims vuwodebT, lisabonis strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli

sainovacio miznebis misaRwevad mniSvneloba aqvs is efeqtiani gamoyenebis

mravalricxovan RoniZiebas, romelic evrokomisiisa da erovnuli programebisa da

iniciativebis CarCoebSi xorcieldeba. aseTebia:

• isu dacvis sferoSi kadrebis momzadeba/gadamzadeba

• sapatento sainformacio sistemebi

• patentebis gacvlis saSuamavlo sistemebis ganviTareba, internet-sistemebis

CaTvliT

• universaluri sapatento momsaxurebis provaiderebis ganviTareba

• specializebuli (dargobrivi) sapatento samsaxurebis ganviTareba

• saxelmwifo marTvis organoebSi is da teqnologiebis gadacemis qvedanayofebis

Camoyalibeba

da sxva.

rogorc ismo (WIPO) CarCoebSi, aseve pirdapiri ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi

xelSekrulebebis meSveobiT eso ucxoeTis is saagentoebTan TanamSromlobs.

TanamSromloba mraval Sromatevad proceduras aCqarebs da aiafebs. kerZod, aSS

27

patentebisa da savaWro niSnebis ofiss, iaponiis sapatento ofissa da eso-s Soris

2005 wels dadebulia xelSekruleba sapatento Ziebebis erToblivad Catarebis

Sesaxeb. Zieba (siaxlis anu sapatento sisufTavis Semowmeba) gansakuTrebiT

Sromatevadi da sapasuxismgeblo proceduraa. erT-erT ofisSi Semosuli ganacxadi

gadaecema or danarCens eqspertizis Casatareblad, riTac procedura Cqardeba,

xolo xarisxi izrdeba samive ofisis Zalebis gaerTianebis Sedegad. amiT ofisebic

da ganmcxadeblebic igeben. sagareo TanamSromlobis sxva mimarTulebebidan

aRsaniSnavia evropis samezoblo politikis CarCoebSi post-sabWoTa qveynebTan, maT

Soris saqarTvelosTan, TanamSromloba gamocdilebis gaziarebis, kanonmdeblobis

srulyofisa da meti harmonizaciis, agreTve kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebis

gaZlierebis mimarTulebebiT. am mxriv evrokavSiri, rogorc msoflioSi erT-erTi

umdidresi isu dacvis tradiciis matarebeli sakuTar pasuxismgeblobasac grZnobs

da, wminda praqtikulad, uaxloesi mezoblebis bazrebsa da sistemebs ufro Rrma

momavali TanamSromlobisTvis amzadebs.

13. 13. 13. 13. daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna

inteleqtualuri sakuTreba, kerZod ki patentebi, TavisTavad teqnologiebis

gavrcelebis instrumentia. jer erTi imitom, rom adamianebs teqnologiebis

ganviTarebis stimuls aZleven. meore imitom, rom teqnologiis gaxsnas

(gamoqveynebas) gulisxmoben. mesame imitom, rom garkveuli, kanoniT dadgenili

dacvis periodis Semdeg, gamogoneba sazogadoebriv moxmarebaSi gadadis, rac misi

Semdgomi difuziis garantiaa. bunebrivia, rom inovaciur ganviTarebaze

orientirebuli evrokavSirisTvis inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebaTa (isu)

dacvisa da teqnologiebis gavrcelebis xelisSemwyobi reJimis uzrunvelyofa erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa, rac lisabonis strategiaSia asaxuli: "2001

wlis bolos amoqmeddes gaerTianebis patenti da sasargeblo modeli, raTa

evrokavSiris masStabiT sapatento dacva gaxdes iseTive universaluri da iafi,

rogorc konkurentebTan".

evropis mTel teritoriaze moqmedi gaerTianebis patentis SemoReba, sapatento

sasamarTlosTan erTad, Zlier gaaiafebda da gaamartivebda dacvis procedurebs,

mewarmeebsa da gamomgoneblebs mianiWebda met siTamames, riTac mTavar

konkurentebTan (aSS da iaponia) SedarebiT evrokavSiris pozicias gaaumjobesebda.

zemoaRniSnuli isu reJimis Sesaqmnelad es sakvanZo sakiTxia. misi SemoReba

codnaze orientirebuli evrokavSirisTvis erTiani bazris mSeneblobis dasrulebis

niSani iqneboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakiTxi evrointegraciis RonisZiebebs

28

Soris erT-erTi urTulesi aRmoCnda (igi ver gadawyda lisabonis strategiiT

dasaxul vadebSi), evrokavSiri Tanmimdevrulad uaxlovdeba mis gadawyvetas.

gamartivda evropuli patentis moqmedebis procedurebi. amoqmedda gaerTianebis

savaWro niSani da gaerTianebis dizaini. gaerTianebis patenti darCeba erTiani

evropis ganviTarebis dRis wesrigSi 2020 wlisTvis.

evrokavSirma mTlianad, wevr saxelmwifoebTan da regionebTan erTad, bevri gaakeTa

isu sferoSi aqtivobis gasaZliereblad sakanonmdeblo da organizaciuli

mimarTulebebiT. isu sakiTxebis mniSvnelobis aRqma gaZlierda. amis

damadasturebelia Tundac is rom, regionebic ki aRiqvamen mas, rogorc

konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelmyof elements da sadac SeuZliaT, ukeTes

pirobebs uqmnian, vidre qveyana mTlianobaSi (magaliTad, baskeTi).

isu dacvis sakiTxebi aRqmulia, rogorc evropuli paradoqsis daZlevis erT-erTi

mTavari instrumenti – evropuli mecnierebis TvalsaCino miRwevebi unda aisaxos

misi konkurentunarianobis zrdaSi. amisTvis sajaro seqtorSi kvlevis Sedegebis

isu dacvis xelSemwyobi meqanizmebi ixveweba evrokavSirisa da erovnul doneebze.

magram isu dacvis reJimebis araerTgvarovneba mainc seriozul damabrkolebel (da

gadasalax) faqtorad rCeba. problemebi didwilad erovnulisa da evropulis

Tanafardobi tradiciul aRqmasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

29

evrokavSirevrokavSirevrokavSirevrokavSirSiSiSiSi aramomgebiani da sajaro organizaciebis sapatento aramomgebiani da sajaro organizaciebis sapatento aramomgebiani da sajaro organizaciebis sapatento aramomgebiani da sajaro organizaciebis sapatento saqmianobis mxardasaqmianobis mxardasaqmianobis mxardasaqmianobis mxardammmmWerWerWerWeriiii RonisZiebebi RonisZiebebi RonisZiebebi RonisZiebebi

ganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebi

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebigardamavali ekonomikis qveynebigardamavali ekonomikis qveynebigardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi

avst

ria

avst

ria

avst

ria

avst

ria

belgi

belgi

belgi

belgiaa aa

germania

germania

germania

germania

dania

dania

dania

dania

brit

aneTi

brit

aneTi

brit

aneTi

brit

aneTi

espaneTi

espaneTi

espaneTi

espaneTi

irlandia

irlandia

irlandia

irlandia

ital

iait

alia

ital

iait

alia

niderlandebi

niderlandebi

niderlandebi

niderlandebi

portugalia

portugalia

portugalia

portugalia

saberZneTi

saberZneTi

saberZneTi

saberZneTi

safrangeTi

safrangeTi

safrangeTi

safrangeTi

fineTi

fineTi

fineTi

fineTi

SvedeTi

SvedeTi

SvedeTi

SvedeTi

bulgareTi

bulgareTi

bulgareTi

bulgareTi

estoneTi

estoneTi

estoneTi

estoneTi

poloneTi

poloneTi

poloneTi

poloneTi

rumineTi

rumineTi

rumineTi

rumineTi

slovakeTi

slovakeTi

slovakeTi

slovakeTi

slovenia

slovenia

slovenia

slovenia

ungreTi

ungreTi

ungreTi

ungreTi

CexeTi

CexeTi

CexeTi

CexeTi

kvleviT da komerciul funqciebs

Soris balansis dadgena.

++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++

bei-doulis (Bayh-Dole) kanonis

nairsaxeobis miReba

����64 ++++ ++++ ++++ ����65 ���� ���� ---- ���� ���� ---- ���� ���� ---- ???? ����66 ����67 ++++ ���� ++++ ++++ ����

„profesoris privilegiis“ gauqmeba ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ---- aaaa aaaa aaaa aaaa aaaa aaaa aaaa aaaa

dapatentebis xarjebis Semcireba ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++

universitetebSi kompaniebis

dafuZnebis xelSewyoba

++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi sapatento

Semosavlebze

---- ++++ ---- ---- ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ---- ----

++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ++++ ----

licenzirebisas patentis Semdgomi ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ???? ++++ ???? ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ---- ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

64 � niSniT aRniSnulia is qveynebi, sadac bei-doulis ideologiis gaziareba mxolod `profesoris privilegiis” gauqmebiT Semoifargla.

65 � qveynebi, sadac bei-doulis ZiriTadi debulebebi ganxorcielebuli iyo aSS-Si bei-doulis miRebamde da maRali Sedegebic iyo miRweuli.

66 estoneTSi sis-ze universitetebis mflobeloba maTi wesdebebiT isazRvreba. kanoni amis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs.

67 poloneTSi, slovakiaSi, ukrainaSi sapatento kanoni acxadebs, rom patentze uflebebi avtomaturad ekuTvnis damqiravebels, Tu sxva ram ar aris

gaTvaliswinebuli kontraqtiT. sajaro kvleviT dawesebulebebTan mimarTebaSi, es bei-doulis kanonis analogiuria.

30

kvlevebisTvis gamoyeneba

patentebis unebarTvo gamoyeneba

kvlevaSi (research exemption)

++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++

gamomgoneblisTvis SeRavaTiani

periodis miniWeba (grace period)

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ---- ---- 68 ----

winaswari ganacxadi Semdgomi

dapatentebisTvis (provisional patenting)

---- ---- ---- ---- ++++ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

meToduri masalebis momzadeba ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ---- ++++ ++++ ---- ---- ---- ???? ???? ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

68 ungreTSi da zogierT sxva aRmosavleTevropul qveyanaSi SeRavaTiani periodi (Cveulebriv, 6 Tve) vrceldeba mxolod oficialur gamofenebSi

monawileobaze, xolo samecniero publikaciaze - ara.

31

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