Innovave design,construconand! performance!of!hybrid ...

christophe.menezo@insa-‐lyon.fr

Innova've design, construc'on and

performance of hybrid photovoltaic-‐thermal collectors

Christophe MENEZO1,2, Patrick Dupeyrat3, Pierrick Haurant1,2

1CETHIL UMR CNRS 5008, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 2Chaire INSA/EDF “Habitats and Energy Innova'ons”, Villeurbanne

3 EDF R&D ENERBAT, Moret-‐sur-‐ Loing 1

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PV conversionReflected

CONTEXT HYBRID FOR BUILDING -‐ Challenge -‐

High energy efficiency building – Building integrated solar component Ø Local produc8on of energy Ø Usage conflict of the roof (electricity or domes8c hot water produc8on)

PV Conversion : 15-‐20 % while 80-‐90 % of solar radia8ons are absorbed. The remainder is dissipated into heat.

Ø  PV conversion efficiency decrease Ø  Available solar energy is not used

How to make use of the heat dissipated by photovoltaic modules ?

Crystalline Silicon PV cell

AM 1.5 solar spectrum

Workshop on Poten-al Technological Developments for Zero carbon Buildings

Hong-‐Kong 2013 -‐ October 16-‐17

•  PV/T with air •  PV/T with water (covered or not) •  CPV/T

T.T. Chow, G.N. Tiwari and Ch. Ménézo Hybrid Solar Technology for Power Polygenera5on and Energy Saving Inter. Journal of Photoenergy, Vol. 2012 – Hindawi Publishing Corpora8on

HYBRID PV-‐T FAMILIES



CLIPSOL-‐LOCIE-‐CETHIL

2004

Glass cover PV amorphous Sheet and tube heat exchanger

Hybrid collector PV-‐T with cover 2011

G. FRAISSE, C. MENEZO, K. JOHANNES, Solar Energy, Vol. 81, n° 11, p. 1426-‐1438, 2007

Heat Echanger FracTherm®: Herman, 2005 Fraunhofer ISE

EDF-‐CETHIL-‐Fraunhofer-‐

PhD Patrick Dupeyrat, INSA Lyon July 2011

Dualsun de Solaire 2G

2010

2008

Without cover Mono-‐cristalline

-‐ Without cover -‐ Poly cristalline -‐ Aluminium heat exch.: ROLLBOND ®

CETHIL-‐CSTB-‐Photowai (PhD Simon Boddaert)

P. DUPEYRAT et Al, Solar energy, 2011

DEVELOPPED WATER PV-‐T COMPONENTS



Descrip'on Ø  Covered PV-‐T: reduc8on of the thermal losses and sufficient fluid temperature for domes8c hot water applica8on Ø  Fractal exchanger ; Ø  Water as heat transfer fluid, forced circula8on ; Ø  32 Crystalline-‐Si cells -‐ high efficiency ;

Glass cover Static air layer

Absorber Thermal insulation (rear)

Tube filled with water

PV cells

Solar cell PV module Collector System PN junction Building

Egap (~ 1.12 eV)

Conduction band

Valence band

Photon

Numerical / Experimental

Experimental development and simula'on inves'ga'on of a PV-‐T hybrid solar collector Mul8-‐scale and mul8-‐competence approach: a full and accurate study of the component materials and manufacturing processes

-‐ Methodology -‐ WATER PV-‐T COLLECTOR DEVELOPMENT (Project PVTCol 2008-‐11)



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Performance:

Related to

Unprecedented performance Ø  PV conversion yield: >11 % (+1) Ø  Thermal conversion yield: >78 % (+10)

Thermal proper'es: New lamina'on process of the PV cell and the exchanger →  Thermal exchanges improvement

Op'cal and electrical proper'es: New encapsula'on process and new materials →  Op8cal parameters improvement

PV efficiency

Reference PV module 11.9 ± 3.5%

Reference PV-T collector 11.1 ± 3.5%

PV-T prototype* 11.8 ± 3.5%

according to IEC 60904

DEVELOPPED PV-‐T COLLETOR

Exemple of improvements : Electrical Measurements (E.Q.E)

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.E [-

] Solar cell in improved module (A)

� Solar cell

in module (A)

� Low reflection losses due to FEP

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Solar cell in module (A)

EVA Silicon

ARC

FEP Encapsulant Silicon

ARC

FEP

* Dupeyrat, P., Ménézo, C., Wirth, H., Rommel, M., 2011. Improvement of PV module op8cal proper8es for PV-‐thermal hybrid collector applica8on. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95, 2028–2036. * Dupeyrat, P., Ménézo, C., Rommel, M., Henning, H.-‐M., 2011. Efficient single glazed flat plate photovoltaic–thermal hybrid collector for domes8c hot water system. Solar Energy 85, 1457–1468.

PV-‐T COLLECTOR MODELLING -‐ Model presenta'on -‐

3D dynamic thermal modelling – Heat balance for each control volume

LWSWcondconvp +++=TVρC ΦΦΦΦ∂

∂

tØ  Convec8ve flux:

•  With the exterior:

•  Air layer:

Ø  Conduc8ve flux:

Ø  Short wavelength radia8ons (SW):

with

Ø Long wavelength radia8ons (LW):

•  With the exterior:

•  Air layer:

( )airlayerconvconv TTh −=Φ

( )T∇∇=Φ .cond λ

SWαSW ESτ=Φ

( )PVSW η1GE −=

( ) ( )( )4glass

4groundrs

4glass

4skypcLW TTFTTFSε −+−=Φ σ

( )4glass

4PV

glassPVglassPV

glassPVLW TT

εε-εεεε

S −+

=Φ σ

airairconv Nu/δ kh =

windconv v2.8h +=

Absorbsion

Wind Convec'on

Free Convec'on PV

conversion Conduc'on Conduc'on

Diffuse radia'on

Thermal radia'ons

Thermal radia'ons



-‐ Model presenta'on -‐

Fluid flow modelling

wflow,wconv,w

www +=TVCρ ΦΦ∂

∂

tØ  Conduc8ve convec8on:

Ø  Heat transmission during the flow:

( )wabswwwconv, TTLπkNu −=Φ

( )iw,1-iw,wp,wflow, TTCtmΦ −∂

∂=

Tw,i

water m

Tabs,i

Tabs,i-1 Φflow,w

Tw,i-1 Φconv,w

PV-‐T COLLECTOR MODELLING



-‐ Model presenta'on -‐

Electrical modelling by a Current – Voltage model

* Chan, D.S.H., Phillips, J.R., Phang, J.C.H., 1986. A comparative study of extraction methods for solar cell model parameters. Solid-State Electronics 29, 329–337. * Picault, D., Raison, B., Bacha, S., de la Casa, J., Aguilera, J., 2010. Forecasting photovoltaic array power production subject to mismatch losses. Solar Energy 84, 1301–1309. * De Soto, W., Klein, S.A., Beckman, W.A., 2006. Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance. Solar Energy 80, 78–88.

Ø  Single diode model: with

Using W-‐Lambert func8on :

Determining the parameters ( , , ) at reference temperature from flash tests (Chan et al., 1986)*

Parameters at temperature from correla8ons (De Soto et al., 2006)*

Ø I-‐V curve for a given solar radia8on at temperature (Picault et al., 2010)*

( ) ( ) ( )( ) sh

s

t

s0PH R

IRV1TVIRVqexp.TITII +

−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ +−= ( ) ( )

qkTTnTVt =

( )0PH TI ( )00 TI ( )0Tn 0T

T

TG

( ) ( ) ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

refref G

G.T,GITG,I

( ) ( ) ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

refref G

Glog1T,GVTG,V




3D Finite elements method •  Two meshing modes:

•  In plane -‐ conduc'on is not taking into account •  Mismatch effects of linked to cells temperatures differences tacking into account •  Differen8al equa8ons are solved by numerical method of trapezoidal rule (ode23t, matlab®)

Thermal model Electrical model

Voronoi tessella8on adapted to the heat exchanger geometry

Square meshing corresponding to PV cells

PV-‐T COLLECTOR MODELLING -‐ Implementa'on methods -‐



-‐ Implementa'on methods -‐

PV produc'on and mismatch effects Modelling principle I-‐V computa8on for each cell. A module composed of N PV cells in series and N-‐1 electric nodes. For two successive cells i et i+1,

else and

N equa8ons for N unknowns, solved by Newton-‐Raphson itera8ve method


Voltages mapping



Experimental condi'ons Ø  Following EN12975 standards Ø  Collector 8lt : 45 ° – Text = 29 °C – Wind speed : 3m/s – G = 956 W/m2 (Ar8ficial light – AM1.5 spectrum) – Ar8ficial sky – Mass flow : 72 kg/h

PV-‐T COLLECTOR TESTING & NUMERICAL COMPARISON



The calculated outlet temperatures of the fluid are very closed to experimental measured temperatures :

Thermal performance Ø  Errors < 0.2°C – Mean error = -‐0.16 °C Ø Error at transi8ons < 1 °C


( ) ( ) GSTηTP PVPVPV =(Zondag 2002 ; Cristofari, 2009)*

Electrical performance Ø  Maximal error < 2 W – 2% (> 3W – 3.75 % for usual model)

-‐ Steady state and controlled condi'ons valida'on -‐



A high efficiency PV-‐T module as been developed end tested

Efficiencies in controlled condi'ons Ø  PV conversion yield : >11 % (+1) Ø  Thermal conversion yield: >78 % (+10)

A PV-‐T model has been implemented In steady state controlled condi8ons :

Thermal performance Ø  Errors < 0.2°C – Mean error = -‐0.16 °C Ø Error at transi8ons < 1 °C

Electrical performance Ø  Maximal error < 2 W (> 3W for usual model)

FUTURE WORK ON THE WATER PVT

Efficiencies in real condi'ons Ø  PV conversion yield : 8.5 % Ø  Thermal conversion yield: 36 %

On going work: OBJECTIF : GENERAL STATEMENT ON PVT COVERED COLLECTOR

PV-‐T model valida8on in dynamic mode Complete Domes8c Hot Water system modeling – op8mizing – inves8ga8ng other type of couplings



Experimental installa'on PV-‐T collectors integrated to Domes8c Hot Water produc8on (BESTLAB EDF R&D tes8ng facili8es ) : Study of the dynamic regime under real condi8ons.

Pump

inverters

PV-‐T collectors

Tank

Extra hea'ng

Ø  A pump drives the circula8on of glycolic water from the heat exchanger in the tank to the PV-‐T collectors Ø  micro-‐inverters inject electricity produced by the PV-‐T modules into the local grid. Ø  An extra hea'ng element in the tank allows studies at set point temperatures

-‐ Monitoring in real condi'ons -‐ PV-‐T FOR DHW SYSTEM TESTING



First results Measurements between 01/09/2012 and 10/09/2012

01Sept 03 Sept 05 Sept 07 Sept 09 Sept

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Pow

er (W

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Total radiation PV production

1 Sept 3 Sept 5 Sept 7 Sept 9 Sept

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50

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pera

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Tambient Toutlet Tinlet

Total PV energy: 29.5 kWh for 6 kWh/m²/day of total radia8on : mean electrical yield of 8.5 %

Thermal energy : 129 kWh, 36 % of the incoming solar energy

-‐ Monitoring in real condi'ons -‐ PV-‐T FOR DHW SYSTEM TESTING



Robles-Ocampo et al. 2007

PV Cells

Glass Cover

Water Water

reflector

Incident Radiation

PV cells

Surface réfléchissante incurvée

Heat carrier fluid

Coventry et al., 2005

Principle : Parabolic Reflectors (concentration : 37x) + Water circulation

High thermal efficiency Low electrical efficiency (non uniform PV

irradiation and high temperature)

Bi-facial collector

Active area x 2 for PV

Reflector for back-side

Concentrators: Fresnel lens, treatment of the glass,…

Ø  Water: good optical properties Ø  High PV efficiency per unit of area

PV/T collector + reflector or concentrators FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS : CPVT COMPONENTS

Star5ng collabora5on CETHIL/UMI-‐LN2 (Sherbrooke)



Thanks for your aren'on

Innova've design, construc'on and performance of hybrid photovoltaic-‐thermal collectors



Innovave design,construconand! performance!of!hybrid ...

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