g]kfndf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmd

/]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldltkf]i6 aS; g+M @!@@%dLgejg, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+6]lnkmf]gM $!)&@*%÷$!)&@&( ˆofS;M $!)&!#&O{d]nMkathmandu@icrc.org j]aMwww.icrc.org© cfO{;Lcf/;L, dfr{ @)!@

s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, /]8qm; dfu{kf]=a=g+= @!&, sflndf6L, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn6]lnkmf]gM )! $@&@&^!, $@&)^%)ˆofS;M )! $@&!(!%O{d]nM info@nrcs.org j]aM www.nrcs.org

cfj/0f kmf]6f]M ;g\ @)!! df DofUbL lhNnfdf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf] cfsl:ds ;q ;~rfng ub}{ g]/];f] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf MRE kmf]sn k;{g .

g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGån] vt/gfs …o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifÚ (Explosive Remnants of War - ERW) 5f]8]/ uPsf] 5 . tL cjz]ifx¿sf] sf/0faf6 g]kfndf ljlwjt\ ¿kdf ;z:q åGåsf] cGTo ePkl5 klg ce}m dflg;x¿ dl//x]sf 5g\ . åGå cGTo ug{sf nflu åGå/t kIfx¿åf/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf]] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf af¿bL ;'¿ª laR5\ofOPsf] If]q tyf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf If]qx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L pknAw u/fO{ #) lbgleq ltgnfO{ x6fpg, gi6 ug{ / lgliqmo kfg{sf nflu Ps–csf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ åGå/t b'j} kIfx¿ afWo x'g]5g\ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . o;cg'¿k %# j6f af?bL ;'?ª laR5\ofOPsf] If]qx¿ (Mine fields) / @&# j6f 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf] If]qx¿df (IED fields) lrGx nufOof] . t/ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf]}tfdf pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf] ;do;Ldfleq pQm k|lta4tf k'/f x'g ;s]g .

af?bL ;'?ª tyf o'4sf cGo lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifaf6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdsf af/]df ;r]tgf Pj+ 1fgsf] cefjsf ;fy;fy} 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf ljleGg k|sf/ / tL laR5\ofOPsf 7fpFx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/Lsf] cefjsf] sf/0faf6 ;d:of emg\ hl6n ePsf] 5 . åGåsf] cGtkl5 cfjthfjt j[l4 eof] / o; j[l4 ;Fu;Fu} dflg;x¿, ljz]if u/L afn–aflnsfx¿ o:tf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{af6 kLl8t eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @))^ b]lv otf, sl/a %)) dflg;x¿ lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{af6 kLl8t ePsf 5g\ / tLdWo] *! hgf dfl/Psf 5g\ . ltgdf klg vf; u/L afn–aflnsf ;Í6f;Gg 5g\ . s'n kLl8tx¿dWo] $$ hgf afn–aflnsfn] lj:kmf]6af6 Hofg u'dfPsf 5g\ / @!# hgf afn–aflnsf 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .

af?bL ;'?ªdfly k|ltaGw nufpg] cf]6fjf ;lGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5}g t/ klg zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf bzskl5 cGttM ;g\ @)!@ df cfP/ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ af?bL ;'¿ª laR5\ofOPsf] If]q tyf 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf] If]qx¿ x6fpg g]kfn ;/sf/ ;kmn x'g] ck]Iff 5 . ;g\ @)!! sf] h"g dlxgfdf g]kfnnfO{ af?bL ;'?ª laR5\ofOPsf] If]qaf6 d'Qm d'n's egL 3f]if0ff ul/of] / ;g\ @)!@ sf] ;'?jftL dlxgfx¿df 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf] If]qx¿ klg x6fO;s]kl5 g]kfn 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf] If]qaf6 klg d'Qm d'n's x'g]5 . olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg hyfefjL 5fl8Psf o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifx¿ / !) jif]{ åGåkl5 ;lqmo cGo ;z:q ;d"xx¿åf/f k|of]udf NofOPsf 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿ cem} klg dflg;x¿sf nflu r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /lx/x]sf 5g\ .

lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿sf] hf]lvd sd ug{sf] nflu ;d'bflos txdf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{ k|efjsf/L /0fgLlt ;flat ePsf] 5 . zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfnosf] af?bL ;'?ª Joj:yfkg zfvf (Mine Action Section) åf/f ;dlGjt dfOg PSzg ;+o'Qm sfo{ ;d"x (Mine Action Joint Working Group - MAJWG) df cfa4 cGo ;Ë7gx¿;Fu ldn]/ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L -g]/];f]_ tyf /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldlt -cfO{;Lcf/;L_ n] o; hl6n dfgjLo ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu of]ubfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . /]8qm; tyf /]8lqm;]G6 cleofgleq af?bL ;'?ª, Sn:6/ ad / o'4sf cGo lj:kmf]6hGo

k|:tfjgf

c

b]j/Tg wfVjfdxfdGqL

g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L

h]/f]d kmf]G6fgfk|ltlglwd08n pk–k|d'v

cfO{;Lcf/;L–g]kfn

cjz]if;DaGwL /]8qm; cleofgsf] ;g\ @))( sf] /0fgLlt (Movement Strategy on Landmines, Cluster Munitions and Other Remnants of War) sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo e"ldsf cfO{;Lcf/;Lsf] x'G5 . af?bL ;'?ª tyf o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifaf6 k|efljt b]zx¿sf /fli6«o /]8qm; tyf /]8lqm;]G6 ;f];fO6Lx¿;Fu ldn]/ cfO{;Lcf/;Ln] :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ zf/Ll/s k'gM:yfkgfnufotsf sfo{qmdx¿, cfly{s cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{ n3' cfly{s kxn nufotsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ub{5, af?bL ;'?ªaf6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdsf af/]df ;r]tgf tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub{5 / sfg'gL ;Nnfx pknAw u/fpg] Pj+ k}/jL ug]{ ub{5 .

;g\ @))% b]lv otf cfO{;Lcf/;Lsf] k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]udf g]kfndf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL cfsl:ds÷lgoldt ;r]tgf sfo{qmd (Emergency/Mine Risk Education – E/MRE!) ;~rfng ub}{ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L ;r]tgf cleofgsf] cu|kª\lQmdf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿n] k'¥ofpg] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ / tL hf]lvdaf6 aRg] ;'/lIft Jojxf/sf af/]df r]tgf k}mnfO{ lzIff k|bfg u/]/ Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg' xf] . g]kfn af?bL ;'?ª laR5\ofOPsf] If]q d'Qm d'n's xf] / 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf] If]qx¿Aff6 klg d'Qm x'g] k|lqmofdf 5 t/ af?bL ;'?ª tyf 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{af6 d'Qm d'n's eg] xf]Og . o; tYonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL oL lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿Aff6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdsf af/]df ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ k|of;x¿ ug]{ / ;'/lIft Jojxf/sf af/]df dflg;x¿nfO{ lzlIft kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ hf/L /fVg' cfjZos 5 .

ljutsf] åGåsf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifx¿af6 pTkGg x'g] dfgjLo c;/x¿nfO{ sd ug{sf lgldQ dfOg PSzg ;+o'Qm sfo{ ;d"x (MAJWG) ;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{ /]8qm; cleofgsf ;fe]mbf/x¿, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L / cfO{;Lcf/;L k|lta4 5g\ .

! lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmd (MRE) eg]sf] af?bL ;'?ª tyf 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{af6 k|efljt ePsf] :yfgx¿df hfgsf/L k|rf/k|;f/ ug{sf] lglDt lgoldt ¿kdf ;+rgng ul/g] ;q xf] . lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL cfsl:ds ;r]tgf sfo{qmd (EMRE) eg] lj:kmf]6sf] 36gf 36]kl5 jf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ km]nf k/]sf] v08df To:tf 36gfsf] nut} cfof]hgf ul/G5 .

cf

ljifo ;"rL

!= kl/ro ====================================================================================================================================================================@

@= g]kfndf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿ ======================================================================================================================= # lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf k|sf/x¿ jfª\h'sf] vt/gfs v]nf}gf

#= o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifaf6 kLl8t JolQmx¿=========================================================================================% s]xL tYox¿

$= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] af6f]lt/ ============================================================================================================================& g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L -g]/];f]_ sf] e"ldsf g]/];f]åf/f ;~rflnt lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf (MRE) sfo{qmd :jo+;]jsx¿sf] cg'ej lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt cGo sfo{qmdx¿ km]l/ lxF8\g l;Sb}

%= jt{dfg kl/l:ylt ============================================================================================================================================== !@

^= g]/];f]sf] efjL e"ldsf ======================================================================================================================================= !# lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf g]/];f]sf ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf &= cfwf/e"t ;'/Iff =============================================================================================================================================== !$ ;'/Iff;DaGwL cfwf/e"t ;Gb]z l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf gfos ;'/lIft Jojxf/sf af/]df ;lrq ;Gb]z

tflnsf tyf lrqx¿sf] ;"rL lrq ! M pd]/ tyf lnËsf cfwf/df lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{af6 kLl8t JolQm========================= ^ tflnsf ! M ;g\ @))^ b]lv otf ePsf lj:kmf]6sf 36gf tyf kLl8t JolQmx¿sf] ;f/;ª\If]k ====% tflnsf @ M lj:kmf]6 x'Fbf kLl8t JolQmx¿sf ultljlw ==================================================== @! tflnsf # M lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{cg';f/ xtfxtsf] k|sf/ =================================================== @! tflnsf $ M 36gf ePsf :yfg / lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] k|sf/cg';f/ 3fOt]x¿sf] ;+Vof ======== @@

cg';"rLx¿ =============================================================================================================================================================== !^ cg';"rL ! M g]/];f] / cfO{;Lcf/;Lsf] …lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdÚsf] ;f/f+z ======= !^ cg';"rL @ M g]/];f]sf lhNnf zfvfx¿ / lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf] ;|f]t JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL ================================================================================== !( cg';"rL # M tYofÍ tflnsf ====================================================================================== @!

!

2

cfw'lgs lbgsf x/]s ;z:q åGån] o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]if 5f]8]sf x'G5g\ h"g åGå ;dfKt ePkl5 klg ;fwf/0ftof jiff}+–jif{ jf bzsf}+;Dd klg /lx/xg] ;d:of xf] . g]kfn o; cy{df cGo d'n's eGbf leGg 5}g / Ps bzs nfdf] åGåsf] cjlwdf åGå/t kIfx¿åf/f 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{, af?bL ;'?ª tyf cGo k|sf/sf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] k|of]u eof] . g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGå b]zJofkL ¿kdf ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifsf] ;d:of klg Jofks g} 5 / o;af6 d'n'ssf kfFr} If]qsf ljleGg lhNnfx¿df k|efj k/]sf] 5 .

;g\ @))^ sf] gf]e]Da/ dlxgfdf x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfaf6 åGåsf] cGt eP tfklg o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifx¿af6 ;j{;fwf/0fsf] Hofg hfg] / 3fOt] x'g] qmd eg] hf/L g} /Xof] . ;g\ @))^ sf] hgj/Lb]lv ;g\ @)!! sf] gf]e]Da/;Dd kLl8t :jo+sf] sf/0f lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ;lqmo eO{ ePsf lj:kmf]6af6 sl/a %)) dflg;x¿ xtfxt eP . ;r]tgf tyf pko'Qm Jojxf/af/] 1fgsf] cefjsf ;fy;fy} 3/df / 3/jl/kl/ lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿ Jofks ¿kdf /xg' g} b'3{6gfsf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] . xtfxtsf] s'n ;ª\Vofsf] ^$ k|ltzt JolQmx¿ lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ laufbf{÷rnfpFbf, ˆofFSbf, cfuf]df xfNbf jf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{nfO{ rnfpg] JolQmsf] glhs plePsf] ;dodf ePsf] lj:kmf]6sf] 36gfdf k/L dfl/Psf jf 3fOt] ePsf lyP . olb kLl8tx¿ o:tf] vt/fk|lt ;r]t ePsf eP / ;'/lIft tyf

!= kl/ro

pko'Qm Jojxf/sf af/]df pgLx¿n] yfxf kfPsf eP oLdWo] w]/}h;f] b'3{6gfx¿nfO{ /f]Sg ;lsGYof] .

o;sf cltl/Qm, ;z:q åGåsf] ljlwjt\ cGt ePkl5 b]vf k/]sf ljleGg ;z:q ;d"xx¿åf/f 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] k|of]u ePaf6 klxn]b]lv g} ljBdfg ;d:of c¿ a9\g uPsf] 5 . lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfeGbf kl5 pTkfbg eO{ k|of]udf cfPsf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿sf] sf/0f ePsf 36gfx¿sf] ljj/0f klg a9\b} uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

o4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifx¿sf] hf]lvdsf af/]df ;fd'bflos txdf Jofks ¿kdf ;r]tgf clej[l4 ub}{ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L ;'/lIft Jojxf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;lqmo ¿kdf k}/jL ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /xb} cfPsf] 5 . cfk"mx¿n] e]6fPsf jf b]v]sf 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{÷lj:kmf]6hGo o'4;fdu|L (Explosive Ordnances) sf] af/]df ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fP/ ;j{;fwf/0fx¿n] ;'/lIft Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k km]nf k/]sf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿nfO{ ;'/Iffk"j{s lgliqmo kfl/Psf] 5 / o;/L w]/} dflg;x¿sf] Hofg tyf zf/Ll/s cËx¿sf] ;'/Iff ePsf] 5 . dflg;x¿ ;r]t ePsf] v08df lj:kmf]6sf 36gfx¿af6 hf]lug ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu, o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifsf] hf]lvd / ;f]af6 aRgsf] nflu ;'/lIft Jojxf/sf af/]df lzIff tyf k|rf/–k|;f/nfO{ hf/L /fVg'kb{5 .

lrq !M ;s]6 ad

lrq $M ;'tnL ad

lrq @M k|];/ s's/ ad

lrq %M z' aS; dfOglrq #M kfOk ad

3

lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf k|sf/x¿@

3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ (Improvised Explosive Devices - IED)M of] 3fOt] agfpg], xTof ug{] jf cftlÍt kfg]{ p2]Zon] 3/df g} agfOPsf] lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ xf] h'g ;fdfGotof xft}n] /flvg] jf ̂ ofFlsg] ul/G5 . g]kfndf ;a}eGbf w]/} kfOPsf] 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿df ;s]6 ad— UffNefgfOh ul/Psf] KnlDaª HjfOG6x¿af6 agfOPsf 3/]n' xft] ad -lrq !_, k|];/ s's/ ad -lrq @_, kfOk ad -lrq #_ / sk8f / 8f]/Laf6 agfOPsf] ;'tnL ad -lrq $_ x'g\ .

@= g]kfndf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿

dfgjlj?4 nlIft af?bL ;'?ª (Anti-Personnel Landmine – AP mine)M hldgd'lg, dfly jf hldgglhs /flvPsf / s'g} JolQm To;sf] ;Dks{df cfpFbf jf To;sf], glhs hfFbf jf To; 7fFpdf pkl:yt x'Fbf lj:kmf]6g x'g] u/L tof/ kfl/Psf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿ dfgjlj?4 nlIft af?bL ;'?ª x'g\ . ;fdfGotof dfgjlj?4 nlIft af?bL ;'?ªnfO{ tLg >]0fLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5M• lj:kmf]6 eO{ 6'qmf–6'qmf x'g] af?bL ;'?ª — Anf:6

dfOg (blast mine), pbfx/0fsf nflu kLPd\8L ^ (PMD 6) "Shoebox mine" -lrq g+= %_

• 6'qmf–6'qmf eP/ ;a}lt/ hfg] af?bL ;'?ª (omni-directional fragmentation mine)— kLcf]Pdh]8 (POMZ) jf Stake mine -lrq g+= ̂ _

• 6'qmf eP/ lglZrt lbzflt/ hfg] af?bL ;'?ª (directional fragmentation mine)—Pd !* Sn]df]/ dfOg (M18 claymore mine) -lrq g+= &_

@ o; v08df k|of]u ul/Psf lrqx¿ dfOg PSzg ;+o'Qm sfo{ ;d"xåf/f pTkflbt af?bL ;'?ª hf]lvd lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt lˆnk rf6{af6 lnOPsf x'g\ .

lrq &M Sn]df]/ dfOg

lrq (M xft] ad

4

cGo lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ (Other Explosive Device)M oL lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿ sf/vfgfdf lgld{t x'g\ h'g lj:kmf]6 ePsf 5}gg\ jf a]jfl/;] cj:yfdf 5f]l8Psf 5g\ . h:t} df]6f{/ ;]n (mortar shells) -lrq g+= *_, xft] ad (hand grenades), 6f]6f (cartridges) / 8]6f]g]6/ (detonators) cflb .

k|of]u ul/Psf t/ gk8\lsPsf o'4;fdu|L (Unexploded Ordnance - UXO)M oL To:tf lj:kmf]6hGo o'4;fdu|L x'g\ h;nfO{ k|xf/ ul/Psf], v;flnPsf] jf k\mofFlsPsf] 5 t/ ck]Iff ul/Padf]lhd ;f] kbfy{ lj:kmf]6 ePsf] 5}g .

a]jfl/;] cj:yfdf 5fl8Psf o'4;fdu|L (Abandoned Ordnance - AO)M oL To:tf lj:kmf]6hGo o'4;fdu|L x'g\ h;nfO{ k|of]u gul/sg 5fl8Psf] 5 / h'g 5f]8]/ jf kmfn]/ hfg] JolQmx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf klg 5}g -lrq ( df xft] ad b]vfOPsf] 5 h'g a]jfl/;] cj:yfdf 5fl8Psf] kfOG5_ .

jfª\h'sf] vt/gfs v]nf}gfM

;g\ @))* sf] clk|n dlxgfdf l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNNff lgjf;L !$ jif{sf jfªh'' nfdfn] cfkmgf] 3/glhssf] v]tdf Ps /ËLg j:t' km]nf kf/] . Tof] a:t'nfO{ hldgdf ˆofFs]/ v]Nbf pgnfO{ /dfOnf] nfUof] . Ps lbg pgn] ;–;fgf 9'ËfnfO{ w'nf] agfpgsf] nflu To; j:t'n] 9'ËfnfO{ xfg] . Tolts}df pQm j:t' pgs} xftdf k8\lsof] . pgL x'lTtP/ pQfgf] k/]/ hldgdf k5fl/P / pgsf] xftaf6 w]/} /ut aUof] . pgsL cfdf 7'nL dfofn] 3/ leq}af6 lj:kmf]6sf] cfjfhsf ;fy} 5f]/f] lrRofPsf] cfjfh ;'lgg\ . ha pgL bf}l8Fb}

aflx/ cfOg\, ta pgn] /ut alu/x]sf] xftnfO{ ;dft]/ kL8fn] e'OFdf 56k6fO/x]sf] jfªh''nfO{ b]lvg\ . pgn] t'?Gt} l5d]sLx¿nfO{ af]nfOg\ / ltgn] jfªh'nfO{ ;aeGbf glhssf] c:ktfndf n}hfg d2t u/] . c:ktfnn] jfªh'sf] xftdf g/fd|f] rf]6 k/]sf] / pgsf] tLgcf]6f cf}Fnf u'd]sf] atfof] . jfªh'sf] k'/} kl/jf/ of] ;'g]/ b'Mlvt eP / ;a}n] ldn]/ 5f]/fsf] pkrf/ ug{ ;xof]u h'6fP . jfªh'sf] kl/jf/n] cf}iflw pkrf/sf] nflu vr{ Aoxf]g{ ¿ *),))).– C0f lng'k¥of] .

lrq *M df]6f{/ ;]nlrq ^M :6]s dfOg

5

clwsf/Lx¿åf/f ljj/0f pknAw u/fOPadf]lhdsf g]kfndf /x]sf %# af?bL ;'?ª laR5\ofOPsf] If]qx¿ / @&# 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf] If]qx¿sf cltl/Qm, v]taf/L jf hËndf 5l/P/ jf 3/df jf 3/glhs} e08f/0fdf /x]sf c;ª\Vo 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿af6 vt/f ljBdfg 5 . cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| (INSEC–OG;]s) åf/f ;Íng ul/Psf] tYofÍadf]lhd -tflnsf ! x]g'{xf];\_ ;z:q åGåsf] cGtkl5 ePsf

lj:kmf]6gsf @$^ 36gfx¿df $** dflg;x¿ kLl8t eP . tLdWo] *! hgf dfl/P / afFsL $)& JolQmx¿dWo] s]xLn] xftv'§f÷cf}Fnf u'dfP, s]xL sfg g;'Gg] jf cfFvf gb]Vg] eP / s]xLnfO{ kf]n]/ 3fp, OToflb eof] . lj:kmf]6sf 36gfdf k/L afFr]sf JolQmx¿ s'g} g s'g} lsl;daf6 zf/Ll/s ¿kdf cfhLjg czQm x'g] u/]sf 5g\ / oL dWo] w]/}h;f]] afn–aflnsf 5g\ .

jif{ 36gf kLl8t ;ª\Vof 3fOt] d[To'

@))^ (* !^( !#) #(

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@))( @$ &) %$ !^

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@)!! @! #! @@ (

hDdf @$^ $** $)& *!

s]xL tYox¿ M

• s'n kLl8t JolQmdWo] cfwfeGbf a9L afn–aflnsf lyP -#*=&Ü s]6f / !#=%Ü s]6L_ .

• x/]s !) kLl8t JolQmdWo] ^ hgf -^$Ü_ lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ rnfpFbf, v]nfpFbf, k\mofFSbf, cfuf]df xfNbf jf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{nfO{ rnfO{ ;lqmo kfg]{ JolQmsf] glhs plePsf] ;dodf dfl/Psf jf 3fOt] ePsf lyP .

• #^Ü 36gf 3/df, !$=%Ü 36gf v]t–af/Ldf / !!=$Ü 36gf ;8sdf ePsf lyP .

#= o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifaf6 kLl8t JolQmx¿

# of] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] tYofÍ ;g\ @))^ b]lv ( gf]e]Da/ @)!! ;Ddsf] dfq xf] .

• xtfxtdWo] *!Ü 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{af6, d'Votof ;s]6 ad, c1ft÷cGo 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ / ;'tnL ad -xtfxtsf] s'n ;ª\VofdWo] qmdzM @(Ü, @%Ü / @!Ü_ af6 ePsf] lyof] . xtfxt u/fpg] cGo lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿df k|];/ s's/, kfOk / l6lkmg ad lyP .

• af?bL ;'?ª -dfOg_ af6 @@ hgf -%Ü_ xtfxt eP hals df]6f{/ z]n, xft] ad / l86f]g]6/h:tf o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifx¿af6 $( hgf cyf{t\ xtfxtsf] s'n ;ª\VofdWo] !)Ü k|efljt ePsf lyP .

tflnsf ! ;g\ @))^ b]lv otf ePsf lj:kmf]6sf 36gf tyf kLl8t JolQmx¿sf] ;f/–;ª\If]k#

6

g]kfndf w]/}h;f] lj:kmf]6 3/ jf 3/glhs ePsf x'Fbf ;aeGbf a9L vt/f ePsf] 7fpF 3/x¿ x'g uPsf] lyof] h'g af?bL ;'?ª÷o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifx¿af6 k|efljt cGo d'n'sx¿ eGbf km/s lyof] . åGåsf] cjlwdf åGå/t kIfx¿åf/f n'sfOPsf jf 5fl8Psf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿ lhNnfsf w]/} 3/x¿df kfOPsf] x'gfn] 3/ ;aeGbf a9L vt/f ePsf] :yfg ePsf] xf] . To;dfly, w]/} afn–aflnsf / jo:s JolQmx¿n] ;d]t c1ft j:t' -lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{_ x¿ e]§fPkl5 tL j:t'x¿ 3/ NofpFg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

tYofÍx¿sf] ljZn]if0fn] afn–aflnsf, d'Vo ¿kdf s]6fx¿ a9L hf]lvddf 5g\ eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . s]6fx¿sf] glrg]sf jf c1ft j:t'x¿;Fu v]Ng] k|j[lQ o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] . s'n kLl8t afn–aflnsfdWo] %%Ü afn–aflnsfn] lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ rnfPsf jf v]nfPsf lyP eg] !*Ü afn–aflnsf lj:kmf]6 ePsf] ;dodf lj:kmf]6 ePsf] 7fpF jl/kl/ g} lyP -yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu

cg';"rL # sf] tflnsf @ x]g'{xf];\_ . tYofÍn] #!Ü cyf{t $*^$ kLl8t JolQmdWo] !%! hgf kLl8t dlxnf /x]sf]n] dlxnf kLl8tx¿sf] klg 7"nf] ;ª\Vof /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . afFsL kLl8t cyf{t\ kLl8tdWo] ^(Ü -$*^ dWo] ##%_ k'?if lyP . k|foh;f] dlxnfx¿ lj:kmf]6 ePsf] 7fpF glhs} ePsf]n] ubf{ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . w]/}h;f] lj:kmf]6 3/df g} ePsf] x'Fbf of] s'g} cgf}7f] s'/f klg xf]Og . bfp/f vf]Hg], 3fF; ;kmf ug{] jf sf6\g], hËndf j:t'–efp r/fpg] ;dodf klg dlxnfx¿ crfgs b'3{6gfj; lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvddf kb{5g\ .

;s]6 adaf6 cTolws JolQm 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ -s'n 3fOt]dWo] #)Ü_ / c1ft÷cGo 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{af6 ;aeGbf a9L dflg;x¿ dfl/Psf] -s'n dfl/Psf dWo] #^Ü_ tYo tYofÍn] b]vfpF5 . dflg;x¿nfO{ 3fOt] agfpg] lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{dWo] ;'tnL ad bf];|f]df cfpF5 . ;'tnL ad, k|];/ s's/ ad, l6lkmg ad / Sn]df]/ dfOg (Claymore Mine) af6 dflg;x¿ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ t/ clxn];Dd Ps hgf klg dfl/Psf eg] 5}gg\ eGg] tYo tYofÍaf6 b]lvG5 . tflnsf ! -k[i6 $_ df b]vfOPcg';f/ ;g\ @)!) df dfl/Psfx¿sf] s'g} ljj/0f k|fKt ePsf] 5}g lsgeg] o; jif{df w]/}h;f] 36gf ;'tnL adaf6 ePsf lyP . ;g\ @)!! df kLl8t JolQmx¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof 36\bf klg gf} hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] ljj/0f k|fKt eof] / tLdWo] w]/}sf] d[To' ;s]6 adaf6 ePsf] lyof] . o; kl/k|]Iodf, lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf k|sf/ / ltgsf] k|efjsf af/]df dflg;x¿nfO{ hfu?s kfg{sf lgldQ o; af/]df hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug'{ h?/L 5 . kLl8t JolQm;DaGwL tYofÍ / lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf k|sf/sf af/]df yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu s[kof cg';"rL # x]g'{xf];\ .

$ s'n $** 3fOt] dWo], @ hgf 3fOt]x¿sf] lnË / pd]/sf] af/]df hfgsf/L 5}g -cg';'rL # sf] tflnsf @ x]g'{xf];\_ .

lrq ! pd]/ tyf lnËsf cfwf/df lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{af6 kLl8t JolQm

)=$Ü

#*=&Ü

!&=$Ü

!#=%Ü

@(=(Ü

s]6Ldlxnfk'?if

c1ft

s]6f

7

af?bL ;'?ª, Sn:6/ ad / o'4sf cGo lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]if;DaGwL /]8qm; tyf /]8lqm;]G6 cleofgsf] /0fgLltM ;j{;fwf/0fdfly xltof/sf c;/x¿sf] Go"gLs/0fn] o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifaf6 pTkGg x'g] kL8f Go"g ug]{ /]8qm; tyf /]8lqm;]G6 cleofgsf] sfo{nfO{ dfu{bz{g ub{5 . o; /0fgLltn] dfly pNn]lvt lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]if;DaGwL ultljlwsf] nflu cleofgsf c+ux¿dWo] /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldltnfO{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf k|bfg ub{5 .

åGåkl5 dflg;x¿ a9L :jtGqtfk"j{s cfjt–hfjt ug]{ x'gfn] pgLx¿sf]] lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{;Fu ;fdgf x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'g]] xF'bf åGåsf] cGtkl5 nuQ}sf jif{x¿df lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifx¿sf] ;a}eGbf a9L] vt/f x'G5 . zflGtk"0f{ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg ljut kfFr jif{df g]kfnLx¿n] dfgjlj?4 nlIft af?bL ;'?ª, 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo

kbfy{, gk8\lsPsf, a]jfl/;] tyf cGo lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] 5 .

;g\ @))$ df cfO{;Lcf/;Ln] g]kfndf af?bL ;'?ª÷lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿sf] hf]lvd tyf k|efj / o;;DaGwL -dfOg PSzg_ ultljlwx¿sf] cfjZostfsf ;DaGwdf Ps cWoog u¥of] . pQm cWoogn] lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf ultljlwx¿df ;+nUg x'g /]8qm;nfO{ l;kmfl/; u¥of] .

kmn:j¿k, åGbsf] cGt x'g'eGbf klxn] g} ;g\ @))% df g]/];f] tyf cfO{;Lcf/;Ln] af?bL ;'?ª tyf cGo lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿sf] hf]lvd / o;af6 aRg] ;fjwfgL Pj+ ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿sf af/]df ljz]if u/L åGåaf6 k|efljt If]qx¿df hgr]tgf k}mnfpg] sfd ;'? u/] .

$= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] af6f]lt/

lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿sf] ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]/];f]n] ug]{ sfo{ ædfgjLo kL8fdf /fxt k|bfg ug]{ / ;Í6fled'vtf sd ug]{Æ g]/];f]sf] dfgjLo b"/ufdL nIo;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo æwd{, j0f{, lnË, ju{, hft, hflt, /fli6«otf cyjf /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L dfgjLo kL8fnfO{ sd ug{'Æ xf] .

g]kfnsf &% j6} lhNnfdf /x]sf :yfgLo :jo+;]jsx¿sf] ;zQm ;~hfn / :yfgLo kl/j]zsf] /fd|f] 1fg ePsf] g]/];f]n] cfO{;Lcf/;Lsf]

:jefljs Pj+ k|fylds ;fem]bf/ eO{ lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

;Í6fled'vtf sd ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy g]/];f]n] g]kfndf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdcGtu{t lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvdsf af/]df ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ ;d'bflos txdf lzIff k|bfg ug{], kLl8t JolQmx¿nfO{ ul/g] ;xof]usf af/]df hfgsf/Lsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ / ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿sf] af/]df klg hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] ub{5 .

g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L -g]/];f]_ sf] e"ldsf

lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf ultljlw af?bL ;'?ª tyf o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifx¿af6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{sf lgldQ ;~rfng ul/g] dxTjk"0f{ /f]syfd Pj+ lzIffd"ns ultljlwx¿dWo]sf] Ps xf] . o;nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fdfem ;"rgf, k|rf/–k|;f/, lzIff, k|lzIf0f tyf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf lqmofsnfksf nflu ;d'bfo;Fu ;xsfo{nufotsf dfWodaf6 ;r]tgf clej[l4 u/L Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg a9fjf lbP/ af?bL ;'?ª tyf k|of]u ul/Psf t/ gk8\lsPsf o'4;fdu|Laf6 rf]6k6s nfUg ;Sg] vt/fnfO{ sd ug{ k|of; ug]{ ultljlwsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmd d'Vo ¿kdf u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ tyf afn–aflnsfk|lt nlIft 5 . af?bL ;'?ª tyf 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf hf]lvdx¿sf af/]df ;r]tgf a9fP/ / lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf ljleGg k|sf/sf af/]df dflg;x¿nfO{ lzlIft kf/]/ o;n] JolQmx¿sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g

g]/];f]åf/f ;~rflnt lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf (MRE) sfo{qmd

Nofpg] k|of; ub{5 . o;f] ug'{sf] p2]Zo ;Defljt hf]lvdsf af/]df dflg;x¿ ;r]t xf]pmg\ / ljz]if u/L yfxf gePsf] j:t' e]l6Psf] ;dodf ;'/lIft Jojxf/ ckgfpmg\\ eGg] xf] . g]kfndf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{;DaGwL ;d:of cGo d'n'sx¿sf] eGbf km/s 5 . cGo d'n'sx¿df h:tf] g]kfndf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿ /x]sf If]qx¿ -af?bL ;'?ª laR5\ofOPsf If]q / 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf] If]qafx]s_ sf] klxrfg ug]{ s'g} 7f]; tl/sf 5}g lsgeg] w]/}h;f] o'4sf lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifx¿ k|xf/ ePkl5 klg gk8\lsP/ jf hfgLhfgL jf cghfgdf 5f]l8Psf 5g\ h;sf] af/]df oyfy{ hfgsf/L eg] 5}g . logsf cltl/Qm, dflg;x¿n] c1fgtfj; lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ 3/df e08f/0f ug]{ u/]]sf] kfOPsf] 5 / o:tf kbfy{ cfsl:ds ¿kdf e]l6Psf] v08df o; j:t'sf] wft' cGo ;fdfg;Fu ;f6\gsf nflu 3/df Nofpg] u/]sf klg kfOPsf] 5 . lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿ ;8s, hËn, 3/, ;/sf/L sfof{no, gbL÷gbLlsgf/, af6f], ljBfno cflbh:tf ljleGg 7fpFx¿df km]nf k/]sf 5g\ . o;sf/0f lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf x6fpg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ sl7g ePsf] 5 . To;}n] hf]lvdsf af/]df

g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L -g]/];f]_ sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(^# df eO{ /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldltaf6 o;n] ;g\ !(^$

df dfGotf k|fKt u¥of] . o;} jif{ g]/];f] /]8qm; tyf /]8lqm;]G6 ;f];fO6Lx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;ª\3df ;b:o /fli6«o

;f];fO6Lsf] ¿kdf cfa4 eof] . To;kl5 b]zsf] &% j6} lhNnfdf lhNnf zfvfx¿sf] ;~hfn la:tf/ ub}{ xfn g]/];f]

g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dfgjLo ;Ë7gsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . g]/];f]sf lhNnf zfvfx¿n] tLcGtu{tsf !,#))

eGbf a9L pkzfvf tyf ;xsfo{ ;ldltx¿af6 ;Ë7gfTds ;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ . g]/];f]sf w]/}h;f] ultljlwx¿ ljBfno,

SofDk; tyf ;d'bfox¿df u7g ul/Psf nueu %,))) g]kfn h'lgo/ tyf o'jf /]8qm; ;s{nsf ljBfyL{ tyf o'jf

:jo+;]jsx¿åf/f sfof{Gjog ul/G5 .

8

9

;r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ / ;'/lIft Jojxf/sf af/]df lzIff k|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

g]/];f] lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmddf ;g\ @))% b]lv g} ;+nUg ePsf] xf] . cfO{;Lcf/;Lsf]] k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]udf g]/];f]sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub{} af?bL ;'?ª tyf 3/]n' lj:Kkmf]6s kbfy{af6 Psbd} k|efljt egL 7flgPsf !) lhNnfdf o; sfo{qmd k|f/De ul/of] . o; sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿af6 pTkGg x'g] vt/fsf af/]df ;r]tgf a9fP/ / ;'/lIft tyf pko'Qm Jojxf/sf af/]df lzIff k|bfg u/]/ xtfxtsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ sd ug'{ lyof] . tL !) dWo] x/]s lhNnfdf b'O{ o'jf /]8qm; :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ cf–cfˆgf ;d'bfodf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf ;qx¿ s;/L ;~rfng ug]{ eGg] ljifodf k|lzIf0f lbOof] . To;kl5 g]kfndf To;a]nf;Dd clwstd ¿kdf km]nf k/]sf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿sf] kmf]6f]x¿ / ;'/Iffsf s]xL cfwf/e"t ;Gb]zx¿sf] k|of]u ub}{ tL :jo++;]js k|lzIffyL{x¿n] k|To]s dlxgf sDtLdf klg tLg j6f o:tf ;r]tgf ;qx¿sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP .

;g\ @))^ df -lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf x'g'eGbf cl3_ o; sfo{qmdsf] la:tf/ yk !) lhNnfdf ul/of] . åGåsf] cGt ePkl5 dflg;x¿ :jtGq ¿kdf cfjt–hfjt ug{ yfNg] ePsfn] åGåkl5 nuQ}sf] cjlwdf w]/} JolQmx¿ kLl8t aGg k'U5g\ eGg] tYo cGo d'''n'ssf] cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 . t;y{, ;g\ @))^ sf] gf]e]Da/ dlxgfdf lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf ePkl5 g]/];f]sf ultljlwx¿sf] la:tf/ yk @^ lhNnfdf ul/of] . xfn;Dd o; sfo{qmdcGtu{t s''n $( k|efljt lhNNffx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .

o; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu lgDglnlvt dfkb08x¿sf cfwf/df lhNNffx¿sf] 5gf]6 ul/Psf] lyof]M• INSEC–OG;]ssf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df ljut

jif{x¿df kLl8t :jo+sf] sf/0f lj:kmf]6hGo

kbfy{ ;lqmo eO{ ePsf lj:kmf]6sf] 36gf Pj+ o;af6 xtfxt ePsfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof,

• åGåsf] cjlwdf ;aeGbf w]/}÷7"nf d'7e]8 ePsf lhNnfx¿ /

• g]/];f]sf lhNnf zfvf tyf pkzfvfx¿sf] Ifdtf tyf ;an kIf .

;g\ @))% b]lv ;g\ @)!! sf] cGt;Ddsf] cjlwdf, g]/];f]sf sd{rf/L tyf :jo+;]jsx¿n] g]kfnel/sf &) lhNnfdf @,@@,*#& ;xefuLsf nflu lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgfsf #,^(& lgoldt ;qx? / !(^ cfsl:ds ;qx¿sf] ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ .% xfn g]/];f]sf %@ lhNnfdf o;;DaGwL k|lzIf0fk|fKt :jo+;]jsx¿ 5g\ . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu s[kof cg';"rL ! / @ sf] tflnsfx¿ x]g'{xf];\ .

lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf lgoldt ;qx¿afx]s, g]/];f]sf sd{rf/L tyf :j+o;]jsx¿n] o;;DaGwL cfsl:ds ;qx¿ klg ;~rfng ub{5g\ . o:tf cfsl:ds ;qx¿ s'g} 36gf 36]sf] jf s'g} lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ km]nf k/]]sf] ljj/0f k|fKt ePnuQ} cfof]hgf ul/G5 . o;sf] p2]Zo ;'/lIft / ;xL Jojxf/sf] yk k|j4{g ug'{, 36gfaf6 k|efljt JolQmsf cfjZostfx¿sf] af/]df a'‰g' / o:tf] 36gfaf6 tgfjdf k/]sf] hg;d'bfonfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] dgf]–;fdflhs ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg' xf] . g]/];f]n] xfn @! lhNnfdf zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno;Fusf] ;xsfo{df k|efljt ;d'bfodf af?bL ;'?ª hf]lvd lzIff sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ub{} cfPsf] 5 / eljiodf yk lhNnfx¿df klg o:tf] ;xsfo{ ug{] cfzf u/]sf] 5 . -aflx/L cfj/0fsf] leqL k[i7sf] gS;f x]g{'xf];\_ .

k}/jLg]kfn ;/sf/n] …dfgjlj?4 nlIft af?bL ;'?ªdfly k|ltaGw nufpg] ;lGw (AP-Mine Ban Treaty)Ú / …s]xL k/Dk/fut xltof/;DaGwL dxf;lGw (CCW)Ú df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] geP tfklg g]/];f]n] oL b'O{ ;lGwsf ;fy} xltof/sf] k|of]unfO{ lgodg ug]{ cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿sf cfwf/e"t ljifosf af/]df hfgsf/Lsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ul//x]sf] 5 .

% of] tYofÍ cfO;Lcf/;L / g]/];f]sf] lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf] dfq xf] . o;n] g]/];f]åf/f sfof{lGjt zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnosf] k|efljt ;d'bfodf af?bL ;'?ª hf]lvd lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ ;d]6\b}g .

10

k;f{Mlj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 d}n] ;d'bfosf] hf]lvdnfO{ glhs}af6 cjnf]sg ug{] df}sf kfPsf] 5' . o;dfk{mt ;d'bfoleq cfk"mnfO{ lrgfpg kfPF / cr]n klg ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿ zfvfdf e]6\g cfpg] tyf lnkm\n]6; dfu ug{ cfpg] ub{5g\ .

a}t8LM a}t8L lhNnfdf rf/ jif{ klxn] MRE Focal person sf] ¿kdf sfo{ z'? u/]kl5 lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] ;r]tgf cleofgdf ;+nUg x'Fbf o;sf] dxTjsf] af/]df sd}n] rf;f] /fv]sf lyP . åGåkl5 a}t8Ldf s]xL 36gf 36]sf]df klxn] ICRC sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt MRE sfo{qmdåf/f / xfn cfP/ :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt;Fusf]] ;xsfo{df ;~rflnt sfo{qmdåf/f lhNnfsf hf]lvdk"0f{ ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;r]t t'NofPsf] dx;'; u/]sf] 5' . of] cleofgdf w]/}h;f] lhNnfdf g]/];f]sf] tflndk|fKt o'jf hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng ePsf] 5 . oxfFsf h'lgo/ 5fq5fqfn] o; sfo{qmdsf] dxTj a'em]/ cfkm\gf] ljBfnosf ;fgf efO–alxgLx¿ / 5]p5fpsf cGo ljBfno / :yfgLo ;d'bfo;Fu clxn] ;r]tgfsf af/]df s'/f ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 lhNnfdf lj:km]f6hGo kbfy{sf] af/] ;r]tgf clej[l4 ePsf] 5 .

lrtjgMlrtjgsf] e08f/f–*, df]tf{n vf]nf glhs} lj:kmf]6hGo j:t' -df]6f{/ ;]n_ glrg]/ rnfpg] qmddf Ps} kl/jf/sf ^ hgf k/L # hgfn] 36gf:ynd} Hofg u'dfP eg] cGo # hgfdWo] @ hgf ;Vt 3fOt] x'g k'u]] . pQm 36gfsf] @ lbgkl5 g]/];f] lrtjgn] EMRE sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] . s/La #))–#%) :yfgLoaf;Lx¿ pQm sfo{qmddf pkl:yt /x] . To;sf] nuQ} pQm :yfgsf] df]tf{n vf]nfdf :yfgLoaf;Lx¿n] k]ml/ ;s]6 ad b]vL e08f/f /]8qm;df va/ u/] / /]8qm;sf] kxndf pQm lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ lgliqmo kfl/of] . o;/L MRE n] lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] af/]df ;r]tgf clej[l4 u/L Hofg arfpg / cËeË x'gaf6 arfpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

:jo+;]jsx¿sf] cg'ej

x]d/fh e§, MRE kmf]sn k;{g, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L, a}t8L lhNnf zfvf

b]a]Gb| k|;fb ofbj, MRE :jo+d;]js, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L, k;f{ lhNnf zfvf

;'lgtf 9sfn, MRE kmf]sn k;{g, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L lrtjg lhNnf zfvf

ub{5g\ . ;fy} ;/sf/sf] 3fOt] tyf ckfËx¿sf] lglDt cGtl/d /fxt tyf k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmdsf] af/]df hfgsf/Lsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ klg ul/G5 .

n3' cfly{s kxn sfo{qmd;g\ @))^ b]lv ;g\ @))( sf] cjlwdf ;/sf/n] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd ;'? ug'{eGbf klxn] g} cfO{;Lcf/;Lsf] ;xof]udf g]/];f]n]] af?bL ;'?ª tyf 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{af6 kLl8t tyf ltgsf kl/jf/x¿nufot åGåaf6 k|efljt %,)%) kl/jf/x¿nfO{ hLljsf]kfh{g k'gM:Yffkg ug{sf] lgldQ ;fdfu|Lut ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] .

km]l/ lx“8\g l;Sb}

P3f/ jif{sL t'n;L cfk\mgf ;fyLx¿;Fu 3/aflx/ v]Nbf ;w}+ /dfpFlyg\ . Ps lbg afv|fnfO{ nv]6\b} hfFbf ;]gfsf] Aof/]ssf] 5]pdf /x]sf] tf/af/ eP/ pgL To; afv|fsf] kl5kl5 uOg\ . pgL To; If0fnfO{ ;DeFmb} elG5g\—ToxfF 7"nf] lj:kmf]6 eof] / To;n] dnfO{ w]/} dfly ¿vx¿lt/ x'Tofof] . clg d 9\ofDd cfjfh;lxt hldgdf k5fl/PF . pgn] af?bL ;'?ªdf 6]s]sL lyOg\ / Tof] af?bL ;'?ª lj:kmf]6 ePsf] lyof] . bfh'n] pgnfO{ ufpFaf6 ;aeGbf glhs sl/a b'O{ 306fsf] b'/Ldf /x]sf]]] c:ktfndf lnP/ uPsf] pgnfO{ clncln ofb 5 . pgsf] ufpF g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f klZrdL If]qsf] slknj:t' lhNnfdf kb{5 .

t'n;L rf/ dlxgf;Dd c:ktfndf /lxg\ . pgsf] afofF v'§fdf 7"nf] rf]6 nfu]sf] sf/0f 8fS6/x¿n] ;f] v'§f sf6\g'k¥of] . pgsf] bfofF v'§f hf]ufpg c¿ rf/cf]6f zNolqmof ug'{k¥of] . v'§f u'dfpFbfsf] kL8f pgL ce}m ;lDemlG5g\ . To;a]nf pgL ljlrqsf ;kgf b]lVyg\ . ;kgfdf pgsf] v'§f a9]/ cfpFYof], 3fp k'l/GYof], bfu x/fpFYof] / pgL km]l/ lxF8\g ;Sg] x'lGyg\ .

b'3{6gfcl3 t'n;L r~rn :jefjsL pT;fxL ljBfyL{ lyOg\ . b'3{6gfkl5 pgL 3/leq} ;Lldt x'g'k¥of], a};fvL 6]s]/ lxF8\g tyf c¿sf] ;xof]ulagf lxF8\g pgnfO{ sl7gfO eof] . af?bL ;'?ªdf 6]Sg k'Ubf pgsf] hLjg slxNo} k]ml/ p:t} gx'g] u/L ablnof] .

lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmd;“u ;DalGwt cGo sfo{qmdx¿

clxn] !^ jif{sL t'n;L s[lqd v'§fsf] ;xof]uaf6 km]l/ lxF8\g yfn]sL l5g\ . of] s[lqd v'§f % jif{cl3 kf]v/fsf] xl/of] vs{ c:ktfn tyf k'gM:yfkgf s]Gb|df nufOPsf] lyof] . ca km]l/ t'n;L ;fOsn r9\g / ;fyLx¿;Fu 3/aflx/ v]Ng ;Sg] ePsL l5g\ . xl/of] vs{ c:ktfnn] xftv'§f u'dfPsf jf d]?b08 efFlrPsf JolQmx¿sf nflu zf/Ll/s k'gM:yfkg ;]jf pknAw u/fpF5 . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ :jtGq ¿kdf hLjg lgjf{x ug{, sfd ug{ / kl/jf/ Pj+ ;dfhdf k'gM:yflkt x'g ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

åGå;Fu ;DalGwt !%) hgf eGbf klg a9L k"j{jt\ cj:yfdf kms{g g;Sg] k|sf/sf] ckfËtf eO{ hLjge/ k'gMe]6 ;]jfsf] cfjZostf kl//xg] kLl8tx¿dWo]sL t'n;L Ps x'g\ . c¿ la/fdLx¿sf] h:tf], pgsf] s[lqd v'§fnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf ldnfO/xg'kb{5 / pgL x's+{b} hfFbf x/]s # jif{df csf]{ gofF s[lqd v'§f abNg'kb{5 . t'n;Lh:tf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu cfO{;Lcf/;Ln] g]/];f]sf lhNnf zfvfx¿;Fu ldn]/ btf{ ul/Psf la/fdLx¿sf] k'gMe]6sf] nflu pgLx?;Fu ;Dks{df /xg], ckfËtf ePsf / zf/Ll/s k'gM:yfkgf ug'{kg]{ la/fdLx¿sf] klxrfg ug{] ub{5 .

zf/Ll/s k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmdlj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL z}lIfs ;qx¿sf] k|of]u ;d'bfonfO{ zf/Ll/s k'gM:yfkgf;DaGwL lgMz'Ns ;]jfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu klg ul/G5 . cfO{;Lcf/;Ln] o; ;]jfsf] nflu kf]v/fsf] xl/of] vs{ c:ktfn -;g\ @))$ b]lv_ / sf7df8f}Fsf] P/flx6L ;}lgs c:ktfn -;g\ @))( b]lv_ nfO{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf ;qx¿df zf/Ll/s k'gM:yfkgf cfjZos ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ oL s]Gb|x¿df hfg l;kmfl/; ul/G5 . ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿n] oL s]Gbx¿af6 k'gM lx8\8'n ug{ ;Ifd x'g s[lqd xftv'§f / lkmlhof]y]/fkLsf] ;]jf k|fKt

12

g]kfndf dfOg PSzg ultljlwx¿sf] ;dGjo xfn zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnosf] af?bL ;'?ª Joj:yfkg zfvfn] ul//x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!) sf] cui6 dlxgfdf o'lg;]kmaf6 of] lhDd]jf/L ;f] dGqfnon] lnPsf] xf] . %# j6f af?bL ;'?ª laR5\ofOPsf If]qx¿dWo]sf] clGtd If]qaf6 !$ h"g @)!! df af?bL ;'?Ë x6fOPkl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'snfO{ af?bL ;'?ª laR5\ofOPsf] If]qaf6 d'Qm egL 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o;sf] cltl/Qm @&# j6f 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf If]qx¿dWo]sf] afFsL /x]sf If]qaf6 ;g\ @)!@ df lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ x6fOg]5 h;sf] kmn:j¿k g]kfn af?bL ;'?ª laR5\ofOPsf] If]q tyf 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf] If]q b'a}af6 d'Qm d'n's x'g]5 .^ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnon] xfn g]kfne/ $# lhNnfdf k|efljt ;d'bfodf af?bL ;'¿ª hf]lvd lzIff sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] cGtl/d /fxt tyf k'gM:yfkg sfo{qmddf lj:kmf]6af6 kLl8t ePsf JolQm tyf ltgsf kl/jf/x¿sf nflu klg ;xof]usf k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .

lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf]÷laR5\ofOPsf] If]qaf6 d'Qm d'n's x'g' lgM;Gb]x g} 7"nf] pknlAw eP tfklg lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{af6 x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd 5Fb} 5}g eGg] rflx+ xf]Og . ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;'/lIft Jojxf/ ckgfO{ km]nf k/]sf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿sf] af/]df t'?Gt} ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpFbf lj:kmf]6sf 36gfx¿ sd ePsf] 5 . tyflk ;g\ @)!! df dfq @! j6f km/s–km/s 36gfx¿df @@ hgf 3fOt] ePsf lyP / ( hgf dfl/Psf lyP . ;g\ @))& b]lv otf 3fOt]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof la:tf/} 36\b} uO/x]sf] eP tfklg ce}m klg lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]if÷kbfy{n] dflg;x¿nfO{ 3fOt] agfpg] jf ltgsf] Hofg lng] hf]lvd 5 . o;y{ cfpFbf jif{x¿df /f]syfd Pj+ lzIffd"ns ultljlwx¿nfO{ hf/L /fVg' cfjZos 5 . g]kfn zflGt sf]ifn] (Nepal Peace Trust Fund) o:tf] sfo{sf] nflu ;xof]u pknAw u/fpF5 .

lzIff ljefusf] ;xof]udf ljBfnox¿df ;~rflnt ;r]tgf ;qsf cltl/Qm, k|efljt ;d'bfox¿df ;d]t ;f] ultljlwsf] ;~rfngnfO{ hf/L /fVg' cfjZos 5 . o; ;DaGwdf uxlsnf] cg'ej Pj+ bIftf ePsf]n] g]/];f] /f]syfd Pj+ lzIffd"ns ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu pko'Qm ;Ë7gx¿dWo]sf] Ps xf] . g]/];f]n] :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltx¿af6 cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt u/L @! lhNnfdf ultljlw ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 / cem a9L lhNnfx¿df klg oL ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf 5 . ;'/Iff;DaGwL cfwf/e"t ;Gb]zx¿nfO{ cfˆgf cGo sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ub}{ ;'/lIft Jojxf/sf] k|j4{g ug'{sf cltl/Qm g]/];f]n] ;/sf/åf/f pknAw u/fOPsf ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx¿df kLl8t JolQmx¿sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] sfo{ hf/L /fVg]5 .

%= jt{dfg kl/l:ylt

^ ;g\\ @)!! sf] cGt ;Dddf @^& j6f 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf If]qx¿ x6fOof] . afFsL ^ j6f 3/]n' lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ ePsf If]qx¿ ;g\ @)!@ df x6fOg]5 .

dfOg PSzg ;+o'Qm sfo{ ;d"x

;g\ @))% b]lv cfhsf lbg;Dd af?bL ;'?ªsf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ cGo lqmofzLn lgsfox¿;Fu ultljlwx¿df bf]xf]/f]kg gcfcf];\ eGgsf nflu cfk;df hfgsf/L cfbfg–k|bfg ug{sf lgldQ cfof]lht, af?bL ;'¿ªsf] hf]lvd;DaGwL z}lIfs sfo{qmd tyf dfOg PSzg ;+o'Qm sfo{ ;d"x (Mine Action Joint Working Group - MRJWG) sf a}7sx¿df g]/];f] / cfO{;Lcf/;Ln] efu lnFb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . g]/];f]sf sd{rf/L tyf :jo+;]jsx¿n] o; ;+o'Qm ;d"xsf nflu lk\mnk rf6{, lnk\mn]6 / kf]:6/h:tf k|rf/–k|;f/sf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf lyP / oL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] lkmN8df k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{df klg tL ;+nUg lyP . tL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u af?bL ;'?ªsf] hf]lvd;DaGwL z}lIfs ultljlwdf ul/Psf] 5 .

13

g]/];f] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] e"ldsf• zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno / lj:kmf]6hGo

kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf jf dfOg PSzg ultljlwdf ;+nUg cGo lgsfox¿;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg] / o:tf ultljlwx¿df ;dGjo ug]{,

• g]/];f]sf lhNnf zfvfx¿;Fu ;Dks{ sfod ug]{, ;dGjo ug]{ / ;fGble{s ;"rgf cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{,

• cfjZos ePsf] v08df kl/of]hgf k|:tfj / lzIff tyf ;~rf/ ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{,

• a}7s, sfo{zfnf tyf uf]i7Lx¿df efu lng] /• ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ / ;DalGwt lhNnf

zfvfx¿;Fu o;af/] hfgsf/L cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ .

g]/];f]sf lhNnf zfvfx¿sf] e"ldsf• lhNnf:t/df cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿sf af/]df

:yfgLo zflGt ;ldltx¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/L ultljlwx¿df ;dGjo ug]{,

• lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvdaf/] ;r]tgf÷lzIff sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ / :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt;Fusf] ;dGjodf cGo ;fGble{s hfgsf/Lsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{,

• lhNnf:t/sf a}7s, sfo{zfnf tyf uf]i7Lx¿df efu lng] /

• cfjZos ePsf] v08df lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf ;qx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu gofF o'jf :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f k|bfg u/L pgLx¿sf] 1fg tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] .

g]kfnsf &% j6} lhNnfdf pkl:ylt /x]sf] g]/];f]nfO{ dfgjLo ;]jf cfjZos ePsf] hg;d'bfonfO{ pQm ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfof{b]z k|fKt 5 . laut ^ aif{b]lv Hofg hf]ufpg] tyf ckfË x'gaf6 arfpg] ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf] cg'ej af]s]sf] g]/];f];Fu af?bL ;'?ª tyf o'4sf cGo lj:kmf]6hGo cjz]ifx¿n] k'¥ofpg] vt/fsf af/]df k|rf/–k|;f/ u/L ;j{;fwf/0fdfem r]tgf k}mNofpg] ljz]if bIftf 5 . t;y{ g]kfndf o:tf ultljlw ;+rfng ug{sf] lglDt g]/];f] d'Vo ;+:yf x'g;Sb5 .

^= g]/];f]sf] efjL e"ldsf

g]/];f]sf pkzfvfx¿sf] e"ldsf• uf=lj=; :t/Lo zflGt ;ldlt;Fu ;dGjo tyf

;Dks{ ug]{, • uf=lj=; :t/Lo zflGt ;ldlt;Fusf] ;dGjodf

ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ /• cfjZos ePsf] v08df o'jf :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{

lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvdsf ;DaGwdf ;r]t kfg]{ / ;f];DaGwL ;qx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ;Ifd agfpg :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg] .

lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo ;Dks{ JolQmsf] e"ldsf• g]/];f]sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;Fu ultljlwx¿sf]

;dGjo ug]{, • g]/];f]sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, lhNnf zfvf, pkzfvf

/ h'lgo/ tyf o'jf /]8qm; ;s{nx¿;Fusf] ;dGjodf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmd tyf o;sf ultljlwx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/Lsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{,

• ultljlwx¿ k"/f ePkl5 k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ / g]/];f]sf lhNnf zfvf;dIf k]z ug]{ /

• lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo ;Dks{ JolQmsf] ¿kdf lghn] cfˆgf] cGo lhDd]jf/L jxg ub}{ o;;DaGwL ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{ .

lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{sf] hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf g]/];f]sf ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf

14

&= cfwf/e"t ;'/Iff

;'/Iff;DaGwL cfwf/e"t ;Gb]z

• ;a} lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{x¿ vt/gfs x'G5g\ / w]/} 6f9f;Dd dflg;x¿nfO{ dfg{] jf 3fOt] kfg{] u/L agfOPsf] x'G5 .

• ;fdfGotM lj:kmf]6 x'Fbf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{nfO{ rnfpg] JolQmnfO{ dfq c;/ gu/L glhs} plePsf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;d]t c;/ ub{5 .

• lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ 3/df /fVgfn] 3/df dfq xflg–gf]S;fgL k'Ub}g, kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] Hofg;d]t hfg ;Sb5 .

To;}n], s'g} klg z+sf:kb, gf}nf], cgf}7f] j:t' jf lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{ g} b]Vg'eof] eg],

glhs ghfg'xf];\ ⁄ g5'g'xf];\ ⁄

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t'?Gt} jo:s JolQm tyf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ tfls c¿ sf]xL 3fOt] x'g jf dfl/gaf6 hf]lupmg\ .

g]kfn ;]gf / ;Zf:q k|x/L an;“u dfq ;'/Iffk"j{s lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{nfO{ lgliqmo kfg]{] tyf x6fpg] Ifdtf 5 .

;'/Iff;DaGwL cfwf/e"t ;Gb]zx¿ cfgf] kl/jf/, ;fyL tyf l5d]sLx¿nfO{ atfpg gla;{g'xf];\ .

l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf gfos

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glhs ghfg'xf];\ Û g5'g'xf];\ Û Tof] j:t' /x]sf] ;xL 7fpF ofb ug{'xf];\ Û

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g]kfn ;]gf / ;Zf:q k|x/L an;Fu dfq ;'/Iffk"j{s lj:kmf]6hGo kbfy{nfO{ lgliqmo kfg]{] tyf x6fpg] Ifdtf 5 .

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