ginni psycho

8/7/2019 ginni psycho

1/23

THE EFFECT OF

ACCIDENTS ON THE

WORKING OF THE

ORGANISATION.

SUBMITTED TO: MS. POOJA ABROLSUBMITTEDBY:GUNVEET KAUR

RR1709B36

3020070094


2/23

Emergence of the topic

THE EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS: PERSONAL INJURIESIn a systematic (holistic) approach towards risk analysis, the possible negative impact of an

accident may be organised by personal, asset (material and intangible) and environmentalaccidents. Of these, the main asset to consider in risk management is, as mentioned before,

human lives.Adopting risk treatment at the institutional, business and family level is thereforebased on the importance of the risk, in particular to people.

Personal injuries caused by an accident are classified by their physical, psychological and moral

consequences; the latter two affect the victims themselves, their families and loved ones. Ofthem all, physical injury that results in death constitutes the main and absolute value to consider

in decision-making.

That is why this study focuses on analysing death by different accidental causes as the basis for

measuring the efficacy of the safety plans deployed by governments and other authorities.However, political and business leaders must also consider the social and economic That is whythis study focuses on analysing death by different accidental causes as the basis for measuring

the efficacy of the safety plans deployed by governments and other authorities. However,political and business leaders must also consider the social and economic repercussions that

derive from accidents, as well as particular contexts and factors for each country and case.

A person dying in an accident firstly constitutes a human problem, because of the unexpectedand normally violent (fortuitous) extinction of human life, compared with death by natural

causes, which may be predicted by the deterioration of the human organism over a long period oftime.The latter has an anticipated and inevitable dnouement, compared with the unexpected,

sudden and avoidable ending that characterises accidents and which therefore require significantprotection measures.

Accidental personal injury is also a public health problem because of the structural, social and

economic resources of the emergency services and financial reimbursement, which makesprevention important in order to avoid accidents or at least reduce their impact.


3/23

Premature accidental death also involves the loss of anticipated social and work lives, whichaffects society as a whole and are assessed using methodologies such as DALY (disability-

adjusted life years).

The fact that human beings interact as they carry out activities in the family,work and social

spheres which are inter-related for all manner of purposes is fully accepted, including obviouslytheir death. For this reason, it is necessary to have preventive intervention in place in thedifferent fields that people occupy: roads, workplaces, homes and leisure settings, which do not

always receive enough attention.

ACCIDENTAL DEATH. STATISTICS.As has been emphasised, the death of a person in an accident is the main indicator of the

seriousness of an affected asset and it is very important to have statistical systems that guaranteethe reliability of mortality figures and to be able to act preventively in line with them and

monitor the evolution of the accident rate.

The study of accidental deaths in Spain has focused on the inclusion of certain comparativefigures with the rest of the world, Europe and other countries inour geographical, social and economic environment.The history of

data collection goes back to 1980. Data was collected in five-yearspans up until the year 2000, after which it was collected annually in

order to observe the year-on- year evolution.Sources of national and international information are very

diverse.This raises a number of problems, particularly the fact thatvery disparate criteria are used in the preparation and publication

of accidental death statistics.The criteria most commonlyused are set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in line

with the 9th International Classification of Diseases, aclassification originally established by Dr.Alphonse Bertillon.

However, the ways that organisations in different countriesoperate often differ from the criteria set by the WHO. Differences

are greater when statistics are processed by various officialorganisations with responsibility for distinct spheres of

action involving people. For each section of data compiled it isessential to know the initial cause and the trigger for the accidental

death and the sphere of public and/or private responsibility in which itoccurred.

In this study, the approach taken to analyse accidental death was drawn firstly from data on deathby external causes set out under the International Classification of Diseases established by theWHO.An analysis of causes grouped by spheres of the administrative authorities where the

deaths occurred, i.e.,work, home, transport, police, etc.,was then done.

The total number of deaths and the death rate, expressed in number of victims per millioninhabitants exposed to the risk,was reflected in both cases.We preferred this criterion over the


4/23

more common incidents-per-100,000-inhabitants used in official reports because we consideredit would be easier to interpret.

Given the limited scope of the article, the main causes and consideration of basic figures on

deaths and mortality rates are hereby selected without going into detail regarding the coordinates

and circumstances of the event, i.e., place, age, day of the week, time, sex, nationality, etc.,which would be essential if the aim was to draw conclusions and prepare particular guidelinesfor future prevention.

EXTERNAL CAUSES OF DEATH

According to the criterion followed by the health organisations, deaths are classified by causes

into: disease, organic deterioration or causes external to human beings.The latter coversaccidents, with a number of nuances. Accidents are considered as sudden, unexpected events that

generate a series of harmful effects, and of a voluntary or intentional nature, i.e., self-inflicted oras the result of an assault, which for the purpose of this study may produce the extreme

dnouement of a persons death.

Below are the main external causes of death in Spain and internationally in historical series thatmake it possible to observe their evolution over time.

Total deaths and death by accident, suicide and assault

Of the total of 62.7 million deaths around the world in 2006, 5.3 million were recorded as a

result of an accident, suicide or assault. In other words, 8.5% of the total figure, or a mortalityrate of 806 deaths per million inhabitants.

Spain that year recorded a total of 371,478 deaths, including 16,139 involving an accident,

suicide or assault.This represented 4.35% of the total and a mortality rate of 358.6 deaths permillion inhabitants.

Chart 1 shows the figures on deaths by accident, suicide or assault in Spain, in a historical series

with fiveyearly figures between 1980 and 2000 and annual figures for the years 2000 to 2007, toestablish ongoing monitoring over recent years.The mortality figures for the same years are also

shown. Chart 2 comprises the breakdown of the main external causes and the mortality rates

recorded in 2007, the last year for which figures were available.Chart 1. Deaths and mortality by accident, assault and suicide. Spain. 1980- 2007.


5/23

WHO health effects review

Within the UN Chernobyl Forum initiative the World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a

series of expert meetings from 2003 to 2005 to review all scientific evidence on health effectsassociated with the accident. The WHO Expert Group used as a basis the 2000 Report of theUnited Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), updated

with critical reviews of published literature and information provided by the governments of thethree affected countries. The Expert Group was composed of many scientists who had conducted

studies in the three affected countries as well as experts world wide. Special health careprogrammes, established to treat people in the three countries which were most affected by the

accident, were also considered. This resulted in a WHO report on "Health Effects of theChernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programmes

The WHO Expert Group placed particular emphasis on scientific quality, using information

mainly in peer-reviewed journals, so that valid conclusions could be drawn. In addition,comparisons were made with the results from studies of people involved in previous high

radiation-exposure situations, such as the atomic bomb survivors in Japan.

WHO marks 30th anniversary of smallpox eradication17 May 2010 -- Today, WHO celebrates 30 years since smallpox was eradicated. To mark thisachievement a statue is being unveiled at WHO Headquarters in Geneva as a permanent

reminder of the significance of this feat. The statue is also a symbol of what the world canachieve when countries unite behind a common humanitarian cause.


6/23

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

The United Nations Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that all 191

UN member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. The UnitedNations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000 commits world

leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmentaldegradation, and discrimination against women. The MDGs are derived from

this Declaration, and all have specific targets and indicators.

Health workforce

Health workers are "all people engaged in actions whose primary intent is toenhance health" (World Health Report 2006).

Workers in health systems around the world are experiencing increasing stressand insecurity as they react to a complex array of forces. Ageing population,

new diseases as well as increasing burden of current diseases, escalating conflicts and violence,are all challenges to which the workforce must be prepared to respond.

The unmistakable imperative is to strengthen the workforce so that health systems can tackle

crippling diseases and achieve national and global health goals. A strong human infrastructure isfundamental to closing todays gap between health promise and health reality, and anticipating

the health challenges of the 21st century.

Nutrition

Nutrition is the intake of food, considered in relation to the bodys dietaryneeds. Good nutrition an adequate, well balanced diet combined with regularphysical activity is a cornerstone of good health. Poor nutrition can lead to

reduced immunity, increased susceptibility to disease, impaired physical andmental development, and reduced productivity.

Accidents, Radiation

A radiation accident involves a non-routine overexposure to ionizing radiation, as a result either

of dispersal of radioactive material or of being too close to a radioactive source. This couldoccur, for example, following a major accident at a nuclear facility, in industrial or medical

settings because of lack of appropriate occupational or patient safety, following loss or theft ofradioactive material, or as a result of a deliberate malicious act. Exposure to ionizing radiation

can pose a substantial health risk, with the type and level of risk depending on the duration andamount of exposure.


7/23

WHO's role

The Expert Group report is a milestone in WHOs efforts to assess and mitigate the health impactof the Chernobyl accident. WHO will actively promote the research and practical

recommendations given in this report. In addition WHO will ensure that the people most affected

by the Chernobyl accident will be provided with scientifically factual information that will allowthem to make better-informed decisions about their health and future .

International Project on Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident

The largest-ever radiation accident involving a nuclear reactor occurred on 26 April 1986 at the

Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine. Radioactive contamination spread over large areas ofBelarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine.

The Chernobyl accident led to fatality of 30 workers at the reactor site, caused the hopitalization

of two hundreds of others and exposed 6.7 million people to ionizing radiation caused by fallout

of radioactive aerosols. This has led to a ten-fold increase in thyroid cancer among children inaffected areas.

The WHO's International Programme on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident

(IPHECA) was established to support national programmes, monitor health consequences andindicate future work needed to ensure that maximum information is gained from this disaster.

Building on the results of IPHECA, the International Thyroid Project (ITP) and a series of the

International Agency on Research on Cancer (IARC) pilot projects aimed at evaluating thefeasibility of different approaches for the epidemiological monitoring of exposed population,

WHO continues and further develops its activities in the follow-up of the Chernobyl accident,

integrating the activities and expertise of its various offices and specialized agencies. Priorityareas have been identified in collaboration with the three affected States. The priority areas arecurrently as follows:

y Maintenance of the thyroid tissue and DNA data banks for early diagnosis andverification of thyroid diseases, and for the study of radiation cancer.

y Risk assessment of exposure to low dose and low dose rate radiationy Medical relief to children affected by the Chernobyl accident thorough their development

and implementation of health telematics.

To order 'Health consequences of the Chernobyl accident. Results of the IPHECA pilot projects

and related national programmes. Summary Report (WHO, Geneva, 1995), contact:MmeBravard


8/23

Radiation accidents and emergencies

Although the likelihood of a major accident at a nuclear facility is low, should such an accident

occur, protective actions near the facility and monitoring of radiation at longer distances wouldneed to be taken to protect the public. Other radiation emergencies (for example, a radiation

source appears in the human environment, patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment areaccidentally overexposed) normally affect only a few individuals, but they occur much more

frequently (several times each year). More recently the threat of possible terrorist attacks usingradioactive materials or nuclear warheads has become prominent.

UN AGENCY CONTACT AND RESPONSE

For major nuclear and radiation emergencies the international organizations with relevant

responsibilities have a Joint Plan for a co-ordinated response. The International Atomic Energy

Agency (IAEA) is the prime coordinating agency for an international response to radiationaccidents. Functional links have been established between agencies to ensure continuous

communication and activation of the plan of action.

WHO'S ROLE

In addition to the IAEA and WHO, the key international partners cooperating in this response

are: the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of theOrganization on Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the United Nations Office

for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), and the World MeteorologicalOrganization (WMO).

WHO is a full party to the Conventions on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (Early

Notification Convention) and Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or RadiologicalEmergency (Assistance Convention), for which the IAEA is the focal point. These Conventions

provide the prime legal instruments that establish an international framework to facilitateexchange of information and the prompt provision of assistance in the event of radiation

accidents, with the aim of minimizing the health consequences.

WHO works closely with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to prepare for and

respond to nuclear accidents and radiological emergencies, principally to provide, coordinate andconsult medical assistance to victims of such events where severe radiation exposure has


9/23

occurred. Advice can also be provided to national authorities on how to prepare and respond tosuch radiation accidents, or what kind of public health actions may be needed.

Emergency medical support for radiation exposed individuals is provided through WHO's

Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and Assistance Network (REMPAN). This is

activated following notification about a radiaion accident with causalties (but even in case of asingle victim with severe overexposure) from the IAEA or directly to WHO.

Mortality

According to UNSCEAR (2000), 134 liquidators received radiation doses high enough to be

diagnosed with acute radiation sickness (ARS). Among them, 28 persons died in 1986 due toARS. Other liquidators have since died but their deaths could not necessarily be attributed to

radiation exposure.

An increased number of cancer deaths can be expected during the lifetime of persons exposed to

radiation from the accident. Since it is currently impossible to determine which individualcancers were caused by radiation, the number of such deaths can only be estimated statisticallyusing information and projections from the studies of atomic bomb survivors and other highly

exposed populations. It should be noted that the atomic bomb survivors received high radiationdoses in a short time period, while Chernobyl caused low doses over a long time. This and other

factors, such as trying to estimate doses people received some time after the accident, as well asdifferences in lifestyle and nutrition, cause very large uncertainties when making projections

about future cancer deaths. In addition, a significant non-radiation related reduction in theaverage lifespan in the three countries over the past 15 years caused by overuse of alcohol and

tobacco, and reduced health care, have significantly increased the difficulties in detecting anyeffect of radiation on cancer mortality.

Although there is controversy about the magnitude of the cancer risk from exposure to low doses

of radiation, the US National Academy of Sciences BEIR VII Committee, published in 2006, acomprehensive review of the scientific evidence, and concluded that the risk seems to continue

in a linear fashion at lower doses without a threshold (this is called the linear no-threshold orLNT model). However, there are uncertainties concerning the magnitude of the effect,

particularly at doses much lower than about 100 mSv.

The Expert Group concluded that there may be up to 4 000 additional cancer deaths among the

three highest exposed groups over their lifetime (240 000 liquidators; 116 000 evacuees and the270 000 residents of the SCZs). Since more than 120 000 people in these three groups may

eventually die of cancer, the additional cancer deaths from radiation exposure correspond to 3-4% above the normal incidence of cancers from all causes.

Projections concerning cancer deaths among the five million residents of areas with radioactive

caesium deposition of 37 kBq/m2 in Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine are much lesscertain because they are exposed to doses slightly above natural background radiation levels.

Predictions, generally based on the LNT model, suggest that up to 5 000 additional cancer deathsmay occur in this population from radiation exposure, or about 0.6% of the cancer deaths


10/23

expected in this population due to other causes. Again, these numbers only provide an indicationof the likely impact of the accident because of the important uncertainties listed above.

Chernobyl may also cause cancers in Europe outside Belarus, the Russian Federation and

Ukraine. However, according to UNSCEAR, the average dose to these populations is much

lower and so the relative increase in cancer deaths is expected to be much smaller. Predictedestimates are very uncertain and it is very unlikely that any increase in these countries will bedetectable using national cancer statistics .

3

Cataracts

The lens of the eye is very sensitive to ionizing radiation and cataracts are known to result fromeffective doses of about 2 Sv. The production of cataracts is directly related to the dose. The

higher the dose the faster the cataract appears.

Chernobyl cataract studies suggest that radiation opacities may occur from doses as low as 250

mSv. Recent studies among other populations exposed to ionizing radiation (e.g. atomic bombsurvivors, astronauts, patients who received CT-scans to the head) support this finding.

Cardiovascular disease

A large Russian study among emergency workers has suggested an increased risk of death from

cardiovascular disease in highly exposed individuals. While this finding needs further study withlonger follow-up times, it is consistent with other studies, for example, on radiotherapy patients,

who received considerably higher doses to the heart.

Mental health and psychological effects

The Chernobyl accident led to extensive relocation of people, loss of economic stability, and

long-term threats to health in current and possibly future generations. Widespread feelings ofworry and confusion, as well as a lack of physical and emotional well-being were commonplace.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union soon after the Chernobyl accident, and the resultantinstability in health care, added further to these reactions. High levels of stress, anxiety and

medically unexplained physical symptoms continue to be reported among those affected by theaccident.

The accident has had a serious impact on mental health and well-being in the general population,mainly at a sub-clinical level that has not generally resulted in medically diagnosed disorders.Designation of the affected population as victims rather than survivors has led to feelings of

helplessness and lack of control over their future. This has resulted in excessive health concernsor reckless behaviour, such as the overuse of alcohol and tobacco, or the consumption of

mushrooms, berries and game from areas still designated as having high levels of radioactivecaesium.


11/23

Reproductive and hereditary effects and children's health

Given the low radiation doses received by most people exposed to the Chernobyl accident, no

effects on fertility, numbers of stillbirths, adverse pregnancy outcomes or delivery complicationshave been demonstrated nor are there expected to be any. A modest but steady increase in

reported congenital malformations in both contaminated and uncontaminated areas of Belarusappears related to improved reporting and not to radiation exposure.


12/23

Review of literature

Learning from Complexity: Effects of Accident/Incident Heterogenity on Airline Learning|

In this study, we investigate the role of experience diversity on learning by U.S. airlines. Do

firms learn more from diverse of homogeneous accident experiences? Existing literature

provides conflicting answers to this question, with some theories suggesting that heterogeneous

experiences are best because variance in outcomes is necessary to learn. Other theories suggest

that homogeneity is best for learning, because homogeneous experience increase problem

salience and thus attention and attempts to solve the problem. Using data on all accidents and

incidents experienced by U.S. commercial airline from 1983-1997, we measure learning by a

reduction in airline accident/incident rates, controlling for many factors related to accidents and

incidents. Our results show whether heterogeneous or homogeneous experience facilitates

learning varies according to whether the airline in a specialist or generalist. Only specialists learnfrom their own heterogeneous accident experience, and prior error heterogeneity decreases their

subsequent accident rate. Generalists learn from outside factors such as the experience of others

and general improvements in technology. These results suggest a theory of learning across

organizations forms: complex forms benefit from simple information, and simple forms benefit

from complex information. The implications of our study for learning theories and work on

organization errors are discussed.\

Age and Gender Effects on Accident Types for Rural Drivers

Paul E. PanekEastern Illinois University

John J. Rearden Eastern Illinois University

Purposes of this study were to classify types of accidents amongrural drivers and determine if

these accidents differed by ageand gender. We surveyed, for 12 months, police reports from

a

daily newspaper serving a rural midwestern area. Accidentswere categorized by types: laterallymoving vehicle, following,

gap acceptance, laterally moving object, intruding approach,

passing,

tracking, skidding, attention deficit. Individualsdetermined "atfault " were grouped by age:

teenage, 16-19; adult,20-39; middle age, 40-59; young old age, 60-74; old old age,

75+. Results

indicated men have significantly more followingand skidding accidents. Women had

significantly more intruding-approachaccidents. We found the following relationships between

accidenttypes and age: (1) generally an increasing linear trend betweenage and laterally movingvehicle and attention-deficit accidents;(2) the incidence of intruding-approach accidents was

high inall age groups; (3) following and skidding accidents generally

demonstrated a decreasing

linear trend with age.


13/23

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical

Medicine, Hiiu 42, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia. [email protected]

The impact of the world's worst nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in 1986 is reviewed within aframework of a triad of fear, rumour and truth. The scope of the accident, Soviet secrecy about it,

and the lack of general awareness of, or disregard for, the effects of radiation created a fertileground for persistent fears and rumours attributing any health problem to Chernobyl.

Scientifically correct answers to health issues have been the means to combat disinformation,and to replace interconnected fears, misconceptions and rumours. To date, according to the

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2000Report, based on a review of epidemiological and radiobiological studies, the main radiation-

related effect of the Chernobyl accident is an increased risk of childhood thyroid cancer. Inaddition, the accident has had serious non-radiation-related psychological consequences on the

residents of the contaminated territories, resettled populations and clean-up workers. Researchersin search of the truth through epidemiological reasoning are facing serious challenges which are

reviewed within this article.

THE EFFECT OF NEW TRENDS OF THEWORKING ENVIRONMENT ON

WORKPLACE RISK AND ITS MODELLING

The acceleration of global competition has brought very important changes in the working

environment. Some of these changes, such as increasing part-time, temporary or self-employment (either virtual or true), intensification of labour productivity, etc. have a significant

impact on workplace risk.This impact is multilateral and complex, since the changes affect a number of different features

and factors of workplace and its risks. This paper aims to identify and sort these changes in three

categories (changes in production patterns and tools, changes in size of workplace and changesin employment patterns) and to explore their impact in workplace through their impact in risk-affecting factors (greater complexity in the workplace, greater potential for risky behaviour and

more drivers of unconscious undesired behaviour).The main conclusion is that the approach to risk modelling has to change taking individual-level

factors and individual economic motives more explicitly into account.Key Words: New work environment, safety, risk assessment


14/23

Accidents and Injuries

Effects of an Accident or Injury

1. Pinched Nerves:

You have over 17 trillion nerves in your body. Accidents can cause the bones in your spine to

twist and stay out of alignments and "pinch" or irritate those nerves. Bones can be realigned to

take pressure off the nerves.

2. Postural Changes:

This is where you can visibly see changes in your posture from an accident. Your head may be

jutting more forward or one shoulder may be higher or one hip lower. At PhysiciansPlus, we

work to re-align these body parts that cause unnecessary stress to your skeletal system.

3. Disc Damage:The most common disc damage is a disc that is compressed or "pancaked." This was once

thought of permanent damage; however, this is no longer true. We now have the ability to

rehabilitate the discs to their normal heights. This is one of the leading causes of you getting

"shorter" as you get older. What we do is physically decompress the disc, getting vital body

fluids into the discs, thus healing them. (This procedure is so safe that even Dr. Harry Wong used

it on himself.)

4. Ligament Damage:

Ligaments are those long, wirey strands that hold your spine and other bones together. Large

tears may require surgery; however, the most common are small or "micro" tears. If not

rehabilitated, ligaments will turn into scar tissue and cause pain for the rest of your life. It is well

proven that chiropractic care causes ligaments to heal properly. It can take up to one year for the

complete healing of thsi tissue.

5. Muscle Damage:

Tears in muscles require the proper movement to heal properly. Tears--even micro tears--can

lead to scar tissue (like ligament tears). What is needed is gentle motion to cause the fibers of the

muscle to heal properly. Our chiropractic adjustments provide the correct motions for these

muscle injuries.


15/23

How companies are handling these issues

C134 Prevention of Accidents (Seafarers) Convention, 1970

Convention concerning the Prevention of Occupational Accidents to Seafarers Convention:C134

Place:Geneva

Session of the Conference:55

Date of adoption:30:10:1970

Subject classification: Safety, Health and Welfare

Subject: Seafarers

The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation

Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, andhaving met in its Fifty-fifth Session on 14 October 1970, and

Noting the terms of existing international labour Conventions and Recommendations applicable

to work on board ship and in port and relevant to the prevention of occupational accidents toseafarers, and in particular of the Labour Inspection (Seamen) Recommendation, 1926, the

Prevention of Industrial Accidents Recommendation, 1929, the Protection against Accidents(Dockers) Convention (Revised), 1932, the Medical Examination (Seafarers) Convention, 1946,

and the Guarding of Machinery Convention and Recommendation, 1963, and

Noting the terms of the Safety of Life at Sea Convention, 1960, and the Regulations annexed to

the International Load Line Convention, as revised in 1966, which provide for a number ofsafety measures on board ship which provide protection for persons employed thereon, and

Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to accident prevention on

board ship at sea and in port, which is the fifth item on the agenda of the session, and

Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention, and

Noting that, for the success of action in the field of accident prevention on board ship, it isimportant that close co-operation be maintained in their respective fields between theInternational Labour Organisation and the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative

Organization, and

Noting that the following standards have accordingly been framed with the co-operation of theInter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, and that it is proposed to seek its

continuing co-operation in the application of these standards,


16/23

adopts this thirtieth day of October of the year one thousand nine hundred and seventy thefollowing Convention, which may be cited as the Prevention of Accidents (Seafarers)

Convention, 1970:

Article 1

1. For the purpose of this Convention, the term seafarercovers all persons who are employed in

any capacity on board a ship, other than a ship of war, registered in a territory for which theConvention is in force and ordinarily engaged in maritime navigation.

2. In the event of any doubt whether any categories of persons are to be regarded as seafarers for

the purpose of this Convention, the question shall be determined by the competent authority ineach country after consultation with the shipowners' and seafarers' organisations concerned.

3. For the purpose of this Convention, the term occupational accidents covers accidents toseafarers arising out of or in the course of their employment.

Article 2

1. The competent authority in each maritime country shall take the necessary measures to ensurethat occupational accidents are adequately reported and investigated, and comprehensive

statistics of such accidents kept and analysed.

2. All occupational accidents shall be reported and statistics shall not be limited to fatalities or to

accidents involving the ship.

3. The statistics shall record the numbers, nature, causes and effects of occupational accidents,

with a clear indication of the department on board ship--for instance, deck, engine or catering--and of the area--for instance, at sea or in port--where the accident occurred.

4. The competent authority shall undertake an investigation into the causes and circumstances ofoccupational accidents resulting in loss of life or serious personal injury, and such other

accidents as may be specified in national laws or regulations.

Article 3

In order to provide a sound basis for the prevention of accidents which are due to particularhazards of maritime employment, research shall be undertaken into general trends and into such

hazards as are brought out by statistics.

Article 4

1. Provisions concerning the prevention of occupational accidents shall be laid down by laws or

regulations, codes of practice or other appropriate means.


17/23

2. These provisions shall refer to any general provisions on the prevention of accidents and theprotection of health in employment which may be applicable to the work of seafarers, and shall

specify measures for the prevention of accidents which are peculiar to maritime employment.

3. In particular, these provisions shall cover the following matters:

(a) general and basic provisions;

(b) structural features of the ship;

(c) machinery;

(d) special safety measures on and below deck;

(e) loading and unloading equipment;

(f) fire prevention and fire-fighting;

(g) anchors, chains and lines;

(h) dangerous cargo and ballast;

(i) personal protective equipment for seafarers.

Article 5

1. The accident prevention provisions referred to in Article 4 shall clearly specify the obligation

of shipowners, seafarers and others concerned to comply with them.

2. Generally, any obligation on the shipowner to provide protective equipment or other accident prevention safeguards shall be accompanied by provision for the use of such equipment and

safeguards by seafarers and a requirement that they comply with the relevant accident preventionmeasures.

Article 6

1. Appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure the proper application of the provisions referredto in Article 4, by means of adequate inspection or otherwise.

2. Appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure compliance with these provisions.

3. All necessary steps shall be taken to ensure that inspection and enforcement authorities arefamiliar with maritime employment and its practices.

4. In order to facilitate application, copies or summaries of the provisions shall be brought to the

attention of seafarers, for instance by display in a prominent position on board ship.


18/23

Article 7

Provision shall be made for the appointment, from amongst the crew of the ship, of a suitable

person or suitable persons or of a suitable committee responsible, under the Master, for accidentprevention.

Article 8

1. Programmes for the prevention of occupational accidents shall be established by thecompetent authority with the co-operation of shipowners' and seafarers' organisations.

2. Implementation of such programmes shall be so organised that the competent authority,shipowners and seafarers or their representatives and other appropriate bodies may play an active

part.

3. In particular, national or local joint accident prevention committees or ad hoc working parties,

on which both shipowners' and seafarers' organisations are represented, shall be established.

Article 9

1. The competent authority shall promote and, in so far as appropriate under national conditions,ensure the inclusion, as part of the instruction in professional duties, of instruction in the

prevention of accidents and in measures for the protection of health in employment in thecurricula, for all categories and grades of seafarers, of vocational training institutions.

2. All appropriate and practicable measures shall also be taken to bring to the attention ofseafarers information concerning particular hazards, for instance by means of official notices

containing relevant instructions.

Article 10

Members, with the assistance as appropriate of intergovernmental and other international

organisations, shall endeavour, in co-operation with each other, to achieve the greatest possiblemeasure of uniformity of other action for the prevention of occupational accidents.


19/23

GOOD MANAGEMENT CAN PREVENT ACCIDENTS.

Strong management commitment, good employee involvement and a well structured

management system can prevent many workplace accidents. Here are some guidelines from the

European Agency for Safety and Health at Work for reducing those slips, trips and falls and

other workplace accidents.

Every year nearly five million people in the European Union suffer workplace accidents

resulting in more than three days' absence, amounting to around 146 million working days lost

Some effects are permanent, affecting people's ability to work and life outside work. Work

related accidents occur in all industries and include slips and trips, falls, falling objects, sharp

and hot objects, and accidents involving vehicles and machinery. Yet many of the problems can

be prevented with good management.

The cost of occupational accidents is high, including:

* Sick pay, overtime payments, temporary replacement labour early retirement, recruiting new

labour retraining

* Lost production time and business

* Damage to plant, equipment, materials, products

* Management time to deal with accidents

* Increased insurance premiums, lawyers' costs

* Lower worker morale Accident risks are higher for those employed in small and medium

enterprises (SMEs). The incidence rate for fatal accidents to workers in enterprises of fewer than

50 employees is around double that of larger units .

Under European Union directives, employers have responsibilities for the safety and health of

their workers. Directive 89/391 provides the general framework for health and safetymanagement, risk identification and prevention2. The Directive has been implemented in

national legislation that may include additional requirements

Employers are required to assess risks and take practical measures to protect the safety and

health of their workers, keep accident records, provide information and training, consult

employees and cooperate and co-ordinate measures with contractors. A hierarchy of prevention


20/23

is set including: avoid risks; combat risks at source; adapt work to the worker; replace the

dangerous with the non-dangerous and, give collective measures priority over individual

measures. Workers have a right to receive information about the risks to health and safety,

preventive measures, first aid and emergency procedures. Employees have duties to co-operate

actively with employers' preventive measures,

following instructions in accordance with training given and taking care of their own and

workmates' safety and health.

Health and safety requires strong management commitment, good employee involvement and a

well structured management system.

Management should drive health and safety by:

* Setting policy and health and safety objectives

* Providing adequate resources to implement the policy

* Including health and safety at all levels of management functions and decisions

* Consulting with employees

* Monitoring and reviewing to check effectiveness of policy and the whole system. Commitment

implies, for example, putting decisions into practice, discussing safety at management meetings,

regular workplace tours, and involvement in safety investigations.

Consulting the workforce is a requirement. Using their knowledge helps to ensure hazards are

correctly spotted and workable solutions implemented. Worker representatives have an important

role. Employees must be consulted on health and safety measures and also before the

introduction of new technology or products. Consultation helps to ensure that workers are

committed to safety and health procedures and improvements.


21/23

A structured approach to management ensures that risks are fully assessed and that safe methods

of work are introduced and followed. Periodic review checks that these measures remain

appropriate. A typical management model is illustrated and includes the following:

POLICY

Sets clear commitment, objectives, responsibilities and procedures for the organisation.

PLANNING

Identifies and assesses the risks arising from work activities and how they can be controlled.

Activities in the planning process include:

* Risk assessment and identification of prevention measures

* Identifying the management arrangements and organisation needed to exercise control

* Identifying training needs

* Ensuring that occupational health and safety knowledge, skills and expertise are available

IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION

Involves putting plans into practice. This may mean: making changes to the organisation and

working procedures, working environment, equipment and products used; training management

and staff and improving communications.

CHECKING AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

Performance should be monitored. This can be reactive, such as, using accident records or

proactive, eg by feedback from inspections and audits and from staff surveys.

Accident investigations should identify the immediate and underlying causes, including

management failings. The aim is to ensure that systems and procedures are working and to

immediately take any corrective action needed.


22/23

MANAGEMENT REVIEW AND AUDIT

Allows checking of the management system's overall performance. External circumstances may

have changed, eg, new legislation has been introduced. There is also an opportunity to look

forward, e.g. to changes in business structure, development of new products or the introductionof new technology. Review of accidents should include learning lessons at management level.

Auditing examines whether the policy, organisation and systems are actually achieving the right

results.

CONCLUSIONS

Modern work environment has changed under the impact of globalisation of competition. Its

main features affecting OHS are new technologies in methods and equipment, changes in thesize of operational units and precarious orinsecure employment. The main implications for

occupational risk involve greater complexity in the workplace, greater potential for riskybehaviour and more drivers of unconscious undesired behaviour (stress, complexity, etc.)

Therefore, the significance of the role of the human factors in modern work environment hasincreased so that they have to be explicitly taken into account, even in SEs; ignoring them

would lead to inefficient assessment of risks. A new multilateral approach for modellingworkplace and assessing its risks is required, which will take human factors into account,

however without overloading the task of risk assessment, since the amount of resources assignedto this task and the usual existing knowledge are rather limited.

This paper proposes a general framework for the development of a multilateral approach that willcombine accident models, risk perception models and human error models in order to betteridentify and assess workplace risk. This approach involves a procedure for the selection of the

proper set of models of each aspect and the application of these models in the certain workplace.Of course, given the limitations of resources for risk assessment, this approach has to be further

simplified at the cost of its theoretical accuracy. It is proposed to group and simplify models intocertain sets of practical guidelines and impose a simple context for the selection of the proper set

depending on the characteristics of the workplace


23/23

REFERENCESBiggins, R. (1996): Summary of RoSPAs Proposals for Promoting Health and Safety in Small

Firms . In: Abstracts from the Workshop on Occupational Health Strategies, EuropeanFoundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.

http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/1997/49/en/1/wp9749en.pdf (10.04.09)

Bullinger, H.-J. (2000): The changing world of work: prospects and challenges for health andsafety . In: OSHA. 2000. Magazine 2: The changing world of work. Luxembourg: Office forOfficial Publications of the European Communities. Available at:

http://osha.europa.eu/publications/magazine/2/magazine2_en.pdf/at_download/file Clifton, R.(2000): The consequences of new enterprise structures. In: OSHA. 2000. MagazineThe

changing world of work . Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the EuropeanCommunities.

http://osha.europa.eu/publications/magazine/2/magazine2_en.pdf/at_download/file (10.04.09)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12565980

http://www.ibiblio.org/rdu/sl-irrel/acidents.html

http://eab.ege.edu.tr/pdf/9_3/C9-S3-M1.pdf

http://eab.ege.edu.tr/pdf/9_3/C9-S3-M1.pdf

Recommendations:R028 Labour Inspection (Seamen) Recommendation, 1926

Recommendations:R031 Prevention of Industrial Accidents Recommendation, 1929

Conventions: C032 Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Convention Revised), 1932

Conventions: C073 Medical Examination (Seafarers) Convention, 1946

Conventions: C119 Guarding of Machinery Convention, 1963

Recommendations:R118 Guarding of Machinery Recommendation, 1963

ginni psycho

Documents

Transcript of ginni psycho