7/29/2019 Final EW 1

1/15

ELECRONIC WARFARE

ABSTRACT

The paper gives the information about the military organizations.In present-day

operational scenarios, it is becoming increasingly important for armed forces to establish

information-gathering superiority. Electronic warfare (EW) refers to any action involvingthe use of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) or directed energy (DE) to control the

EMS or to attack the enemy.The goal of electronic warfare is to control the

electromagnetic spectrum.

EW includes three major subdivisions:

Electronic Warfare Support (ES)

Electronic Attack (EA)

Electronic Protect (EP)

Electronic Attack: Use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or anti radiationweapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading,

neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires.

Electronic Protect: Actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from anyeffects of friendly or enemy use of electromagnetic spectrum that degrade, neutralize, or

destroy friendly combat capability.

Electronic Warfare Support: Actions tasked by, or under direct control of, anoperational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of

intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate

threat recognition, targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations.

Electronic warfare is much more developed than most other areas of information security.

There are many lessons to be learned, from the technical level up through the tactical levelto matters of planning and strategy.

The applications of electronic warfare includes:

In support of leadership

In support of information tasks and capabilities

In support of the war fighting functions.

1

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

2/15

Index

Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic Warfare

1.1 What is Electronic Warfare?

1.2 Need of Electronic Warfare

1.3 Highlighting features

1.4 Main divisions of Electronic Warfare

Chapter 2 Electronic Attack

2.1 Active Electronic Attack

2.2 Passive Electronic Attack

Chapter 3 Introduction to Jamming

3.1 RADAR Jamming

3.1.1 Mechanical Jamming

3.1.2 Electronic Jamming

Chapter 4 Introduction to Stealth Technology

4.1 What is Stealth technology?

4.2 What is Stealth?

4.3 How does stealth work?

4.3.1 RAS

4.3.2 RAM

Chapter 5 Effects of Electronic Warfare5.1 Advantages

5.2 Disadvantages

Chapter 6 Conclusion

6.1 Enlighting future

2

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

3/15

Chapter 1

Air and space power and technology have always been tightly

bound together throughout the history of air and space

operations.Electronic Warfare, provides a basis for

understanding, planning, and executing this portion of air and

space warfare.

Introduction

What is Electronic

Warfare?

Electronic warfare (EW)

refers to any action

involving the use of the

electromagnetic spectrum

(EMS) or directed energy

(DE) to control the EMS or

to attack the enemy.

The purpose of EW is to

deny the opponent an

advantage in the EMS and

ensure friendly unimpeded

access to the EM spectrum

portion of the information

environment. EW can be

applied from air, sea, land,

and space by manned and

unmanned systems.

Need of Electronic

Warfare

Increased reliance

on radar and OTH

targeting.

Increased use of

Communications

and Tactical Data

Systems (TDS).

Increased speed of

missiles and

weapons systems

requires high-speed

detection and

tracking.

Active-homing or

passive-hominglong-range missiles

give little warning.

3

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

4/15

Some of the

highlighting features

of Electronic Warfare:

Electronic warfare

(EW) is one of thefive core

capabilities.

EW is waged to

secure and maintain

the freedom of

action in the

electromagnetic

spectrum.

EWs relationship to

information

operations (IO).

Intelligence and

electronic warfare

support.

The main divisions of

electronic warfare:

There are three main

divisions of Electronic

Warfare,

Electronic Attack

Electronic

Protection

Electronic Warfare

Support

1] Electronic Attack:

Use of electromagneticenergy, directed energy, or

anti radiation weapons to

attack personnel, facilities,

or equipment with the intent

of degrading, neutralizing,

or destroying enemy

combat capability and is

considered a form of fires.

Following are the

applications of EA:

1.Standoff Jamming

2.High-speedAntiradiation Missile

(HARM)

3.Chaff

4.Flare

5.Self-defense Jamming

6.Directed Energy

2] Electronic Protection:

Actions taken to protect

personnel, facilities, and

equipment from any effects

of friendly or enemy use of

electromagnetic spectrum

that degrade, neutralize, or

4

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

5/15

destroy friendly combat

capability.

Following are the

applications of EP:

1.Frequency agility in a

radio

2.Change pulse repetition

frequency (PRF) on a

radar set

3.Electronic and material

shielding for systems

4.Processes to counter

meaconing, interference,

jamming, and intrusion

3] Electronic Warfare

Support:

Actions tasked by, or under

direct control of, an

operational commander to

search for, intercept,

identify, and locate or

localize sources of

intentional and

unintentional radiated

electromagnetic energy for

the purpose of immediate

threat recognition,

targeting, planning, and

conduct of future

operations.

Following are the

applications of EWS:

1.Radar Warning

Receivers2.Communication

Intelligence

3.Electronics Intelligence

Now we will see in detail

the contents of Electronic

Attack ;

Chapter 2

Electronic Attack

Electronic attack includes

Actions taken to

prevent or reduce an

enemys effective

use of the

electromagnetic

spectrum, such as

jamming and

electromagnetic

deception.

Employment of

weapons that use

either

electromagnetic or

5

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

6/15

directed energy as

their primary

destructive

mechanism.

Offensive and

defensive activities

including

countermeasures.

Common types of

electronic attack include

spot, barrage, and sweep

electromagnetic jamming.

Electronic attack actions

also include various

electromagnetic deception

techniques such as false

target or duplicate target

generation.

There are mainly two types

of electronic attack:

1} Active

2} Passive

1} Active Electronic

Attack: Jamming:

Limit the effectiveness of

enemy communications and

detection systems

Deception:

Convey misleading

information or deny valid

information the enemy

Active

Cancellation:

Theoretical system

involves sampling radar

signal, analyzing, and

returning out of phase.

EMP:

Electromagnetic radiation

from a nuclear explosion or

an electromagnetic bomb

producing intense magnetic

fluctuations.

2} Passive electronic

Attack

Chaff:

Thin bits of aluminum or

plastic

Towed Decoys:

Act as preferential targets

Radar Reflectors:

Concentrate the energy sent

back the radar

Stealth:

Make less visible to

radar/detection

6

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

7/15

Chapter 3

Introduction to

Jamming as an Active

component

Jamming mean:

Techniques to limit the

effectiveness of an

opponent's communications

and/or detection equipment.

For many years, jamming has

been called electromagneticcountermeasures (ECM), but it

is now referred to in mostliterature as electronic attack

(EA). EA also includes the use

of high levels of radiatedpower or directed energy to

physically damage enemy

assets. Jamming is

sometimes called "soft kill"because it temporarily makes

an enemy asset ineffectivebut does not destroy it.

Radar jamming is theintentional emission of radio

frequency signals to interferewith the operation of a radar

by saturating its receiver with

false information.

There are two types of radar

jamming:

Mechanical

Electronic jamming.

1] Mechanical Jamming:

Devices, which reflect, cause

mechanical jamming or re-reflect radar energy back to the

radar to produce false target

returns on the operator's scope.

Mechanical jamming devicesinclude chaff, corner reflectors,

and decoys.

Chaffismade of

different

lengthmetallic

strips, which

reflectdifferent

frequencies,

so as tocreate a large

area of false

returns in

which a realcontact

would be

difficult todetect. Chaff

is often

aluminum

for weightpurposes and

is usually

coated withsomething

such as a

plastic tomake it more

slick and less

likely to bindup in large

clumps.

Corner

reflectors

have the

same effect

as chaff butare

physically

7

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

8/15

very

different.

Corner

reflectors aremultiple-

sided objects

that re-radiate radar

energy. An

aircraft can'tcarry as many

corner

reflectors as it

can chaff.

Decoys are

maneuverable flying objects

that are intended to deceive

a radar operator into

believing that they are

actually aircraft. They areespecially dangerous because

they can clutter up radar with

false targets making it easier foran attacker to get within

weapons range and neutralize

the radar. Corner reflectors canbe fitted on decoys to make

them appear larger then they

are thus furthering the illusion

that a decoy is an actualaircraft. Some decoys have the

capability to perform electronic

jamming or drop chaff.

2] Electronic Jamming:Electronic jamming is a

form of Electronic Attackwhere jammers radiate

interfering signals toward an

enemy's radar, blocking the

receiver with highlyconcentrated energy signals.

The two main electronictechnique styles

Noise techniques

Repeater techniques.

1} Noise technique:

The three types of noise

jamming are spot, sweep, and

barrage.

Spot jammingoccurs

when a jammer focuses allof its power on a single

frequency. While this would

severely degrade the ability totrack on the jammed

frequency, frequency agile

radar would hardly be affected

because the jammer can only

jam one frequency. Whilemultiple jammers could

possibly jam a range of

frequencies, this would

consume a great deal ofresources to have any effect on

frequency-agile radar, andwould probably still beineffective.

Sweep jammingis when

a jammer's full power is

shifted from one frequency to

another. While this has the

advantage of being able to jam

multiple frequencies in quick

succession, it does not affect

them all at the same time, andthus limits the effectiveness of

this type of jamming.

Barrage jammingis thejamming of multiple

frequencies at once by a

single jammer. Barragejamming may be

8

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

9/15

accomplished by presetting

multiple jammers on adjacent

frequencies or by using a

single wideband transmitter.Barrage jamming makes it

possible to jam emit ters

on different frequenciessimultaneously and reduces the

need for operator assistance or

complex control equipment

The advantage is that

multiple frequencies can

be jammed simultaneously;

however, the jamming effectcan be limited because this

requires the jammer to spread

its full power between thesefrequencies. So the more

frequencies being jammed, the

less effectively each is jammed.

Chapter 4

Introduction to Stealth technology as Passive

component

What is Stealth

technology?

Stealth or low observability

(as it is scientifically

known) is one of the most

misunderstood and

misinterpreted concepts in

military aviation by the

common man. Stealth

aircraft are

considered

as invisible

aircraft,

which

dominate

the skies.

Though,

the debate still continues on

whether stealth technology

9

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

10/15

can make an aircraft

invincible it was found that

stealth aircraft are

detectable by radar.

The motive behindincorporating stealth

technology in an aircraft is

not just to avoid missiles

being fired at is but also to

give total deniability to

covert operations. This is

very much useful to strike

targets where it is

impossible to reach. Thus

we can clearly say that the

job of a stealth aircraft pilot

is not to let others know

that he was ever there.

What is Stealth?

In simple terms, stealth

technology allows an

aircraft to be partially

invisible to Radar or anyother means of detection.

This doesn't allow the

aircraft to be fully invisible

on radar. Stealth technology

cannot make the aircraft

invisible to enemy or

friendly radar. All it can do

is to reduce the detection

range or an aircraft. This is

similar to the camouflage

tactics used by soldiers in

jungle warfare. Unless the

soldier comes near you, you

can't see him. Though this

gives a clear and safe

striking distance for the

aircraft, there is still a threat

from radar systems, which

can detect stealth aircraft.

How does Stealth

technology work?

The concept behind the

stealth technology is very

simple. As a matter of fact

it is totally the principle ofreflection and absorption

that makes aircraft

"stealthy". Deflecting the

incoming radar waves into

another direction and thus

reducing the number of

waves does this, which

returns to the radar.

Another concept that is

followed is to absorb the

incoming radar waves

totally and to redirect the

absorbed electromagnetic

energy in another direction.

What ever may be the

method used, the level of

stealth an aircraft can

achieve depends totally on

the design and thesubstance with which it is

made of.

10

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

11/15

Types of Stealth

technology:

1] RAS (Radar absorbent

surface )

2] RAM ( Radar absorbent

material )

RAS (Radar absorbent

surface ) are the surfaces

on the aircraft, which can

deflect the incoming radar

waves and reduce the

detection range. RAS works

due to the angles at which

the structures on the

aircraft's fuselage or the

fuselage itself are placed.

These structures can be

anything from wings to a

refueling boom on the

aircraft..

Where

From above equation we

can see that . So as

the Radar cross section

decreases so power

transmitting factor also

decreases and Radar does

not receive sufficient EM

waves and it is misguided.

Thus is the main advantage

of Stealth Technology dueto which aircraft is not

detected by RADAR.

RAM ( Radar absorbent

material )

11

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

12/15

Radar absorbent surfaces

absorb the incoming radar

waves rather than deflecting

it in another direction. RAS

totally depends on the

material with which the

surface of the aircraft is

made. Though the

composition of this material

is a top secret. The RAS is

believed to be silicon based

inorganic compound

.

Examples of aircrafts using stealth technology:

12

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

13/15

Chapter 5

Effects of Electronic

warfare:

1]Detection: In the context of

EW, detection is the active and

passive monitoring of theoperational environment for radio

frequency, electro-optic, laser,

infrared, and ultraviolet

electromagnetic threats. Detectionis the first step in EW for

exploitation, targeting, and

defensive planning. Friendly

forces maintain the capability todetect and characterize

interference as hostile jamming orunintentional electromagnetic

interference.

2]Denial: In the context of EW,

denial is controlling the

information an enemy receives viathe electromagnetic spectrum and

preventing the acquisition of

accurate information about

friendly forces. Degradation usestraditional jamming techniques,

expendable countermeasures,

destructive measures, or networkapplications. These range from

limited effects up to complete

denial of usage.

3]Disruption and degradation: In

the context of EW, disruption anddegradation techniques interfere

with the enemys use of theelectromagnetic spectrum to limit

enemy combat capabilities. This isachieved with electronic jamming,

electronic deception, and

electronic intrusion. Theseenhance attacks on hostile forces

and act as force multipliers by

increasing enemy uncertainty,

while reducing uncertainty for

friendly forces.

4]Destruction: Destruction, in the

context of EW, is the elimination

of targeted enemy systems.Sensors and command and control

nodes are lucrative targets because

their destruction stronglyinfluences the enemys

perceptions and ability to

coordinate actions. Various

weapons and techniques ranging

from conventional munitions anddirected energy weapons to

network attacks can destroyenemy systems that use the

electromagnetic spectrum.

Advantages and

Disadvantages of Electronic

Attack:

Advantages:

We can protect our aircraft

from detection ofRADAR.

We can misguide the

RADAR and can attackthe opponents and destroy

them.

Missile Guiding System.

Useful in battlefield fordifferent tactics and

operations.

Disadvantages:

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

14/15

Aircraft using stealth

technology has less speed,cant carry more weapons.

It is expensive technology.

Jammer are ineffective to

Doppler RADARs.

Frequency hopping, pulse

compression, radiationhomming technologies are

used against jamming

techniques.

Chapter 6

Enlighting Future:

Electronic warfare

through effective useof detection, denial,

deception, disruption,

and destruction

provides timely

intelligence, enhances

combat power by

disrupting the enemys

use of the

electromagneticspectrum at critical

times, and ensures

continued friendly use

of the electromagnetic

spectrum.

The synergistic effects

of various EW

techniques can

significantly disrupt an

IADS, sensors,

communication links,

weapon systems, and

C2. Jamming, chaff,and decoys degrade the

enemys ability to find,

fix, track, target,

engage, and assess.

Radar-guided weapon

systems that survive

destruction attempts

lose some

effectiveness in an EWenvironment. In short,

the probability of

success is greatly

increased when EW is

properly employed.

Electronic warfare is a

key element in the

successful employment

of air and space forces.

Bibliography:

http://www.powerpoint-search.com/electronic-warfare-ppt-

4.html

http://stealth.htm

http://www.powerpoint-search.com/electronic-warfare-ppt-4.htmlhttp://www.powerpoint-search.com/electronic-warfare-ppt-4.htmlhttp://stealth.htm/http://www.powerpoint-search.com/electronic-warfare-ppt-4.htmlhttp://www.powerpoint-search.com/electronic-warfare-ppt-4.htmlhttp://stealth.htm/

7/29/2019 Final EW 1

15/15

http://www.pdf-search-engine.com/electronic-warfare-

pdf.html

http://www.radartutorial.eu/02.basics/rp08.en.html

http://www.pdf-search-engine.com/electronic-warfare-pdf.htmlhttp://www.pdf-search-engine.com/electronic-warfare-pdf.htmlhttp://www.radartutorial.eu/02.basics/rp08.en.htmlhttp://www.pdf-search-engine.com/electronic-warfare-pdf.htmlhttp://www.pdf-search-engine.com/electronic-warfare-pdf.htmlhttp://www.radartutorial.eu/02.basics/rp08.en.html