EA - u4ebnik

169
npoQ. ATrr A. A/\EI(CAHAPOB EAEKTPI.4Y.ECK14 AIIAPATTA : TIACT I EAEI(TPOIvIATH14THIA IA TONAI4Hr{.TA NPOEAEMI4 : ffi XEPOH nPEC. COoHf, ,2002

Transcript of EA - u4ebnik

Page 1: EA - u4ebnik

npoQ. ATrr A. A/\EI(CAHAPOB

EAEKTPI.4Y.ECK14AIIAPATTA

:

TIACT IEAEI(TPOIvIATH14THIA

IA TONAI4Hr{.TA NPOEAEMI4 :

ffiXEPOH nPEC. COoHf, ,2002

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!' $ri 1-'J l/#,/,

q ,t,,41,' i,\,t:fu U'"t tl ''

B rsurata ce pa3ue)KAar o6qnre cucreMrr, eJreMeHTE r{ npoqecu Ha eneKTpu-qecKHTe anaparn. B uacroauqara I qacr ca 3acrbneHr{ npo6neun, ornacrrrdr,r ce .qo

TOn'IuHHI4Te npoqecH, eJIeKTpOAT{HaMHqHrlTe CHJlt4 H eneKTpOMafH}ITHuTe CI,IqfeMU.

ll:rpaqenn ca npocrrr, i{o Aocrarbquo roqHu TeopernrrHn MoAenH 3a ananil3 Ha re3ucucTeMI,I n npoqecH Ha eneKTpnqecKHTe anapaTn n ca I,I3noxeHI,I I{HxeHepHu MeToAr{

3a T{XHOTO perXaBaHe.

Ct4np>raHuero Ha Krr,rrara cborBercrBa Ha yve6nara nporpaMa Ha ru{cq.rrulunara"ElexrpnqecKl,r anaparn" 3a cneluatrro grra "ErertporexuuKa " na TexHn.recKus yHIr-

BepcHTer - CoQnx. Ts voxe Aa ce r3ror3Ba :a yue6nr.m no eneKTpuqecKr,r anaparuoT cTyAeHTrr n cneqr{aru3aHTr,r oT Apyrn Br{clIII,I H nonyBlrcrlln TexHr{qecK[ yqflnfiula.

EJIBKTPHYECKI,I ATIAPATII. YACT I:EJIEKTPOMATHI{TH*T LI TOIINUHHH NPOBNEMH

reKcr @ 2OOZ Aaercangpp AlercaHApoB

n3AaHr,re @2002 )GPOH TIPEC OOA, Co@ux, O6opuqe 18

ISBN 954-s80-1 17-4 (u. 1)

O6erra: 338 c., 100/70/16; I{eua: 12 nn.

Hsna dpyea no eonaJvra padocm om ma3uda moo'puw..- Bcu,aKu 4oeetaKu paDocmu ca padocmumeHa mlopqecmeomo: ntodoema, manaHma, Aert-

cmguemo ca nn0rt64ume Ha cunama, u3n83naom edno oeHut4e.

P. Polas

Peqe Eoe: da 6o0e csemnuHa. H 6ude caenLnuHa.

Buds Eoz, ue caetnnuHamta e dodpo Heu4o, u om-

denu Eoe ceemnuHama om m6*tHuHama.

Coemnunama Eoe ruapeue den, q rna.MHuHama

Houl. Eude 6eqep, 6ude ympo - den n6peu.

Fntue, rrr. I

llpoercrnupaHemo e edaxnooeH cKoK om QarcrnumeHA HACmOat4ornO t]6-rvt j6SJYlOtcITOCmume HA 6Ade-

t4emo.

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Ha ecuvrcu, KoLtmo pa6omuxa u padomam e o6nacrnmaHA eneKmpu4ectQtme anapamu, noc$et4aaa*t ma3u muea.

Anroptt

CbEITP)KAHUE

yBo[ ""'9BbBEAEHI4E ...... """"11

8.1 O6qo npeAcraBnHe Ha eneKTpht{ecKure anaparr ' " ' ' ' ' '11

B.2 [en h 3aAaqu Ha KHuara ""'"' 19

rnABA nbPBA.TOnnuHHh nPouEcH....... """"251.1. OcHoBHu nonoxeHl4fl ' ' 25

l.2.lAsroqHhqr Ha ronnuHa.... " " " " 31

1.2.1.3ary6r4 B npoBoAHl4ql4re " " " 31

1.2.2.SaryOu B MarHuronpoBoAl4re...' " "421.2.3.3ary6r,r B n3onaquera ' ' '44

1 .2.4.lpyrr BnAoBe eary6n

1.2.5. l]onegun u3ror{Hnq}t Ha ronfl v+a . ' ' ' 45

1.3.TonnonpeHacflHe... ...-,. "'461.3.1. TonnonpoBoAt4Mocr " " '46

1.3.2.KoHaexque.... ""531 .3.3. Jltqesue " " 58

l.3.4.CnneceuoronnoorgaBaHe " " '61

1.4. VcraHoBeH TonflnHeH pexhM " " " '64

1.4.1.klsonupaHu npoBogHl4ql4 """ 64

1.4.2. EgnocrpaHHo 3arpeBaH npoBoAHt4K' ' , \' ' ' '::1 .4.3.1-lpoaopnuK cl,c crecHeH yqacrbK ' ' ' ou

1-4-4- [lnocra creHa c BbrpeuH]l l'l3Tot{Hl4qr Ha ronnuHa ' ' ' '701.4.5. tlunraHgpnqHa HaMorKa 6eg MarHrronpoBoA " " '73

1.4.6. Hauorra c MarHilronpoBoA. " '77

1.5. flpexoAHl4TonnilHHl4 pexuMt4 ""''801.5.1.3arpneaxe n oxflaxAaHe Ha eAHOpOAeH npoBoAHl,lK.. .. -. 81

1.5.2.3arpneqHe nph KparKoBpeMeHeH u npu noBTopHo-

KpaTKOBpeMeHeH pexhM . . 85

1.5.3. 3arpnaaHe npil Kbco cbeAhHeHue. TepullqHa ycrofivnaocr

Ha eneKrpnqecKnre anapar[ ""'891.6. Tonn uHfl ycrpofrcrBa 3a ynpaBneHile il 3aqnra ' ' ' ' '92

1.6.1. flpegnasnrenu " "931.6.2.Tepuo6raMeranu """"97

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EIIEKTPHqECKI4 ATIAPATPI. qACT I

rnABA BTOPA. EnEKTPOA14HAM]4qHU CUnU .1092.1. OcnoBHH nonoxeHhe .1092.2. EnewpoAhHaMuqHu cnnu Ha roKoBt4 KoHrypu .112

2.2.1. Mero4n 3a onpegeflRHe .....1122.2.1.1. MeroA Ha Eno-Caeap-Iannac.. .....1122.2.1.2. Merog c t43MeHeHHe Ha MarHurHara eHeprils. .. . .. .. .. 1 16

2.2.2. Cwna MexAy ycnopeAHu npoBoAHt4qn .. .. 1182.2.3. Cuna MexAy npoBoAHt4ql4, pa3nonoxeHn noA brbn . . 1ZO2-2-4- cunu B npoBoAHrqn q Kpbrno HanpeqHo ceqeHile . . . .1232.2.5. Cunu npu KpbroBu HaBrBKlt il HaMorKt4..2.2.6. cuna MexAy npoBorqHuK c roK ra $eporvrarHrrHa cpe.qa ..... 130

2.3.EnerrpoAnHaMhqHHcununpnnpoMeHnnBToK..2-3.1- cnnu npu e.qHosaeuo r gaySasHo Kbco cbeArHeHue... ... 13s2.3.2. Cnnu npn rpnQa3Ho tcbco cbeAnHeHue .. . ... .. 139

2.4. Enerrpo4ilHaMilqHa ycrofi.ueocr.. .... .1442.5. Hsxoh nphnoxeHne Ha eneKTpo$nqawuqHnre cunu .147

rnABA 3. ETTEKTPOMATHITHUCI4CTEMU.... .............1533.1. OcHoBHu nonoxeHun . 1S33.2. MaruvrHvl Beprru .....162

3.2.1. OcHosHh saAaqn . ..... .1673.2.2. MarHnrnu npoBo4uMocn4 ....171

3.2.2.1. Merogu 3a onpeAenflHe3.2.2.2.1-lpraeegenr npoBoguMocrt4 .. . 186

3.2.3. MarHurHu Beprrh c nocrosHeH noroK ...........1913.2.3.1 VlsrtucnnaaHe npu npeHe6perBaHe Hacbnporl4BneHuero Ha croMaHara ......1913.2.3.2. hsqilcnsaaHe nph orrtltraHe Ha cbnpornBfleHheroHa croMaHara ...... .19S

3.2.4. Marnrrnu BepHrH c npoMeHnrB noroK.... ... ...19g3.2.5. MarHurHn Bepurn c nocronHeH il npoMeHnnB noroK . .2073.2.6. MarxrrHu Bepuru c nocronHHh MarHnru... .....20g

3.3.Hauorun.. .....2203.3.1. O6qr,r cBeAeHHe .Z2O3.3.2. Koe$raqraeHr Ha 3anrnBaHe. . . .3.3.3. CunporneneHne Ha HaMorKa... ....2243.3.4. l4HgyrrraeHocrl4 ..224

3.3.4.1. lzlugyrnrBHocr Ha HaMorua 6eg $eporvrarHhreHMarHrTonpoBoA

cbAbP)KAHr4E

3.3.4.2. l4ugymnaHocr Ha HaMorxa c SepoMarHt4rHoqxnuHgprr{Ho e4po ... ..227

3.4. EnempoMarHurn.... .2253.4.1. O6qu cBeAeHus .228S.4.2.EnerrpourarHr4rHachna .....230

3.4.2.1. EueprueH 6anaHc Ha eneKrpoMarHura .... 2303.4.2.2. Cuna Ha nocroeHHoroKoB eneKrpoMarHhr .2333.4.2.3. Cuna Ha eneKrpoMarHhr 3a npoMeHnt4Bo HanpexeHue . . . . . .236

3.4.3. CraTh.{Ha xapaKrepncruKa Ha eneKrpoMarHnr .2453.4.4. Pa6ora r pa6orHh napaMerpu Ha eneKrpoMarHnra ..2533.4.5. ,QunaunvHn xapaKTepucrr4Kr,r Ha eneKTpoMarHhr. .....258

3.4.5.1. O6qu nonoxeHur .... .. 2583.4.5.2. EnempourarHuT 3a nocroeHHo HanpexeHue . . . . .2593.4.5.3. Bpeue sa saAeficrBaHe Ha nocroffHHoroKoB

eneKrpoMarnur .. .2633.4.5.4. EnemporaarHur 3a npoMeHfl,rBo HanpexeHue .. . 2683.4.6. Cpaauenue Ha eneKTpoMarHnrure 3a nocrosHeH

n npoMeHnnB ToK

3.4.7. f'lpoerrnpaHe Ha eneKrpoMarHhrr4 .2713.4.7.1. EnempoMarHur 3a nocroeHeH roK . . .2723.4.7.2. EnerrpouarHur sa npoMeHnuBo HanpexeHue . . .275

3.4.8. [lpnnoxeHhe Ha eneKrpoMarHhrure ..... .2773.4.9. l-lonnpuanpaHil enelcrpoMarHhrt4 . . .285

3.5. Craruv,Hu eneKTpoMarHrrHri cl,rcreM[ ...2883.5.1. t4ngyrrrraBHlr cbnporhBneHn+.... ...288

3.5.1.1. Pearropn B eneKrpoeHeprerrKara. .2893.5.1.2. ,[pocenu... .2993.5.1.3. MarnnrHn ycnnBarenr . .299

3.5.2. !4snaepearenHu rpanc$opMaropr,r . .3043.5.2.1. Toxoeu rpaHc$opMaropr4 .. . ..3043.5.2.2. HanpexurenHr rpaHc$opMaropr4 . . .313

3.5.3. TpaHc$opMaropyr c noBrueno pasceilBaHe .. . .3213.5.4. EnerrpouarHurl4 3a cb3gaBaHe Ha hHTeH3ilBHh nonera . . . . .. . .. . 324

3.6. hHayKqroHHl,t ct4creMh .....3283.6.l.lzlHgyxqraoHHh MexaHu3Mvt.... ......328

nhTEPAryPA.. ....333

iill1

J

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GbKPAUIEHUfl

1. e.A.s. - eJleKTpoIFI'Ixeqo Hanpe)KeHl'le

2. u.g.tt. - MarHHToABHxeIqo Hanpexenl{e

3. r.c. - Kbco cbeAI{HeHLIe

4. EA - ereKTpnqecKn anapar

5. HH - HHcKo HanPexeHl{e

6. CH - cpeAIIo HanpexeHlre

7. BH - BHcoKo HanPexeHl4e

8. IIB - noBTopHo BKnrcqBaHe

9. EMC - eneKTpoMarHI'ITHa cl{creMa/10. MB - MaFHLITHa BePura

11. TT - ToKoR tpancQoPMaroP

12. HT - Hanpe)KHTeneH TpaHcSopruatop

vBoA

EaegpuvecKgTe anaparn ca ruupoKo pa3npocrpaueHu TexHI,IqecKH ycrpofictBa, KoHTo

HaMr,rpaT MHox(ecTBo npuno)KeHr,Is B peglrqa npaKTllqecru o6lactH: HHAycTpuflTa,

TpaHcnoPTa,6utau gp.

KnUfata 3ano3HaBa qlrTaTellg c oCHoBHTITe rpaAI{BHII eJIeMeHTu Ha eneKTPuqecKure

anaparg, Qnsnuuure npol{ecu, KoHTo cbrrbrcrBar QynrquonupaHero I'IM, KaKTo lI cb-

orBerlrgTe eJreMeHTapH[ on]rcBalrln rH MoAenE. B toglt cM]IcblI I{3Jro)KeHI'Isr B KHH-

raTa MaTepnan npeAcTaBnsBa TeopeTHrrHI,ITe OCHOBI4 Ha eneKTpI'IqecKHTe anapaTH.

Onncauuero ua Qymqr,rHTe Ha orAenHure rpynfl !I BIrAoBe eneKTpI{qecK}I anaparl'I'

TexHuTe KoHcTpyKr$4Lr, TexHr{qecKH r,r eKc[noaTawoHHI,I XapaKTepIrcTI'IKII' MeTOAI{ 3a

npoeKTI,IpaHe, TexHorornc Ha npoIr3BoAcTBo' MeToAlI 3a H3nI'ITBaHe I'I Ap. e o6ert

n gbAbpxaHHe Ha TaKHBa Ar,rcqunrr.rHu KaTo KOMyTaIIHOHHa TeXH[Ka, eJIeKTpHqecKH

anapaTr,I 3a aBTOMaTr,rKaTa, eneKrpr,IqecKl{ anapaTu 3a BucoKo HaflpexeHlre u gp. 3a

unrccTpat$.rt Ha TeopeTr,rqHu{ MaTepnan B KHI,IraTa Ca AaAeHLI KOHKpeTHH npllMepu Ha

HTKOH BI'AOBe eJIeKTpI{qecK}I anaparu-

Hacrosqara qacr I na rnurara e nocBereHa caMo Ha eJreKTpoMarHHTHHTe I'I Ton-

JrrdgHlr npo6.nervrn Ha eneKTpnqecKr,rre anaparl,I, Karo B TpH rnaBI'I ce pa3rne)qqar

TOrLnr,rHHr{Te npoqecu, eneKTpoAr4HaMHqHUTe Cl,/.Jtt4 H eneKrpoMarHnTHl'lTe CUCTeMU.

Kor,ryraquogHr{Te H H3oJrarIHoHHHTe npo6reruu Ha eneKTplMecKI'ITe anaparll Morar Aa

6rAa'r pa3FneAaHH BbB BTopa qacr Ha KHurara.

Antoptt 6nanogapu na Qlrpr"tnre cnoHcopu:

- ABB - EOOA, EnaraPux;

- Crvesc, EOO,I, EuraPnr,

aa QrnancoBaTa [oMorII3a n3AaBaHeTO Ha HaCTOf;rrIaTa KHHFa.

@r.rpr"1.lre ABB (Asea-Brown Boveri) r.r Siemens ca u3BecrHu eBponeficru u cBeroBHIl

npoH3Bol{HTent4 Ha eneKTpHqecKH aflapaTu H ce noI3BaT C I,I3K/IIOqI'ITeIHoTo AOBepI'Ie

r,r aBTopr.{Ter cpeA cnequanucrtrre n norpe6utelnre Ha npoAyKIII'Isra uM BcneAcrBHe

Ha Br.rcoKoto il texnuqecKo HLIBo I'I Kaqec'TBo-

Pass[tueto u ycbBbp[reHcrBaHero Ha eneKTPI{qecKI,ITe anaparlt cborBercrByBa Ha

cbBpeMeHHr.rre HayqHo-TexHr.rqecKr.r AocrI,Ix(eHHrI. OcHoeHLIte MoMeHTIt, KoHTo MapKIr-

paT ToBa pa3Br,rTHe ca:

- ruupoKo L€noJr3BaHe Ha erera3 n BaKyyM 3a I,BOnaq[oHHa I{ AbroracnTeJlHa

cpeAa. CnnpeuenHnre enera3oBu r.r BaKyyMHH KoMyraI{{oHHIl Ir Apyru BI'IAOBe

anapaTl,l I,IMaT Bo.qeqa ponf LI nocTeneHHo I'I3MeCTBaT KnaCUqecKI{Te;

-= ilpgnoxeHr,re Ha HoBt{ t{ c IIoBr{ueHu KarrecTBa MarepHanu (routaKTHI4, H3o-

JraquoHHH, MarHnrHH H Ap.), Koero gbu{ecrBeHo noAo6p.nBa rexHHrIecKI'ITe H

Page 6: EA - u4ebnik

10 EIEKTPI4qECKI4 ANAPATH. qACT I

eKcuroaTaqHoHHr4Te xapaKTepHcTr4Kr,I Ha eneKrpnqecKr,rTe anapaTr,r;

- TexHntrecKo cbrreraBaHe H [HTenpnpaHe Ha QyHrrgrure Ha pa3nr{qHr{ BHAoBe

eneKTpHtrecKI,I anaparn nouexAy I{M, a TaKa cbrrlo c AocTr.IxeHr,rsTa Ha [ony-npoBoAlrl{KoBara, Ml.rKpoflpoqecopHara Hfl3rtuclrrarreJrHararexHr.rKa. To pa:urupnBb3MO)I(HOCTHTe I{ AOBeAe AO nOrBaTa Ha HOBH BnAOBe KaTO Hanp. anapaTH 3ayIrpaBJIeHIne H 3aIrII{Ta, nporpaMlrpyeMr{ aBToMaTH, KoMrLneKTrIH pa3npe4erln-TenHr ycrpoficrsa r{ Ap.;

- HoBI{ o6aacrN lra npuox(enre Ha H3BecrHH r.rJrrr HoBrr QH:nvnr.r eSerrr,r. flpn-Jloxeunero Ha MarHuroorrrr,rrrHu.r eQexr Ha @apagefi u elerrpoonruqgl,tseSert na floxeac AoBeAe Ao cb3AaBane Ha roKoBlr r,r Hanpexnrernr{ orrrnKo-eneKTpoIrHLI lcMepBarernr,r rpancQopMaropr{. Ynoprno ce pa6orn 3a r€non3y-BaHe Ha cBpbxrrpoBoluMocTTa B eneKTpr4qecKnTe a[apaTn.

Ctlppxranfiero Ha KHHrara cborBercrBa Ha yue6nara nporpaMa Ha Ancqmnu*ara"EaeKrpuqecKu anaparu" Ir Mox(e Aa ce u3non3yBa Karo yve6nrar npr4 lro.ryoroBKaHa cryAeHTH or cnel${anHocrra "ErertporexHnKa" na Texnr,rqecKl{Jr yHr{Bepclfrer -CoQr.rx, a raKa sbll{o u or cryAeHTn or Apyrn cnequanHosrn Ha Br{crut't a uonyBr{ctuuTexHnqecKu yql,IJrnu{a. Tg. Moxe Aa 6rAe noJre3ua H Ha cners.ranyrc:fn, Kornro )il(erasrAa pa3uupflT, 3al{brl6oqar u ocbBpeMeH.sr no3naHr,rrra cn no eneKTpnrrecKu anaparu.

Bcllqrn MHeHIit, cbBeru I{ npenopbKr,r 3a KI{Hrara Morar Aa ce u3npau1ar Ha aApec:I 1 56 CoQHr, TexruqecKn yHr,rBepcurer, KareApa "ElerrpuqecKu anaparn".

AemopamCo$nr,2001

BbBEEEHUE

B.1. OBIIIO nPEACTABflHE HA EJTEKTPI{TIECKHTE AnAPATH

Onpegene lrtlzrr H rrpeAHa3rr aqenne. E ne Kmp uqe c Kume anap amu ( E A ) c a y c mp o rtc me asa ynpaaneilue, pezynupaHe, KoHmpon, usrtepeaHe u sar4uma Ha eneKmpuqecKu 6e-pueu, Ha enercmpuqecKu u HeeneKmpuqecnu c6op6rKeHug, npou3eodcmeeuu u mexHo-

nOeUqHu npoqecW, KAncmO U 3A Sal4UmA HA XOpAmA Om 0GSJv|O)KHU nop0)KeHug Om

eneKmpu4ecKu moK. EA n rexHlrre ocHoBHr,r eJreMeHTu ce H3[on3yBar npaKTnqecKr.r B

noqrn BcHqKlI o6aacru Ha qoBerrrKara gefiHocr: r4HAycrpnflTa, eHeprerr{Kara, Tpanc-nogra, cencKoro cronaHcrBo, 6nta (gor"rarmrctnata), KocMrlqecKara, BoexHara, Me-

I{HI$HcKara rexHr{Ka, HayqHo-r,r3cneAoBareJrcKara pa6ora r,r MHoro Apyrn. Tara uan-plrMep B ereKTpoenepreruKara EA HaMupar uuoro6pofinu npu.rto)KeHu-n e npogeca Ha

npouseodcmlomo, npeodpasy*aHemo Ha napa-tutempume, npeHacaHemo, pa3npedene-Huemo u nompedneHuemo Ha eneKmpuqecrcama eHepeua. Te cayxar 3a KoMyrat+tfl,jKOHTpOJI, ynpaBneHHe H 3arr{}rTa Ha eneKTpHrrecKaTa Mpexa n BKJIK)qeHnTe KbM Hetyerpoftcrna, HopMaJrHoro 3axpaHBane H eKcruroararyrs. Ha reHeparopuTe, cunoBr{Te tro-BI,nuaBaIrII4 u nonfl)KaBarrln rpaHcQopuaropfi, eJreKTpoMoropr.rre n Ap. npu HopMannr.rycnoBl,It (nranouraHe, H3KJrroqBaHe, perynupaHe Ha cKopocrra Ha BbpreHe) n rarqutaor HeHopMannu (nperoBapBaHe, Kbco cbeAl4neHue, npeHanpexenvfl. Lr Ap.) ycrtonr.rx r,r

pe)KuMH.

Ocsonrume eneKTpr{qecKu BeJraqI{HH (nanpexcenne u ror) Ha EA ce H3MeHqr B

MHoro tuupoKu rpanr.rt1I{ (npHrrrepno lgto-13t2 nn'rr.r) or Mr,rKpo Ao MeraBoJrru, orMI{Kpo Ao crorrll-Fr K}rJroaMnepn. Te Morar ga 6rgar 3a pa3JrnrreH no Br.rA ToK u Hanpe-xeHne (nocrorueH, npoMeHrrrn, egnoQaaen, rpnQa3eH, c r,rHAycrpnarna, c noHDKeHa

t4rn4 cnoBHlueHa uecrora), c pa3rflqen npnirqnn na geficrnue (enerrpoMarHr4THr,r, etreK-Tpolq{HaMIrqHI{, KOHTaKTHTI, nOnynpOBOAHItKOBH, TepMI,tqHU, OnTI4qHr{ I,I Ap.).

Ha6poeHute unoro6pofiHu QyHrrsrn Ha EA, rpaHruryr Ha lr3MeHeHne Ha ocHoBHr.rre

ItM BeJrHrrI,IHIt, I,B[or3yBaHure npr,rHrryrnu ua Aeficlnve ru onpeAenrrr Karo r{3Krrroqu-TerHo o6urupen KJrac eneKTporexHnqecKr,r ycrpoftc'rna, cbcrorrq ce or MHoro BuAoBeLI npeAcraBr,rreru, Kor,rro Morar ga 6t4at rrracr.rSu4,rpaHu no pa3nr.rrrHn HaqHHH.

KnacnQnraquu.KaKTo BcHtIKr.r rexHnqecru (u Apyru nugone) vs1elrlrs.EA tpx6sa gaorroBaptr Ha Lr3r,rcKBaHuqra ua unoro6pofiru craHAaprr4, KoHTo B cnrrre3r.rpana QoprrlaoTpa3lBar qoBelrrKlrs onr.rr B AaAeHa o6aacr (reopur, npoeKTr,rpaHe, KoHsrpyKrryru,npoI,I3BoAcrBeHI,I Bb3MoxHocrr.r, eKcmoararntoHnn r,r3trcKBaHr,rf, tr Ap.). B rHurata caLnnon3yBaHrl lr3r,rcKBaHr{rr Ha 6unrapcxure IFp)KaBHH craHgaprn (6AC), ua uexgy-HapoAHara eneKTporexHr.rqecKa KoMlrcr4r (IEC) H Ha eBponeficrute HopMr.r @N), rrrrKoHro crpaHara e B cbcrosHr.re Ha npexoA. Crangaprr.rre cneqfiQru{Hpar MnoxecrBo

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Page 7: EA - u4ebnik

EIIEKTPI4qECKLI ANAPATI'I. TIACT I

KorlrrrecrBeHlr I,I KaqecrBeHl{ u3r.IcKBaHI,r{ KbM EA, rouro, or eAHa crpaHa, ca ocHoBa

3a npoeKTr.rpaHeTo, npor,r3BoAcTBoTo H r{3nHTBaHeTo IrM OTnpOU3BOAHTenfl, A, OTApyra

crpaHa, ca rexHnrrecKr,r AaHHu aa raa6op, MoHTax r,r eKcruroarals4n ot norpe6I,ITeJIt.

Bcern EA ce xapaKTepr.r3npa cbc cbBKyrrHocr outo.Iytuflanvu napa.Mempu*, upe3

Kouro craBa us6oprr My 3a onpeAeneHa rlen u o6racr Ha npuno)Kenue: HoMlIHaJrHo

Hanpex(eHl{e, HoMHHaJTeH TOK, HOMr.rHaIHa qeCTOTa, HOMI4HaJIeH KJIaC Ha TOqHOCT (3a

r.r3MepBarenHr4re rpaHcQoprrraropr.r) u Ap.Cnopeg rl3r.rcKBaHr,rrrra Ha craHAaprr4Te H ycnoBnuranaeKcnnoararyts EA MorarAa

6o4ar rnacuQnqrapauu no pa3nuqHu 6eaegfi. Hafi-pasnpocrpaHeHl{Te xnacuQrKaluu,KOTITO Ce H3[OJI3yBaT I,I B HaCTOgUIaTa KHr,rra Ca: no roJIeMLIHaTa Ha HOMI'Ha'IHOTO

HarpexeHr{e H no H3nbJrn{Banara Qymqrax (npe4uasnauenne).

EnercrnpuvecKume anapamu sa HucKo HanpetceHue (HH) ce IBIIoJI3yBar B HHAycrpLI-

antHvtn6aronu HHcriuraqru c pa6orHo rrpoMeHnl{Bo HarpexeHlte Ao 1000 V (eQertrnuacroftuocr) r4 nocrorHno Hanpe)KeHLIe Ao 1500V (nrlrovurenHo).

EnercmpuuecKume anapamu 3a eucoKo HanperceHue (BH) ca 3a pa6ornn Harlpe-

)KeHHr HaA Hocoqeurrre croftnocru, Konro 3a npoMeHJrr{Bo Haflpexenl,Ie Aocrnrar Ao

1200kV. O6-nacrra n EA ga BH ce roApa3Aensr Ha:

- EA 3a cpeAHo HanpeiKenlle (CH) - Ao 40,5 (35) kV;

- EA 3a BHcoKo Hanpexeur.Ie - Ao 525 kV;

- EA 3a cBpbxBr.rcoKo HarpexeHlre - Ao 1200kV.

B nocoqesn're rpaHnrln EA sa HH u ga BH ce xapaKTepn3rpar clbc cborBereH peA

o'r croftsocrn Ha HoMr{HilJrHn (o6xnenr.r, flocoqenr,r) uanpexeHl{1.forsMa rracr or EA ga HH ugnraHrBar ocHoBHnre cu Qyur4lI,I Ha KoHTPor,

ynpaBneHxe, 3arr{r,rra H pa31rpeAeJreHr.re qpe3 KoMyrau$s. (nrarounaHe, I,I3KJttoqBaHe,

npeBKnroqnane) Ha eneKTpr,rqecKn KoHTaKTU H ce Hapnqar KoMyraqI,IoHHlI aflaparu(xoH,rarnrr,r). Ee:roHTaKTHlrre EA ugnrnHsBar Qyrrrrylr.rte ce qpe3 ynpaBneHl,Ie E

n3MeHeHHe Ha napaMerpr{Te Ha HeJrHHefrHn axrrsnr wtu I{HAyKTI{BHu cbnporllBJreHuq.

KonymaquoHHume anapannu sa HH ce pasdenarnHa Dee ocuoeHu epynu.

Enercrnpuvecrcume anapamu sa pasnpedenenue ocuryprlBar HopManHoro 3axpaH-

BaHe Ha pa3nuqurrre fiepapxnrrHn Hr{Ba r,r yqacrbru or eneKTpuqecKara Mpexa n o6er-Tr.rTe KbM HerI qpe3 BKnK)qBaHeTo Lt LI3KJTK)qBaIIeTO I{M KbM !{3TO[IHI,IKa Ha eHepruq.

flpu ueuopManHu pe)Kr,rMr,r (nperonapBaHe, Kbco cbeAlrueHl{e, noHH)KaBaHe Ha Han-

pe)KeHlrero, npo6un Ha H3onarryrfrTa u gp.) uxrou or rtx u3KnloqBar aBToMarI{sHo

noBpeAeHr,rre yrracrbrlu n-nr o6emn n ocnryprBar rsxgara 3auIHTa, a raKa cbqo tI

3arqr,rrara Ha nepcoHana. XapaKTepno 3a ra3r{ rpyna EA e oruocldrenHo ptAKara flM

KoMyraqus. OcHonHu npeAcraBlrrenn na EA 3a pa3npeAeneHl,Ie I,I 3aIrIHTa ca HeaBTo-

MATHTIHHTC H ABTOMATIIIHHTC IPEKbCBAqI{, PA3CI(UHVTEJMTE U NPCATIA3I'TEJII{TC.

*Cnopeg EN (eaponeficrn nopr*u) ce r.r3noJr3Bar noHflTr{ffTa o6xneu, o3HaqeH lrJln nocoqeH napaMerbp(ueauunna). Hanpr.rr"rep o6rneso Hanpe)KeHle, ToK HJrH Apyna BeJrHsI{Ha, xapaKTepl't3Hparqa EA.

BbBEAEHI4E

Enercrnpu,rccqurne anapamu sa WpaeneHue cily>KaT 3a KoHTpon u y[paBJIeHIte Ha

pa6ornure pe)KnMu Ha eneKTpr.rqecKnTe BepHrI{ Ir KoHcyMarop[. OcHonuu npeAeraBu-

TeJrr.r Ha ra3lr rpyna EA ca KoHTaKTopu (3a nocro{Hen u npoMeHann tor), penera

(enerrpor"rarHr.rrHr,r, flonspr.r3lrpaHu, HHAyKIITIoHHII, TepMHr{HH I{ Ap.), [peKbcBaql'I 3a

ynpaBneHl,Ie (6ytour,r, nbTHH n rpafinn, KoHTponepl{ H KoMaHAoKoHTpoaepn), ceH3opu

(crupotr,ru,ITeJrHlt, HHAyKITIoHHI{, TepMoeneKTpI,IqHu I{ Ap.). XapamepHo 3a EA:a yn-

paBneHr,re e qecToTO ItM BKtrrotIBaHe H E3KJItoqBaHe Go HffKoJIKo xl'InffAu nutu n uac),

qpe3 Koero ce y[paBrsBa cborBerHnsr o6ext.CtqecrnyBarpeAgrla EA 3a ynpaBneHrre u 3autrura cnequaJlHo Ha eneKTpoMoropl'I,

KOr,rTO npeACTaBntBaT CnOJIyqnHBn ror"r6nHaqEH Me)KAy ABaTa OCHOBHI'I BI'IAa KaTO

MOTOpHH npeKbcBaql,I, MaFHI,ITHU nyCKaTeJIH, KOHTaKTOp-npeKbcBaq[I I{ Ap-

ElerrpnuecKr,rre anaparr,r HH ga ynpaBneHl,re, pa3npeAeneHlle I{ 3alqlrra ll3nbJrHfl-

Bar cneAHltre ocHoBHH Qyurqnu:

- BKJrroqBaHe r{ u3KJrroqBaue Ha Bepr4rara LItIIt KoHcyMaropa, Koero Moxe Aa 6nAe

pbrlHo ltru aBToMaTI,IIIHO;

- eneKTpHqecKo oTAensHe oT r,r3TorrHr,rKa Ha HanpexeHHe Ha qflnaTa IIJII{ qacT OT

Bepgrara, Koero cborBercrByBa Ha onpeAeneHu HopMl4, rapaHTl{pau{z 6esonacHa

pa6ota Ha nepcoHana;

- 3aulr4Ta Ha eJreKTpr,IqecKara Mpexa, o6extltte H nepcoHana npn HeHopManHI'I

pexlrMg. 3a qeara e neo6xo4nMo ycrpofictso 3a orKpHBaHe Ha geQertu u

nrsgeftcrnHe 3a r.BKnrorrBaHe Ha KoHTaKTHara cHcreMa qpe3 MexaHHrIeH fiJlu

eneKTpuqecKll H3KtIlOqBareJT.

Kru EA ga HH ce orHacflT v eneKrnpo*taeHumHume u3n6nHumenHu rtexaHusrru.

Te lrsnbrurrBar pa3nr,runr.r QyHKr.[Hrr B r.rHAyclpuffra u6lzna c u3[on3yBaHero Ha ereK-

TpoMarHItTHA Cy.ilA l{Jrr.r MOMeHT, Cb3AaAeHn OT eJIeKTpOMarHItTlI 3a nocTosHeH HnH

npoMegnnB ToK. OcHosHu rrpeAcraBlrreJrr,I Ha rpynara ca roBapono.qeMHu u 3axBalrlaqu

eneKrpoMarHHTH, eneKTpoMaFHHTt{n cbeAHHHTenI{, cnupatlKu, BeHTI,IJIII, nu6patopu u

Ap. TyK ce orHactr I,I MHo)KecrBo eneKTpoMarHHTHIa MexaHu3MH, n3noJI3yBaHI4 B aBTo-

Marr,rKara, 6ropotexnr.rKara (ranqeaapcKl{ MaIuHun, nepHQepHH ysrpofictea na EI'IM

'r Ap.), no;rcapo6e3onacHocrra, 3aIIIltrHlITe cllsreMn I{ Ap.

EnercrnpuuecKume anapamu sa BH cnopeA Ir3ITbJrHtBaHI,ITe or rtx @yHrryru ce

AensT Ha cneAHHTe rpym,I n floAl-pynu:

- Ko.ivymauuonHu anapamu sa BH. Tyr ce orHacsr pa3nuqHuTe BI,IAoBe npe-

KbcBaqr{ (cnopeg BuAa Ha AnroracurerHara cpeAa re 6ngar MacJreHH, Bb3-

AyruHr{, enera3oBtr - SFo, BaKyyMHH), pa:egr-nrI,ITeJII,I, MOu{HOCTHI,I pa3eIU{HH-

TeJrr{, crbnarHl,I perynaToplt Ha HanpexeHl,Ie I,I Ap.;

- 3at4umHu u oepailuqaear4u anapamu (npegnasutenu, orpaHLttIHTetI{ Ha Hanpe-

)Kenr,re H ToK - peaKTopu). Te cnyxar Aa orpaHl,Iqar roneMuHara Ha roKa npu

npeToBapBaHe r{ nptl K.c. unu npv Bb3Hr.rKHaII,I npeHanpexeHHs Id Aa 3au.u,tTsT

13t2

Page 8: EA - u4ebnik

1514 EJIEKTPHqECKI,I AIIAPATH. IIACT I

eneKTpHrrecKaTa Mpexa l,I cbopbxeHl4s oT HeHopManHr,r pe)KlrMn u ycnoBHr Ha

paoora;

- usrtep*amenHu rnpaHcfuoprtamopu 3a moK u Hanpeueuue. Te cJryx(ar ga 6ego-

nacHo H3MepBaHe Ha napaMerpnTe Ha eneKTpr{qecKara eHeprr{lr (rox, uanpexe-Hr,re, MorqHocr n Ap.) H sa Qopur.rpaHe Ha neo6xoguul{Te cr,rrHarru aa sageficrBy-BaHe Ha pereftnara 3atrlltTa rrpu nosBa Ha HeHopMaJrHu pe)K]rMr.r ua pa6ora.

Knu EA Karo nHAycrpr,ranHn t43ryenr s. ce orHacqr v Ko-iltutennHume pasnpede-numenHu ycmpoficmoa (KPY) 3a HH, CH n BH, rarro pI pa3nr{qHr.r Apyrr BnAoBe

KoMnneKTHr.r ycrpoficrBa 3a cneqrarisn qenn (nanp. 3a ynpaBneHue Ha eneKTpoMo-Topr,r, eneKTparrecKr,r neulu n Ap.).

EA r'rorar ga pa6orxr B pa3nuq:nn KnuJvtamu4Hu soHu, Kor,rro cnopeA craHAapra

ca: HopMalHa (yr"repena), ctygeHa, TponnqecKa cyxa, Tpo[HrrecKa BJra)KHa, cryAeHa H

TponnqecKa, yHnBepcalHa v MopcKa.Hopr*aaHara (yr"repeHa) rrurvrarnrrHa 3oHa, B Kof,To ce HaMHpa Erarapn.a rI noBe-

qero eBponeficru crpaHn, ce xapaKTepr,r3r,rpa cbc cJreAunre oco6eHocru:

- TeMneparypa Ha oKonHara cpeAa - He no-Bucoxa ot 40oC n ue uo-HficKa or 10oC;cpeAHa roAHrxHa reMnepaTypa - He no-BncoKa or +20oc; cpeAHa AeHoHorrIHa

TeMnepaTypa - He no-Br,rcoKa oT +35"C;

- HaAMopcKa BncorilHa - He noBer{e or 2000m;

- oTHOCrnreJrHa Bnax(HocT Ha Bb3,qyxa - He [o-MaJrKa or 90vo npr{ TeMrreparypa+2O"C H He no-BHcoKa or SOVo npu reMneparypa +40"C.

B sasucprrvrocr or ycnoausma Ha eKcnnoamaqua EA ca:

- 3A MOHTa)K Ha OTKpLTO;

- 3a MOHTa)K nOA HaBeC;

- 3a MOHTaX Ha 3aKpHTO B HeOTO[n.rIeMO I{jIH OTOTUTSeMO nOMeII{eHlIe.

Hafi-rexru ca ycnoBnrra Ha pa6ora na EA sa MoFTa)K Ha orKpr,rro, tbfi Karo re He-

npeKbcHaro ca noAroxenr,r Ha qennr cneKrbp or MereopoJrorrdqHr,r Sarropr,r: BrrcoKr,r

H HprcKH TeMnepaTypr.r, cnbHqeBa paAr{aqlr.fl, Brara, AbXA, 3aneAsBaHe, 3aMbpcqBaHe,

3anpauaBaHe H Ap. Craugaprbr cneqnQuryrpa Aonycrr4Moro cbAbpxaHr,re Ha Bpe.qHn

na3oBe H npax B oKoJrHara cpeAa. EA, pa6o'reqn Ha 3aKpnro Ho B xHM[rqecKH, raJr-BaHI,IqHI4 H Ap. qexoBe n npeAnpr.rsryrs., ca nopo)KeHrr Ha geficrnnero Ha arpecHBHH

cpeAlr: xHMI{qecKr{ ra3oBe (cepuu, a3ornll I,I Ap. cbeArrHenux), K}rceJrI,tHI,I, ocHoBH H Ap.

Koncrpyrrlnnre Ha EA, npeAna3HaqeHr{ 3a pa6ora B MuHr{, HsKon BHAoBe xuMnrrecKn,

BOeHHT{ tt AP. npou3BoAcrBa Tpq6Ba Aa 6bAar ffipusofinonacHu, r.e. pa6orara }rM AaHe MOX(e Aa npe.qlr3BuKa B3pr,rB B oKOJrHaTa B3ptrBOOnaCHa CpeAa.

Orgelun qacrr.r or EA ca noA Hanpe;KeHve unv ca no4eu;rHr,r H cnyqafiHoro ur"r

AoKocBaHe e onacHo 3a o6c-rryxuau$.rq nepcoHaJr. 3a gaqnra Ha nepcoHana or cny.rafliHo

BbBEAEHI'IE

AoKocBaHe Ao re3u qacrll, a raKa cblqo H 3a 3au.u,rra na EA or npoHIlKBaHe B Tsx Ha

TBbpAI.r reJla, npax u BJrara, Te ce o6esonacflBar. Hsnor3yBar ce pa3n[qHu crefleHuHa 3aIqLITa, .qaAeHx B craHAapra, Kor,rro ce or6ers3Bar cbc cr,rMBora IP r.l Ase rytQpu,OT KOHTO:

- nbpBara e or 0 Ro 6 u o3HatlaBa creueHTa na 3auIHTa or npoHr{KBaHe Ha rBbpALr

TenailJtn npax n EA;

- BTopara e or 0 go 8 It o3HaqaBa cre[eHTa Ha 3arrlrrra or npoHr.rKBaHe Ha BoAa B

EA.

Kaqecrserume H KorIutIecrBeHHTe 3Haqenr.rs na t$,rQpr,rre ca AaAeHu B craHAapra.Tara Hanpl{Mep cI,IMBoJrbr IP00 osHaqaBa, qe EA He e 3arrlrrreH or npoHr{KBaHe Ha.ry)(AH Tetla, npax I{ BoAa LI qe cb[{ecrByBa Bb3MoxHocr 3a AoKocBaHe Ao HeroBHqacfl,r IIoA HanpexeHne wrl,lB AEr,u(eHr.re.

IlsncrsaHn.r.Crangagrrtre flocraBsr MHoxecrBo rr3r{cKlaHng KbM EA, ocHonnr{Te orKOHTO CA:

a) eucorca eKulnoamaquoHHa nadexdnocm.Otrazrare trpu pa6ora Ha HrKor.r BHAoBe

orroBopHl{ EA uo4xt Ao roneMli I{KoHoMHqecru sary6u, MarepuarHr,t qerr,r, qo-BetuKLI )KeprBH tt gp. Taruna ca HanpnMep HrrKoH EA, pa6orelr{H B eueprnfilraraclasleMa, B xI{MI{rrecKI{ rI Mr.rHHH npeAllpHrTvrs., B TpaHcnoprHH cpeAcTBa H Ap.;

6) Qy nnauo HcLnHo - mexHu4e cKu. Mex(Ay Kor,rro :

- rne.Ivtneparnypama na EA H HeroBHTe qacTli npr{ HoMr.rHaneH pe)KnM Ha pa6oraHe rpx6na Aa [peBl{txaBa or{peAeneHu .qonycrr{Mu crofinocru, perJraMeHTupanr{or craHAapa. EA tpx6na Aa noHacnr 6es nonpe4{ KparKorpafiHoro geftcrnue(enexrpo.q,rHaMnqHo r{ TepMuuHo) Ha roKa Ha K.c.;

- Ko.MymaquoHHume EA mpadea da *toeam da rco'vymupam moKo*eme, Ba

KoHTo ca qpeAlraguaqenl{ I{ Aa ltMar ueo6xo4ruara MexaHHqHa r.r eneKTpnqecKaH3Hocoycroftuunoct, rapaHTl{paqa onpeAeaen6pofi KoMyrarluoHrrrc q}rKJru. Hafi-Tex(bK e pe)KI{MbT na pa6om Ha npeKbcBaqr,rTe 3a HucKo I,I Br,rcoKo HanpexeHr.re,Kolrro rpr6na Aa Morar KoMyrr{par r{ ToKa Ha K.c.;

- usonaquatna na EA rpx6ra Aa Mo;Ke Aa noHacfl HeorpaHr,rqeHo AbJrro BpeMeHoMI,IHarHoro pa6orHo HanpexeHrce, a raKa cbrrlo a KparKorpafiHn npeuanpexe-nux (c parrruqHa roneMnHa H npoAbn)Kurerxoct), KoHTo Morar Aa ce rroffBsr rrplreKcrnoara4.la. Tpr6Ba Aa ce IdMa npeAplrA, qe npu eKcnJroarar{Hs KaqecrBaraHa u3onal+,ItTa ce BnoruaBaTBcne.qcTBr{e Ha npax,3aMbpcsBaHe oT HeopraH}rrrH}r

tr opraHr,rqHr{ BeqecTBa, Bllara, neA, Eb)KA, CJrbHqeBa p !M.aws. }r Ap.;

- EA, oco6eno pa6orerqr,r B TpaHc[oprHr.r cpeAcrBa, MoHTnpaHH Ha MeraJro-pex(eulil MauII,IHI't Ir Ap., rpx6na .qa ca ycmortuueu Ha JaexaHuqHu oasdeficmeu.n(yAapn, nu6paqnn, ycKopeHr.rq r{ Ap.). 3a Hcron roreMn pr cKbnocrpynarqH EAga BH ce nocraBflT onpeAeneHil u3ucKBanus. 3acer.r3Moycrofiuunoct;

l

ll

-:)l

lil

t

tu,I

Page 9: EA - u4ebnik

16 EJIEKTPUqECKII ATIAPATI4. qACT I

- eKonoeuqHocrn. HgucrnanufrTa 3a eKonorurrHocr Ha npol'I3BoAgrBoro I'I eKc-

nroararg,rqra na EA HenpeKbcHaro ce yBennqaBar. Te ne rpx6na Aa ca [3TO!IHI{K

Ha 3aMbpcrrBaHe Ha oKoJrHara'cpeAa c MacJIo, fiouusupanH ra3oBe, BpeAIil{ Belqe-

grBa, UyM, Bn6paryil{ I{ AP. AorryCTIlMuTe HI'IBa Ha 3aMbpctBaHe ce HoPMI'IpaT' B

nocneAHo BpeMe Bce noBerle BHEMaHIIe ce o6pbu{a Ha Bb3Mox(HocTTa 3a nbnHo

peI${KJIHpaHe Ha u3non3yBaHnTe MaTepudnw n EA cneA I{3TI'IrIaHe Ha eKcILno-

aTaquoHHHt HM CpOK;

epeoHolvtultHoctn u ecniemuraHocm. YAo6crso u 6egonacuocr npl{ o6cnyx<BaHe

I,I peMoHT; pa3nonot(eHueTo, roneMuHaTa I'I QopMI'ITe Ha opraHI'ITe 3a ynpaBne-

Hr.re H perynrpaH€ u AP., tpx6ea Aa 6bAaT cbo6pa3eHg c ncgxoQueuvullte u

aHTpOnOMeTpI{qH}I AaHHII ua o6Cly;rcBalqn.fi nepcoHan' C MycKynHATa CvilA' Cvt-

ilaTa Ha 3peHI4eTo v cnyxa u gp. EmetuquocTTa ce n3pa3rlBa B cbpa3MepHocTTa

H KpaCOTaTa Ha QopuHte, IIBeTOBSTe' HaAnHcIITe u AP. Oco6ego noBHIueHu ca

egrerr{trur4Te pr3HcKBaHHr KbM EA npegnagnaqerrl'l 3a 6HToBa ynorpe6a;

- eneKmpo^4aeHumla c6atytecmu.Mocrn. Pa6otara Ha MHoro BI'IAOB9 EA e cnrp-

3aHa c r.r3JrbqBaHero LrJrr,r Bb3npHeMarrero Ha eneKTpoMarHHTHll BbJIHH C pa3-

nuqHa gSlxuHa. 3a noprrlaJrHara pa6oTa Ha re3l{ EA (OCO6enO B CnyqauTe Ha

roJIflMaTa I,IM KOIil{eHTpaLU,Is, Hanp. B TpaHcnOpTHI'I cpeAcTBa), a TaKa cbII{O lI

Ha Apyru BI,IAOBe ycTpofi cTBa (KoMnIOTbpHI'I' KoMyHI'rKaqHoHHI'I' IBMepBaTeJIHI'I

r,r Ap.), e Heo6xOAIrMO .qa ce yAoBneTBoptrBaT HopMI4Te Ha eneKTpOMarHHTHaTa

cbBMecrgMocr. B qac11oct pa6orara Ha EA He rps6Ba Aa e H3TotrHI'IK Ha paruro

H TeJTeBH3HOHHH CMyUIeHHTI;

- pa3nnqHltTe BuAoBe EA Tpt$Ba Aa yAoBneTBopsBaT V cnequfuuqHu usucK-

e1Hut KaTO 6bp3OAeitqIBI,Ie, TOqHOCT' IIyBCTBI{TeJIHOcT ll AP' BCU'Irn BI'IAOBe

EA Tpf6Ba Aa HMaT Bb3MoxHo nO-MaJIKa 11a1a1a' ra6apHTH, cTOftHocT H Ap' Te

Tps6Ba Aa ca yAo6nu 3a rpaHcnopr, MoHTa)K, 3aMsna (I'I3IItno vrtw Ha orAenHlt

qac-rlr), Hac-rpoftKa, npoBepKa' noAl(bpx(aHe Ir AP';

B) npous7odcmeeuu u uKotto.t+tutrecKu. Cepnfilrocrra Ha npon3BoAcrBoro' Heo6xo-

Ar,rMr4Te nnouln I,r rexHr{qecKo o6opyABaHe, TexnoJrorur{Hocrra Ha KoHcrpyKlur-

sTa caBaxHH Qarropu, KolITo p,ltptssT cbII{ecTBeIIo Bbpxy KaqecrBaTa Ha EA'

I4ronor,ru.recKnTe Qarropu Karo Hr{cKa ce6ecroifuocr, ManKll HaqaJrHI'I Karu{-

TaroBJro)KeHI,It gbtrlo r{MaT BaxHo 3HalIeHI,Ie flpll B3eMaHe Ha pelueHple 3a npol{3-

BoAcTBoTo Ha eAI,tH IInu Apyr BLIA EA, 3a HerOBIlTe QyHrqnoHaIHo-TexHI'IqeCKI'I

LI eKcn-nOaTaL{tIoHHH KaqecTBa. YeCtO IIITII 3a TtXHaTa OqeHKa I{ CpaBHeHI'Ie

ce rr3noJr3yBar cneqnQuunr,r rexHHKo-[IKoHoMLIqecK[I noKa3areJlH' Ha[pI'IMep:

Maca/aMnep; o6eM/kV; qeHa/kW, ro.qr{ruHll eKcuoaraIIHoIrHI{ pa3xoAl'r I'I Ap.

I4a6poenr,rre r43r.rcKBaHr,rs KbM EA n rexHr{Te KaqecrBa KoM[tIeKcHo ce cbqeraBar B

KOHKJpeHTHoCnoCo6noCtra HM. B ycIOBuqTa Ha cbBpeMeHHIts oTBopeH cBtT I'I rJIo-

6annzaws. Ha na3apa KoHKypeHTHoc[oco6Hocrra npHAo6I'IBa Bce no-ronsMo 3HaqeHlte

BbBEAEHI4E

3a noBtrruaBaHe Ha rexHlIKo-I,IKoHoMI{qecKLITe xapaKTeplIcrIlKI'I Ha EA, 3a rtxHoro pa3-

Br,rTr,Ie u o6HoBsBaHe Ha ocTapeJruTe pelueHlrlr H TexHolIorI{Il c uo-HoBI'I.

Hafi-qecro AaAeH Br4A KorrcrpyKr1l,tf, Ha EA ce l{3nbffIsBa Karo cepus c pa3nI'IqHI'I

HOMT4HaJTHH TOKOBe, HanpexeHufl. u Apyl.n napaMeTpl'I 3aAOBOntBaIrIH CbOTBeTHUTe

Hy)KAr,r Ha norpe6[Te/rnTe. B rogu cnyqalr cepulra EA cngrpxa HsKonKo tnunopas-

rvepa (npegc"ranureJil4 or cepunra c onpeAeilenr HoMLIHaJIHH napaMerplr u ra6aplITHI'I

pa3Mepg) n HsKoJrKo munousn6nHeHut (napnaHr Ha rl,Inopa3Mepa, He Bnltteul Ha

ra6apnTHl,tTe pa3Mepll). Tara HarIpI'IMeP cepnfl KoHTaKTopH 3a npoMeHJIHB ToK Mo)Ke

Aa BKnrcrIBa rtr[opa3Mepr,r c HoMHHaJrHr,I ToKoBe: 6, 1O, 25,40 A, raro BceKI'I Tunopa3-

Mep r.rMa THnor.r3nbJrHeHI,Ir, pa3nl'rqaBalqu ce no HoMuHatIHoTo HanpexeHHe Ha HaMoT-

Kara Ha 3a.qngxrBarqu{ eJreKTpoMarHlrr:22O,380V. Tnnopasrrlepl4Te na EA 3a HH

o6urHoseHo ce pa3nriqaBar no HoMr,rHaJreH ToK, a 3a BH - no HoMHHaJTHo HarlpexeHHe

I,I TOK.

B ganucuMocr or KorrgqecrBoro nporBBe)KAaHH afiaparl{ To 6usa: eAHHntIHn

6pofiru, Ape6no cepufiHo LI eApocepufiuo.

3a gorasnaHe Ha KaqecTBaTa u cborBerc'TBl,Iero gbc craHAaprI'BaI{pIoHHHTe }I3HCK-

BaHr,rfl npor,BBeAeHlrre EA ce noAJrarar Ha LI3nI4TBaHH.{, 3a KolITo ce u3rorBsr nporo-

KoJrH r{ ceprnQuKarryroHHlr AoKyMeHTu. Hannrnanusra Ha EA qe:rlr oruTHoro oflpeAe-

rrHe Ha Kaqec"TBegr.tre H KoJrlrtrecrBeHl4 xapaKTepHcrI,IKI{ Ha anapara. 3a nporexAaHe

Ha HrrKoH oT H3nr.rTBaHprrrTa ce H3noJr3yBaT CJIO)KHI.I I{ CKbnO Crpyrarqu cbopb)KeHl',Iu.

lfgnnrnannnra Ha EA Hafi-o6qo Morar Aa ce pa3Aen.flT Ha ABa BIrAa: TIrnoBIr H

KOHTpOIHU*.

Tunoeume usnumeaHus ce IrpoBe)KAaT Bbpxy oKoHqarenHo 3aBbplueHn eAI4H HII'I

roBeqe anapaTu, npoI,BBeAeH[ no orpeAeneHa KoucTpyrqrar (u'rn, BH,q) clo6parno

r,r3HcKBaHHXTA HA BCAqKH CTaHAapTr{3ar${o}rHI{ AOKyMeHTH, KOLITO Ce OTHaC'T AO Hefl.

Konmponnume usnumaaHua (uapuvaHn ou1e npueMHo-npeAaBaT eaHu) ce npoBe)K-

AaT Bbpxy BceKr{ aflapaT no oTHotueHlre caMoHa HtKo[I II3I4CKBaIIHS, AaAeIIH B CTaHAap-

Tr{3arIEoHHHTe AoKyMeHTu 3a oTAenHI,rTe BI{AoBe EA (uanp. II3III'ITBaHe Ha u3oraqugTa

Ha flpeKbcBaqtr BH, onpeAensHe Ha roKa rra 3aAeficrByBaHe Ha HtKoI{ peJrera, It3Mep-

BaHe Ha rpeluKnle Ha ToKoBH TpaHcOopMaTopH I.I Ap.). Crangaptute npeABI'IxAaT v

neplroAgqHu r43nr,rTBaHlr{ Bbpxy qacT oT anapaTu B cepl{fiHo npoH3BoAcTBo, KoHTo ca

rrpeMHHanlr npHeMHo-npeAaBaTeJrHl{ H3nHTBaHI.Iq KaTo yTotIHf,BaT neplroAutlHocTTa H

o6eurt Ha r.r3BaAKara.

Bnnpern rorcMoro cH MHoroo6pasue floBeqero EA ce cbcrorlT or cJreAHHTe o6uIH

eJreMeHTu (cucrenrn):

- mogoeodeu4 KoHmyp 3ae.Ero c KoHTaKTHrrre I{ Abrorac}ITenHlITe cI{creMI4;

- u3onaauoHHa cucmerta;

'flpn npoexrr.tpaHero r{ npou3BogcrBoro Ha EA uorar Aa ce npoBexAar I{ Apyrs BHAoBe I'I3nI'ITBaHH{

HanpuMep aa6oparopnfi, TexnorortrqHlr n Ap.

jt-

efr0580 hy

Page 10: EA - u4ebnik

t918 E-TIEKTPI4qECKH AIIAPATH. qACT I

- enewnportaeHurnHa 3aaewKean4a cilcmeJua (MafrtwonpoBoA r{ HaMorKr.r);

- JilexaHwlHa cucmeJila (KoHsrpyKTr,rBHr{ erreMeHTH, npy)Kr,rHr,r r.r 3alFr{xBarlu{ Me-

xaHH3Mn).

B EA ce nporrBrBar MHox(ecrBo cBbp3aHH noMe)KAy cra QurnuHH noJrera, npoqecr,r H

chJIoBH B3anMoAefictnm, ocHoBHHTe or KoI,ITo ca:

- fnotu\uHHu npoqecu;

- eneKmpoDanailu,anu cuttu;

- eneKmpu%ecKu KoHmaKmHu npoqecu;

- eneKmpu4ecna daea;

- eneKtnpuqecrcu nonema u npodue 6 usonaqutrna;

- eneKmpO.MAeHUmHu u .tileXAHULlHU npOqeCU O eneKmpOJUAeHUmHUme cucme*tu.

Ha nprn norneA HsKor{ or ue6poeHr{Te npoqecv ca MHoro nposrn.Tara HanpnMep eneKTpr{qecKlrrrr KoHTaKT ce cBbp3Ba c npornr{aHe Ha roK lrpe3IFe

nprirr,rcHarn qbc cr{Jra MeraJrHrI TeJra. 3a.rpa6oqeHoro H3yuaBaHe Ha eneKTpvatecKv.s

KoHTaKT noKa3Ba, qe B rrero ce nponBssar 10-15 Qu:nunu eQerru. B gasncuMocr

oT BHAa Ha KOIfTaKTHInTe Tena, TOIeMI{HaTa Ha TOKa, Harlpe)KerllleTo, CElIaTa, TeMne-parypara u Ap. QaTTopr4 Te3n eQerrn ce nporB{Bar B pa3nr{qna crenen, Koero npaBl{

r{3KJrrorrureJrHo rpyAHo onpeAen.rrHero Ha ocHoBHare napaMerpr{, xapaKTepu3upaqneneKTpnrrecKoro KoHTaKTHo cbelprneHne (roaeuuHara Ha npexo.qroro cbuporuBne-Hr,re, TeMneparypara, ToKa Ha 3aBapsBaHe, epo3r,rtrTa npil KoMyra4{n r{ Ap.).

ErerrpnvecKara Abra Karo rBJreHtle e cro)cHo cblreraHue Ha eneKTpr{qecKll H

rorrrrurHur.r npoqecu npu BHcoKa reMneparypa (npr,rrvrepno 5000-20000K). I4ryvananeroil, oco6eHo npr 6r'pso ABrDKeHr,re B pa3nuqHu cperor (uacao, Bb3Ayx, eJlera3, naryyrvr)H ycnoBn{ (n cne4ranHu Abroracr,rrerHu ycrpoficrna) e ace ouqe o6ert Ha MHoxecrBora6oparoprru H3cneABaHH-tr.

Crnpevrennoro pa3BHTHe n nporpeca s odracrra Ha EA ce odycnan.n or:

- u3nor3yBaHeTo Ha eneeaS u eaKwitt KaTo H3oJraru{oHHa H tr[broracr{TeJrHa cpeAa

B MHoro Br'rAoBe EA (ror"ryrar[,roHHn, H3MepBareJrH]r, rovrurrerrru);

- npuo)KeHr,re Ha HoBH c uoBurueHlt KarrecrBa Marepnaru (ronrarnm,.I{3onaqn-oHHIt, MarHr,rTnu r,r Ap.);

- mexHuqecKo c64emaeaHe u uHmezpupaHe na Qynrcquume Ha pasnuquu euDoee

EA norvexdy u-ilt, e maKa c6t4o u c docmu)KeHuama Ha nonynpoeodnurcooama,

.ivtutqonporyecopHama u usqucnumenHatna rnexHuKa. Ha rasn ocHoBa ce no{Bilxade:ronrarrHr,r aflaparr.r, eJreKTpoMarHfiTH c ynpaBnteMa xapaKTepucrr,rKa, KoM-

ureKTHr,r anapaTH 3a ynpaBneHHe H 3aqr4Ta Ha eneKTpoMoTopH, nporpaMl4pyeMllaBToMaru, r{HTeJrrrreHTHr{ eJreKTpHqecKH ra6aa u Ap.;

BbBEAEHI4E

- Hoeu o6nacmuHa npuJto)KeHue urru Hoau Qusuunu eQercmu. VlsnotsynaHero Ha

MarHr{Toonrnvrux eQem na (Dapagefi u enerrpoorlTlfiIHu;l e$err na floreac e

B OCt{OBaTa Ha Cb3AaBaHeTO Ha OmHKO-eneKTpOHH}l TOKOBI{ H Hanpe)KIITeIH}I I{3-

MepBarenrul rpaucQopMaropr{ sa BH. Ynopuro ce pa6otu u Betre cbulecrByBar

npaKTilqecKu pearHgaqr.rr{ B eKcrrJroararln.fl Ha EA, usno-rr3yBalqu cBpbxeneK-

TponpoBoAr.rMocTTa;

- usnonSyohHe Ha npuilwunHo Ho6u mexfuonoeuu u.Mamepuanu 3a ozpaHuqagaHe

Ha rnoKa Ha r6co caeduueuue.

EA ce nporcBetKAar npaKTnqecKr{ or Bcr,rrrKu r,rHAycrpltanHo pa3BHTI,I ctpanu. He

Mo)Ke Aa He ce cnoMeHe onnTa lr Aocrr,DKeHr{rra s o6rasrra na EA Ha raKfiBa Bo-

Aerrlrl cBeroBnr{ u erponeftcru Qr,rprvr}r Karo ABB, Cuuenc, Yectunrxay3, IIIHafiAep-

ereKTpI{K, ,{;renepaa eneKTptlK, Toruu6a n gp.

Erarapcroro npor.r3BoAcrBo Ha F.A nMa MHororoAlduHa ltcropl{ll Ha pa3BHT}Ie H

ycbBbpureHcTByBaHe I,I e u3BecTHo KaKTo y Hac, TaKa I{ pe4IIIa ApyrH cTpaHIr.

B.2. rIEn U 3AAAqn HA KHIIIATA

Ileara Ha Kurrara e Aa AaAe Ha qnrarem ocHoBHlI luurenepurr no3uau[t 3a

o6qr.rte crrcreMu, rpaAIrBHItre eJreMeHTu rr npoqecrrre na EA c orneA Ha:

- pa:6upaue Ha npuursrnure ua gefic'rnue, Qymqr.rr,ITe H KoHcrpyKI-{nLITe Ha orAen-Hr.rTe Br.rAoBe aflapaTlr;

- Bb3MOXHOCT 3a yCBOrBaHe Ha MeTOlU.rTe 3a [poeKTI,IpaHe, KoHCTpyIIpaHe n H3-

NNTBAHC;

- us6op, eKclrroara:qzrfl v floAAbpx(aue.

flpoerrnpaHero (aHaau:a u crrHTe3a) H uacnegnanero Ira EA ce peanu:,Hpa c u3-

[on3yBaHe Ha MoAen[Te nM.

Ocnonnara 3aAaqa rra KHHrara e rnrpax(AaHero Ira orrrocnTerHo npocrlrr Ho

,qocrarbrrHo roqnn reopernqna MoAenn 3a cHcreMHTe rr npoqeclrre n EA n no-cneuaaJrHo 3a TorrJIltHHlrTe npoqecll, eJreKTpoAHHaMrrrIHuTe crl'In, eJreKTpoMar-HnTHrrTe crrcTeMll, npoqecrrTe Ha KoMyTaIIar n eneKTpHrlecKuTe K0HTaKTH, eIeK-Tp[qecKara Abra u eneKTptrqecKara n3onaqrlfl. Pasue)KAar ce nHx(eHepHI{ Me-

TO,qn 3a peruaBaHe Ha TeopeTr{qHnTe Mo.qenn.

Moqe.rtnre r,r MogenrrpaHero unpa.rrr QyugarvreHTanHa ponf, B pa3nl4qHure o6lacruHa qoBeuKoro no3naHr,re: B acrpoHoMnrra (nanp. MoAerI,ITe Ha fltolollefi, KonepHmI Ap. sa Carnqesara crcreMa), nrn Qusmara (Hanp. MoAenI,Ire na Pr4tpSopA, Eop LI

Ap. 3a crpoexa na aroua), B ncropr,rrrra (Hanp. MoAenI{ Ha poAoBo-o6quneu, SeogaaenlI Ap. crpoene) u r.n. Tyr ce pa3rnexAar HaKparKo caMo H.sKotl BLIAoBe MoAenI,I B

TexHLrqecK[Te HayKfi r,r no-cneq,raJrHo B o6aacrra sa EA*.

'flonese nogpo6nocru rro ro3l.r Bbnpoc Mor-ar Aa ce HaMeprr n [2,36,81 j.

itI'

t't

ll

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Page 11: EA - u4ebnik

tr I

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iliirl

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2t20 E.IEKTPI{qECKH ATIAPATI4. qACT I

Mogerrlt e rnBecruo lrerrbJrno Konr're Ha AeficrnureJrHara (opnrrmarrnara) cnc-TeMa I{ flpoqec, Koero no onpeAeneH HarrHH ru npeAcTaB.fl, 3aMecrBa n cnyx(H 3aTtxlroro u3yrraBaHe. Mogerure nafi-o6ulo MorarAa ce pa3Aenrrr HaABe rpyil{: Mare-pnannv (uerqecrnenu) u Mr.rcrreun (reopenruru).

Erccnepu*teHmanHorno u3yqa6aHe Ha cucnrcJvrume u npoqecume ua EA cmaaa c,ramepucLnuu .nodenu, Koumo ca nododnu Ha mexHume opueuHcLnu. klsucrnamssraKbM Tflx ce H3yrlaBar or reoprrflTa :a nogo6ue.

,{ne cncreMn ca no4o6nnr'aKo B cxoAnrr MoMerrrrr or BpeMero B cborBercrBy-RaIqH cu rorrKn or npocrpancrBoro npoMennuB[Te BeJrrrqunrr (nnn napaMerpa) Pi,R+ ca nponopquoHaJrHlr, r.e. roeQuqreHrbT na nogo6ne EfiL; : Pi/ Ri : const.

Cxogcrnoro BbB BpeMero I4 cborBercrBrdero B ToqKare Ha npocrpaHcrBoro MexAyBeJILIqLIHLIT (naparvrerpr,rre) Ha ABere cr{creMrn rpr6na ga ce par6upa s Hafi-o6q cMucbnno HalruH, npucbu{ Ha pa3rnex(AaHnr KoHKpereH cnyuaft.

MoDenom ue e matdecmeeH Ha opueuHcLna, m,e, nododuemo He e e aficontomuoecwlKu omHotaeHur (a6conronro nogo6ne). TamB MoAen He cbulesrByBa r.r ue e Heo6-xoAHM. Moge.nnt e uogo6eu Ha opuruHaJra caMo B HsKor{ Ba)KHu cbulecrBeHu Han-paBneHHfi, KoHTo npeAcraBnssat Hafi-rorqM r.rrrepec [prd rrcneABanero, Karo cb-ueBpeMeHHo nonyqaBaHara npu w3crrq{Bauero uy r,rHQopuarlurr e AocrarbrrHo roqHa3a cborBerHLITe Hy)KALI. CnulecrnyBar pa3rtlrqnu BHAoBe nogo6ne: nbJrno, HenbnHou npu6rrasllTeJrHo, .Konro HMar pa3nnqHr,r crerreHn Ha cxoAcrBo MexAy opurnHanaH MoAena I4 cneAoBarellHo pa3nnqHo npu6rnxceHue Ao a6coarotroro no4o6ue. HanpaKTHKa nogo6nero e BLIHaTH upu6nn:merlHo, r,r ce orHacg caMo ga nafi-saxHl,rrecllcreMlt H npoqecu B KoHKperHH{ cnyqafi (nanp. ereKTpoMaFHnruo, Toru[,ruHo H Ap.).

Marepua.rrHuTe MoAenr{ H MoAenr.rpaue ce Aenqr Ha ABe ocHoBHr,r Fpynu:

1. @usFIHu MoAenIr rr MoAeJrnpauernpr4 Koriro cr,rcreMlrre, npoqeclrre H BeJrurrHHETe,

KoHTo rlr oIII{cBar laMar eAHaKBa Qn:uuHa npupoAa n cneAoBareJrHo r"rarqa6Hnre Ko-eQuqnentw, ca 6es pa3MepHocr (uucna). (Dngr.rqHnlrr MoAen Ha eAHH eneKTpoMarHlrre Apyr eneKTpoManHHT, Ha npeKbcBaq - Apyr flpeKbcBarr, Ha eJleKTpHqecKr4 KoHTaKT

- Apyr eneKTpltqecKrl KoHTaKT LI r.n. Oco6eHocrr,rre I{ Texrr}rKara Ha eKcnepuMen-THpaHero Ha MoAeJra ce 3ana3Ba cb[IaTa, KaKTO npH OpnruKaila, Ho pe3ynTaTHTe cenonyqaBar llo-necHo It Morar ga 6rgar no-Toqnrr, r,nfi xaro 3a MoAena ce Ha6nparnaft-ygo6nrare reoMerpuvxu pa3Mepra rpaHnqn Ha tBMeHeHr{e Ha BeJrnrrr{Hnre.

Ksu cr':gaBaHero ua Qn:nvnr.r Mogenr{ u MoAennpaHe Ha EA s cbBpeMeHHH ycno-BHr ce npu6arna:

a) npr,r MHoro MaJIKI{ IIJIH MHoFo I'oJreMH cl,IcreMn, npu KoHTo orIHTHoro r,rM I{3y-qaBaHe e npaKTHrIecKH HeBb3MOXHO;

6) npu n3cneABaue Ha cnoxnr,r Qusr,rvar,r npoqecrl, qr{ero MareMaruqHo on[caHlree HeAocrarbqHo roguo, Hanp. eneKTpuqecKa Abra H [porBHTe ir s onpeAeneHr{ycnoBufr. (npu gnnxeHne B Tecnr,r KaHarr4, [pr,r Bb3Aeficrsue cbc crpyrr Bb3.qyx,erera3 r.r Ap.);

BbBEAEHHE

n) npn r,r3yqaBaHe na nrageficrBnero Bbpxy onI{THH o6pasqu na EA Ha onpeAeJreHLI

BeJrnqrrHu (uanpexenue, ToK, nu6parg,rr,r I,I Ap.) 3a npoBepKa Ha cborBercrBlleronM Ha u3HCKBaHUtTa Ha CTaHAapTH3aI$IOHHI{Te [Oryr'reHtU. '

Yacren crryuafi Ha Quuvuoro MoAenr{paHe e eeo.tvempuqHomo, Koero He AaBa KoJrIr-

qegrBeHa, a caMo KaqecrBeHa nnQopr"rawlt. B o6nactta na EA roBa ca MaKerI,I Hanp.

oT AbpBo l,rnr,I Apyra MaTepr{s, Ko}rTo AaBaT [peAcTaBa 3a B3aI,IMHOTO pa3nOnO)KeHUe

Ha r{acTlrTe, HaqHHa Ha onaKoBKa, ycJIoBVSTA 34 TpaHCnOpT, MOHTaX I{ .qp.

Knrvr Qlr:ur{Horo MoAenr{paHe Mo)Ke Aa ce orHece v HamypHomo, Koero ce ocb-

rqecrBrrBa c peaJrHr4 EA, no npu onpeAeJreHl,t, KoHKperHlI ycroBlrq Ha eKcILnoaraIIHs

(uanp. npu pe)il{M Ha noBTopHo-BKnrctIBaHe, npI,I K.c. HII,I npeToBapBaHe H Ap.).

2. AnaaoroBu MoAerrr rr MoAeJrrrpaHerKouTo ce ocHoBaBar Ha eAHaKBara c-rpyl(Typa

(uaor"ropQHoc.r) Ha ypaBHewdx (unn cncreMa ypaBHeHLIs), onucuauryt pa3nlrrrnu no Sn-3urrHara cH npupoAa o6erna H flpoqecu. flpa roBa BcuqKu vrrtt4 qacr or cborBercrBy-

Barrdr.rre cr{ BeJruqr{Hn H napaMerpn Ha MoAeJra I{ opnrlluana uMar pa3nlrqxo SueuuuoecTecTBo u r"rau1a6Hr.ne roeQlrqllernu (sa noAO6ue) npI,ITeXaBaT pa3MepnocT.

PeAprqa MexaHr,rqur,I, TournuHtr, xr.rApoAriHaMI,ItIHI{, eneKTpuqecKl{ npoqec[ u noJrera

ce onucBar or eAHarsn arre6pnqHu, .qnQepenqsaJrmu IIJIH qacruo-4lQepeHlluanul'I

ypaBHeHr,rq, TaKa qe siqro or rqx, Mo)Ke Aa cny)KI,I ga ana-nor (uateuatruen uogen)r{a Koe Aa e Apyro or r.sx. B rosa orHorueHne enewnpuqecKume 'voDenu flpeAJrarar

uaft-roleun ygo6crna npn cb3gaBaHero, npoMflHa Ha [apaMerpure v u3cneABaHero

Ha Bert,lqllHuTe. Taxa Hanp. ypaBHeHr,rero Ha Jlanlac onltcBa BcLIIIKI{ BHAoBe crarHqHI'I

noneTa: xHApocTaTIlqHo, aepocTaTLIrIHO, TOrurOgraTHqHO, MaTHIITOCTaTHqHO, nolle Ha

TOK B npOBOArrrIa CpeAa KaTo nocJreAHoTo e ecTecTBeH aHaJIor 3a II3CneABaHe Ha

ocrarranlrre (rvretog c eneKTpoJrHTHa BaHa, c rBbp,rg npoBoAsulu cpe.4l, c AI'IcKperHlI

MpexoBn eneKTpol,IHferparoplt I,I Ap. ).Krrrr asaloroBoro MoAennpaHe ce orHact 14 IBnoJI3yBaHero Ha aHanoroBH H3-

rrucrrnTeJrHu Maruurrlr (AI{M), npu KoHTo cBbp3aHl{re noMexAy cH B onpeAeneH peA

oneparluoHrrr,r ycunBareJrr.r r,r3BbpruBar ocHoBHlITe MareMarHqHH onepar+,rn (cr6HpaHe,

rBBaxAaHe, uHTerpupaHe H Ap.). fipu ro3r,r BrrA MoAenH Ha BcflKa Qnsuuna BeJII,IqIIHa

Ha opHrr,rHaJrHaTa cucreMa HnH flpoqec cboTBeTcTBa etleKTpuqecKo Hanpe)KeHue B on-

pegeneHa roqKa or QoprvrrapaHara QymqrnonaJrua cxeMa xa ALIM.flo ctrqectBo arraJroroBuTe MoAenr{ H MoAeJIupaHe npeAcraBJllBa npaKT}IqecKH

enercmpu.recKo cu-MynupaHe Ha QuruuHr.rre npoqecn. B HcropHqecKLI acneKT e 6nao

[rrpoKo H3[on3yBaHo cpeAc.r]Bo npH npoeKTr4paHeTo 14 I'I3yrIaBaHeTO Ha npoqecllTe B

EA. floHacroq[IeM HeroBara poJrfi B Ta3r,r o6racr e Bce no-MaJIKa, rrft raro ce 3aMeHq

oT KOMIIOTbpHO CuMynr{paHe, KoeTo npeAnara MHoro no-FoneMI,I Bb3MO)KHOCTH.

Pesyararnre or onr{THoro }r3cneABaHe Ha MoAe-rra (SusnqecKn vtrtv aHartoron)

Morar Aa ce H3[on3yBar r{ Aa ce oruecar KbM opnrl{Hana (cnctervra, npoqec) caMo

aKo Te ca nogo6uu, T.e. orroBapsr Ha r,r3r4cKBanutra Ha meopuama 3a nodo6ue. Ts

Page 12: EA - u4ebnik

2322 EIEKTPLIqECKH ANAPATI4. IIACT I

ce 6a3l4pa Ha rpl{ ocnoBurr reopeMr,r H HsKorrKo npaBnna 3a [oAo6ne, orHacsulr.r ce AocroxHr,I, Heauuefinn u aHrmorponHil cHcreMH.

OcHosHo noHsrr.re B Teopu{Ta ra nogo6ve e Kpumepusm sa nodo6ue, Kofrro npeA-craBJIffBa 6e:pa:rr,repeH KoMnneKc or BeJrr,rqHHu lr napaMerpu (vucao), roero ce 6e-rexu c 6yxnata zr. Hsxor.r Baxnr{ Kpurepnfi :a noqofiue ca HanMeHoBaHu }r o3naqeH}r

Ha HMeHara Ha yqeHu, Kouro ca rH Qopr"ry-rrr.rpa;il4 (nanp. rpnrepufi na Hroron - Ne,na (Dypnp - Fo, ua PefisorAc - Re r{ Ap.).

Kpurepunre 3a [oAo6ne ce r.r3non3yBar 3a HaMupaHe Ha uarqa6nre, Kor,lro cBbp3BarBennqIdHHTe H napaMeTpr,rTe Ha MoAena u opsrr.rHana.

Teopelrnre 3a noAodne ca cneAHHTe.[Iopea meope*tct (na Hrcmon) Qop'uynupa neodxodutaomo ycnoaua sa nodo6ue:

nodo6uume cucmeJvtu u npoqecu uJilarn qucneHo pa6Hu ,cputnepuu sa nododue, m.e.

r : inu : idem (coqomo).Bmopa rneoperta (na Eorcuneatu) onpeDena 6poa Ha Kpumepuume sa no\odue ua

dadeua cucmerta unu npoqec u ce Hapuqa ot4e r-meope-Ma. Ts raacn: Bc.fiKo rrbnHoypaBHeHI4e Ha QurnueH npoqec, 3an[caHo B onpeAeneHa cucreMa u3MepBarerH]r eAr{-uuqu (Hanp. Cn), Moxe ga 6rge npeAcraBeHo qbc 3aBrcr{Mocr MexAy Kpnrepr{r{re:a.nogo6ue - Kplarepuaruo ypaBneHlre. Or reopeMara cJreABa, qe, aKo o6u4uam 6pofilenwtuHu u napeilempu o daden npoqec ca rrl, om Koumo k ca ocnoenu e da\ena cuc-me.Ivta usJilepeamennu eDunuqu, mo 6posm Ha Kpumepuurne sa noDodue e i : rn - k.flpu rvroqenupaHero k ot seaaqr{Hure u napaMerpnre ce us6upar npor,BBonHo, Hoqeaecto6pa3Ho, a uaqa6nre Ha ocraHaJruTe ce onpeAerqr or m - k, Kpnrepur 3anogo6ne.

Tpema meopeJila (na fyx.uau-Kupnuvoo), uapuvaHa oule o6pama reopeMa, onpe-dena. neo6xodunume u Docmamo,t ru ycnoeus sa nodofiue u cborBercrByBa Ha ycno-Busra 3a eAlro3HaqHocr Ha peilreHnrra Ha ypaBHeun{Ta Ha MareMarltrruara Qn:nxa(rpaHuvnu n HarlarHrc ycrroBns, H3MeHeHLre Ha napaMerpare B npocrpaHcrBoro r{ Bpe-Mero H Ap.).

CtulemnyBar HrIKoJrKo MeroAa 3a onpeAer.f,He Ha Kprmepnr,rre 3a nogo6ne, Ho nI4H)KeHepHara npaKTma Hafi-.{ecro ce n3non3yBa MeroAbr c orHocHTeJrHI{ eAnHrrrIH.Cnopeg ro3LI MeroA cHcreMHTe (npoqecure) ca nogo6Hn, aKo ca paBHr,r scnqrure iorHocarerHn BerI{tIHHI{ H napaMerpw Pi, Rf n otHocvrentnu eAuHr,ilryr (otuecenH rtrvrnpnerrl 6asosu cT ofisocna), T.e., aKo

(B.l )

KbAero cllcreMara oagosn croiiHocrlr PU, Rn e u:6paHa B cborBercrBae c r-TeopeMara (nanp. npH oflpeAersHe Ha 6asIzcHI,I Berr{rrHHr{ 3a roK, Hanpe)KeHHe H MouI-Hocr Morar Aa ce us6epar caMo ABe He3aBt4cyrv.vt, a rperara e ranracnrvra).

BbBEAEH14E

TeopetuugqTe Mo,qenu B TexHuqecKr{Te HayK}r, B qacrnocr B o6nacrra na EAr,rMar xapaKTep Ha MareMarrrqn[ MoAeJrrr, flpeAcraBsr.r{n B lrBHa HJM HeflBHa Qoprrra3aBnclrMocTHTe MexAy Benr{qr,rHr4Te r4 napaMerpr4Te Ha AaAeH o6ert (crcteua, npor.lec).

Tegu sasncr{Mocrn Morar Aa npeAcraBnsBar ypaBHeHn-fi r.rJrlr cucreMa or ypaBHeHu.r{

(o6nrnoneHn, .rnnQepeHIIr.IarHH, rlactHo guQepenquannu ngp.), cntpsBalqu IIoMexAynM yrracrByBa[Iure BenHqHHn r,r napaMerpu sa o6erra. B rogu cMHcbJr meopemuq.Husm

*toden na EA npedctnaentea .MatneuramuqecKo onucaHue Ha ecu.tKu Heeoeu cucme.)ntu npouecu, o6e3nevaeat4u Qynrc4uonupaHemo ,ty npu paanuwu ycnoeua u pexu*tu.

TeoperuuHnre MoAenr{ ce r,Brpa)KAar Hnu Ha ocnoBa ua o6o6qaBaHe n cucreMaril-3npaHe ua Ha6moAeHuJr r{ rmMepBane (Hanp. 3aKoubr sa Orvr r.r 3aKonbr Ha (Dypue

3a KoruqecrBoro npeHeceHa ronauua), HrH no r,rHAyKTHBHt4s. v AeAyKTLTBHI{n nbr Ha

IIO3HAHI,IETO.

,{o reoperl{qHuf, MoAen Ha BceKH o6ert ce Aocrura Br,IHarr{ no nbrt Ha u3Becrnllpa3yMHn onpocrrBanns. H a6crparrpn, He Bnr{rerr{H cbu"lecrBeHo Bbpxy roqHocrraHa MOAena H [Onyr{aBaHaTa rlpe3 Hero KOJIHqecTBena unSopMa4,u 3a npoTt{qalqnTe

[poqec]r. 3a u.rrocrpaqr{r Moxe.qa ce pa3rneAa BKJrK)qBaHero Ha eneKTpEqecKI,I npo-Bo,q{r{K KbM I&}ToqHtaK Ha nocrogHno nanpexcenue. Cneg I€BecrHI{ Ao[ycKaHlit pean-Husr npoBolpr,rK Moxe Aa 6rAe 3aMeHeH or eneKrpnqecKa Bepura cbc cbcpeAoroqeHrnapaMerpn: cbnpornBnenr,re B r.r rHg5lrrnBHocr ,L. Teopetr{qHldtr (r"rareuanauHnxr)MOAen Ha BKnK)qBarreTo Ha rrpoBo4ilrKa KbM n3TorIHr{K Ha nocTorrHHo Hanpe)KeHne

U ce cncron or ypaBHeHHt, onl4cBaulu eneKTpr,tqecKr,It, Torurt,rnun.n t,t MexaHnvlrnunpoqecu (nc.rre4crnne Ha eneKTpopnaMurrHr,rre cunn), T.e.3aBncrrMocrrrre Mex(Ay Be-

nuqr,rnnTe H napaMerpuTe Ha re3r4 [poqecn. Aro nporuqaururr roK i nrs BepararaHe e rorflM, To reoperr,rqHr{rrr MoAen Mo)Ke Aa ce onpocrn Karo ce npeHe6perurarTOITJil{HHr{Te H MeXaHUqHr,rTe npOqeCH r,r Aa Ce CBeAe CaMO AO eneKTpr4qecKr.rr npoqec,onI{cBaH c ypaBHeHr{eTo

(8.2)

Hegauncur"ro or HaqHHa, no roftro ce Aocrr4ra Ao AaAeH Teoperl{qeH Mo.qen, tofino.EPIIexu Ha oru,rTHa npoBepKa KaTo Pe3yJrTaTr,rTe oT r.r3non3yBaHeTo My ce cbnocTaBsTc TaKHBa, nonyqenrd Hanp. or l.r3cneABaHe H H3MepBaHe Ha peanHn o6errn HJrr,r rexHlrMaTepuanHr,r MoAeJrr,r.

TeopeurvHr{Te MoAenH Ha eJreKTpnqecKflTe ycrpoficrna r{ B qacrHocr Ha EA ca ua.@e HUBa: noJre H Bepnra.

Ilorrennnr MoAeJr AaBa onHcaHr4e Ha npocrparrcrBeHo-BpeMeHuure Fo/reMHHr.r Ha

BeJIuqI{HInre (n rovrHre Ha norero r,r MoMeHTr.rre Ha BpeMero) ra o6rarnoBeno ce r,r3-

pa3tBa qpe3 cucreMa qacrHo gnQepeHrdr,ranHn ypaBHeHm. Cncreuara ypaBHeHr.rfi Ha

Marcyen ca reoperuuen (uareMarr{qeH) rvroAe.rr Ha eneKTpoMarHr4THoro nore. B pe-Auqa qacrHl,l cnyr{au e EA rofi r"roxe Aa ce onpocrn npn nporrBa Ha ereKTpocrarr4rrHo,BllxpoBo, MarHlrroAr4HaMHqHo n Ap. B[rAoBe norera (nx. r. 3.1).

Pi:*:4:#;,

&,

i'l

Page 13: EA - u4ebnik

EJIEKTPHTIECKI,I ANAPATH. qACT I

Bepn:runre eJreKTprrqecKrr MoAeJrIt npor.BTurraT oT noJIeBHTe I| ce orHacrr.qo uH-

TerpaJrHr{Te xapaKTepucrr{Kn: ToK, Ha[pexeH]Ie, HHAyKTI{BHogr H Ap. Te ce H3pa3flBar

qpe3 3aKoHr.rre Ha Ortr r.r Knpxon 3a eneKTpuqecKllre Bepl{ru, KaKTo u qpe3 3aKoHI'ITe

Ha (DapaAefi r,r Arrrnep 3a Bpb3Kara Me)KAy eneKTpntrecKll H MaTHI,ITHH BeJrI{IIHHI{. fIPu

cb3AaBaHero Ha Bepr{xHr.r MoAenr{ Ha Apyrn Qr.nlrunu npoqecta n EAutnpoKo rlpunox(e-

Hne HaMr,rpaT pa3nHqHnTe aHarorrrH r,r cb3AaBaHeTo Ha 3aMecTBaIq[ eneKTpuqecK[l

cxeMII: eneKTpoMarHI{THa, eneKTpoToIIttHHHa, eneKTpoMexaHHqHa I'r Ap.

3a noayuaBaHe Ha roluqesrneua uuQopMaIIIdt or Teopernqn[Te (r'rarelraatuuHllte)

MoAenu re rpx6ea Aa ce peurar flpu qborBerril,I ycnoBus, cneIIHQuuHtl 3a orAenH]ITe

KOHKpeTHn Cilyqa'i.Klacu.recKara HH)KeHepHa npaKTlIKa H3non3yBa aHaJILITIITIHI'I, rpaQuunn, npaQo-

aHarnTr.rqHr.r r,r Ap. MeTOAr.r 3a perrjaBaHe Ha BepHXHATe MOAenu v aH'a'IfiiTntmHTe Me-

T9AH Ha MareMarnrrHara Qr,lar,tra (r"rerog c Qynrqut Ha KoMnJIeKcHa npoMeHrl{Ba' c

Synrqru na fpuu, c pa3AensHe Ha [poMeHnI{BvITe H Rp.) sa peruaBaHe Ha nolleBllre

MOAenr,I.

Taxa Hanp. ypaBH. (8.2), onlrcBaulo npoqeca Ha BKrK)tIBaHe Ha R, L B,epul'a KbM

r.I3ToqHlrK Ha nocrorrHHo Hanpe)KeHne Moxe Aa ce perufi aHaJrI4Tl'It{Ho, rpaQuuHo' qpe3

QHsuueu unfi aHaJroroB MoAen

B ctnper"reHHara npaKTHKa 3a pe[raBaHe Ha Bce no-cnoxHl,I (u no-tovnra) 'reope-

THr{r{Lt (ua'rer*arr.runn) Mo,qenu B HayKara u rexHI{qecKI,ITe npunoxeHrar (n tlacrHocr

n EA) HapacrBa ponsra Ha KoMrrrorbpnuTe (wcaeHnte) rttetogn, xapaKTeplBHpaIrIH

ce c onpocrqBaHe Ha [3qHcJrHTeJrHure npolleAypu (uHcleno I,IHTerpHpaHe, gnQepeuqn-

paHe, npeAcraBflHe Ha neluueitHn 3aBHcHMocrI,I u,qp.). Pearuu.lre QusutIHH Berfiqlll{H

H napaMeTpH r,r TrxHoTo Lr3MeHeHr.re BbB BpeMeTo H npocTpaHcTBoTO Ce npeAcTaBsT oT

cbBKy[Hocr or qlrcra. Pewenuemo Ha meopemuqHua *toden (eeputrcen unu noneeu) npu

onpedenenuKoHKpemHuycnoaut onlKo.tvnrcmapHanpoep*ila ce Hapu4arco.Ivtruom6pHo

(uucneno) cuJvynupane.B o6naeyra Ha pe[IaBaHero Ha noJIeRI,ITe MoAeJIH xafi-ruuporo

npnno)KeHlre HaMr{par qr{creHnTe MeroAI,I c rpafinr,t eneMerrru, c rpaHHqIrH etIeMeHTV

u c rpafiHu pa3rHKI{.

B nacmoan4ama ntLtea ce pa3enexdam eepu)KHu u Harcou noneau *toDenu 3a onu-

catge u uscnedoaHe Ha cucme*tume, enerreHmume u npoqecufne e EA, sadauume

c66psaHu c me3u ttodenu, rcanno u KnacuqecKu utDrceHepHu rremodu sa pewaaaHemo

u*; KovrntorbpHoro ctrMynnpaHe Ha reoperI,IqHI,I MoAenLI 3a aHaJrH3 lt cHHTe3 na EA

ca o6em Ha no-HararbrrJHo pa3[rnprrBaHe Ha I{HXeHepHoro no3HaHue B tasll o6racr.

rNABA NbPBA

TOnnuHHtA nPouEcl4

1.1. OCHOBHI,I IIOJIOX(EHI{fl

Tounnata e eHeprnt Ha ABI,DKeHLIeTo Ha qaCTuqHTe Ha MaTepngTa: TpenTeHe Ho MO:

neKynuTe r,r aroMlrre Ha rBbpAI{Te rela (npr,r rvretaJII'ITe I{ ABHxeHI'Ie Ha cso6o4ll'Ite

.rr"*tpo*); xaOtr,rvuo ABLIxeHHe Ha qacrgLlnTe Ha Q;1y1arur (raaone u TeqHocTr'r)' Teu-

flepaTypara e MqpKa 3a TOrIrHHara.

Pa6orata na EA Br.rHar[ e cbnpoBoAeHa C npeo6pasyBaHe Ha qacf oT eHeprusTa B

TotrJnrHa, KOttTO :a ygO6CmO e npUeTO Aa Ce Hapuqa "31ry6vl" (OcneU B eneKTpoTep-

MurrHr.rre yc*rpoftc-rna npeo6pa3yBarrlu eneKTpr,rqecKa eHeprlrt B TonJrIlHa). OOronmlte

LBToqHr{qn Ha ToIUIHIta s EA ca: Sary6u B npoBOAIII'TqnTe' B MarI{HTonpoBoAI'ITe' B

r6onaqnsra, or rpgege lr Ap. KoruqegrBoro ronJrlfira, orAeJrena B EA ganncu or nPo-

AbnxI,ITenHocTTa Ha npoTErIau$,ITe llpoqecn' T.e. on pexHMI{Te I{M Ha pa6ota' Cnopeg

]22)pexuMLITe na pa6ota Hanp. Ha KoMyTaLUloHHnTe arapaTl'l ga HH ca:

- oceUtq7coe paKu.Ivt, np14 rofito ToKoBOAtLquTe tIacTIl upOBexAaT yCTaHOBe-

Htrrr ToK AOCTaTbTTHO Abnro BpeMe 3a AocTHraHe IIa TOIInIIHHO paBHOBeCUe Ha

a[apara, Ho He noBeqe or oceM qaca 6eg npeKbcBaHe;

- HenpeK6cHam p2Ku-tvt 6e3 KaKnBTo It Aa e nepuoA C IEKnlOqeH TOBap, npU xOltrO

TOKOBOArrrqlfTe qac-Tr.r npoBe)KAaT yCTaHOBeH TOK 3a nepl{oAH flo-roJreMl',I OT OCeM

uaca (cegrvruqa, Meceq unI'I AaXe rogranr'r);

- npeKlcHam nepuodu4eH uJltt nPerccHAm pergulvl, nplt KOfiTO nepnO.4ST OT BpeMe

c BKJ[OqeH TOBaP Ce CneABa oT nepuoA oT BpeMe c It3KJIlOqeH TOBap HMau-[ on-

peAeneHo cboTHoIIIeHLIe C nbpBHg IIepI/IoA' KaTO Il ABaTa nePHoAa ca AoqraTbqHo

KpaTKr{, 3A HaHe npeAr,r3Br.rKBaT AOCT}rraHe Ha TonnLIHHO paBHOBeCl,jeHA anapaTa.

Pexunom ce Hapulta ot4e noomopHo KpamKoepelyreHeH uJtu Ha nogmopHo eKnlott-

eaHei

- KpamrcoepuileHeH (rqamrcompaen) pexu*; npn xoftto nepnoAgTe oT BpeMe npe3

KOHTO npOTI{qa yCTaHoBeH TOK Ca AOCTaTbqHo MaIKI{, 3a Aa He no3BollsT Ha

allapaTa .qa AocTI{rHe TonII4HHo paBHoBecue. flpu tona uepuoAl'ITe oT BpeMe c

BKnrcqeH TOBap Ca oTAeneHH etru'IH oT Apyr nocpeAcTBOM nepnoAl oT BpeMe c

tl3KtrroqeH ToBap, qulTTO npol{bnxr.ITenHocT e AocraTbqHa 3a Bb3graltoBuBaHe

Ha paBeHcTBoTo Ha TeMnepaTypaTa c Ta3u Ha oxnaxAalllaTa cpeAa;

- .nepuoOuqeH pelKuJd, npv rofiro Aefictnnero ce noBTaprl 3aKoHoMepHo, He3aB!I-

CI,IMO AAnI{. TOBapbT e nocTotHe'l ultt4 npoMeHtlr{ ce'

itt*,iit*ru. .-,

Page 14: EA - u4ebnik

EJIEKTPHTIECKU ANAPATH. qACT I

Ktu rouLtHHHTe peruJvtu Ha EA rpx6na Aa ce orHece r,t ro3H Ha K.c., npn rofito cenonyqaBaT onacHH TorrJlHHHt{ t4 Apyrn HaToBapBaHr,IJr.

Touunnute aary6u rpn pex(nMure Ha pa6ora Ha EA ca pa3npeAenenr.r HepaB-HoMepHo s o6eMa nM H [oBHIrIaBar reMneparypara Ha KoHcrpyKTr,rBHlrre eJreMeHTH,

BCJIeACTBI,Ie Ha KOeTO TO[nUHaTa Ce flpeHacf, noMexAy r,rM r{ KbM oKorHaTa cpe,qa.flpoqecnre Ha rolulonpeHacsHe ca: TonnonpoBoAr.rMocr, KoHBeKrurs n rbrrenr,re.

Haii-qecro re ce nporlBtBar eIuoBpeMeHHo, Ho B KoHKperHr,r cnyqall Moxe Aa AoMr.r-Hupa HtKofi ot rsx. TonanHuoto cbcroflHue Ha EA ce xapaKTepH3r4pa c meilnepatnyp-Homo .Iily none - cKanapHo none or crofinocrrlre Ha reMfleparypara 0 n to.txute MHa npocrpaHcrBoro r{ MoMeHTHTe t na BpeMero

(1.1) e: f (M,t).

Yact or orAeneHara ronnl{Ha (:ary6u) floBnuraBa. TeMneparypara Ha anapara r4

eneMeHTI,ITe Ha KoHCTpyKIS{tTa My, aApyra qacT ce oTAens B oKoJrHoTo npocTpaHcTBo(cpega). flpoqecnt npoAbruKaBa Ao HacrbnBaHeHaycmaHoseH monJruHeHpeKu.wt,ilpt4rofiro :ary6r,ne ce orAenrr H3rlrno B oKorHara cpeAa H TeMneparypara Ha EA r.r

ereMeHTnTe My He ce npoMeHr, T.e. npn

(1.1a) 0:f(M).3a npartnqecKfi qefi{ B cborBercrBr.re c u3ucKBaHero Ha crarrAapra ce uplreMa, qe

ycrnaHooeH monnuHeH paKuJvl e Hacm6nurL aKo 3a eduu raac me-thnepamypama na EAce npoJile*a c He noaeqe om l"C.

Buecto geftctnnreanara reMneparypa 0 na EA u Ha eneMeHT[Te My qecro ceI,I3nOr3Ra npeepaeaHemo (npeeuwaeaHemo) r nai meJvnepamypama 0g Ha oKonHarnacpeda

I . TOnJIHHHH TIPOIIEC?I

Mo)Ke Aa 6bAe cbqerano u c geftctnnero Ha roJreMr{ eneKTpopIHaMHqHH cwtn.Bncorrme reMrreparypr,r Morar Aa npels,r3BrrKar rrpoMffHa Ha xapaKTepI{crI{KI,ITe

Ha npyxr,rHn n N)yrn erac-TfiqHfi ereMeHTn, HeAonycrr,rMa npoMrlHa Ha eneKTpI{-qecKoTo cbnpoTnBneHl{e Ha ToKoBLI KoHTypH }I Ap.;

- sa u3onaquovHume.tnamepuclnu. Hauansnar Mexanr,Iqflrrre, xI{MrIqHI4Te I{ etreK-

Tpr,rqHHTe cnoficrna; [onyrraBa ce ycKopeHo crapeeHe, etIeKTpI{qecKI{ npo6un,

oBbnrcBaHe u Ap.;

- 3a rcoHmaKmuume caeduHeHua. flonuruasa ce cbflpor[BneHl,Iero; nonyqaBa ce

oKItcJItBaHe Ha Marept[allTe, pa3Ton.rlBaHe r.I 3aBaptBaHe Ha KoIfTaKTHI,fre Tera.

Cnscrrur Ha BpeArrnre BrusHu.fl Ha BxcoKnre reMfieparypl{ Bbpxy MareplrannTe

H KoHcrpyKTr{BHrlre eneMeHTH sa EA Moxe Aa 6rAe pa3rllipen c olqe MHoro Apyrnnpr{Mepn.

3a naualsBarre H ils6rsaHe Ha BpeArrr4Te nnsgeficrBnff Bbpxy MarepnaJrnre v eile-MeHTlrre na EA or noBurrraBaHero Ha reMneparypara, Tr ce orpaHuqaBa Ao onpeAeneHa

donycmrutta me.Mnepamypa, Ko{To e o[r{THo ycraHoBeHa I{ craHAaprlt3l,IpaHa. B ra6n.1.1 ca AaAeHr{ MaKcHManHo Aonycrr,rMure crolinocrr,r Ha reMneparypara 3a HsKor,r KoH-

crpyKTHBHn erreMeHTr,r finn cpery4 Ha EA B yeraHoBeu pexnM upu TeMneparypa Ha

oKoruara cpeAa +40"C.

[arunrre or ra6r. 1.1 ce oruacrr 3a ycraHoBeH, T.e. HenpeKbcHar pexr{M ua pa6oraHa EA, xofiro ce Aocrr,rra trpn noMnHaJrnr,rre My Bennqnnn (ror, Hanper(eHr,re, rrecrora

Tadlxqa 1.1. .{onycmMrr reMnepfiypn Ha eneMeuTnre Ha eneKTpnqecKrrre anaparu npuycTaHoBeH pe)Kr{M

27

(r.2) r:0-0o.Cquta ce, qe reMneparypara Ha oKonnara cpeAa He 3aBnc[r or npoqecnTe u or-

AeneHoro KonldrrecrBo rorurr{Ha s EA. Ts ce onpe.qenr or craHAaprnTe }r npeAcraB-nfiB,a MaKcHMaJrHara reMneparypa Ha Bb3Ayxa 3a onpeAerenlr Qu:nvHn r.l reorpaQ-cKlI ycnoBnx. Cnopeg 6rarapcxure H peAnua MerKAyHapoAr{r.r cranAaprn ce npueMado : *40oC.

flonnruasanero Ha reMfleparypara Ha EA scae.qcrBr4e na eary6nre e He6aaro-npl4srHo :a pa6orara My: BJIoIrraBar ce rexHnrlecKrtre xapaKTepricrlrKll, HaMaJr{Ba ceHaAexAHocTTa I4 gparotpafiHocrra nppl eKcnnoararus lr Ap. flosuurasaHero Ha reM-nepaTypaTa BOAI{ AO CneAHI,ITe BpeAIrr4 BlilLflHr4fl Bbpxy KOHCTpyKT}IBHHTe eJreMeHTn r.r

MaTeprianu na EA:

- 3a JilemaJtume. TlonyuaBa ce pa3uupnBane (4nnaraqns) n no.sBa Ha oflacH]r Me-xaHurrHn Hanpe)KeHI,Iq, HaMaJrrBa ce rrKocrra. Tosa BJioa.Anfie Ha reMneparypara

,t

.&-_.

Bng na ereMenTa MarcnuarHo AonycruMa reMneparypa n "Cnpn reMfieparypa Ha oKonHara cpega +40oC

l. MeAnn KoHTaKTHT'I reJra:

- BbB Br3Ayx_ B MACIO

Kaeun:

- nocpe6penn

- nenocpe6penn

OpraHn 3a pbqno ynpzrBJrenr{e:_ METAJIHI{

- ru|onaqnoHHH

105

80

r0590

3.

4. Macao

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EJIEKTPI{qECKH ANAPATI'T. qACT I

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Page 18: EA - u4ebnik

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cnegBaHr.n 3a cborBernn Qoprvrn Ha ceqeHnero Ha npoBoAHLIKa.

Ha Qr.rr. 1.4a e AaAeHa rpaQma 3a orqnTaHe Ha roeQn4.renra ko Ha AorbnHH-I TerHprre sary6n or noBbpxuoqrnlrr eQexr:a ue$epoMarHurHlr npoBoluildqr.r c Kpbrno

ceqeHr{e B 3aBr{c}rMocr or qecrorara Ha roKa f u or cbflpornBneHHero ,R9 (npn noc-TorHeH rox) ua npoBoArrnK c Abnxr{Ha 100m. Ha Qur. 1.46 sa MeAeH npoBoArrrK c

IlpaBobrbnHo ceqeHr{e il c pa3nr,rrrHr4 orHorrreHEff Ha crpaHr,lTe My ca AaAeHr{ 3aBuct4-

Mocrr{Te na roeQa4.reHra ko npn qecrora f - 50Hz or cbnporuBrleHnero Rg Ha 1mnpoBoAHHK npH nOCTOSHeH TOK.

Or Qnr. 1.4 cne4na, qe H3noJr3Banero Ha MacHBHlr npoBoAHr.q[ (Hanp. Kpbrrr.r c

/q,IaMerbp uag34cm) e Herlenesbo6pasHo nopalu 3HarrnTeJrHure sary6u or noB'bpx-HocrHHr eQerr n no uKoHoMnqecKH cro6paxceuur.

, B.lrH.snnero Ha noBbpxHocrnlrx eQerr rl ,qbnx(aulnTe ce Ha Hero AonbJrHr.r-

. TeJTHH rary6n B MacnBHrr npoBoAHnrllr (ra ro-neun HoMuHaJrHrr roKoBe) uorar 4ace orpaHHrlaT:

a) upes u3non36aHe Ha tcyxu npooodnu4u. Ha Qur. 1.5 ca ,qaAeHH rpaSraru :aonpeAenffne na roeQnqnenTa Ha AonbnHr{TerHr4Te :ary6ra or rroBbpxHocrHrr{ eQerrHa Kyxr{ MeAHr{ npoBoAHr.rqfi c Kpbrno nnr{ KBaAparHo ceqeHr,re npu qecrora 50H2.llgqucreunsra noKa3Bar, rre npu paBHr.r HoMr,IHanHn roKoBe KyxHTe npoBoffrlrt$,r BoATIT

r,4r*+ 0,34 (*)' + o, oz($)'].

,IIli

I

t,!{i'lilii

ii

'rli

lliiilii,'l,l,il;illil

iilii;i.'l

tlI lll

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ri

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c/b (Dur. 1.3. Pasnpepeaenne Ha roKoBara nrbr-HOCT nO,qbllfaTa OC Ha npaBObrbIHOTO Han-

peqHo ceqeHr{e Ha MeAHa ruuHa

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36 EJIEKTPI4qECKI{ ANAPATI4. qACT I

200 \rfm,

2,2

2,1

2,O

1,9

1,8

1,7

116

1,5

L,4

t,3

1,2

1,1

1,05 10-6 {-l/m

6

(Dur. 1.4. KoeQnqneHT Ha AonbrruureJrunre sary6r.r ko ot nonrpxHocreH eQerr :a neQepo-MarHI{THI,r npOBOAHr.rqW: A - npOBO,qH}IqH C Kpbrno CeqeHHe B 3aBHCHMOCT OT VeCtOrata .f ncbnpoTHBneHrero Ro na cbrrlnr npoBoAHr{K c Abn)KuHa l00m IIPI{ flocrrorHen ToK; 6 - npo-BoAHI{qn c npaBobrbJruo cerreur{e c pa3nuqHrr orHorrew*rs Ha crpauuTe b/a n 3aBr{cuMocr orcbnpoTT{BnerrHeTo .Ro Ha cbulH.f npoBoAHHK c Abn)KHHa 1m npn nocTosHeH ToK

Ao no-MaJrru sary6n u ca HKoHoMlIrIecKr,I no-I,BroAHH;

6) upes pasDenanemo Ha.MacueHarna utuHa c npaeo6e6nHo ceqeHue Ha HtKonKoCnusrco pa3nonuvenu (o6urcno6eHo Ha pa3cmotHue paeHo na dedenuHama Ha tau-Hama) napcuenHu wuHu (narcem ruuHu mun "caH)Bttv"). flonrpxuocrHurr eQerr :aBCtKa III,IHa r.r KaTO rI{nO Ce HaMaJrffBa, HO CbIrIeBpeMeHHO Ce npOqB{Ba BnHsHr,reTO

Ha cbceAHHTe urr.rHr,r or naKera (eQerr 6ausocr), KofiTo ce pa3r'nexAa no-HararbK.KoeQnryeHTbr Ha AonbnHr.rreJrHrlTe sary6n Ha flaKera uruHr,r e no-MaJrbK or ro3u Ha

Macr{BHa uI4Ha 3a cbu{ut HoMHHaneH ToK;

1,6

r/a

o

Our. 1.5. KoeQuqneHT Ha ,qg1bJIIIIITeJIHIITe :ary6u kn or nontpxHocreH eQert :a He$epo-

ManrI{THIr [poBoAHI{qI{ B 3aB}IcHMocT oT cbnporl'tBJleHlleTo Ro npu nocrosHen ToK: a - KyxII

npoBoAgt{q}r c Kpbgo ceqeHge; 6 - ryxu [poBoAHnII[ c KBa.qpaTHo ceqegl'Ie

I . TONJII'IHHII IPOIIECTT

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Page 20: EA - u4ebnik

flonnpxHocruuflT eQem ce npocBqBa He caMo npu cr.rHycor.rAaneH ToK, Ho H npu6rpsH npexolFl,I nporlecu B nocroruHoroKoBlr Bepr{ru (nanp. npr,r roKoBu uvnyacn),npH Koero rofi ce H3pa3{Ba B MarKa As.[6o.ruHa Ha npoHLrKBaHe Ha eneKTpoMarHrdrHoronore B npoBo4rrKa r.r yBenr4qeHu 3ary6n (npexoAeH rroBbpxHocren eQerr).

IloeopxuocmHustn eQewn gaeucu cuJtHo om *taeHurnHama npoHuqaeJvocm LL Hct

Jvlnmepucu-ta u ce npo.ne-nea 6 *tHoeo no-eonaJ\ta cmeneH npu ctno.wtaHeHu (Qepo*tae-numuu) npoeodnuqu,npaKouro;pa6oqlrnara Ha npoHr,rKBaHe Ha eneKTpoMarnr{THoronone npH rlecrora 50Hz e or nopsAbKa Ha Aecerr{ H crorHr.r or caHTnMerbpa. TosaBoALI Ao cLIJIHo yBenlrqeHr{ :ary6n npu [poMeHrr.rB ToK B croMaHeun npoBoAr{rar$,r,

KoHTo Morar Aa ce onpeAensr tro onHTHo nocrpoenn o6nunaqu eKcnepr4MeHTaJrHurepe3yJrraru KprrBH I u2 or QHr. 1.7, npeAcraBsutrn 3aBtrcrMocrlrre

I . TOnJIIAHHH TIPOIIECI4

Ap.), To eQermr6rn3ocr Br.rHaruBoI&r Ao Hecr{Merpnqnopa3npeAeneHlle HaroKaAopII

H npr{ cnMerpnqHn ceqeHn.fl. Ocsen ToBa npu npaBnff u o6parHun e@ert 6rtlrgoct na

npbB norneA pa3npeAenenr,rero Ha roKa (roronute rmuxu) flporl{Bopeql4 Ha npaBltJloro

3a nocoKr{Te Ha geftcrBr.re Ha eneKTpopHaMrfrHr,rre ct4ntn MexAy ycnopeAHlt roKoBe

(nx. u. 2), npu Koero eI{Hoflocorrnnre roKoBe ce npr.IBJII{qar, a pa3Ho[ocoqHure

ce or6lrcKBar. B geficrnnreJrnocr pa3rpeAenenl,Iero Ha roKa npra eQerra 6lugocrgboTBeTcTBa Ha IBMeHeHI,TeTO Ha nHAyKTI{BHOTO CbnpOTUBneHHe Ha OTAenHI4Te qaCTH

or ceqeHueTo Ha [poBoArIHKa.

EQerr:nr 6angocr 3aBucu or cbu{.rre Qarropn, or KoI{To 3aBI{cH noBbpxHocrHl,Is

eQerr (uecrorara Ha roKa, Qoprvra, pa3Mepu [r Marepr.ran Ha npoBoAnuu.lte), Ho orleH OT pa3srosHHeTo Mex(Ay npoBoAHItwTe.

PeAr,rqa H3cnegBanu.n onpeAenrr caMocrosrennoro Aeficrnne na eQerta 6rul:ocrKaro npa npan eQem 6aueoct k > l, a npn o6pateH eQext 6naaoct ka < l. Cnopeg

HsKou aBTopr{ o6qnxr roeQrn4reHT Ha AonbnHrrreJIHHTe zary6n (ot nonrpxnocrHns

eQext u ot eQerra 6.nuaoc'r) e ko : knl,4,, a cropeA Apyrn ks: kn * ka.

B .qefiqsureJrHocr eQerrrr 6rugocr Hr{Kora He ce [porlBlBa caMocrosrellro (nvncr nng), a Br,rHarH cbBMec"rHo c noBbpxnocrHr,IJl eQert nnpu roBa ycnoBne cneABa

Aa ce onpeAens o6ul roeQlIIIHeHT Ha AoIIbrIHI4TenHu 3ary6n ko.

10-2, wcn2s*

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38 EJIEKTPI4qECKI4 ATIAPATI,I. qACT I

[] lI(Dr.rr. 1.6. Toronu KoHrypH ctc cnerluaJrHa

Sopua Ha ceqeHuero Ha [rr{Hlrre

n) upes u3nonssaHe Ha tauHu c6c cne-quclnHa Qopna Ha ceqeHuemo - Qnr. 1.6.Ifgqucaennl'ra u our,rrHlrre H3cneABaHu.fl

[oKa3BaT, qe ToKoBH KOHTypH C Te3n

Qoprrra Ha ceqeHr.r.sra Ha uruHure AaBarnaft-ltanr{ AonbnHr{Tennr,r 3ary6n u cne-

AoBarenHo Haft-Hncrlr reM[eparypn.

(1.10)

KbAero P e ruoquocrra 3a trfbn)Kusa lcm or npoBolpnra, W/cm; s - HanpeqnoroceqeHne Ha npoBoA[ruKa, cm2; / - .rectorara Ha roKa, lls; I - ToKbr B npoBoAHr,rKa,

A; fI - nepnMerbpbr Ha cerrenuero Ha npoBoAnrrKa, crn.Oopr'ryaa (1.10) e BarHAHa, aKo pa3Meprre Ha HanperrHoro ceqeHr,re Ha npoBo.ryrnKa

BbB BcsKo HanpaBneHfie ca no-roreMr{ or yABoeHara gu6oqnHa Ha npoHr{KBaHe Ha

nonero (r.e. nxroJrKo MnJrnrvrerpa).

E$errnr 6ar'rsocr ce r.€pa:rrBa B HepaBHoMepHo pa3npeAeneHne Ha npoMeHnrlBnqTOK nO CeqeHHeTO Ha npOBOAHT{Ka, HO BCneACTBT{e Ha nHAyKTr{paHr,{Te Br,IXpOBr,I TOKOBe

or eneKTpoMarH[Tuoro none Ha Apyr, HaMr.rpaq ce s 6angocr npoBoAnur. gnHo e, veB 3aBHcLIMoct or nocoKuTe Ha roKoBere B Epara npoBolgrr{Ka eQermr 6rusocr 6wsa:

a) npae npu eDuarceu nocoKu ua Doama moKa, npr,r Koero rurbrHocrra Ha roKa ceyBenHqaBa B npoTrrBonono)KHr{Te cTpaHH Ha npoBoAHr{rII{Te ;

6) odpameH npu odpamnu nocoKu na deama moKa, npu Koero flJrbrHocrra Ha roKace yBenaqaBa B 6na:xnre crpaun Ha npoBoAur.rqr.rre.

3a ot6els3BaHe e, rle AoKaro rroBbpxHocrHurr eQerr BoAH Ao HepaBr{oMepHo, Ho

cLIMeTpHqHO CnpJIMO reoMerpuqHr.rs qeHT'bp Ha npoBoAHr4Ka pa3[peAeneHr{e Ha ToKa(npu nponoruruqu c npocra c[Merpsqna Qopua Ha ceqeHr.rero - Kpbrna, trpaBobrbrHa u

#:/(*),

l0 20 30 I /fI,Nun(Dnr. 1.7. 3ary6n B croManenr{ npoBoAnrndnnpH rrpoMeHJrr{B ToK

(Dnr. 1.8'. I,IgueHeHue Ha roKoBara nJrbrnocrno.[bnrara oc Ha npaBobr:bJrHoTo ceqeHt{e Ha

naKer or 4 ueAuN rxl{Hrr

I mro"tt"^ta roKoBa nnut"ocr /

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Page 21: EA - u4ebnik

4l40

I lt lil illl ffixilffiffiTffi:ff:g:H##1BaHero My B TpHoa3Ha cHcreMa ce H3nor-

(Dur. 1.9. KoeQuqr.reHT IIa AorlbnHur€nHlrre 3Ba rpaucno3llqprt Ha upoBoAHHIInre, npuaary6u /to n gna BH,qa naKeru MeAHI{ IITHHII c xosto urgHrire Ha BcsKa Qa:a He ca pa3-pa3rrqeH 6pofi naparenHl{ npoBoAH}rqu [oJIoxeHr,I B He3aBucr,rMa rpyna 3a Bc{Ka

Qa:a, Ho ca cMecelrl{ noMexAy cI,I..EAHa

TaKaBa rprasasna urr,rHHa clrcreMa c no ABa napanenHu npoBoAHI,IKa 3a BcsKa @a:a e

noKa3aHa na Qr,rr. 1.10. EQerrnr 6fiasocr rrpaKTuqecKu ce aHynl4pa n xoeQnryreHrbrHa AonbnHr,rrenuuTe :ary6r,r e 6rtrsrrr Ao eAuHr,rqa. HeAocrarbIIH Ha roBa peuJeHl{e

ca: cno)(HocT Ha Bpb3KHTe MexAy npoBoAHHrIlrTe H TpyAHo ogbIqecTBHMa pl3o-naqus

Mexgy Qaru're Aopn H npu r{HcKo HaflpexeHlte.Odpamnuam eQenn 6nusocm e or no-MarKo 3HaqeHue, rlfi raro npu rro-

I . TOnII4HHI4 ilPOIIECI4

roJreMu pa3cToflHl4S Me)KAy [poBoAHI{-

qme (onpeAenenn ot cto6paxeHl{tr 3a

usoraqur) toft ce nporlBxBa no-cla6o. Bce

naK rtpnHH IUI'IHI,ITe IIIU npoBogrmquTe Ha

naKera uIuHH MexAy sbceAHu Qasu uo-

raT Aa ca AocrarbrrHo 6II43KO 3a npot - *BsBaHe Ha eQeKTa. flonyuaBa ce noBH- IrrraBaHe ua sary6ure s 6ansrute [poBoA- T

HIIII4 H HepaBHoMepHo pa3npeAeneHl'Ie Ha (Dur.

TeMnepaTypaTa no tuIlHI'ITe Ha naKeTa. HI{Te

EQertrt 6rugocr ce rponBtBa I'I qpe3 reMa

r{HAyKTI,IPaHHTe BI,IXpOBI,I TOKOBe B Me-

TaJrHg qag'nl, HaMI,IpaII{H ce s 6augocT. Ao npoBoAHIIK c ToK. Tona BoAI'I Ao AonbnHu-

TeJrHr,r nryfiuB [poBoAlrgKaunoBr,trrraBaHe Ha aKT[IBHoro My ebIIporI'IBJTeHI'Ie' Karo crr-

r.r{eBpeMeHHo ce HaMa.rrqBa HeroBara HHAyKTHBHocT . LIngyKTHpaHI{Te BI'IxpoBI{ ToKoBe

B cborBercrBge c npngrsrna na Jlenq 4eftcrnat pa3MarHI,ITBaIr{o cnpflMo MarHnrHoro

rIoJIe Ha npoBoIF]IKa C TOK, OrpaHI,IrIaBaT pa3[pocTpaHeHHeTo My B npocTpaHcTBoTO

T.e. npeAcraBJrrBar eneKTpoMarur,rreH eKpaH. TosH eQerr ce I'tsnon3Ba 3a eKpaHHPaHe

Ha uTHHHH cLrc:TeMI,I qpe3 noMecrBaHero HM B Mera-nua lpr6a.B ryn@a:Ha cucreMa c pa3nonoxeHr,r B eAsa paBHIdHa npoBoAHI'il{'I, ocBeH noBbpx-

HocreH eQerr r.r eSerr 6mroc.r ce nposBflna u eQerr Ha npeHactHe Ha Molr{Hocrra'

H3pa3rIBauI ce B ToBa, qe npn 3axpaHBaHe cbc cHMeTpHqHo rpuQasHo HanpexeHne' To-

KoBere B TpHTe Saara ca pa3nuqru. Hafi-roJrflM e roKbr B cpeAHara Saea, a roKoBere

n rpaftnnte Qasr,r Ce pa3nl,IqaBaT noMex,qy Ce. Tosu eQext ce l{bnxn Ha pa3nI'ItIHIiTe

LIHAyKTHBHII cbrrpoTuBne1ils. Ha [poBoAHrrIIHTe Ha TpHTe Saau, KoI4To ce onpeAenffT

or co6crnegrrre u B3ar,rMHr,rre r,rM HHAyKTITBHocTII u ot Sa:oBo H3MecreHure roKoBe'

nporuqaqu B Tsx f46l.klzuucrreHlrsra noKa3Bar, qe MorarAa ce nonyqar 3HaqI4TerHI'I

pa3rr4qgs MexAy roKoBere B Tpnre @asra. flparmuecKu o6aqe roKoBere B TpI'ITe

Sasn Ha roKoBoArrrqr{Te KoHTypr.r na EA ca c paBHI,I roreMflnu, tbft Karo rexHI{Te

uMneAaHcr{ ca He3Haqr,rTeJrHH cnpsMo cHMeTpI,IqHUTe I,IMneAaHCI{ Ha yqacTBaull',ITe BbB

Bepril.ara 3axpanBarrlu tr3ToqHr.rqra (reneparoplt, tpancQopvlaropra) u KoHcyMaropI'I.

Koe6raryregT,br Ha AonbrHr4TeJrHrare 3ary6u e saxeH, Ho He e eAI4HcrBen rputepufinpr,r nl6op Ha eAHo [rJrr4 Apyro rexur4r{ecKo peueHlre 3a roKoBI,Il KoHTyp sa EA 3a roJrtM

HoMlrHaJreH ToK, rsii ra'ro'rpx6na Aa ce nMar B [peABHA lI cJIeAHI'ITe cr'o6paxeP,r4fri

- pa3ngqHnre ycJroBufi Ha oxnaxAaHe, a or raM I{ TeM[eparyplnre npn pa6o'rnnx

pex(I{M;

- ycroftur,rBocrra cflprrMo roKa Ha K.c., B T.q. TepMuqHara (n>r. t' 1.5.3) Ir eJIeK-

TpoALIHaMI,IqHara (nx. rn. 2) yctofruuBocr;

_ MCXAHI,II{HATA'IKOCT.

EMKTPI4IIECKH ANAPATI,I. IIACT I

ka,,J

\t

2,0

1,9

1,8

1,7

1,6

1,5

1,4

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1,2

1,1

1

Tr'mu.rHa npo{Ba Ha npaoua eQewn

dnusocm e npn pa3npeAeneHl,Iero Ha

ToKa B naKer IITHHI,I TItn "caHABI,I.I". 3ar,rrnocrpaqnr ua Qur. 1.8 e nora3aHo pa3-

npeAeneHueTo Ha oTHocureJrHaTa roKoBa

nJrbrHocr cnptMo cpeAuara ir ctofinocrno Abn)KuHa Ha ocra Ha HanpeqHoro cese-

Hr.re Ha naKer or 4 uequwruvntt c pa3Mepl{

100 x 10mm c pa3cro{Hne Me)KAyrtx or10mm. BuxAa ce, qeroKoBara IUIbrHocr

Ha BbHIuHI4Te IuItHH B naKera (a cnego-BareJrHo I{ TeMfleparypata) e 3HaqI4TenHo

no-roJrtMa oT Ta3I,I Ha BbTpeIrIHI{Te IUI{HI,I.

Bpori Ha H3cJIeABaHlasra 3a onpege-

JrrHe Ha o6qus roeQrqnenT Ha Aolrbn-rrnTerHnre sary6ra ko ot noBbpxHocrnnfln eQerta 6rusocr e MHoro orpaHl,IqeH.

Ha Qnr. 1.9 ea AaAeHH ABe 3auIpnxoBaHI'I

o6racta Ha Beponnrute srofiHocrl{ Ha Ko-

eQrqnenrr,rr e ko zaABe ceqeHns. Ha MeAHlr

uocKlr rrl4glt 100 x 5 n L00 x 10mm,

BcffKo eAHo cbcrorlqo ce or 1,2,3 unu4 naparerHl,I npoBoAIrlIKa, pa3norox(eHl'I

Ha pa3c"Torrurz.N, paBHlI na ge6e-nuHara Ha

rrrr,rHara. Maprrnpanl{re roqKI,I 6otnet-crBar ua ny6luryBaHll B nuTeparyparape3ynraru. Bnxga ce, qe roeQr,rquen-

l2SzRzT1,SrRr

1.10. Cxerua Ha rpaHcno3nqut Ha tlru-

Ha ABynpoBoAnttKoBa rpuQasna cuc-

;

:1,

Page 22: EA - u4ebnik

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4342 ETEKTPI4IIECKI4 ANAPATI,T. TIACT I

3a,4ra6oueHnflT aHaru3 Ir npaKTr4Kara Ha npoeKTupaHero na EA noKa3Bar, qe 3apa3nnqHH o6lacru or HoMHTIaJIHn roKoBe ca 3a npesrorrnraHe r{ cborBe.fHo pa3ilyrqnuTexHHrIecKr{ petueHrur

I.2.2. 3ary6u B MarnnronpoBoArre

3ary6ute npu npoMeHrllB MaTHHTeH [oroK 3aBHcflT or QnruuHHTe xapaKTepr,rcrr,rKr{Ha MaTepnara Ha MarHrdTo[poBoAa, ITHAyKWTTa r{ qecToTaTa.

flpn cnuycouAareH noroK I,r cbsroru{ ce or rrIaHrIoBaHLr rrJracrrrHu (uruxronaH) orllllcroBa eneKTporexHnqecKa croMaHa MarH[TonpoBoA 3ary6r{Te P ce l{bn;Kar Ha

IILIKfl.IqHo npeHaMarHHTBaHe Ha Marepnana (saey6u om xucmepesuc) u nof,Ba Ha Bnx-poRl'I ToKone (saey6u om moKols na (Dyrco). 3a narvraJurBaHe na sary6ure sr BrnxpoBr.r

ToKoBe nncroBara eneKTporexHr,rqecKa croMaHa e c orHocr{Tenno ManKa 4e6elanaH cbAbp)Ka H3BecrHo Konltqecrno cuauqnfi, rofno noBrlruaBa cbnport{Bresnero i.3ary6nte P uorar Aa ce onpeAenrr no Qoprvryrrara:

I . TOTINI'IHHH NPOUECI4

pr", WkgTOr{ oT yqacTblllr c pa3ruqHa MaTHI',ITHa

r,rHAyKLMs UJLH pA3JU4qHI,I MaTepVIAJrV, 3A

BceKra yqacrbK ce npnnara Qopr"r. (1.12).

Cyuara or :ary6nre 3a orAeJrHIlTe yqac-

Tbru onpeAens o6u{ure 3ary6u B MarHn-

TOnpoBoAa.

Onpe4eaxHero Ha sary6me s o6racrror MarHI{TonpoBoAa c roJIeMIt ctofinoctra

Ha HrrAyKrdr,rxta (ruoBl{ 3oHH, HeeKpaHU-

paHa qacT oT flollK)ca Ha MarHnTonpoBoA

r.r Ap.) e rpyAtro, rbfi Karo o6HrHoeeHo

JurncBar AaHHLI sa cneqra$HqHllTe sary6u

npn Te3I{ HHAyKIIt{l{, a H BCneACTB[e Ha

HacruIlane'ro B Te3I,I o6.rracru nHAylilsrsrae HecHHycor,rAanHa.

flpu nucoKlr r{ecroru Ha MarHuruarar.rHAyKrlns (xnnfl,N Hz) ce n3non3Bar

MaFHT4TOnpOBOAI{ OT MHOrO TbHKa CTO-

MaHa r,rn[ or QepnrHr,r Marepnanu.flpoueunnnsr noroK B MacrlBHu croMaHeHH KoHcrpyKTuBHI,I etleMeHrn (uaruu-

TonpoBoAl.r, Ka3aHr,r, crrrautrri BtrHToBe r.r Ap.) sa EA e cBbp3aH c.MaeHumev no66px-

HocmeH eQerrn c onpe,qeneHa gnn6oqrdHa Ha npoHI{KBaHe I.I ToIUII,IHnr,r aary6u, quero

onpeAenrHe e 3HarillTeJrHo [o-Tpy$Io.flpouenaunure MarHr,rrHr,r nonera oKorro roKoBoAeUHTe KoHTypH H pa3cef,Hnre

noTor{H Ha MarHnTonpoBoArrTe uHAyKTrrpaT Br.rxpoBlr ToKoBe It cb3AaBat:ary6n nnn

QeporuarHurHu H HeQeporvrarHnTHn KoHcrpyKTrrBHu etIeMeHTH Karo MeAHIt, MecI,IH-

FoBu, croMaHeHH r.rnu 6ponsoBr{ Br{HToBe, raflil{u, ruafi6n h Ap., tI Morar.qa noBl,I[rarTeMneparypara Ao HeAonycrrlMn croftsosrpr.

Oco6en HHTepec npeAcraBrsBar HaquHHTe 3a HaMarsBaHe Ha eary6nte or BttxpoBI,I

TOKOBe B CTOMaHeHr.,ITe KOp[yCLI OKOIIO Lr3BOAr{Te Ha HTKOH BIIAOBe EA rarO npeKbc-

Barrn, ToKoBr,r rpaHcQopMaropr,r z Ap. 3a qerra Morar Aa ce npnro)Kar cneAHHTe

peureHHr:

a) nanon:BaHe Ha HeQepoMarnr{THrr Marepr.Ianl4 oKotlo I,I3BoAa (neQepouarHlrrHn

croMaHr.r, qyryH, MecHHr'u Ap.);

6) paguaanlr npope3n oKolro n3BoAa, Kor,rro HaMaJIffBar MaFHurHHfi noroK, a orTaM u 3ary6ure. 3a.qa He ce HaManr{ MexaHuqHara sKocr Ha KoHcrpyKl14sra,

Qaaneqnt oKono I,t3BoAa ce 3arllBa Haup. c MecI{Hr;

e) nocrauHe Ha eAHa r{nu HrKonKo K.c. MeAHr,r paAr.ranHo pa3noxoxenlt HaBI4BKLI,

KOr{TO eKpaHr{paT H HaMaJrsBaT roreMuHaTa Ha MarHHTHl4fi noToK. floayvennte

p:fo"(*)' *o*(*)] 82 x1o-8wkg,

4l4ltt4l2151rt5t215131514

0 0,25 0,75 l,?5 B,T

Onr. 1.11. 3anncuuocr Ha cnequQuvHute

:ary6r.r Ha MarnurHara uIrAyKIInl 3a ropeu1o

BaJrrloBaHu rpalrcQopruaropHlt croMaHll c Ae-6eruua 0,35 mm (f : SAHz)

(1 .l 1)

KbAero os, ox ca roeQuryeHTuTe Ha :ary6n or Br,rxpoBr{ ToKoBe H or xr{crepe3r{c 3acborBerHr.rfl.r,r44 croMaHa; / - uecrorara Ha MaTHHTHa ungyrqnx B.

3a nparruqecKlr uenu 3ary6n're s MaFHHTonpoBoAa ce u3r{HcmBar no Qoprvryaara:

(1.12) P : kr"pr.GF",

KbAero ppe ca cneryror.rvHr,rre 3ary6u za cborBerHara croMaHa, Wkg; Gr" - MacaraHa MarHurotlpoBoAa, kg; kr'" - rcoeQr.rqr.reHTbr Ha noBnruaBaHe Ha sany6nre Ha MarHr,r-TonpoBoAa c[pxMo re3LI Ha Marepr{ana, 3aBr4cerq or u:pa6orBaHero My. B 3aBucgMocror rexHoJrorprqHoro Hr,rBo Ha npon3BoAcrnoro kp" : lr2-3.3a narvraasBaHe Ha crofi-HocT"Ta na kp, e ueo6xo,4auo:

- pa3nonaraHe Ha cTsrauHTe MaFHHTOnpOBOAa HrfTOBe HJrr4 ApyrH Kpe[exHr{ ene-MeHTLI TaKa, qe Aa He ce o6pasynar Kbco cbeAHHeHn KonTypr,r no nbrs Ha Mar-HNTHUX IOTOK;

- cna3BaHe Ha rexHonornqHnre r,r3ncKBaHr.rs Ha npon3BoAcrBoro (o.rmpanrBaHe Ha"r'ryctalglre" creg IqaHqoadne Ha IIJIacrHHfiTe, noAraraHe Ha MarHHTonpoBoAaHa TepMr,rqHr.t quKrtlr 3a oTBpbrrlaHe Ha MaTepnana lr Ap.).

cueqr,IsuuHlnre 3al'y6upr" 3a pa3nHqHr,rTe BuAoBe cTyAeHo [r ropetl{o BanrdoBaHaeneKTporexHuqecKa croMaHa npu onpeAeJreHa Ae6enrsa Ha rucra H qecrora Ha noroKace onpeAensr onurno B 3aBncr,rMocr or aMnnnryAHara croftnocr Ha MarHnrHara r,rHAyK-

Wfl t4 ca AaAeHn B cnpaBor{Hara rr.rreparypa. Ha Qlr. 1. I 1 ca nso6pa:enn 3aBucr.rMoc-THTe pps : f (B) 3a HflKo.rIKo BHAa ropeqoBaJIIIoBaHa eneKTporexHr4qecKa croMaHac ge6ennHa Ha .flItcra 0,35 mm npn qecrora 50 Hz. Aro uarHrrronpoBoAbr ce cbc-

t

II

l

I,&',.

I//,

,/f//

,

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I /

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Page 23: EA - u4ebnik

EJIEKTPI4TIECKI4 AIIAPATH. qACT I

3Haqr,rrerHo no-MaJrKlr 3ary6r4B K.c.HaBHBKI{ (B 3aBucr.rMocT mr{xHoro aKTHBT{o

cbnporr,rBneHr,re) ce orAaBar KbM oKonHara cpeAa orqacrr,r AfipeKTHo, orqacrr.rrrpes cToM aIJeHus. Kopnyc.

1.2.3. 3ary6n B n3onaqrrflTa

B EA 3a Br{coKo npoMeHnnBo HanpexeHr,re ce nonyqaBar 3Haqr,rMH TonJrr,rHurr :ary6uB H3onaql{sra. Te ce Abnxar Ha ABr,tx(eHr{e Ha cno6ognn 3apfl4r,r B AHeneKTpnKa \tHa 3aBbpTaHe Ha nonspH3r{paHr{Te MoneKyJrH no nocoKa Ha eneKTpnqecKoTo nore.HsqacrssaT ce no $oprvrynara

P : wCtg6u2, W,

I . TOnJIHHHI4 nPOIIECI4

(oco6eno npr,r EA :a BFI) u neftnoro BpeMerpaeHe, ero 3au{o yracBaHero Ha

Abrara 3a Bb3Mo)KHo no-KparKo BpeMe e trbpBocreneHeH Qaxtop, oflpeAenflIq

Kar{ecrBoro Ha Abroracr,rrerHoro yctpoftctso. Oco6eHo roJItMo e ronJrl{trHoro

AeftcteHe npfi qecra nogBa Ha ejreKTpr,rgecKa AbFa, KaKbBTo e cnyqa,Ir c HjlKoI'I

pexl{Ml( Ha KOMyTaWt Ha KoHTaKTOpI{Te;

6) saeydu a KoHmaKmHume caeDuuenug. flonnuraBaHero Ha KoHTaKTHoro cbnpo-

TnBJleHne yBennqaBa rary6ure, a orraM TeMneparypara Ha KoHTaKTHI,ITe rerar{ ToKoBoAeu{Ht KoHTyp;

n) saeyfiu e nonynpoeodnurcoeuenelteHmu. Hsrou BI,IAoBe EA ctgtpxar BrpaAeHH

MOU{Hr{ nonynpoBoAHr.rKoBr{ eJreMeHTIl, tIHtTO pa6ota e cBbp3aHa c oTAensHeTo

Ha ronrlrHa, KaKTo s co6crneHara r,rM KoHcrpyKIII{t, TaKa H B ynpaBJI{BaHIrre orTtx eJIeKTpuqecKI4 BepLIrH;

r) saeyfiu 6 utexaHuvHume ene.rileHmu Ha KoHcrnpyK1uarna. Tonruua ce nonyqaBa

lr or rpr4eHe npn gnur(eHne Ha noABT,DKHH qacrl,I Ha EA Karo eneKTpoMarHurHI'I

cbetrU,IHuTeJII{, cnupaqru, geunQepHg ycTpofictna, npyxI4HH, $IyHgI'I n gp.

1.2.5. floresHu It3ToqHHIIrt Ha ronJII{Ha

Touruara e none3Ha eHeprur 3a MHoFo Br,rAoBe rexHI,IqecKI,I cl{creMu H TexHoJrorllqHn

rpoqecu. Her,rs6ponMn ca eJreKTporepMr,rrrHuTe ympoftc'rna, npeo6pa3yBalrln eneKTpH-

IICCKATA B TOIIJII,IHHA EHEPTUS, KOHTO HAMI{PAT TOJI'IMO TIPHNOXEHUC B I'IHAYCTPVITA V

6ura. TesH ycrpoftcrna He ca o6err Ha Hacrosulara KHHFa LI TyK ce ot6eltq3Bar caMo

ocHoBHHTe HaqHHr,r sa npeo6pa3yBane Ha euepru{Ta.l. Enercrnpoc6npomuaumenHuycmpoficmoa, vt3toJr3Balr{H e@erta ua [;rayrt: sbn-

porHBr{Tenr{H nerrlH, ororrJrHTerHr{ r.r AoMaKI{HcKId neqKll, r-anopuSepn, 6oftlepH u Ap.

Tyr no nptrHrlr.rn Mor.ar Aa ce orHecar n eneKTpoKoHTaKTHLITe cucreMu 3a 3aBapgBaHe,

3anoflBaHe u Ap.2. Enercmpoddeoeu u enewnpoltcKpoau ycmportcmea, vt3ilon3Bau{u Bl4coKara reM-

neparypa n eHeprur Ha eneKTpuqecKara IFFa I,I IlcKpH: AbroBH neuru, ypeg6u 3a ereK-Tpo4broBo 3aBapqBaHe H prl3aHe, eJIeKTpoHcKpoBo o6pa6otnaHe u Ap.

3. HndynluoHrtu ycmpoficmea c undycmpuanHa u eucoKa 4ecmomnl u3non3BaulH

:ary6ur:e or BuxpoBr,r roKoBe B MeraJrH r.r c[raBLI: nHAyKIItIoHHU KaHarHH I,I THreJroRH

neu{u 3a 3arprrBaHe H ToneHe Ha MeTanHu cflnaF,vt, 3a noB'bpxHocTHo 3aKanrlBaHe ll AP.

4. Ycmpoficmoa c duenercmpuLtHo 3aepaeaHe:3a cyrxeHe Ha AbpBecI4Ha, 3a repMuqHa

o6pa6otxa Ha rrracrMacu H Ap.5. Ycmportcmea sa 3aepreaHe c unQpauepeevu n6vlr: 3a cyureHe,3a noB'bpxHocrHo

3arpqBaHe, 3a rbqr{cTo ororrJreHr.re 14 Ap.6. Ycmpoficmaa 3a enennpoHHontt4eoa odpadomKailpv raKI4Ba rexHoJIorrIqHH npo-

IIeCIT Karo 3aBaprBaHe, ToneHe, prr3aHe, npoounaue ll gp.

Monar Aa ce u:6pox.r r.r Apyrpr MeroAtr 3a npeBpbulaHe Ha eneKTpuqecKara B Ton-

4544

(1 .1 3)

KbAero @, s-1 e buroBara qecrora Ha Ha[pexeHr.rero (J,Y; C - ranar[4Terbr Ha

H3OnarIHOHHaTa KoHcrpyrqlrx, F.

,{nerrexrpnqxllTe :ary6a, B 3aBr,Icr,rMocr or KaqecrBoro Ha ALreneKTpr{Ka ca xapaK-TepIBHpaHn c tgd, rofrro e B rpar{Hrlprre L0-1 + 10-4. Tofi sanucu cunHo or reMre-parypara 0 sa uzonaqr{qra, npu Koero cneryrQnuHr{Te 3ary6rpn" 3a eAuHr,rqa o6eu orH3onaqr4rTa ca

(1.14) Pus : 2T f etg6sB2 "a'(o-o*)

,

KbAeTO O e KOHCTaHTa, XapaKTepu3r{paua MaTepHaJra; tg d'6 - brbJr Ha Ar'reneKTpHrr-HHTe 3ary6ra npu d : 0"C; € * MeneKTpHqHa KoHcrarna, F/m; f ,Hz - qecrora Ha

eneKTpuqecKoro noJre c arrreH3uTer ,8, V/mi 9rn - TeMneparypa Ha rr3onaqnffTa npuMLIHuMaJTHu eary6u. 3a *rnono Br.rAoRe rlsoJrarlxoHHri Marepuanu2O"C 1 0^ < 50"C.

Kosctasrure tg6sv a mn $oprvr. (1.14) 3aBucrr He caMo or BuAa Ha,qreneK-TpHKa, Ho r.r or peAr{qa Apyrn Qaxropn Karo BJra)KHocr, 3aMbpceHocr, TexHororrrr Ha

urpa6otnaHe H Ap.(Dopr"tyna (1.14) onpeAerfl pa3npeAeneHlrero na cneqrrQuqnure sary6n B H3oJrarIH-

rra B 3aBacuMocr or HHTeH3HTera E Ha eJreKTpr.rqecKoro norre H TeMneparypara 0.

flcso e, qe aKo B AaAeHa roqKa re3n BeJrurntHn Aocrr4rHar rorreMu crofisocrH, MoFar

Aa ce nonyrlar 3gaqr.rreJrHu cneqr,rQauHn aary6u ll TorrJrr,rneu npo6uB Ha r,r3oJraqr4rra.

1.2.4. Apyru Br.rAoBe ronJrrrrnrr rary6n

Ocses pa3r'neAaHnre H3ToqHHr{H Ha rorrJrnHa n EA ce nonyqaBar or.qe H creAHHTeBHAoBe rary6n:

a) saey6u 6 eneflnpuqecrcama iaea. B rouyraqfionHure EA ga HH r,r 3a BH eneK-TpllqecKara Abra e Bax(eH rnTorrHr,rK Ha ronnuHa, rofiro 3arpsBa roKoBoAerql,rre

KoHTypH, Abroracr,ITetrHoro yc"rpoficteo, u3oJralplqra, IlaMorKlrre H ocraHaJrl.rre

KoHcrpyKTr,rBHr{ ereMeHTH. Ot crrqecrReHo 3HaqeHHe e Mo[{Hocr:ra Ha I{brara

!i,&.

Page 24: EA - u4ebnik

46 EJIEKTPHYECKI4 ATIAPATI,I. TIACT I

JIHHHa eHeprus Karo MI,IKpoBbrrHoBr,r treqKu, Qyp"u u Ap. floseqe cBeAeHH{ 3a ra3no6racr Morar Aa ce HaMep.rrr HanpuMep s[521.

1..3. TOTIIOIPEHACJIHE

1.3.1. TonnoupoBoArrMocr

TonnonpoBoAllMocrra e npol(ec Ha npenac{He Ha roruil,rHa B cpeAr{re fi MexAy rrxHenocpeAcrBeHo or qasrl{qa KbM qacrr{qa. B Fa3oBere H Ter{Hocrr{Te rorrnuHara cenpeHacfl vpe:,4.ISy3Ids Ha aroMI{Te n MoneKyJrr,rre, B TBbpIU{Te rera - qpe3 eJrac-TI'IqHfiTe uu roae6ant4s., a B Merarure Hafi-seqe qpe3 ARtDKeHHe ua cno6ognlrre ereK-TpoHH. B rnnp4ure reta ronnonpoBoll,rMocrra e eAuHcrBeHr{.rrr npoqec Ha npeHacsgeHA TOIII,IHA.

@ur. 1.12. l4ao'repun Ha reMneparypno none

TouonpoBoAr.tMocr.ra ce r,Bpa3flBaHaft-4o6pe Karo npoqec Ha npeHacsHe Ha

ToffrHHa B TeMneparypuo noJre. feouer-pHqHa npeAcTaBa 3a Hero ce nonyqaBa oTH3OTepMHrrHHTe IOBbpXHHHT{ C eAHaKBr,r

crofinoc:rlr Ha reMneparypara. Iln:auureua npecuuaHe Ha r6oTepMntrHHTe noBbp-XHUHH C paBHr.rHa ce HapI4r{aT Ir3OTepMr{ -Qur. 1 .12. MarcuM:lJrnoro n3MeHeHue Ha

TeMrrepaTypaTa H KonuqecTBoro npeHe-ceHa TotIJrHHa e IIo HanpaBneHr4e Ha Hop-Manara d nru H3orepMara(urrn r,teorep-

MHqHara nonrpxuuua).OnnrHo ycraHoBeHltsr 3aKoH na @ypue 3a ronronpoBoAr{Mocrra ce H3pa3qBa cbc

3ABHCHMOCT"TA:

I . TONJMHHI4 NPOIIECI,I

Ta6.rrru1a L.4. Ton.rrunHr{ xapaKTepucrr{Kr{ Ha H.sKon ronro }I eneKTpol{3onaquoHlr Marepl{:ull{,

rBnor3BaHH B eneKTpnqecK[Te ilnapaTll

KoeQr.u4.resrt:r ,\ [Wm'C] B tmpa3a (1.15) ce HapLIqa rcoeQu4ueHm Ha rnorurcn'poeodu-*tocm. Toft xapaKTepnsnpa cnoficrBoro na QusnuHara cpeAa Aa npoBex(Aa

TOnJTUHaTa H npeACTaBrtBa Korr,rqegrBoTo TonnHHa, KoeTo npeMLIHaBa aa ls npe3

tlnonl or I m2 npu r.r3MeneHr{e Ha reM[eparypara c eAI4H rpaAyc 3a erqnH Merbp l{bn-xuHa. Croftxocrure na roeQfirlr4eHTa Ha ronJronpoBoAllMocr ca AaAeHLI nte Qusuvunra6auqu l,t ce H3MeHrr B Mnoro tufipoKr,r rpaHnqu. 3a r"retaaste croiinoctl{Te Ha } ca

nafi-noleprr,r. B ra6a. 1.3 ca ,qarqeHlr croftsocture Ha .\ ga nsroil v.eranv v cnilar,vl,

LBnorBBaHu n EA, or KbAero ce BLIxAa, qe Hanp. sa cpe6po - ,\ - 420WmoC, ga

rraeq ,\ : 390W/moC r{ T.H. flo-pramu ca croftnocruTe Ha .\ 3a rerlHocrn (:a noga utpancQopMaropHo MacJro npu 20"C cborBerHo O,24 u 0,l2Wim"C).

Hafi-uamn ca ctofiHocrl,ITe sa ,\ :a Fa3oBere (Hanp. 3a Bb3Ayx npr,r 30"C ,\ :0, 003 Wm"C). Toea o3nasaBa, qe rour,rHara rpy,Elro npeMI,IHaBa Aoplt H npe3 TtHKH

HenoABrlxHr{ cnoeBe or na3oBe r.r rerrHocru. B ra6n.L.4 ca AaAeHI,I crofiHoctplre Ha

xoer$nqueHTa Ha ronnonpoBoAriMocr r,r cneryrQnqHara ronnl{Ha Ha HtKoI{ Tonno H

eneKTpotr3onarulonHn Marepr.rann, H3noJr3BaHH B EA. CpanHeHI,Iero Ha AaHHHTe 3a Ko-e$nqraenra Ha ronJronpoBoAr.rMocr Ha Merarlrre (ra6n. 1.3), ua l,taonaqlaoHnlrre Mare-puann (ra6a. 1.4) u Ha ra3oBere noKa3Ba, ve crofinocrlrre My ce I,BMeHtr npl{MepHo

103-105 nbrn 3a pa3nHqHHTe BHAoBe Marepr,ranr.

KoeQurryeHTbr HarorrnonpoBo.qr{Mocr 3aBr.rcu orreMneparypara Karo 3a [oBeqeroBeu{ecTBa

47

0 +2A'0

0+A0

0

0-L0

0-2/,t0

ll,r l,;r

'li:l',1..r:,

I l::r

iii.,

$i i,,ri.,ii u',lr r

rIlrrlrlrl-

t'l i

lr,iit,i!i

li',I'ti;

l.l

iI

li.

ri,ll

ll''ti'lli

liili[,t,

:i

i

ll:

,i,tIt_;

lr

li

(1.1s) o'Q = -xffiaso, : -Ilsraa ,llosat. ,,

.- : . -:: ,..-'' --., 1

I

Koruqec'rnoroironruna 02Q, Koero ce npeHacr npe3 eneMeHTapHa nrotrl 0S uaI'I3orepMIlqHa noBbpxlil.IHa 3a HHTepBan or BpeMe df e nponopqlroHanHo Ha [pon3-BoAHara (nsrueueuuero) Ha reMneparypara d no uanpaBlreHr.re Ha HopManara d ruu

denoBbpxHocrra (reruneparypHHrr rpaAHeHr gradd : ;il.3narrr MHHyc B H3pa3aon(1.15) rtoKa3Ba, qe nocoKara Ha npeuacflHe Ha roflrruHa d o6parHa Ha reMrreparypHrrflrpaAueHT, T.e. OT H3OTepMIr C no-Br,rcoKa KbM r.BorepMr.r c lo-Hr,rcKa TeMnepaTypa.

Eaeuenraflunm ronJIHHeH noroK 0P e KoJnrqecrBoro rorrrr{Ha, Koero npeMHHaBanpe3 rrnoura d^9 3a nHTepBan o:r upeue Df:

0P: a2g1at.

I

1a

1i

ii{

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Ag6esr rt,lsroBEarerHrIgrnsarcKapronMurannrfkcrr cyxflpecurnanCrrrroTercrornrflopqeaaH, H3onarIHoHeH

KonpnnaCrrraena nataIIIarumKncerryp (4larouHr)

CneqnQuuHorduo,7

rg/m3

7701070

1300100025001500r0002500

I 3502400100

200I 850

360

Koe$nqueutHa Tonnonponognuocr, .\

x10-2 Wlm"C

Cnequ$HuuaTOnrHHa, C

Jlg"C

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(1.16) (1.17) ): Ao(1 + p0),

Page 25: EA - u4ebnik

*I

--r

EMKTPI'IqECKI4 ANAPATI,I. IIACT I

KbAero )s e roe@HqtreHTbr Ha ronJrorpoBoAr{Mocr npu 0"C; B - rcrraneparypHlllrroeSuqraeHT Ha ronnonpoBoAlrMocrra.

3a ueraanre, B cborBercrBr,re gbc 3aKoHa Ha Bugevan-(Dpanq, c yBeJIur{eHHe Ha

TeMneparypara rioeQnrg.renTbr Ha ro[nonpoBoAnMocr.HaMansBa (otpHqatelua ctoft-Hocr Ha F - sx. 'ra6n. 1.3). 3a ronnon3onaquoHrrn nopecrr,r Mareplrann r ra3oBe npn

yBernqeHue Ha reMneparypara tr ce ynentEqaBa (no.noxutenra crofiHocr Ha B), a sa

TeqHocrrrre HaManflBa (nogara I{ rJIHqepHHbr ca nsrarcveruae).B nsror KoHcrpyKTr{BHH eJreMeHTn Ha EA crqecrByBa cunHo H3pa3eHa ronJrHHHa

aHu3orponufl - cktn*o pa3nt,rqaBarrlu ce ctoftnocrlr ua .\ n pa:ruqHxTe flocoKtl. TunuqeH

cnyvafi e ro[JronpoBoAuMocrra n o6eua Ha urnxroBan MarHnronpoBoA c npoMeHnI,IB

MarHr,rreH rroroK (naxe, or nJracruHKlr or eneKTporexnl,IqecKa crouaua). ,{orato [email protected],reHrnTe Ha roruronpoBoAr4Mocr B Ha[paBneHI,It nexaull{ B paBHI{Hara Ha BctKa

nracrr{HKa ca roJreMrl H paBHr{ (uau npr,r6JrLt3l,rreJrHo panuu), to roeQHIII4eHTibr Ha

TonJronponoAuMocr B Hanperrnoto (nepneHAr.rKyJrrrpHo Ha paBHl,rHara Ha nJlacrl,Iurn're)HanpaBJreHr,le e MHoro no-ManbK. Tona ce Abnxfi Ha HaJrurruero B ToBa HanpaBJreHI,Ie

Ha oKcHAeH r.r eBeHTyarHo rbHbK Bb3gyrrren clofi, ramo H Ha l,BonaquoHHo noKpHTHe

MexAy nJlagrlrHKlrTe.

Ter"r.nepatypHoro norre 0 : f (M,t) ce onpe Eens. qpe3 pemaBaHe Ha gaQepeHIg.ran-

HOTO JpaBHeHr{e Ha TOTIJIOnpOBOAHMOCTTa, KOeTO AaBa Bpb3Ka MeXAy I,I3MeHeHLIeTO

Ha reMneparypara BtB BpeMero !r npocrpaHcrBoro. 3a xor'roreHHa HenoABlDKHa cpeAa

TO ?rMa BUAa:

(r.1 8)

KbAero; c, j ca, cneqaQnvnara ronJrvua n nrlbrHocr-ra Ha cpeAarai p -- nJrbrnocrra B o6eua I/ na nn:rpeIrIHLITe u3TotIHHqH Ha ro[JrLIHa.

B geraproBa KoopAHHarHa cncreMa r, U, z 3a anu3orponHa cpeAa c pa3nI4r{HI,I

roeQnqueHTu Ha ronnonpoBoAuMocr.\", )s, ,\, no ocLITe ypaBH. (1.18) LIMa BHAa:

I . TONJII,IHHU NPOI.IECLI

flpu ycmnonen (c'raqnonapen) pexl{M reMneparypara He ce rpoMeHt (# : O)

u ypaBH. (1.19a), (1.20) ce npeBpblllar B ypaBHelmero ua floacoH, a np1a nrmca Ha

BbrperuHl'I u3TorIHnIv Ha ronrl{Ha (p :0) - s ypaBlreHnero Ha Jlauac'EgnosgauHoro petueHne Ha ypaBHeHnero Ha ronJronpoBoAnMocrra (n vactHoct

ypaBHeHnsra Ha floacon nm Jlauac) nrucrna 3aAaBaHero IIa seo6xo.ryluvffe HaqanHu

u epaHuqrtu ycnoeua. Ocrronmme BlIAoBe rpaHI{qHI{ yonon,vfr, y;a) rpag.ruHu ycrloBtlrl oT nbpBr poA (ycnonrar na ,{upnxne) - Ha rpaHHIIaTa Ha

noJrero (ulu rr.noro) e usnecrHo pa3[peAeJleHuero Ha reMrleparypara Ory

0(r,a, z,to);

6) rpanr.ruHr.r ycnoBur or Bropn poA (ycaonrar sa Hoftrr,rau) - Ha rpaHl{qara Ha

noJrero (rxaom) e rrBecrHo pa3npeAereHl{ero Ha HopManHara npou3Bolfira Ha

TeMfleparypara, T.e. ToruTHHHI'I;lT fioroK Prp : P(rrU, z,to);

n) rpanHunu ycnoBr,rt or rperr,r poA, cborBercrBau{u Ha ronJloo6rvreua MexAy rr[-

JroTo Id oKonHara cpeAa -_€

-^Yl :[email protected]),OTLlrp

KbAero k,, e roeQraqueHTbr Ha ro[roorAaBaHe MexAy noBbpxHocrra Ha rflnoroIr cpeAaTa (rxr. t. 1.3.4);0.0 - teunepaTypaTa Ha rpaHl{qaTa MexAy TsIoTo u

oKornara cpeAa c reMnepatypa 06;

r) rpanuuHn ycnoBr,rff or qerBbprlr poA, cborBerc"TBalqu Ha roluloo6uesa MexAy

ABe rena I u2 c o6qa rpaHlu{a

^,(#)r : )z (x),

B o6uf clyuafi npn unrerpupaHe Ha ypaBuenr,rero Ha rollnonpoBo,4{Mocrra B xoMo-

rCHHA I{JII'I HCXOMOTCHHA,I,I3OTPONHA UN}I AHI,I3OTPONHA CPCAA H NPI{ PA3NHTIHI4 HAqANHI'I

u rpauraqHl{ ycnoBl,Ir e qenecbo6pasno I,B[oJBBaHero Ha cbBpeMeHHI'I qucneHll MeroA]I(nanp. MeroAa c xpafrau ereueunl).

3a ulrocrparys Ha aHaJrnrnqHoro peuraBane Ha ypaBHeHI,Iero Ha ronrlonpoBoAl'I-

MOCTTa r,r OnpeAenrrHe Ha pa3npeAeneHr,reTo Ha TeM[ePaTypaTa ca Pa3rneAaHn ABa

npocTr{ npHMepa.

| . II penaceHe Ha rnonnuHa np e 3 nno crca cp ed a ( cme na) c roeQuquellT Ha ronnoflpo-BoAr{Mocr .\, uauupaqa ce Mex(Ay goe 6esxpaitnu ycnopeAHu paBHI{HtI c reMneparypl{

fu u 02 (0r > 02) na pa3crorHr,re d - Qr,rr. 1.13a. I,Ir^o'reprvru:e cblqo ca 6expafiru'rao oy _ a2o _o fTnpaBI{IlHH, ycrope$ilr Ha AaAeIIuTe, npr KoeTo Ay: Anz

: Ar,

: U. rrpil t*"::i.:TOUr.rHeH pexr,IM r,r npu Jrr,rnca Ha H3TOqHr,r4r,I Ha TOIIJIIIHa B CTeHaTa ypaBH. (1.19a)

a2Q : glAfiV OV

B qactHocr npn l,I3orponHa cpega, T.e. npu )" : try : \" :,\ ypann. (1.19) ce

oflpocrrrBa u go6una Br4Aa:

"1x: *?"#). h0,#) * *(x"ff) *o

iae r o2o a2o o2or D

i 61 :"\ur* Uu*AP)+-\.

(1.1e)

(1. I 9a)

KbAero a : \lc.y e roeQr.rqneHTTrT Ha reMlleparyponpoBoAllMocr.YpanHeHue (1.18) e quruHApnqHn KoopAl4Harw r, g, z vv'a BIIAa:

A0 r 020

E: "(aP +t

Ii

/\

(r.20)I 00 r A20 020t p__r _l--l_L -

r 0r ' 12 0g2 022 / c.y

l

.ti&--*.

Page 26: EA - u4ebnik

EJIEKTPHTIECKI4 ANAPATI4. qACT I

Ha @nr- 1. 13a e noKa3ano nanefiHoro r.BMeHeHHe Ha reMneparypara or g1 4o 02 noge6eannara Ha creuara.TonannHra{T noroK P, xofito ce npeHacs npe3 runuHAbp cbc cerregrie,S or sreHaTacrodpa:Ho c (t . t 5), (1. l6) u (1.22) e

"-QQ -,or-oz- h-oz rf:-:l-'- at -^-J--o: dns:Et

4o6una Br{Aa:

(1.21)

(1.22)

(t.23)

a(Dun. 1.13. TonrronpeHacrne npe3 nnocKa creua:3aMecTBaula cxeMa

a2e-: ^ -0.dtz

Caeg,qByKparno r{HTerpupaHe ce nonyqaBa

0:Crr*Cz.l'Inrerparg'roHHlrre K'HCTaHTT{ ct a c2 ce onpeAenrr oT rpa'r,rrrHr,rre ycnoB''d(o) : h,0(6) : }2,nprr Koero

o:gr_t,;u,*.

r . TOTUIITHHH rrPOrIECr4

flpn npnnaraHe Ha eneKTporoluil,rHHara aHarornc BMecro peuraBaHe Ha ypaBHeHr4-eTo Ha TolrnonpoBol[.rMogrra ce nocTpo{Bar rnonnuHHtt sQthtecm^an4u cxertu. [peA-sraBn.sBalqn aHano3ll Ha eneKTpnqecKure Bep[fr.r H Her{3BecrHare BeJrr{qr,rHu ce onpe-Aersr no In:lBecrHH Mero.q{ c r€Eon3BaHe Ha 3aKoHr4Te na KnpxoQ u Orvr. Ha Qzr.1.136 e noKa3aga rouuHHara 3aMecrBarr{a cxeMa 3a pff}rneAanun cnyuafi.

ocHosHHTe pa3n[Kl{ Me;KAy eneKTpuqecKr.rre Bepr.rru r{ TorrJrr.ruHr{Te 3aMecrBarqucxeMlr IIpr{ cbcTaBflHeTo n pe[raBaHeTo r,rM ca cnelurr{Te:

a) npn eneKTp[uecKl.me Bepnrn o6nnuoneso ca H3BeqrHr{ 3axpaHBaulr{Te rranpe-xeHI{Jr I{ Ce rbpctT ToKoBere, AoKaTo flpu Torurr,rHHme 3aMecTBaq[ cxeMn eo6paruo - rcBegfur,r ca rorurnuHlrre nororlfi, a cerbpcrrr nperpsBaHnsra;

6) rorurunHr,rrr noreHr$,ran 0o : const (rerr,rneparypara Ha oKorgara cpe4a) e @r,rr-clrpaH 3a rlsnara 3aMecTBaula cxeMa, He3aBUCnMO KOTIKO CJTOXHa r.I pa3KnoHeHae rx. Tosa o:navhna, qe aKo B cxeMara nMa noBeqe or el[,rH H3ToqHHK Ha ro11-JIHHa re rpr6na Aa I{Mar e,4ln o6ul norerflsran. Bcaeqcrnne Ha roBa ronrtuHHare3aMecrBalqu cxeMH ce u:o6passBar Karo orBopeHr{, a He Karo 3arBopeHn, KaKToTOBa Ce IIpaBH 3a eneKTpHqecKr4Te Bepfiru.

3a uHorocaoftna ctesa, sbgroflrla ceor n cpeAr,r c ge6eauHu d;, roeQruS{enTr.rHa TornonpoBo4{r\aocr .\l n o6lq ron-nuHeH noroK P, pasaurara Ha reMne-parypuTe (nperpxnaHero, TeMreparyp-Huxr nag) Me)KAy rpafillr,me paBHr{HLr e:

(1.24)

r: PR: pi R,i: rh#,a ToffrlrHHnsr naA sa i-rara cpeAa e

(t.24a)

ri: Pfl* - P 6i'n -' B.

2. TorutonpeHacaHe npn quJlundpuuna cmeHa - Qur. 1.14. TosH cayvafi ce cpeu{aHanp. nPH nPeHacfiHe Ha ronnnHara orAeneHa B qr{nr,rHApnrreH npoBoAr{trK c roK npe3I{3onal-u{.tlTa MyAo uefitrata noBbpxHI,IHa. I,IsotepMutrHrrre [oBbpxHr{Hr.r ca KoaKcna1r1nI{HnuHApI'I. TonanHruasr noroK P, rofrro npeMr.rHaBa npe3 creHara c 4e6eruH a d,r uaKyx qrrr.rHAbp c paAuycn r ur * d,r e

01

KbAeTo r : 0t - 0z e nperpsBaHero Ha paBHlrnara c reMnepa rypa gl cnpJrMo ra3' cTeMneparlpa 02.ooprvryla (l '23) e aHaro.Hq'a Ha 3aKoHa sa ou 3a eneKTpr,rrrecKfire Bep'rr4(i : u/R) u r*o:re Aa ce Hapeqe 3aKoH ua ou 3a roMr'HHr{ Bep'r}r. flp" eneropo-TonJII{HHara aHanornfl ToKbr i ctotnercrBa Ha ron.rIr,IHHI,I.f, floroK p, eaerrpnqecKoroHarpexeHwe u - ut -(r2 - HaTeMneparypHara pa3nnKa (nperpxnaHe) z : 01_ 02, aeneKTpl'IqecKoro cbrrpoTr{Bnenue _Re : t/oS (o _ cnergeHo"u

"r"*rponpo"ogrvrocr)- Ha roffrauHoro cbrrpornBneune -R, _ 6 / ^5.

llOur. 1.14. TonlonpeHacqHe npe3 qilflrnA-puqHa cTeHa,r'75ftr,

xR^?+_"_+6

a - Qa:xuHa [ocranonxa; 6 _ Tonrr,rnHa

liI

n

(1.2s) P : -^+2trrl,dT

Id

,f-

"':t*o',

Page 27: EA - u4ebnik

HnrerpaqnoHuara KoHcraHTa C ce onpe4ens. or rpaHurrur{Te yqronnx 0(r1) : 01,0(rz) :02u ce ronyqaBa:

I . TOnJII'IHHI4 IPOIIECII

uMa xr{MuqecKa sbBMecr[Mocr (nr,rnca Ha B3ar{Mogefictnne) flpu cborBerHure pa6otHt't

reMnepaTyplr Ha MaTepuana na rpr6ara, Suruaa u pa6onrna Qayu4. CmqecTsyBaT I'I

TolrIHHHLI tpt6r.r c no-cJtoxna crpyKTypa or ollucaHara'

fleficrnr,rero Ha TonJrnHHaTa rpt6a ce ocHoBaBa Ha ToruIo u MaconpeHactHe Me)KAy

ABaTa ir xpaa. flpn sarprBaHe Ha e.4{HI,Ifl rpafi na tpt6ata Qayugnt ce I'I3naptBa rI

nop;rbula cborBeTgoro My KoJrr,IqecTBo TonrLIHa Ha H3napeHHe. floAAefic"rwle Ha nony-

qeHOTo HallraHe naprle ce nPeMecTBaT B Apyrm xpafi ua rpl6ara, oxnaxAaT ce (or

oxna)KAau{a cr{creMa), rongeneupar n orAaBar ronJrl,IHara Ha I'Bnaperme. Teqnocrra

ce Bpbrrla orHoBo B Apyr"nr rpafi ua rpr6a'ra or KanuJrtpHure cmuHa Qnruaa, Koero

ocHryptrBa 3arBapsHe Ha ql{Kbna.

TeuneparypaTa Ha TonJrr,rnuara rpr6a e [paKTIllIecKI,I nocTofiHHa no AbJrxHHaTa

ir, roero o3gaqaBa, ue e{rerumnuxr xoeQuqlreuT Ha roulonpoBo,4{Mocr e MHoro no-

r.onsM (c-rormg.r rrxnnfrgillrrrru) orro3r,I Ha MeraJIa, or Kofiro e HanpaBeHa 14 cborBerHo

Mrroro no-rorsMa e npeHacflHaTa TonJII{I{Ha MOIqHOCT.

Touuurute tpn6u, B 3aBI,Icr,IMocr or u3noJl3BaHure Marepvanv v rJIaBHo ronno-

HocnreJrs, Morar 4a pa6orxt B trrlrpoK TeMneparypen I,IHTepBan u B 3aBI4cI{Mocr orrosa 6unat [35,68]:

- Hl,IcKoreMneparyprm (rpr'rorennr'r) Bl{IrrepBaaa LK <T < 300K;

- 3a ylrepeHl{ TeMneParypll B I'IHrepBana 300K S ? :l 1200K;

- BucoKoreMreparypHl{ B!{HTepsara 1200K < ? < 3000K'

Tonannnure rpr6r,r ce r,r3noJr3Bar B Malrll,IHocrpoeHero, Meranyprrtsra, eHeprerl4-

Kara, eneKTpoTexHI{KaTa, MeAI,rISrHaTa n AP-

Cne4aamro s o6raqrra na EAronnriHur.rre tpr6n HaMI{par npl'Ino)KeHvrc 3a oxra)x(-

AaHe Ha MouIHH nonynpoBolgrilKoBu npr,r6opr.r.(guoAl,I, TpaH3I,IcropI{, Tllpncropll I'I Ap.),

eneKTpgqecKn ra6na sa HH n CH, ToKonpoBol[,I, KoIITaKTHu cbeAI'IHeHus ll gp. Oc-

HOBI{HTe r{M rrpeAI{MCTBa Ca: Br{COKa TOrIIIOIrpoBoAI'IMOgr, MaJIKa TOnJII{HHa [IHetrvrHocT'

yAo6crsa npr{ MoHTax r{ n3non3BaHe, n}mca Ha noAAbp}caHe npl{ eKcunoaratl[s.

1.3.2. Konnerqua

Koneercpuatna e npo4ec na omdaeaHe Ha monnuHa om noeapxHocrnma na meapdo

mano K6:r4 qoctnupume na deutrcet4 ce oKono nea Qnyud (eas unu mevuocm).

B sanucHrvroc-T oT lBToqHr{Ka Ha ABr{;(eHr,Ie Ha Qnyuga KoHBeKIU4Sta 6USa:

- ecmecmeena (ceo6odua), npn Korro ABH)KeHlIero ce I[bJr)KH Ha H3MeHeHI'Ie Ha

nrbrHocrra na Qlyuga BcJreAcrBHe Ha 3arptBaHero r'ry. O6er'u{Te or Qlyuga,KOr,rTO Ce HaMHpaT Ao noBbpxHocTTa Ha HarpflToTO TTJIO Ce 3arpflBaT, oJleKBaT,

npHgnuxBaT ce oT norrBuraTa ce [oAeMHa CI,,.ilA U TTIXHOTO MqCTO Ce 3aeMa

or ro-cryAesu o6euu. flpu roeu HenpeKbcHar npoqec, Hapeqen tepuoct'IQouno

AUU:reUne, ce oTHeMa TonJruHa oT noBbpxHocTTa Ha HarprlToTo TgJIo, KorITo ce

orHacs B oKorHara cpeAa. Cropocrta na ABI{xeHIie Ha qacrltql,ITe na Qnynga ce

5352 EJIEKTPI{qECKI4 ANAPATIA. TIACT I

KbAero I e 4rnxrurara Ha rsrnr.rHAbpa.

Hapa:nr (1.25) ce 3anucBa BbB BuAa:

d0:

H CneA r{HTerp[paHe ce nonyqaBa

Pdr2r\I r

(1.26)

(1.27)

TourunnoTo cbnporuBlreHne B, na r{Hnr,rrrApuqHara creHa e

o--#hr*c.

r : ot - oz: *r"7: lR .

r%: *t"7

r:P\n-:Pi#frr^T

i,'i!: i(1.28)

3a unorocaoftna 4,rnrngpuqna creHa. c n cnos. c roeQur4,reHTn Ha ronnonpoBoAtr-MOCT ,\1 nperp{nasero r e

(1.2e)

B r. 1.4 r.r 1.5 ca pa3rne4anr4 vr Apyrn cnyqav 3a H3nor3BaHe Ha ronJrr.ruHn 3aMe-CTBaIIIH CXeMLI3a OnpeAeJIsHe Ha npeFprrBaHeTo npH ycTaHoBeH r{ npexo4rH ToIurr.rHHIr

pe)r(HMrn.

Or Qopu. Q.2aa) n (1.28) crreABa, qe rorurnnrroro sbnporr.rBrrenr.re e o6parlro npo-flopq?IoHatno Ha roeQnqneHTa Ha ronnonpoBo4{r\{ocr.\ Ha cpeAara. 3a ueranl,tTe ro3r,rroeQrqrEeHT e roJItM, Ho B peAur{a cnyqar4 e Hegocrarbqen 3a orBexAaHe Ha or.qe-neHoTo KollnqecTBo Torlmfia KbM oKoJIHaTa cpeAa H lraManrrBaHe Ha TeMnepaTypaTa.EQerttr cBpbxronnonpoBoglrMocr peanu3upaH qpe3 TorlnnxHn rpr6[ no3BorsBa or-Be)KAaHeTO Ha MHOrO nO-rOJrrMO KOTUqeCTBO TOnJTUHa qpe3 r,BnOJBBaHe Ha TOTUTHHaTa

Ha l43napeHEe Ha Ter{Hocr.Tonnunnama mpada e c rpocro (u xa4excgno) yctpoficrBo. flpe4craarflBa 3arBo-

pena or lFara cI,I Kpa{ MeranHa rpr6a (or uepuxAaeMa croMaHa, MeA, Mec[nr u 4p.),no BbrPeluHara noBbpxHocr Ha Ko{To e [ocraBen croft or Marepuan c Kannnspuucsofictna - @ratrur (rrapexa HJrlr cHTo or HepbxAaeMa croMaHa, 6poHs, MeA, Hr,rKerr,

cl'bKrot'bKaH LI gp.). Bnagyxbr or rpr6ara e eBaKyupaH H B Hes e nocraBeHo H3BecrHoKOrr.rqecrBo reqHocr finura3 (4emurrupaHa BoAa, MeraHoJr, @peon r4 Ap.). Baxno e qa

teI

'fr

Page 28: EA - u4ebnik

l,lil,]

i,irlt.

ll'll' ,,1

',illtirji:

ri'ii'l!J,i,

!lr

ii;li:iilrili

i;: j

l-!r

55

,i!

I

ii

I

i

i

i

54 EJIEKTPI4IIECK}T ATIAPATIT. qACT I

OnpeAenJ[ CaMo oT 3arprlBaHeTo HM oT ropeqoTo Ttno. KoluqecrnoTo TO[Jrr{Ha,Koqro ce [peHacs 3aBncLI or reMrreparypara, roneMnHara u noro)KeHr{ero (sep-THKaJIHo, xopLI3oHTanHo I,IJII,I noA HaKnon) ua narpsTaTa noBbpxHocT Ha TrroTo,oT ecrecTBoTo r{ TeMnepaTypaTa Ha Qnyrga;

- u3,CyCmeeHA' IIpH KOTTO CKOpOCTTa Ha ABI'DKeHI{e Ha ra3a IIUILI TetIHOgtTa Ce On-peAers oT BeHTu.[aTOp lrJla noMfla H npeHeceHoTo KonnqecrBo roffIl,rHa 3aBucuoT BHAa, CKOpOsrTa Ha ApruKeHHe r,r TeMnepaTypaTa Ha onyr,rAa.

,Qeutcenuemo Ha Qnyu\ume 6uea na*tuHapHo uJru mypfioneHrnHo.flpu rarvrunapnoABI'IxeHfie qacrI4III,ITe Ha QnyIrAa ce ABr,IXar B eAHa flocoKa c ycnopeAHri rpaeKTopunu c nocTosHHa oTHoc[TenHo ManKa cKopocT, a flpn ryp6oaeHTHo (BnxpoBo) IpHXeHneTe ce ABI,Ix(ar xaorl,ttlHo c ForsMa cKopocr r,r c npon3BoJrnr,r Kpr{Bonr{fiefiHu TpaeKTo-pull. flpeMltHaBaHero or JIaMI4HapHo B Typ6oneHTno llBr,rxeHlre craBa npfi Kpl.rrnqHacKopocT, KorTo 3aBlrcr4 oT Br,rAa r,l TeMnepaTypaTa Ha onyHAa.

3a u-rrrocrpaqus Ha Qnr. 1.15a e no-Ka:iaHo ABtrxeHfieTo Ha qagrurstTe B

oKoJrHaTa cpeAa oKorro BepTfiKanHa Har-prra crena c reMrreparypa 0 > 0o.

flpn ecrecrBeHa H r,r3KycrBeHa KoH-BeK4{r ABmN(eHl{eTO Ha QAyUqa B CrOsI go noar'pxHocrT a Ha Harp.sroro rffJto eBHHarr{ naMr,IHapHo, Karo ge6eaunara Ha

cltot HaMaJIsBa C yBerurqaBaHe Ha cKo-pocTTa Ha lFnxeHueTo Ha qacTErIr,ITe.

flpeuacmrero Ha rorurnHa B To3l,r cnofi e

rraBHo qpe3 TonnollpoBoAl,rMosr, a TeM-

nepaTypaTa HaMar.rrBa IIo AeoeJrHHaTa Myro rrHHeeH 3aKoH - Qtar. 1.156 (cpannu c

Sur. 1.13). B o6aacr:ra II na ryp6oneHr-HOTO AnU:reHHe npeHacsHeTo Ha TonnLIHae MHOrO nO-I,IHTeH3LIBHO, rafi raro ce ocb-rrlecrBflBa upes 6rpsa npoMsHa Ha [oro-)KeHr.rero Ha rracrnr$,rre. B ragu o6aacrIIaAbT Ha TeMnepaTypaTa e MHoro uo-MaJIbK, orKonKoro n o6lacrra Ha naMv-

HapHoTo AEtr)KeHne.Kouaertryttra e LBKnIoqLITenHo cnoxeH Qu:raueH npoqec, rtfi raro rprr$Ba Aa ce

oTqeTe B3auMHoTo BlllltHlle Ha roJIsM 6pofi Qarropr,r. MareuaruqecKr,r Tofi MoxeAa ce v3pa3n r{pe3 cHcreMa HeJILtHefiHu tt aHH3orponnn qflQepeHrlr{anHr.r ypaBHeHurr,BKnrcqBaulu:

l. TOnfl4HHI4nPOIIECI4

- ypaBHeHHe Ha ronnonpoBolg,rMocrta;

- ypaBHeHr{e 3a HenpeKbcHaTocTTa Ha cpeAaTa, KoflTo Moxe 4a 6tge HecBHBaeMa

(revnocr) zuil{ cBr,rBaerua (ra:);

- ypaBHeHue 3a ABr{x(eHr,reTo Ha cpeAaTa.

Befli.rnHure B Te3l,r ypaBHeHHq npeAcraBnflBar reMneparypnre n cKopocJl{Te Ha

Aplrx(eHr{e Ha @nyuRa, HeroBHTe Qn:nunu xapaKTepucrr,rKH (cueI1lrQr.rvHa roM}IHa,KoeOHrIr4eHT Ha roruroflpoBopMocr, cne4a@uqHa Maca, BricKo3nrer I{ Ap.), BpeMero

n Ap. 3a peruaBaHe Ha cucreMara ypaBrremrlfi. rpfldBa Aa ca n:lBecrHu neo6xo.ryrMllTe

HaqarHr,r ll rpaHr,rrlnr.r ycnoBn{, Kor{To ca cneqn@nqHu B pa3ruiqHl,tre npaKTIIqecKI,I

cpeqaHH cnyqau.AnaauruqHoro peuaBaHe Ha crncreMara ypaBHeHr,rq e Bb3MoxHo caMo B orAenHI,I

cJryqau u To npH cbrrlecTBenoTo r4M onpocTr{BaHe, nprr KoeTo pe3ynTarHTe ce pa3Jrr{-qaBaT 3HaqnTerrHo oT onnTHo nonyqenltTe H ca HenpuroAHH 3a npaKTnqecKo n3noll-3BaHe.

3a nn;r<euepHara npaKTuKa ce r,Bnon3Bar orrr.ITHn pe3yrraru, noryqenn Ha ocHoBa

Ha H3[cKBaHt4flTa Ha reoprdrrra 3a noAo6ue f2l, TaKa qe re rrMar onpeAeneHa o6nacrHa npuno)KltMocT.

(DoprvrynupaHuTe r.r onurHo HaMepenu Kpumepuu (vucna) sa nododue Ha flerae (Pe),Pefinoa4c (Re), fpacroQ (Gr), flpaHgnrr (Pr) u Hycear (Nu) orpa3sBar yqacrl,reroHa QuslrvHraTe Benr{qvrur u napaMerpn u ca ocHoBa 3a v3qficilsBaHe Ha ronrroo6r"reHanpLI KouBercarr f45,46,59 ].

B odnacmma Ha EA ce u3nonsea no-npocrn (u no-nemouen) *temod Kamo iloul-Hoctnma P, rcosmo ce omdena om nolapxHocmtnaHa Haepamo mtno c me.wnepamypa0 rre.u oKonHama cpe\a c meilnepamypa 0o, ce u3qucnt6a no Qopnynama:

(1.30) P: lc*(0 - 0o)S : k*rS.

Ko e Qu4ue Hm6m Ha m o nn o o md ae ane qp e 3 Ko He e nqus k*, Wm2 " C e Konr{qecrBoroToIUInHa, Koero ce oruacr sa I s or 1m2 noBbpxHocr Ha Harpfroro rrJro npu pa3JrHKa

ot loC MexAy reMneparypara My r{ Ta3H Ha oKonHara cpeAa. Toft sanucn ot Qnenv-Hlrre napaMerpu u cKopocrra rra ABruKeHr,re Ha Q.rryuga, or BHAa H noro)KeHrEero Ha

oxnol(AaHara [oBbpxHr{Ha cnprrMo nocoKara Ha ABHXeHT{e Ha Qryqa }r or nperps-BaHeTo 7.

KoeQrlrpeHrrr k* Mo)Ke Aa ce onpeAenH or KpHTepvNHaHycelr 'r

3aBr{caMoctraMy or Kpr{repr.rnre Ha fpacroQ n flpanrpl:

(1.31) Nu: f (Gr, Pr).

B [ 45,59] e noKa3aHo, qe 3a reMneparyptte ( 70"C roeQr.rqr,renrrr ,k* He 3aBr,rcrr ornperp{BaHero r r{ HMa cneAHlrre onr,rrHo HaMepeHH croftuocrn 3a HsKonKo xapaKTepHr,rcnyqa.{ Ha ecTecTBeHa KoHBeKrs,r{:

I

?;:,€b,z

wa?wII

0I@ur. 1.15. [nrurenHe Ha relrnocr /qo rBbpAa3arp.sTa noBbpxHrrHa: a - KapTnHa Ha ABlrx(e-rrr{e Ha lracrxrlr{Te Ha rerrHocrra; 6 - pa:npe-.qeneHr{e Ha TeMnepaTypara

!i

I

&-

Page 29: EA - u4ebnik

56 EJIEKTPT4qECKI4 A[APATI,{. TIACT I

- 3a rbHKH npoBoAlilrry kr : 0, 58)/l,W/m2"C;

- 3a BepraKanHn H xopLI3oHTanHI,I npoBOAI{t{4.I It npbrl{ c A[aMerbp Ao I flrl k6 :o, 3r (r I I)o'125,w/m2 o c;

- 3a tpr6u, cQepu, BeprHKanHI,I ul,B3(r lI)o'25,wm2"c.

xopr{3onTaJrHu n.rtoqu k*

B AaAerurre u3pa3l,I :a k* I e onpege-

nfful pa3Mep (nanp. AnaMerbp Ha npo-Bo.q*{Ka, pa3Mep Ha luloqara Ir Ap.).Ha @ur. 1.16 e noKa3aHo cbulecrBeHoropa3nurrr,re Ha KorrBeKTwBlaus. touoo6uenMexAy reqHogr l,I xopll3oHTaJrHa nJloqa

c Harpsra [oBbpxHoc'T oTrope u oTAony.

B rogn cnyuafi 3a onpeAenflrl pa3Mep ce

npr,reMa no-ManKaTa c'fpaHa Ha IUIoqaTa

u croi&rosrra na roeQulsreHTa k* ce yne-rrnqaBa c 3OVo 3a cnyqas or Qnr. 1.16a

llJill ce HaMaJrsBa c 3OVo 3a cnyqat orQur. 1.166.

B noseqero r.r MacoBo cpeqann EA sa oxna)KAaHe ce r.r3noJr3Ba ecrecrBena KoH-

BeKqHq, KOgTO e AOCraTbqHa 3a OTHaC.SHe Ha OTAeneHOTO KOlrUrIecTBO TOUII{Ha B

oKonHara cpeAa. flpn EA 3a roneMr{ HoMr,rHanHH ToKoBe u pa6orerqn npl{ noBpllueHa

secrora (nxromocrorrrH Ao HsKorKo AecerKr,r xr4ltfrAr xepqa), KaKTo H 3a cneqtlanul{qenu sary6ure HapacrBar 3Harrr{TeJrHo }r 3a orBexAanero r,rM B oKoJIHara cpeAa ce

HaJrara H3noJBBaHeTo Ha npKr{yAnTenHa KoHBeI(q[r.Bdsdyuno aeHmunatnopHo oxna>rcdane ce ronorr3Ba rrplr MoUIHI,I BeHTI{JII{, HaMor-

Krre lra cnerdr{arnl{ eneKTpoMarHrrrlr, B 3arBopesure o6er'rl{ Ha H{Kott EA, eneKTpI,I-qecKr,r ra6na sa HH n gp.

Macneno oxnatrc\ane ce rcror3Ba B HsKou EA ga BH (nperbcBaql{, rpaucQop-Maropn n Ap.), B KoHTo Macnoro e He caMo rnonaqnorrna cpeAa, Ho r{ qpe3 KoHBeKI[,I.x

oTBex(Aa Tonrr,rHaTa oT ToKoBoArrrquTe qagTu, KbM pa,4.raTop[Te rla Ka3aHa lI or raMKbM oKonHara cpeAa. flpu rroBurueHn sany6n KoHBeKrs{ffTa ce yBen[qaBa qpe3 npl{Hy-

AHTenHa qHpKyna4{r Ha MacroTo c noMna.Bodnomo oxnaxdane e no-eQr,rKacHo or MacJreHoro, rrfi rato BoAara InMa rro-

rorrrMa cneqrnQr,luHa rofiJrr{Ha. To ce r,BnoJBBa 3a nrrren3r{BHo oxtla)KAaHe Ha roKoBHTe

KoHTypH na EA sa HH c ronf,M ToK urrH BlrcoKa r{ecrora Karo rrrlrHHrl cHcreMH, eleK-TpoMarHr,rTt4tlnttr coJreHoI,rIF 3a cb3.qaBaHe Ha roJreMr{ MaFH}ITHI,I [oJIeTa, ru{AyKI{4OHHI{

netr1ll n gp. ToroBurr KoHTyp ce cbcron or Kyxr{ rpr6r.t, B KoLITo Is.IpKynI,Ipa BoAa rlo,q

Ha;-rsraHe, 3aABtrx(BaHa or noMnn. Tonrrnrara ce orBe)KAa KbM touoo6r"reHHtlqu g

paAr,raropr,r H or raM KbM oKonHara cpeAa. Oco6eno BHr,rMaHHe ce orAent Ha BoAHoro

t. TOnTI4HHUflPOIIECH

oxJlax.qaHe Ha KoHTaKTHT{Te gbe,4,rHeHlrr B CneqnanHH KOMyTaITIOHHH anapaTH sa HH

c noBnueHa rrecrora (ronraxtopu, aBToMarI{tIH}I npertcealn, pa3elu{Hl'trean r'r Rp.)

[28]. Hsrou oco6esocrl{ Ha BoAuoro oxnax(AaHe ca:

- norrBa Ha Kopo3r{f, r,r Apyru eneKTpoxr,rMI{tIHI{ npoqecu, KaKTo I{ Ha KoTJIeII KaMbK

(npn napoBr{Ta BoAa). flpu npolpJrxnrenHa eKcflnoaralrytt KmneHI,Itr KaMbK

rlocTeneHHo ce HaTpy[Ba, BJroruaBa TorLnooTAaBaHeTo It [oBI'I[IaBa TeMIIepaTy-

para Ha roKoBoAfluII{Te rracrrr. HeodxoAnMo e nPeABaplrrenHo noqucrBaHe Ha

BOAaTa H MepKI{ 3a OrpaHI{IIaBaHe Ha eneKTpoxI{MI4tIHI'ITe npOIIecH;

- Ir3KysrBeHara KoHBeKIIun e MHoro fio-roJrsMa or ecrecrBeHara. flpn nuesanno

EpeKbcBaHe Ha [oAaBaHero Ha BoAa r{rr{ HaMarsBaue Ha cKopocrra i na ABIrxe-

Hr,re reMneparypara Ha roKoBoArrrqlrre qacrn 6tpeo ce yBenuqaBa HaA AoIrycrI'I-

Mara. HeofixoluaM e HenpeKbcuar KoHTpon Ha reMneparypara I{ npu neo6xoI['t-

Moct Ir3KJrIoqBaHe Ha 3axpanBaHero Ha EA;

- npH K.C. TOKOBOACI$.ITe qasfH ce 3aFprrBaT AO 3HaqI,ITeJrIIO IO-BI{COKa TeMIIe-

paTypa, orKoJrKoro npr,rHerpeKbcHaT pe)Kr,rM H Me)cAyTtX Il BOAaTa Ce nonyqaBa

TbHbK cloft napa. TonloorAaBansro npe3 To3H clofi e BJro[reHo Il Moxe Aa ce

. nonyqu rorurnHeH B3pr{8. Bolgroro oxna)I(AaHe na EA tpa6ra Aa ce H3rIHcJrfrBa

TaKa, qe npH Bb3MoxHHTe pe)KnMr{ Ha K.c. Aa He ce flonyqaBa KuneHe Ha BoAaTa

u notBa Ha cnoeBe oT napa oKoJro BbTperuHIrTe creHI,I Ha ToKOBItTe KOHTypI{.

Ha Qur. 1.17 e noKa3aH naKer IITI,IHI'I c BoAIIo oxna:KAaHe.

Bolgroro oxnaxAaHe ce IBnoJr3Ba r.r B TaKa HapeqeHnTe BoAI{H IUIoqn. Te upegc'ran-

rcBar anyMr{Hr.reBn rrJlorrr.r, B KoHTo r,rMa cepneHTI,IHa c WpKynl{palr{a BoAa. I4gnoassat

ce 3a oxJra:KAal{e Ha MoIqHI{ eneKTpoHHI,I npn6opn (graogu, THpIrcTopI{ }r Ap.), KaKTo lI

npa.Apyr[ cnergaQuuHr.r cnyqau. Xaparreprl3rrpar ce c rontMa oxra)KAalrla cnoco6-

Hocr, KoM[aKTHocr, MaJrKa Maca u 6esuryrrrnocr npu pa6ota (lunca Ha Bel{Tttlatopu).

Our. 1.17. flarerumn11 oxJrDKAaHu cBoAa: I - uegHuuruuu;2 - tpt6u uanoAHom oxnaxAaHe;3 - ngoraquoHnr{ lrJroqn; 4 - crsraqn turutnKl{; 5 - nemnarcoBlr flperpaAl{

57

W\W

a

\,1

Ao

(Dur. 1.16. B.rtusHne Ha noJro)KeHr{em Ha 3ar-prITaTa noBbpxHr,rHa Ha flJroqa Bbpxy oxJIDK-

Aanero i or re.rnocr: a - nJroqara e 3arprrraorFope; 6 - nrtoqara e 3arpr{Ta orAony

Page 30: EA - u4ebnik

58 E,IEKTPI,I9ECKI4 ATIAPATI4. IIACT I

1.3.3. Jlrqenne

Tonnuunomo usnbqeane (navenue) e npouec Ha npeHac-nHe Ha morunuHa om usn64-gaulomo mano K6*l oKonHomo npocmpaHcmeo qpe3 eneKmpohtaeHumHu e6nHu. BcsroHarptro rsro n3nbqBa I{ Ilornbqa eneKTpoMat'HlrrHr4 BbJIHI{ C pa3nI,ItIHa AbJTXI{Ha,Kollro npeHacqr ronnI,IHHa eueprns. Hafi-uHoro roulrna npeHacsr BbrrHH c AbnxHHa0,8-40pcm (rauQpauepBeHu mvu), a 3Haqr.rreJrHo no-MaJrKa - Bbnnr{ c lrbn)Kr{Ha 0,4-0,8;^m (cneuuHHu anuu). Tonannnare H cBerJrHHHr{Te rrbqv ce pa3npocrpaH{Bar cbccKopocrra Ha cBerrl{Hata (nan aaryyv), Morar Aa ce npeqyrmar, orpa3sBar 1411 nor-nblrlar B 3aBncI'IMocT oT cpeAara. Tntp4r,rre H Ter{HrTe cpepl nornbulaT cBeTnHHHr4Te.Ilbql{, a Ia3oBeTe rH nponycKaT.

Tstto, Koemo noenat4a acu.tcu nadnanu 66pry Heeo r6t1u u cat4eepe.tteHHo u*raJvaKcu*taJtHa usnoqaamenHa cnocoduocm, ce Hapuqa aficontomHo 4epHo. To ceHaMlIpa B TonrHHHo paBHoBecne H npr{ nocroruna r-eMneparypa. Tarona rrno pe-arHo He cbll{ecrByBa, Ho Ao Hero ce go6ruxraBar ra3oB}rre caiKAH, qeprrara MaroBa6ox n gp. Txao, Koero orpa3sBa BclrqKrr naAHanr,I Jrbqyr, ce Hapfiqa a6coruorso 6.flro[rI'I orneAaluo. PeaaHltre rera nMar cnoco6uoc"r Aa nornbrrlar H orpa3{Bar eneKTpo-MarHInrHH BbJIHtr, Kocro e Me)KAy ra3n Ha a6comotno qepHoro u a6coarorno 6saoro.

3aronnre Ha rbrlennero ca rBBeAeHr,r :a a6co.nrcTHo qepnoro r.ro, trfi raro roHMa MaKcnM:rnHa r,r3nbqBarerHa c[oco6Hocr.

I{:arqnanero Ha renara ce xapaKTepu3apa c rofirudHHara MorrlHofi p, Korro cen3rbqBa or eArrHr{qa nnoq. Txzanncn or Abn)r0tHara Ha sraHara ).

3arcouorn na flnanrc onpeAenr HHTeH-

3uBHocTTa Ha u3nbqBaHeTo p^ : d,p/dAsa a6coruorHo rrepHoro rsJro, Kosro eQyHrqrax caMo or Abnxusara Ha Bbr-Hara lt a6coarotsara My reMneparypa nce H3pa3eBa c Qoprvrynara:

(1.32) px: y^: #:,KbAeTO Ct n C2 Ca QnSnvnr.r KoHcTalrTr4.

3arosrr Ha flrtarur e npeAcraBeHrpaQrauHo na @nr. 1.18 n 3aBr.rcuMocr orApnx(uHara Ha Bb.nHara .\ u a6coaroruaraTeMrreparypa T.Or rpnnnre creABa, qe

a6coarotuo r{epHoro rsJro r.r3JlbqBa [paK-TnqecKH npr,r BcuqKu TeMnepaTyp*t, ocBeH

npr,r a6coaK)THara HyJra, B rlerlrfl cneKTbp

I . TOIIJIHHHU nPOIIECI4

npn A'bnx(r,rHu no-roJreun 30-40pm rinTerrr,rBHocrra Ha rcJrbtlBaHero e He3Haqurenua.

Kpr.rnr.rre or $nr. 1.18 ce xapaKTepn3npar c MaKcuMyMH npn Abnx(IiHa Ha BbrtHara

)-"*, Kor{To 3aBracrr or reMneparypara. C ynenuvaBaHe Ha reMneparypara pA*"* ce

yBenfiqaBa, I tr*.* ce npeMecrna n o6racrra Ha no-KbcnTe ltbn)<ltsn Ha BbJrnara.

flpn no-nracKlr reMneparypr{ (1000-1500K) rvrarcr'rMyMbr Ha HHTeH3HBHosrra Ha H3-

JrbqBaHero e s o6aacrra ua uuQpaqepBeHuTe Jrbr{r.r, a npr4 rro-BrircoKr.r reMneparyprr(5000-6000K) arvnre or Bvrry4v'us, cneKrbp (cner-nnHnu) npeHacar Beqe nonoBr.rHara

OT I'I3JIbqEHATA TOIJIITHHA EHEPTU'.

3arconom ua Bun onpeAenr 3aBrdcuMocrra MexAy Abn)KrrHara Ha BbrHara .\*",.c rvraKcr{MaJrHa r{HTeH3HBHocr r{a H3JrbqBaHero n a6comorHara reMneparypa T n ce

u3pa3.rrBa c Qoprvrynara:

59

(1.33)

wtn

(1.33a)

)-"*7 : b: const

\^r*: b/T-

P: tes(#)',

Or Qur. 1.18 ce Bu;KAa, qe, aKo no opAnHarHara oc ce HaHece reMneparypara ?, rocto6paeno c r,rspasa (1.33a) BbpxoBere Ha Haqegranr{re KpnBn p.r(), ?) nexar Bbpxyxnnep6ola.

Cneg 3aMecrBaHe Ha .l*r* or H3pa3a (1.33a) B 3aKoHa ua flaaur, ce nonyrraBa:

30 P^-"*:#f::car',

n:i n^a^:i #*d),: c+ra.

00

{rtgc{dS20al()O

(v)

t15r{Xi10R.

(1.34)

m.e. .IvraKcurtyutam Ha uHmeHgueHocrnma Ha usn6qeaHe Ha adcontomuo qepHomo manoe nponopquoHaJreH Ha nema cmeneH na a6connmHama.nry rhe*tnepamypa.

Sarconam na CmeQan-Eonq.uaH ce ornacr 3a nbJrHara roflrvrnHa uoquocr (oreAI'IHI{qa nnoq) ua a6coarorHo qepHoro rqro, Ko.sro ce nonyqaBa qpe3 r,rHTerpupaHeHa Lcpa3a 3a 3aKona Ha fhaur - Qopr"r. (1.32) B rpaHrrr{Hre or Hyna go 6e:rpaiiHocr:

7 8 910), Pm

Onr. 1.18. fpaQu.rHo rpeAcraBsHe Ha 3aBr{-cr{MocrTa px : f (\r?) no 3aKoHa na flllanx

ill'

3 4 tri6--.+i ir-

d,^

r/

lil

(r.35)

(1.35a)

Cnopeg 3aKona na CreQau-Boaquau monnuHHamaJilot4Hocm Ha aficonpmno qep-Homo m-uo e nponopuuoH&nHa Ha qemoapmo cmeneH Ha adconrumHama.My me.*t-ttepamypa. 3a npartnqecKll rl3rruc.rreHlrr Qoprvr. (1.35) ce ilpeAcraBs B creAHara no-YAo6ua Qopr'aa

\ tI tE,

I

f \

-8.

\\

f \7L \

I I, ,rlt*-6v1o I

or Abnx<lIHI'I Ha Bb.rlHara (ocneH trpu AbnxlrHn Hyna a 6esrpafinocr). flparruuecrn

Page 31: EA - u4ebnik

EJIEKTPIAYECKI,T ANAPATH. EIACT I

KbAero ks : 5,67Wm2K-4 e rosctaHTara na Eo-ru$rtas.

-IlrveuanycKareJruara cuoco6uoqr Ha KaKBo Aa e rsno e noAo6sa Ha ra3l{ sa a6co-

ntorHo qepHoro LI ToIIJIHHHaTa My MoIrIHocr ce onpeAens rto @oprvrynata

I . TOnJIHHHI4 nPOI{ECI4

KbAeTo eKBI{BaJteHTHaTa cTeIIeH Ha qep-

HOTa Ha IIBeTe TeJra e

1(1.38) €era-

Aro ,Sr x Sz OoPr't. (1.37) ce oilPoc-

TLFJA A MOXe Aa Ce H3noJBBa Hanp. 3a

u3tilncilflBaHe Ha nbql'Icrll;t touoo6ueHMexAy gne 6esxpafinu ycnopeAlil'I paB-

HI,IHI,I.

IIpu s1) sz Hanp., arco 3aepatnafna

noe1pxloctn Ha qacmma Ha EA omdaea monnuHa e oKonHama cpeda c me.Mnepamypa

Tz u na6nu3o Harta bpyeu saepemu 4acmu, Qopn. ( I .37) \oduea euda;

(r.36)

KbAero roe$nqraenrrt 0 S e S 1 ce uapuua creneu Ha qepHora.

{uclesure crolfuocrn Ha € 3a HrKor{ Mareprranu, r43noJr3BaHI{ B EA npu pa3nuqHu

TeMneparypu ca AaAeHH s ra6r. 1.5,

Ta6rnrqa 1.5. Crenen Ha rrepHora 3a pa3Jrrrnl{ Marepl{aJrl{

3arconom ua KupxoQ rilacn, qe oruolueHlrero or l,r3JrbrrBareJluara lI nornblrlaularacnoco6noc-r Ha BcHqKrl TeJra BKJrlorrureJrHo u a6co.nroruo qepHoro e e.ryro u cbnlo u3aBr4cr{ CaMO OT I[bn)Kr.rHaTa Ha BbnHaTa H OT TeM[epaTypaTa.

Jltqucrnsr rouoo6MeH Me)KAy Fe rena c reMneparypuTl uTz ce onpeAenq Ha

ocHoBaHlre Ha 3aKoHa na CreQan-Eolrpaan H 3aKorra Ha KupxoQ Karo ce I{Ma npelFHA,IIE TOBA E CNO;KCH NPOqEC HA MHOTOKPATHII 3ATI,IXBAIIII{ H3JIb!IBAHId.'I, UOTIbUIAHU'I

n orpaxernr. flpu rona rpx6Ba Aa ce orrrerar reoMerplrqHrre Qartopn (Qopua,pa3Mepn, flonoxeHue Ha reJrara, pa3crotHr,re MexAy rrx), KaKTo H crenenl{Te I,IM Ha

qepHo'ra. H.f,ron qacrHu cnyqar ca pa3rneAarrn n [45,59]..Axo rsaoro 1 cTeM[epaTlpaTt, fioBbpxHoct,91 I,I cTeneH Ha qepHoTB €1 € ]I3LUno

o6xnaHaro oT TrrroTo 2 c reuneparypa ?2, nonrpxHocr ,52 H gtenelr Ha qepHora e2

- Qrr. 1.19, rato ;pere reJra ca orAereur,r [oMe)KAy cE or HaIIbtIHo rlpo3paqua 3a

TorrJruHHrl'Te BbJrHr,r cpe,qa, To JTbrrr{crrsr ronrtnHeH [oroK P" (rvrorqnocma) Moxe Aa

ce u3qvcnfiBa ro Qoprvrynam :

(1.37a)

B nsnec.rHu rpani.n4l Ha IlsMeHeHHe Ha TeMnepaTyplrue TtuTz Qopt"t. (1.37a) Moxe

Aa ce npeo6paryBa BbB BHAa:

Pn: k"S(0 - 0o) : knSr,

p: kse(#)', *.*e-')

(Dnn. 1.19. JIrqHcr ronaoo6r"reH MexAy ABe

TeJra, pa3noJro)KeHlr e.{Ho B Apyro

Po :knersr t(fr)' - (fr)'], w.

(1.3e)

KbAero k, e roeQ[rqaer{rbr Ha JrbqeHue Ha rffJro c floBbpxHoct ,S I{ TeMlepatypa 0 roKoJrHa cpeAa c reMnepatypra ds.

KoeQrarg,renr:sr ./cr, 3aBr,rcn or reMneparypara H orrrldra BctatIKIl xapaKTepl'Icr*tKlt Ha

JIbIICHI,IC HA HATPSTOTO T{NO.

1.3.4. Cpreceno rorlJroorAaBane

Kolnqec.rBoro rorrJruna Q, Koero ce orAaBa or noBbpxHocrra Ha Harptno rsno KbM

oKoJrHaTa cpeAa, ce onpeAeJr{ [orrTr,r Br,rHarI{ eAIIOBpeMeHHO KaTO CyMa OT KOJIUqe-

crBara roflrr{Ha orAeneHu rrpe3 KoHBeKIIuq Q* u upes arveuue Qrr:

(1.40) Q:Q**Q"'B sasgcg14ocr or KoHKperHnx cnyuafi AoMIIHLIpa eAIrHHtr I'IIH ApyI'Htr npoqec.

Hanpravtep 3a npoBoAr{r.rK c reMreparypa 100-120oC Konl{qecrBoro roIUrI'IHa, Koero

ce orAaBa qpe3 nbqenne, e 4O-SOVo or o6uloro KoJrHaIecrBo ronJrllHa. B xaivrepl{Te Ha

BaKyyMHtrTe flpeKbcBarrl,r ru[cBa KoHBeKr{ns rI oTAeneHaTa TonII4Ha B KOHTaKTHI{Te

TeJra ce orAenJr qpe3 nbqe:ane v roruonpoBoAnMocr. Or mrqecrBeHo 3IIaseHIte e,

paabr,rpa ce, n QlyHAbr r{ HeroBoro sbcroffHlre, KbM Kotdro ce orHact rouuHata, tlfi

:

!

,t

tu"

Marepna.n Teweparypa, "C e

Aryunnnfi (rpanan) 20-25 0,055-0,07AryuuHuenu 6on l0O 0,27-0,67Me.q 20 0,15Mecnnr 20 O,22

Crorvrana nnsroBa 24 0,28{yryn 20 0,25Cpe6po nonrpauo 20 0,02Hrre.n 20 O,l2Karrafi 25 0,043-0,064

Oaono oKrrcJrero 25 0,28

flopueran rna:upaH 22 0,93Eon n aaxone 20 0,9-0,98As6ecron KaproH 24 0,96

(1.37) Pn :kn€"*"sr t(*)- - (ffi)n], *,

Page 32: EA - u4ebnik

62 EIIEKTPI4YECKH ATIAPATI,I. IIACT I

Karo KoHBeKIryItra 3aBHclI or roBa. Tara Hanp. KoHBeKrIHsra B eJrera3oBa cpeAa eno-ronsMa oTKotrKoTo BbB Bb3AyX.

3a onpegentne Ha ronJrLIHHara Morr{Hocr P, roxro ce orAaBa or r{lro c reMne-parypa 0 u oxnaxAarqa roBbpxuocr ,9 rarnr oKorHara cpeAa c reMneparypa 0s, n EAHafi-qecro ce r,BnoJr3na SoprvryJrara na Hroron:

P:lerS(?-0o):lsrSr,

KbAero k," e roe$Hr{.reHTbr Ha rorrJroorAaBaHe, Wm2oC.

I . TOnJII4HHI4 TIPOUECI4

B Hero.lrqM TeMneparyper{ HHTepBan (Hanp. 0 : 90-120"C) xoeQuqr.reHrbr Ha ror-.nooTAaBaHe ce H3MeH.rr He3HaqHTenHo oT TeM[epaTypaTa H rperrrKaTa npH r,Bnon3BaHe

Ha Qoprvr. (1.41) He npeBmxasa l5-2OVo.

flpr,r ynenrqaBaHe Ha reMneparypara roeQrnryreuTbr Ha roruroorAaBaHe ce yBenr4-qaBa npLIMepHo nllHefrno (nx<. Qur. 1.20). Harora eMm,rparrHn gaBncr.rMocrtr{ sa pa3-

lrr{rrnr{ cnyqan n EA ca:

- 3a 6osrytcarra npaBobrbrua rlr.rna c pa3Mepr{ 120 x 10mm, uocraBeHa Ha pe6po

k, : 9,2(1 + 0,009r), W/m20C;

- 3a 6onp1acawu xopu3oHTaJrHr,r [poBoAru{ryt B HenoABr.rxeH Bb3Ayx

h" : 10frr (L * k2r), W fmz"C,KbAero roeQr,rqueHTure k1 u k2 ce ras6r.rpar or cneAHara ra6rurqa B 3aBr.rcuMocr

oT AHaMeTbpa Ha npoBoAlrnKa

,[nauerrp Ha npoBoAHt{Ka, mm 0,3 l0 40 80 200

lq 4,5 1,24 l,l I 1,08 1,02

/cz x 10-3 1,7 l,l4 0,88 0,75 0,68

- 3a rl{nr,rHAprlqHn HaMorKr.r c oxna)r(Aarr{a noBbpxHocr Sk, cm2 n HenoApr{x(en

Bb3Ayx

/-.: m(L + 0,005r)

lrilt

il

)l

63

(1.41)

20

15

/cr, Wm2"C25

\O1e/

u2O44.P

01020304i0-50600-0o:TroC

(Dnr. 1.20. 3anncnuocr na roeQuqneHTa Ha

TOnnooTAaBaHe oT nperprBaHeTo 3a xopl{-3OHTIUIHT{ KpbFJrr{ npoBoAHrrur{ B HenoABI.r)KeHBb3Ayx

Ta6nnqa 1.6. KoeQuqrrenTrr Ha ronJroorAaBaHe

Ko eQu4ueHm6m Ha monno omd aeaneomquma ednoepetveHHotno omden-sne namotunuHa om nog6pxHocmma Ha Haep_n-

tnomo mano qpe3 KorrBeKrIH{ n trbqeHrce.Tofi npegctaBJrrBa Konr4qecrBoro rorr-JtuKa, KoeTo ce oTAaBa 3a elula ceKyHAaoT elu,rH KBaApaTeH MeTbp rutoq npn TeM-neparypHa paaama 1"C.

B ra6rt. 1.6 ca AaAeHH orrrcrHo nony-qeHn ctoftsocrlr Ha k, sa Hmon KoHcrpyK-THBHH ereMeHTr.l na EA. Ha Qnr. 7.2O euro6paseua 3aBr,rcr.rMocrra ua xoeQurga-eHTa Ha rorrnoorAaeane k," or nperpr-BaHeTO ?- 3a XOpU3OHTarHr{ Kpbrnn npo-BOAHr,rq[ C pa3nHrreH Ar4aMeTbp B HenoA-BLIx(eH Bb3Ayx (npn 0s : 40"C).

{il'KbAerorn:990npn1(

^91 ( 100cm2 yr.rl:l4^lrryu 100 < S* ( 5000cm2

l0

T. 16

KoeQnl4,rerrmr Ha ronnoorAaBaHe3aBucr,r oule or arrvroceepHoro HaJr.trFaHe, 14

T.e. OT HaAMOpCKaTa BHCoqr.rHa. 12flo aHaaorux c Qopr'r . (1.23) u (1.24),

Qopr'r. (1.41) Mo)Ke ,qa ce 3anlrue BbBBlrAa:

(1.41a) P : r- Rr,*

t

KbAero monnuHHomo canpornu*neHueRn* sa omdaoauama monnuHa 4pa n6-4eHue u KOHseW4Ut e:

Ha Qur. 1.21 e noKa3aHa 3aBr4cr{-

MocTTa ua roeQrqlreHra Ha ronroor-AaBaHe kn sa HaMorKa or nperprBaHero

ko, Wm2oC

20 40 60 E0 100 t20T, oC

@un. 1.21. 3anncurvrocr na xoeQnqr{eHTa Ha

TOnnooTAaBaHe oT noBbpxHocTra Ha HaMoTKa

or npetpsBanero li

1

k,s'

10

i;

'1,1,.,fr,,ffEEiF",

l

lir

lii

Bng Ha KoHc.rpyKTHBHHt ereMeHTn xapaKTepr{cTHKa Ha noBbpxHocTTa

h, W fm2"CBnn nr:gyx npn B uacao npn

ecTecTBeHaKOHBeKqr{t ecTecTBeHaKOHBeKUr,rt

Xopnaourarnr{ KpbFnH MeAHH npoBoAH}rq[

cAuaMerbp l-6cm 8,5-13flaocrn MeAHI npoBoAHuqn, rrocraBeHr{ na pe6po 6-9-IlarrpaHa roBbpxHl.rHa 12-16Xopn:on'ranHu nopqenaHoBr{ l3onaropr I 8 50- I 00MsorocaofiHn HaMorKr{ c xaprr{eHa H3onar{Hr lO-12,5 25-36lllfixrosaH MarHuronpoBoA | 0-12,5 70-90O6aasrtl n gerafiau c rnaAKa naKnpaHa

nln 6or4ncaHa noBbpxHr{Ha l0-14Tpr6nu euafi.nnpaun cbnporr.rBreHurr ZO-25

(t.42) ftr,*

Page 33: EA - u4ebnik

EITEKTPI,IqECKI'T ANAPATI4. TIACT I

I.4. YCTAHOBEH TOIIJIHHEH PE)IOIM

YctanoneHurr roIIr[rHeH pexl,tM Hacrb[Ba [pI,I HeflpeKbcnara, a non{Kora n npn oceM-

rracoBa pa6ora Ha EA npg onpeAeneHfl Her,BMeHHn ycnoBut Ha 3axpauBane. Koncrpyx-r$rgTe na EA u eneMenTr{Te HM ce xapaKTeprr3l{par sbc cJIoxHH reoMerpllqHn crpyK-

Typr{, eTo 3aulo onpeAenrHeTo Ha TeMnepaTypl{Te I,I nperp{BaHilfrTa e cJro)KHa 3aAaqa.

'fs ce peuraBa c rcnoJr3BaHero Ha rorurHHH_I,I 3aMecrBalr{H cxeMu vlttr Ha ypaBHeHI'Iero

Ha ronnonpoBoAnMocr:ra (no-rerrHo npor.r3Tl{uaqlnre or Hero npu yc"TaHoBeH TonJruHeH

pe)Kr{M ypaBHeHurr na Jlanaac t,trtu floacou) npu cborBerHI,ITe rpaHffiHI'I yclonm. 3a

I,rJlrcCTpaqns Ha [3[OJI3BaH]ITe MeTOAI4 Ce pa3rne)KAaT HSKOIKO npI{MePa.

1.4.1. Hso.rrupanr npoBolnr'lqr

Ha Que. 1.22a,6 ca noKa3aHu HanpeqHume ceveHus, Ha usonupaHu npoeoDnuqu c

Kp6ena u npa6o6e6nHe Qopa'ta. IIpu ycmaHoeeH peacurt saeydume P e npoeodnut4ume

ce omden-nm u34*no e orconHama cped4, Karo npeMruraBar nocneAoBarenno rlpe3

TorrJrrrHHHTe sbrrporl{Brerun Ha lrconalryIrta Rn" In Ha noBbpxuocrra Rn (or JrbqeHl{e

r.r KoHBeKTIHI). Tonnr,rHHara 3aMecrBarqa cxeMa 3a cilyqafr, e noKa3ana na Qnr. 1.22s.

flperpxnarroro 11 Ha rnonnpaHara noBbpxHrina ,S Ha npoBoAHI{Ka c reMneparypa 01

cllpsMo reMneparypara 0s Ha oKoJrHaTa cpeAa e

l. TOTIJMHHI4nPOIIECH

3a npono4nr.rK c npaBobrtJlHo ceqeHl{e, KaTo ce I{Ma [peABug Qoprvr. (l'23) ce

nonyqaBa:

Bnn Qopr.,r.(1.44) u (l.aD,\ e roeQnqueHrbr Ha rolurorpoBolprMocr Ha u3onaqn-

flTa Ha nPoBoAIII'rKA, A I e AbnXI{Hara My.

Marccu.taanHomo npeepseaH€ Trnax na npoeodHuKa cnpflMo TeMnepaTypaTa Ha

oKorHaTa cpeAa e:

(1.45)

(1.46)

3a npoBoAHI{K C Kpbrno ceqeHl'Ie;

P6Lr = IXGTE'

rmax: r(#**t#)

Pn:w'Marcnr"ralHoTo npenpsBaHe IIa [poBoAIl.IKa e Tmax : rt* Lr, KbAeTO Ar e nagnr

Ha TeMnepaTypaTa B r,BonalurgTa My.3a nponognr.rK c Kpbrno ceqeul{e, KaTo ce LIMa npeIFHA Qopu. (1.27), ce nortyqaBa:

PDAr : 2nNI" a

(1.47',)

3a npoBoAIIHK c npaBobrbrlHo cerreHue (d << a + b).

floryuenute u3pa3ll (1.46) n (1.47) 3a IIperp{BaHeTo Ha npoBoSilIK c Kpbrno HII'I

[paBobrbJrHo ceqeHr.re flpu ycTaHoBeH pexuM no3BOJrtBaT Aa Ce l{3r{tlcJrtT pa3MepHTe

ItM, KaTO Ce I,IMa npeABI,IA, rIO ftpa1 ( Tson Ha H3onaqnrta. flpt't_ycTaHoBeH pe)KHM TOn-

JrnnHlrre sary6u B cbnporl,IBJrenltero "" npo"ogt"ra P : RI2 : krRo(l a a0oon)12

(ko - xoeQrrgneHT Ha AonbnHHTeJrHlITe sary6ra; Rg - crnporHBJIeHI{e npu 0"C; a -TeMneparypeu xoeQuqrreHT Ha cbnporrrBJreHilero) ca pannl'I Ha orAeJIeIrLITe 3ary6fi

P : lsuSrson B oKoJrHara cpeAa.

3a xprru upoBoArrr,rK c Ar,raMerbp d n cnerg,rQr.lutto cbnpornBnewue po Ha Marepu-

ana npu 0oC, ce nonyqaBa:

(1.48)4I2kops(l * odoon)

- lsrrdryon.r&Peureuuero Ha ypaBH. (1.48) cnprMo 4laMerbpa d e:

(1.4e) r3d,: I

AI2kops(L * adoon)wIIo Qoprvr. (1.49) ce orpeAenfi rpeABapuren*a ctoltsoct Ha AraMerbpa dnpu ko:

L. I,Ia6npa ce nafi-6lr3Knrr rro-ronrrM craHAapreH Al{aMertp Ha rpoBoAHI'IK, ga rofitoce yrorrHrBa crofiHocma*a k'r.r no cbrqam Qoprvr. (1.49) ce onpeAens oKoHqarelHara

croftHocr Ha AuaMertpa Ha npoBoAHtrKa (Karo orHoBo ce rc6upa nafi-dnugrusr no-

norrsM cTaHAaPTen Ar,ravremp).

rmax:r(#u*&O)

(1.43)

(1,.44)

@ur. 1.22. KrIr,t onpeAentHe Ha nperpflBauero Ha I€oJrI'IpaH[ npoBoAHHIIIr:

ceqeHrre; 6 - c npanobl-brlHo ceqenl.Ie; B - TonJrlIHHa 3aMecrBalqa cxeMa

iI

I

i.&.,*

a - c Kpbrno

Page 34: EA - u4ebnik

EIEKTPHIIECKI,T ANAPATVI. qACT I

AnaJrorla'rHo 3a npoBoAHnK (runHa) c npaBobrbJrHo cerreHue c pa3Mepr{ a,buup}reroorHorueHlre Ha crpaHr.rre rn : alb (B + 10) ce nonyqaBa

(1.s0) a: mb.

Crulara 3aAaqa MoxeAa cepelun n n o6parua nocraHoBKa, a HMeHHo npr,r 3aAaAeHocerreHl{e Ha npoBoAIIHKa Ce OnpeAens AonycrnMr.ur npolbn)KurereH ToK npr.t ycraHoBeHpex(HM.

I . TOTIJII4HHI4 nPOI{ECH

PaanpegeaeHr,rero Ha reMneparypara0 no 4u;rlrHara Ha npoBoAunKa ce onpe-

Aenfl, or ro[JII{HHus flanasc npfi ycrano-BeH pexuM Ha eJreMeHT c AbnxlrHa dr ga

pa3crotHlre r or HaqaJroro - Qw.l.24

(1.s3) P(") : P(r * d,r) + P(d,r),

KbAero: P(") e [peHacrHara roflnnuHaMorrdHocr npe3 ceqeHlrero g Ha npoBoA- @sr'l'24' Kruonpe4e'nrHeHareMnepary-

HIIKa Ha pa3crotHl,Ie r. Cnopeg Qoprvr. para Ha e'qHocrpaHHo 3arptBaH npoBo'qHrK

(1.15) np^ X: X, P@) - -^q# (.\ - roeQnu,reHr Ha roruronpoBoAuMosr

Ha Marepl{arra Ha npoBoArrnKa); P(dr) : kfldr(0 - 0o) - orAaBaHara B oKorrgaracpeAa ro[rI,IHHa Morrlnosr or eneMeHTa c ltbnxuHa dx (II - nep[Merbp Ha ceqeHueroua nponognura).

TouzHsara MorqHoqr Ha pa:lcrorHlr e n * d,n e P(n + d,n) - -^o#(r + dr). fIpH

rBIIor3BaHe Ha Qopuynara na Tefinop u orpaHnrraBaue Ha pa3BuTuero ir Ao BTopHs

q/reH, ce nonyqa na P(r + d,x) - -^q# - Aqdr#.CneA 3aMecrBaHe Ha KoMnoHeHTr{Te Ha Mou{Hocrra B ypaBH. (1.53) u H3BecrHa

npepa6o'rxa ce nonyqaBa:

litii-1tili

i1

i:i

.'

-1'

P1 Pz

(Dur. 1.23. Kru onpegersHe Ha reMnepary-paTa Ha rIacTIrgHO II3Otr{paH npoBoAHnK

xHHHa szHA ll3onr.rpaHnrr rrpoBoAHHK, T.e.

Ha Qur. 1.23 e noKa3aH npoeoiluurc,usonupaH ccuvto no qacm om dontrcuHamany npil ycTaHoBeH pe)Kr,rM.

Touunnure :ary6u P n npono4nurace pa3AensT Ha ,@e qacTa, KaTo nbp-sara P1 : lerlSg npeMHHaBa HenocpeA-cTBeHO OT Hen3onr.rpaHaTa noBbpxHocT Ha

npoBoAHnKa ,9r KbM oKOnHaTa cpeAa.Bropara uacr P2 [peMr,rHaBa flocneAo-BaTenHo npe3 ToruIHHHr,rTe CbnpoTHBne-Hil,{ Ha H3onaqu.sTa u Ha oKoIHaTa noBbp-

(1.s1) Pz:,(#nl+#,), (1.s4) #-a2re+a1:g,KbAeTo I, 52 caAbn)uHaTa H BbHluHaTa OKOJIHa [OBbpxHI,IHa Ha H3OnHpaHHs upoBoA-um; )n" - roeQr,rqr,reHT Ha ronnonpoBoAl{Mocr Ha u3onarlrdsra.

Karo ce r.rMa npeABnA, qe P - Pt * Pz 3a nperpqBaHeTo T Ha npoBo.rrHr{Ka ceIlonyqaBa

(t.s2)

Kb^ero xoesr.'gaeHrnre cz-. a1: #t a2 : ,lWO6uloro perrenr{e Ha ypaBn. (1.54) e

0t: Ate"' * Aze-o'* * 00.

1.4.2. Egnocrpanrro 3arprBaH npoBoAnr;rK

Ha Sr'lr. 1-24 e [oKa3aHa uacm om 6enqaeH npo*odnurc c npou3oonHo HanpeqHoceqeHue q, rcofimo ce saepaea om nocm6neau4 om edunua ny rcpati c A4aKcurtclnHame-Mnepamypa 0^ monnuHeH nomoK Ps. Toen cayuafi ce cpeu{a n EA npg oxna)K-AaHe Ha HsKoIl ereMeHTI,I (routartxn cbe.4.IHeHlts, MotqHLr lonynpoBoAlrr,rr[4 H Ap.) cfloMorqra Ha MerarHr{ npbr}r n pe6pa.

KoHctanrnte A1u A2 ce HaMr{paT oT lpaHur{Hr,rTe ycnoBr,rs:

r:0; 0:0n,

r:ooi 0--00,

oT Konro ce nonyqana 1,1 : 0, Az t 0^ - 0t u cne.qoBarerHo:

0:(0*-fls)e-ar" +00.

Ot perueHneto (1.56) ce BLIt(Aa, qe npu y6enu4aoaHe Ha pcLscmoaHuemo fr ornsaepaeaauarcpafinanpoeodnwcatne*tnepatnypatnaJuy tta]rcutaoano eKcno*eHquaneHsaKoH u KnoHu t6.tv ftle.ivtnepatnypama Ha oKonHama cpeda.

P

(1.ss)

(1.s6)

I-

k'rSr++r I ,DI-rn-lerzSz ' 2.rll^n""' d

Po: -Aq(+\\Afr / t:O'

*:0,d,r

12kops(I * o0o*)m(m + l)h(0Aon - go) '

P(")l I P@+a")tl

Page 35: EA - u4ebnik

69EMKTPI4qECKTI ATIAPATI'I. YACT I

Tonaur*rzrT noToK Pg, oT,qeBeH oT npoBoAHr,rKa KbM oKoJlHaTa cpeAa, e:

(1.57) P6: -^n(#),:r: a1\q(0,n - ed : (0, - lo).,M : +,KbAero -Rt e ron.nlrnHoro cbnporr.Tnnenr{e Ha orAaBaHas or Hallanoro Ha [poBoAr{r{KanoroK KbM oKonrrara cpeAa, Koero ce n3qlrcJtrBa rro Qopvryaara:

(1.s8)

I . TOn JIHHHI4 IPOIIECI4

KbAero: ew v 02'y ca ycTaHoBeHlrre TeM-

[epaTyplr Ha re3l{ yqasrbls{, aKo re ca c

flocro{rfio ceqemte I'I He3aBI{CI'IMI{ elrym

orApyr; flr, flz - nepHMerplTe Ha ceqe-

HI{tTa Qt, QZ Ha YqacTbI+ITe.Karo ce ItMa npeABI'IA, qe ycraHoBe-

HOTO nperp{BaHe Ta HA eAIIOpOAeH npo-

BOAHHK C nogfosHHo ceqeHHe q H nepl',IMe-

mp II e: 0b

0,160

l,+0

t20100

80

60

II4 : \/mM'Or Sopra. (1.57) u (1.58) cJreIFa, qe orAaBaur.rrr rorJu.rueH noroK 3aBncn or re-

pllMerbpa Ha npoBo4{nxa. Ero 3arqo npn paBur{ Apyrn ycnoBnr e qenesbo6pasno roftAa e c npaBobmnuo cerreHr,re c ManKa qe6eluna.

B [46] e pa3r-rreAaH agaxornruyrfl cnyrraft na orgauaHe Ha ro[JrrrHa or npoBo4rr.rK corpaHr.rqeHa Abnxr.rHa.

1.4.3. Ifpono,qnHK cbc crecnen yrractbK

Ha Qur. 7.25a e noKa3aH 6earpaen npoBosrnK cbc srecueH yqacrbK c Abnxr{Ha 2rg,qHeTo cetleHl{e g1 e no-MaJIKo oT ceqeHHeTo Qz sa ocTaHaJIaTa My qasr (qr < qD. BnpoBoAHHKa nporrua rtocrosHer vrrv npoMen;rr,rB ToK, BcreAgrBr{e Ha Koero roft ce

3arpsBa, Karo MaKcHMaJrHara reMrreparypa 0n e B cpeAara Ha crecHeHrc yqacrbK,T.e. npH r : 0. Bcnegcrrne Ha cHMerpHrra Moxe Aa ce pa3rneAa caMo e$raranoJroBnl{a Ha npoBolsrfiKa (xanp. grcuara). flpe.qronara ce, qe roKoBoro noJre BbB

BceKI,r or yqacl:br.[ire e naMHHapHo, BKJrroqarerHo u n o6.nacrra oKorro [rsMeHeHtaero

Ha CeseHHeTO OTgl AO QZnPutr: frO*.

Ttfi raro npn ycranoBen Tonnr4HeH pexr,rM r.rMa HaAnbxHo npeuaccHe Ha ronrnHa,KaKTo B npeArrluHlrx cayvafi (n;r<. r. 1,.4.2), To 3a BceKr{ or yqacrb4rre 1 (mecnenaa)u2 (uecrecuennr) Mo)Ke Aa ce Hannlue r€pa3 3a pa3npeAeneHue Ha reMneparypara ro.qbnxuHar? My, aHaJroraqeH Ha H3pa3a (1.55), r.e.

e: I@)

(1.61a) rts : ffif I Loi

(1.616) r2v : ffif * oo.

KoeQrnqnelrtuTe At, Az u 81, 82cJreroflrTe rpaHI,IqHI{ yCnOBIt.S :

P(1.61) ra: ffi:TO qbOTBETHO

(1.62)

(t.62a)

(r.626)

lcARI2

,hS

npH r :0;

npu t - n0;

npu r -+ oo;

knP ,z:m't t s

t23 4 5

oo-J ozv

Orr. 1.25. Ktu onpegerslre Ha 3arPrrBauero

Ha [poBoAHI{K CbC gr€CHeH yqacrbK: a - npo-

BoAHI{K cbc crecnen yqacrbK; 6 - xsveueuue

HaTeMnepaTypaTa IIo AUDKITHaTa Ha npoBoA-

HIlKA

B r€pa3llre (1.59) n (1.60) ce onpeAerrsr or

d,0,0t:0*i t:0,d|r d0z?t:az; E: dr;

ooz :0.oz: oza; d"

(1.se)

(1.60)

'B geftc'rnu'rerHocr roKoBoro noJre e no-cJroxHo, Ho npu HeroJrrMo orHoureHne na ez/qt ToBa He

BOAr{ AO CbU{eCTBeHa rperxKa B pe3ynTaTnTe.

or nspasa (1.59) ce onpeAen " (#):!:0 atAr - atAz: 0, r'e' Ar : Az: A

I,I CJIEAOBATCIHO:

(1.63) 0r: * 0W :2Acha1r * 04.

Trfi raro npv r: 0; dr : 0*,ro -4 : L(g^ - 0W) H H3MeHeHueTo Ha TeMIIepaTy-

paTa B crecHellut yqacrbK I ce onucea or 3aBucl'IMosrra

(r.64) fu : (0p - 01y)ch afi * 0W.

Or uaparnre (1.60) u (l .626)ce ronyqana .B1 : 0 tt 3aBI,IcLrMo crr.a 02(x) 3a Bropl{s

yqacT6K HMa BHAa:

0t: Ateol' * Aze-or' * 9ta,

0t : Brcbr' * Bze-bt' + Tza,

(o,:tm)'

(u': r[@;'

A(""'" + "-"'")

iI

I

!It,!

illB-r-,

(1.6s) 0z:Bze-br'+02a.

Page 36: EA - u4ebnik

E.IEKTPI,IqECKH AIIAPATH. TIACT T

d0Or yc.rronne (1.62a) 3a paBeHcrBoro Ha npolr3BolF*r. E 3a Aeara yqacrbKa npn

r : tro ce nonyqaBa

Bz : frtew - o^)sbnosh alrs

r{ rl:pa3br 3a u3MeHeHue Ha reMneparypara BbB BTopH.s yqacrbK 4o6nra nu4a

er: fr{ery - o6)ebr(c-oo)r6 arro l ozu.

Marcnr*alnara reMneparypa 9rn : dr(Q) ce onpeAerr{ or ycnoBgero 01(zs) :0z(ro) n ce ronyrraBa

(1.66)

(1.67)

Trfi raro 0W ) 02y or n3pa3a (1.67) cJIeIFa, ue qrn I 0W, T.e. jilaKcuJvclnilama

me.Mnepamypa e cpedama Ha cmecHeHutyqacmaK e no-Jvtcurca om me.twnepatnypamqKoamo mort 6u uJv&n npu c6t4us moK, aKo e ca]ilocmosmeneH. Tosa ce Abnx<rr Ha

npeHacrHe Ha ronrnna KbM yqacrbKa or npoBoArrr{Ka c no-rorrrMo ceqeHne. Crule-BpeMeHHo or H3pa3a (1.66) creABa, qe npH fi ) fig,02 ) 02y BcneAqrBHe Ha nonyqe-Hara rorurr,IHa or crecHeHr,rt yqacrbK Karo npn r -+ oo, 02 -+ 02g.

Ha Qnr. 1.256 e noKa3aHo pa3npeAeneHr.rero Ha reMneparypara 3a eAnH KoHKpereHcryvaft.

Hanpaoenomo u3cnedoaue 3a pa3npedenenuemo Ha me*tnepamypama no dontrcu-Hama na npooodHuK c6c cmecHeH y4acrn6K npaKrnuqecKu ,tnKe da ce omHece K6Jvt

KoHnTaranHume coeduHeHua unu rc6ra npoQultupaHume anorcKu na npednasutnenume3a nonyqaaaHe Ha xenaHa epeJvemoKoea xapactnepucrnurca (nx. r. 1.6.1).

1.4.4. ll.rrocxa crena c Bbrpeunn [r3TorrHlrurr Ha ronJr[Ha

Ha Qar. 1.26 e noKa3aHa rracr or 6esrpaftua rurocKa creHa c Ae6earaHa A c BbrpeurHnI{3TOqHIIIIH Ha TOnJII4Ha, 3a KOITO Ce UpneMa, qe Ca pa3npeAeneHl{ C nOCTOTTHHa nJrbT-

Hocr p : const. ,.{o rolu HAeann3npan cayvaft ce go6nruraBa roruronpeHacsHero B

HsKon KoHcrpyKTuBrrr,r eJreMeHTr{ na EA Karo Hanp. o6rH.raHH or roK IUrocKH nrr,rnu H

HaMOTKr,r, MaTHHTOnpOBOAU C [pOMeHnr,IB nOTOK n Ap.Aro cpeAara e xoMoregHa la r,r3orponHa (,\ : constr 7 : const), urorepunqHrrre

noBbpxHI{HLI npeAcTaBrsBaT paBHfiHH, ycnopeAlrH Ha rpaHr,rqHnTe, r{ TouJrr.rHaTa ce npe-

Hacs caMo tro HanpaBrreHr.re Ea ocra c. Ypannenue (1 .19a), onncBarqo pa3npeAeneHneroHa reMfleparypara npn pa3rnexAaHurr ycraHoBeH pexr.rM, Ao6r.rBa BriAa:.

om: ow ai , orv -

.ozv-,

iltn alro + chalrs

#.f :o(r.68)

I . TOnTI,IHHII nPOUECI4 7l liCneg IIByKparHo nHTerpupaHe Ha

ypaBn. (1.68) npn p : corst ce nonytlaBa:

(1.6e) 0: -*"'*Cp*Cz.

Hrnerpar4aoHulnre KoHcraHTlt Ct Cz

ce onpeAensT or ycnoBl4.flTa Ha rpaHl,tq-

Hlrre paBHvHunpv r : 0 *r n -- A, npou:-ruqau1ll or 3aKoHa ua (Dypne (1.15). flpuTeMneparypa Ha oKoJrHara cpeAa 0o : 0

Te MoraT.qa ce 3annllrar BbB BI,tAa:

c: o; ot: r 1dd1 :

(r.70) - k\E )':o'

r - L; oz: -lf *-l'- k2\dn)r:L'

OfrnA0

@nr.1.26. Ktu onpegetsne Ha 3arpsBaHeroHa nJrocKa cTeHa c BbTpe[rHlI H3TO(THXIII{ Ha

TOIUII{HA

ll

I

I

tili1

ii

- Iri) ',liit,

i'i

IKbAero roeQrnryrenTl,me Ha ToIUIooTAaBaHe kt, kz s o6tt1 cnyualt MoraT ga 6rgat c

pa3rnrrHn crofigocrn BcneAcrBne Ha pa3Jrllrlrufre ycnoBuq Ha ronJloorAaBane orAperecTpaHr{ Ha cTeHaTa.

Cneg cbBMecrHoro perraBaue Ha ypaBH. (1.69) u rpaHIttrHLITe ycnoBut (1.70), ea

IrHlerpa4,roHHr4Te KoHCTaHTI{ Ce no'IyqaBa

CreA 3aMecrBaHe sa Ct u C2 n ypaBH. (1.69) Karo ce HMa npegnnA, qe s o6ulcayuafi 0o * 0,3a pa3npe,qeJreHnero Ha reMneparypara 0 no Ae6enr.rHara Ha creHara,ce nonyqaBa H3pa3a:

(1.71)

(t.72) 0-

Ha $ur. 1.26 e nro6paseua 3aBucr{Mocrra 0(*), HarlepraHa cno6pasuo lnpa3a(1.72). Or rpunara ce BrDKAa, qe npu onpeAereHa r,r3orepMa c r. rm o cmeHarna ce

nony\Aea.hraKcuJvtculHama mermepamypa 0*, Kofumo e no-eona.tvta om mertneparny-pume fu u 02 Ha epaHutrHume paoHuHu. Toaa o3HarraBa, qe nb/rHr'rre ronJrlIHHlI zatyduP s creHara Ha roBa Mrcro ce pa3Aencr Ha ABe qacrll:

,, p(o*#t" p(o*'i)"^:*ffii cz:hffi

2.\r* nr)-r--Ihl

(a

A+

pl2^L

A

Tk,

k. *) -.'l* oo

Page 37: EA - u4ebnik

73 i ,l

lI

EMKTPT4qECKI'T ANAPATI4. YACT I

- 3ary6H P1, ronto npeMHIIaBaT npe3 toulasuoTo cbnpoTI,IBneHI{e Ha cpeAaTa

B yqactbra 0 S t 1 rm r,r trpe3 Torrnr,rnHoro cbnporffBneHl{e or JrbrleHue [I

KoHBeKr$.rrr Ha paBH[HaTa c TeM[epaTypa 0t ce OTAaBaT B oKoJrlraTa cpeAa c

TeMneparypa iloi

- :ary6r,r P2, KortTO npeMI,IHaBaT npe3 TonJrIrHHOTo CbTIpoTIBJIeHLIe Ha cpeAaTa

B yqacrbK? rm ( r S A ra npes roruil,rHnoro sbnporI,IBJreHI,Ie or nbrIeHI,Ie u

KOHBeKqr,rfl Ha paBHI,IHara C TeMnepaTYPa 0z ce orAaBar B oKonHaTa cpeAa c

TeMneparypa 0o.

Macmomo Ha uSorneprtama c JvraKcu.tdclnHa meJilneparnypa 3aBwct4 or ycnoBusra Ha

TorrJroorAaBaHe Ha ABere rpaHr.rqHn paBHr,rHH, T.e. or'c-rofrrocnme na roeQnryIeHTrlTe

Ha roruroorAaBaHe kt u lcz. To uoxe Aa ce HaMepH or ycnoBl,Iero

I . TOIIJII'IHHI4 TIPOIIECII

or ypanH. (1.72a)n (1.75a) npr,r H3BeCTHO MaKcLIManHO nperpflBaHa Trn : qrn - 0o

n ycIoBHrI Ha OxtraxAane (k1 u kil Moxe.qa ce HaMepI{ AonycTuMaTa IIJIbTHOCT Ha

To[rr.rHHIiTe u3TouHtaqu Pa.B qacTHoCT npu /c1 - k2: k Sapoce nonyqaBa

8k\r*Pr : [@[14tr)'

Marcnr,ra-nHr{rT naA Ha TeMnepaTypaTa B CTeHara Ha pa3cTotr]ffle a'f 2 e

(1.76)

(1.77)

x otnHocumenHuam nab na tne*tnepamypama

L,0 : em - 0r:P\!' .8.\ '

L0 1o*:;T(1.78)(1.73)

Cneg ryrQepeHrryrpane Ha r.r3p13a (1.72), npHpaBHsBaHe Ha Hyna Ha nporl3Bo4larau peuaBaHe Ha nonyqeHoro ypaBrreHlre 3a t,fn ce flonyqaBa: He SaBUCu ofn nnatnHocrnmap Ha monrtuHHume u7moqHuqu'

1..4.5.I|rr.rnrHgpl[rlHaHaMoTKa6egNrarHnTonpoBo.q

OnpegenrHeTo Ha 3arplBaHeTo Ha I{unHHAprqHa HaMoTKa 6es cToMaHeH MarHI'ITonpo-

"og torr. 1.27)s o6u{ cnyuafi e TpyIFa LI cpaBHI,ITerIHo crloxHa 3aAaqa. 3a nparul-

qeCKoTo i peruanane ce HaJIaraT HsKOu onpog1'tBaH1t{' KOIITO He BoAsT AO gbIIIgCTB9HI'I

rpeIIrKIr Ha pe3ynrarllTe. Ocnonnute .qonycKanvg' ca cneAHLTe'

I

,S""".

o|ur. 1.27 . Knu onpegerurHe Ha 3arprIBaHeTO Ha IIHnI{HApI{qHa HaMoTKi

l. Ifpue.mA ce, 4e dan>rcUnama I1a ttct lornrclmA e 3ttrttumenHo nO-eOnAUa Om padU-

armume il pasnepu (teopenruHo 6e:rpaitno Arnra) I{JII{ qe qe.ltaTa (Qnamryate) ca c

B srornercrBr{e c oqaKBaHurrra or r,r3pa3a (1.74) cneABa:

- upt,t kt : k2, fim : L/2, T.e. MaKclrMargara reMneparypa e B cpeAara Ha

CTCHATA;

- npu kt :0 (ronnou3onr{paHa ilsla grpaHa Ha cregarn), firn:0, T.e. MaKcH-

MarHara reMfleparypa e Ha JIrBara paBH[IHa u 0* : Qt;

- flnp]r kz : 0 (rouou:onupaHa As.cna crpaHa Ha cregara), frrn : A, T.e. MaKcH-

MarrHara reMneparypa e Ha Arcnara crpaHa u A* -- 02.

Crreg 3aMecrBane Ha fi:lpasa (1.74) B ypaBH. (1.72) 3a .htancurt&nHama meurne-

pamypa ce nonyqaBa:

(1.75) 0,n : * 00, KbAeTo TrL - onk1+i

(r.74)

B qacrxocr npn k1

(t.72a)

(1.75a)

r 2),r (^*#)"nrn:,".*;T

(o * #)"p 'TTL. ,\1

fi*\T * kr)

- kz : le (n* : L/2), ypaBH. (1.72) u (1.75) I'IMar BI'IAa:

o : *Lo(". i) - *,f + r,oi

u:*e.*) *oo.

ItII

,l-',,

Page 38: EA - u4ebnik

t,li

ENEKTPHI{ECKI,T AIIAPATI4. YACT I

HAeanHa ToIUII'mHa H3onaqfi-f;. flpn rona AonycKaHe ronn{Hara B HaMorKara ce npe-Hac-f; caMo B paAHIUIHa nOCOKa Ir n3oTepMnqHnre noBbpxHtrHr.r npeAcraBnsBar KoaK-CHaJIHI{ t${nI{HApI{. Hauotxara ronJloorAaBa caMo or BbHrrrHara S"r" [r BbrperrrHara

^9u* oKorHa noBbpxHl{Ha, T.e. oxJlaxAalrlara noBbpxHocr.e ,gor,, : ,Srrn * S"", -2tl(r1 a ,r)- Cpe4loto nperprlBaHe Ha noBbpxHocrra r ce onpeAerrfl rro eoprvrynaraHa HroroH:

I . TOnnpIHHI{ nPOIIECI{

ln : 0, 13 + 0, 15 W/m"C. Korvruayr4lpanero Ha HaMorKlITe noBllrrlaBa eKBI{BareHT-

Hara roruronpoBo.ryrMocr lr HaMarsBa nperptBaHeto. KoeQnffeuTbr .tr sasucu H otHaquHa Ha [oAperK.qaHe Ha HaBHBKT{Te B ceqeHilero Ha HaMorKara (pegono Hnu luax-rvrarno) rato croftirocTl{Te My ca no-roneMH rlpl,I uraxMaTHo noApex(AaHe.

Llgueuerulero Ha reMreparypara rro pa4ryca Ha HaMorKara ce oru{cBa or ypaBH.

(1.20) npn ycrauoBeH pexr4M, Koero B cnyqas npu HanpaBeHLITe AonycKaHl4t Ao6uBa

BI{AA:

75

Pf:.--

hSo*r, h(S*" * S"r)'P

il)

I

i

liI

illl

KbAero P : RI2 e rorrJrr,rnHara MorrlHocr Ha HaMorKara.2. TonnunHume saeyfiu ca pa3npedenenu c nocmo,rHHa nJtlmHocm p e ode*taV na

HCIJilOMKAMA

PPr V r\r2r-ril'(1.84)

H:ueHeHnero Ha reMreparypara no pa4{yca r cro6pa3no c peureHllero (1.84)

e noKa3aHo na Qur. l.27.Ot Qnsnunn c'bo6paxeuur e flcHo, rle ro e aHanornuno

Ha ruMeneHr,rero Ha reMneparypara no ge6earnara Ha rurocKa crena c nocrosHrilTorurr.rHHr,r llaToqHt.tr+{ (nx. r. 1,.4.4) u npu paryryc r : Trn meJflnepamypama urta.waKcurrcurua ctno rtnocm 0 *.

Konc"Tanrure Cy u C2 B pe:ilrteHrero (1.84) Morar Aa ce onpeAentr or cneAlil,rre

rpaHHqHr{ ycnoBarr:

" - rri o : ori kr(ot - /oo) : ^(*) ---

t\Af / r-rl

: r2i 0 :Lzi kz(02 - 0o) - -l (#),:,r,KbAeTO kt n kz Ca roeQnrryreHTr{Te Ha TonnoorAaBaHe oT BbTpeIIIHara H BbHIuHaTa

noBrrpxHnHa Ha HaMorKara. Tosu noAxoA o6aqe B cnyqaff Bolrr Ao cno)KHr{ t,3;pa3v

I45,461.

Kosctasr ara C1B peIIIeHI,Ieto (1.84) ce onpeAeJlf, or ycnoBnero + :0 ga r : rrn,O,T

nplt Koero ce nonyqa na C1 : fir'^n ro 4o6una BnAa

(r.7e)

(1.80)

(1.82)

3. flpu onpeAentHe Ha sary6nre He ce ornquma 3aaucu.rytocmma Ha c6npomueneHu-emo om meJvnepamypqma,Karo ro ce H3qncJr.'IBa 3a cpelura reMneparypa, onpeAeJreHacro6pasHo c $oprn. (1.79),r.e. 3a 0 : r I 0o.

4. Hatvomrcama ce npue.Iila ca xortoeeHHo ugotnponuo mano c nocmotHHunapaJilempu (c : gonst, 7 : COnSt, ,\ : const). B Aefictnn:reJrHocr HaMorKara eHeXoMOTeHHO T9JIO' cbAbpX(aU{O npOBOlHtllQ11, H3OJIAI{/rfl H Bb3AyX I{nI,I KOM11a)mA,HMailIu cHJIHo pa3n[qaBalqu ce roeQnqueHTlt Ha ronnonpoBoAr,rMocr. Brre;rga ceeKauocLne$men rcoeQuqueflm Ha motunonpoooduivtocm A, rofrro onpeAem cbrrloropa3npeAeneHl{e Ha reMneparypara Ha xoMoreHHoro rrrro, KaKTo UpU AeficrBr.rreJr-Hara HaMo:rxa- ExsuBareHTHHtt xoeQmpreHT Ha roflnonpoBo4rMocr Ha HaMorKarae o6ext Ha MHo)KecrBo reopernqHn u eKcnepflMeHTaJTHH r{3cJre4BaHu.s BoAerrln Ao$oprvrynu' AaAeHr.r B ru{Teparypara I I , 1 8,3 I ,7 61. Hsron or re3r{ eoprvryau ca:

- 3a HaMOTKH OT Kpbfbn n3onrlpaH rrpoBoAHnK

(1.83)

(1.8s)

O6rqoro peuenl{e Ha ypaBH. (1.83) HMa BItAa

d2o tdo D- - | :--- +- :0.dr2' rdr' )

0:-**Crlnr*Cz.

o:-**#r',"rnr*cz.

tr: -# * *4"tn r1a c2;

tr: -* * *r'*Ln rz * cz,

(1.81)

KbAero: d e guarvrerrpbr Ha HeI,I3onIrpaHHr npoBoAHHK; d - 4e6enuHara Ha v3onaul4sra;_ 3A HAMOTKII OT H3ONI'PAH NPOBOAHHK C NPABObTbJIHO CEqCHI,IE

) :0, U^^*,

lI

I

X: ^";lU

b+2626'

KbAero: a e pa3MepbT Ha ceqeHEero Ha npoBosrHKa no HanpaBneHue Ha ocra HaHaMorKara; b - pa:rvrepbr Ha ceqemlero Ha npoBoAHr,rKa no HanpaBneHr,re Ha pap4ycaHA HAMOTKATA.

Bnn Qopr"r- (1.81) u (1.82) Ao e roeQnl-u.IeHrbr Ha roffronpoBoAnMocr Ha n3o-naqngra Ha IIpoBoAHuxa. 3a npoBoAHLIqH MapKa TIEJI (c euafianaKoBa n:oaaqlx)

Teuneparyplrre Ha BbrpeuHara r,r BbHrrrHara noBbpxl{I,IHI,I Ha HaMorKara ca:

(1.86)

(1.87)

;

IIt:l

,,,tu.

Page 39: EA - u4ebnik

i

I

i

i

I

i

76 EMKTPI4IIECKI4 ANAPATI'I. TIACT I

a TsxHaTa pa3nr.IKa e

(1.88) et - 0z: -fi{r? - rrr) * *rr*r"7

om: -* * +^",-lln r* * cz'

Aro d1

cne;pa

(1.8e)

: 0z (npw eArraKBo roruroorAaBaHe or eErHHqa nnoul), or lnpa3a (1.88)

Hsquc.'leulrrra noKa3Bar, qe B noBeqero npaKTuqecKu cnyqau rm N rt*t(rz-r),T.e" H3orepMara c MaKcuMarHa reMrreparypa e no-6mlso Ao Bbrpeurrrara noBbpxHriHaHa HaMorKara Ha pa3crosnue npu6rnaurerHo Ha elgra rpera m ge6elrHara ir. AroToIIJIoorAaBaHero or Bbrpeuuara [oBbpxHr.rua Ha rraMorKara Moxe Aa ce npeue6-pefHe, TO frn - f1.

MarcnualHara reMneparypa 0* ua HaMorKara ce ronyqaBa or r.Bpa3a (1.85) saT:Tml

(1.e0)

(1.e1)

(1.e2) 0z:r*00,KbAero T e cpeAHoro rperpqBaue, onpeAeneno c Qoprvr. (1.79).

3a *tarccu.,vanHama meJvnepamypa Ha HcrJtomnema ce nonyqaBa:

3a teuneparypara 02 Ha BbHruHara noBbpxHocr Ha HaMorKara Mo)Ke Aa ce [pHeMe

caeg H3Ba)KAaH e or o*Harrp. ua 02, ce flonyrraBa:

om - er: *?Z - r'*) - firnr"#

om : r + *OZ - r'*l - #-{-r" *,.(1.e3)

Tasu MaKcuManHa reMneparypa e onpeAensqa npu oqeHKa Ha ronrr{HHoro sbcro-

'IHue Ha L€OnaqHsTa Ha npoBoAril{Ka Ha HaMoTKaTa.

Cpaunenraero Ha noryqeHl,rre reopernqHr,r pe3ynraru c raKr{Ba, nonyqeHri npr{ no-cnoxHu ycnoBus [46], ramo H c pe3ynraru or r.r3rrucnennfr u orrr{THH v3cilegriar{us,IIpII paBHn ApyrH ycnoBlrr BoAH Ao cne/r0rr4Te [I3Bolu{:

a) me-unepamypama na 4unun\pu,aia narromKa e no-eucorca om masu npu nnocKacmeua c eampewHu rnotutuHHu usftrotlnuqu (r. 1.4.4). Ha rasu ocHoBa u e no-BLTCOKa OT TeMnepaTypaTa Ha npL€MaTHrrHa HaMoTKa;

,.tri-ri,@F;'

I . TOnJII4HHI4 TIPOIIECI4:l,i

77

100

80

60,l

'.t

Eo*'

I

Pqi

I

t2

10

8

6

4

2

lm

20

r, cm

a

4 qr"C

o

:i: ,,il!,:)i:

ti':.:L:l i i',irl1l

tlri.1 tt

,i:i. I

;:;i :

,i:

:i

@nr.. 1.28. HelvreHeHue Ha TeMnepaTypara Ha qI{JI}IHApI{qHa HaMoTKa: a - IIo paAl{yca; 6 * no

Abn)KuHara

6) npu omqumaHe Ha 3aaucuutocmma Ha clnpornu*neHuerno R(0) ce nonyqaea

no - euc oKa me tvtne p amyP a.

Ha Qur. 1.28 erroKa3auo r.BMeHerilero Ha reMneparypara uo paAl{yca r (noanqrar a)

I{noAbnxI{HaTal (noar,rrryEs 6)nae4lapeanHaHaMoTKacpaAI,Iyct't : 1cm'12:3cmul:12cm. Bu><ga ce, qe rrn N 1,33cm H rlereMneparypara no l[bnxuHara Ha

HaMOTKaTa He e IIOCTO'IHHa, T.€. qe r,r3oTepMnqHaTa [oBbpxHHHa He e qflnI'IHApI',IqHa.

Pagru.rHrate srofinocrr.r Ha reMneparypara Ha HaMorKara B Agara Kpat ce l{bn)Kar Ha

tseprllKaJrHoro ir noro)Kenl,Ie.

1.4.6. Hauotxa c MarnrrrorlpoBoA

3arprnaHero Ha HaMorKa (r.prnr,rn.qpur{Ha nJru nplasMarl{una) ctc croManeH MarHVTo-

npoBoA npn ycraHoBeH pex(uM e c ronrM npaKTurrecKlt I,IHTepec, ttft Karo rt e ocHoBeH

eJreMeHT Ha Mnoro nraAone EA (elerrpor"rarHnru, Apocenu, tpaucQopMaropl'l, ceH3opI'I

t,r Ap.). Bc.ne4crnne Ha roBa 3arprBaHero Ha HaMorKa c MarHI,ITonpoBoA e o6ert Ha

peAnqa TeopeTI,IIIHH I{ eKCneplIMeHTaJIHI{ H3CneARaHHt OnpeAen{u$r u yTotIHsBaIII}I B

KoHKperHH cnyqau roeQurgaeHTrnre Ha ronxoorAaBaHe lr ronnonpoBolg{Mocr, oxJlax-AaIIIaTa noBbpxHr{Ha n Ap.

Hauorra c MarHHTonpoBoA c nocrorHeH MaTHHTeH noroK.3ary6r.me B HaMorKara

ca eru{HerBenr,rff r,r3TorrHuK Ha rorutlrna. flpn ycranoBeH pexuM Te3L sary6u ce orAaBarB oKonHaTa cpeAa no cneAHr.u HaqHH:

a) upe: Jrbqeur,re r{ KoHBeKr.Fr or BbHrrrHara [oBbpxHHHa Ha HaMorKata S*". Ton-

nooTAaBaHeTo 3aBHclI oT roJIeMHHaTa, BIIAa H CbCTO'HLIeTO Ha noBbpxHocTTa Ha

HaMorKara, or rlolroxeHrlero ir n npocrpaHcrBoro u ot uefrsara reMneparypa;

i&,

Page 40: EA - u4ebnik

7E EITEKTPLII{ECKI4 ATIAPATI4. TIACT I

6) uper roflnonpoBoru,IMocr or BbrperxHara [oBbpxHr{Ha Ha HaMorKara ^9"r, npesge6enuuara Ha cKerera ir r.r nt:gyrueu (uau reven) clofi KbM MarHr,rronpoBoAa,ot cno6o4trara noBbpxuocr sa rofiro (ueraeta or HaMoTKam) rx ce orAensB oKorHara cpeAa. MarHuronpoBoAbr nrpae ponsra Ha paAHarop, roitro ox-nDKAa HaMorKara. Tosa oxna)KAage e rorKoBa no-rorsMo, KoJrKoro rro-ManKoe TorurI{HHOTO Cb[poTr,rBJreHfle Me)KAy BbTperrrHaTa noBbpxHHHa Ha HaMOTKaTaI.I MaFHLTOnpOBOAa I{ KOJIKOTO nO-FOJrgMa e HerOBaTa OXIarKAarrIa [oBbpxHr.rHa.

Otganauero Ha roILnLIHa ot frnaHqrare Ha HaMorKara o6muoseHo ce upene6perna,rrft rato rttxHara rloBbpxur{Ha e orHocrrreJrHo MaJrKa u(unu) TonrurHnoro t{M cbnpo-TI,IBneHI{e e ro.rlrMo (uroaaqux or 6areanr, KaproH, rerriHaKc r.r Ap.).

Cpeduomo npeepaeaHe Ha nol6pxHocrnma Ha Ha-MomKatna ce onpedena no Qop-,tynanra na Hrcmou:

(t.e4)h(5*" -t 05,u,)'

KbAero B e onwren xoeQHqueHT, orpa3rBarrl yqacruero Ha BbrpeuHara noBbpxHlrHaHa HaMorKara B TonnoorAaBaHero, qufiro croftuocrrl 3a HrKora cnyqau ca AaAeHlr B

ra6n. 1.7.

Ta6nnqa 1.7. Crofinocrr{ Ha roeQuquenra p rrn eopu. (1.g4)

BHgHaHaMorKara pHa creaer c Jroua rofinonpoBoAr{M(rr 0EescreaerHa, 6angaxnpaHa c JteHTa 0,9Ha rlsnr cKerer or 6axeanrn3upaHa xaprfir, KaproH r{Jrr.r nJracrMaca 1,0Hauorana Ha MsraJlHa rpt6a 1,7Hauoraxa Bbpxy MarHuronpoBoAa 2,4

Or ra6rr. 1.7 ce BIt)I(Aa, qe B 3aBr.rcrrMocr or ro[JrnHHoro cbnporr,rBreHr,re Me)r(AyHaMoTKara H MarHI,ITonpoBoAa crofinocture ua roeQHrIr{eHTa B ce usvrenrr B lunpoKurpaHltqll, Ilplr Koero ronnoorAaBaHero or BbrpeuHara noBbpxHr,rna Moxe Aa 6bAeno-roIcMo oT ToBa OT BbHlIrHaTa noBbpxHHHa.

Br'n Qoprvr. (1.94) k" e roe@HIIHeHTbT Ha ro[lroorAaBaHe orBbHrrrHara rroBbpxH]rHaHA HAMOTKATA.

flo-roqen pe3ynrar 3a npenpJrBaHero r Mo)Ke Aa ce nonyr{H qpe3 }Bnor3BaHeHa 3aMecrBalrla cxeMa n pa3AensHe Ha Toruu,rHHHTe noTor& oT BbHrur{aTa H Bbrpeil-Hara noBbpxHfiHa Ha HaMorKara. 3a nocneArlara Moxe Aa ce rd3[on3Ba eKBHBaJIeHTeH(Qurrunen) roeQprqraenT Ha ronnoorAaBaHe kr", orquralr{ TonronpoBolurMocrra npe3cnoeBere ll3onalllt (creaeta) H Bb3Ayx I,I To[noorAaBaHero or noBbpxHocrra Ha Mar-

P

t. TonmcHHI{ nPor-Ecr4 79li

Hnro[poBoAa, rofiro ce l,t3sncrsBa rro Soprvry-rrara:

(1.e5)

KbAero d", du ca Ae6enrnme Ha croeBere r{3oJraws, t4 Bb3Ayx; lr, }" - roeQr,rrg,ren-

Ture Ha ronnonpoBo4{Mocr Ha u3onarus n Bb3Ayxi h*, - roeQurg.reHTbr Ha roffro-orAaBaHe oT oxnaxAau{ara noBbpxHocr Ha MarHHTonpoBoAa ,9*"", Ko.flTo He e 3aeraor HaMorKara. flpneMa ce, qe MaruuTonpoBol{br e c nocrorHHo nperpnBane cnprMoTeM[epaTypaTa Ha oKonHaTa cpeAa.

Halrorxa c MarnrrTonpoBoA c npoMenJrrrn noror.LlgroqHnrs{ Ha rorurr{HHu :ary6n ca

KaKTo rraMorKara, TaKa n MarunroflpoBoAa. flpu xaauqne Bbpxy nocnel[ilrr Ha Kbco

sbe4{Henu HaBfiBKH rpr6na Aa ce r{Mar [peAB[rA u zary6vne B Trx.IIpu npn6ru3r,rreJrHo rllqucreHne Ha 3arprBaHero Ha HaMorKara Mo)Ke Aa ce upe-

He6perxe roruroorAaBaHero ir or nrrperrrHara noBbpxnrdna, BcJreAsrBue Ha 3arps-Banero Ha MarnnronpoBoAa ri rorsMoro rorurnnno cbnporr{BJreHr{e KbM Hero. flper-psBaHero Ha HaMorKLTa rn or co6crserrllre i sary6u P^ e:

(1.e6) ,H - hS*r'

t^-1^"re-m't-\-kJ"""

I

1litI

I

i;l;t;jil

li,Ii .j;ltti

'j!

iiil,;l.::l11rlii;, ri

':iir

li:L:l;0*0,

P*

flo-roqso nperpsBaHero Ha HaMor-KaTa 7H v, Ha MaTHI,ITOnpOBOAa fM Ce

ollpeAenr oT 3aMecTBarqaTa cxeMa oT

Srr. 1 .29, s Kosro noorAeJrHo yqacrBarsary6r,ne B HaMorKara P,{ u B MarHfiTon-poBoAa Pnr. B 3aMesrBarr{ara cxeMa orQar. 1.29 R ", e roruu,rnHoro cbnporr,rB-

neHlre Me)KAy HaMOTKaTa r{ MarHrrTO[pO-BOAa, OTqlrTarqo HaII{qneTo Ha l,I3onaql,I-oHeH r{ Bb3AyrrreH caofi no nbr.s Ha rorr-JIHHHlrr noroK Prrr. flpr,r peuraBanero Ha

ToIUrHHHara 3aMecrBarqa cxeMa o6ncHo-BeHo ce npneMa r^ ) T*. Axo ce oKa)Ke,qe TM ) r" (roero e HeAonycruuo), noroKbr Prr", ce nonyrraBa cbc 3HaK MrlHyc. CaegpeluaBane Ha 3aMecrBa[dara cxeMa or Qur. 1.29 ce nonyqaBa:

'ii

i;il,',I

i

l

I)

@nr. l.29.3atvrecrsaua ronJrr{Hua cxeMa Ha

HaMOTKa C MarH[TOnpOBOA C npOMeHfl{B IIO-

TOK

(1.e7)

(1.e8)

)l

]i1l{l

i

liII

lv-

Page 41: EA - u4ebnik

tIIL*

EJIEKTPHqECKH ATIAPAT?I. qACT I

(1.ee) E)r rltP*ftr" - P*.R"*n

&n*&"*8"*'.flcgo e, qe aKo He ce orrII{Ta roflJruHnoro cbnpornBreHr{e .Ro* nperpsBaHero Ha

HaMOTKaTa Ce yBenr{qaBa, a ToBa Ha MarH}rTonpoBoAa ce HaMaIgBa.Atco e6pxy.IilaeHutnonpoeoAae nocmaeeHaK6co caeAwrcHa(ercpanna) HaeueKa (@K.

m. 3.4), HertHomo npeep-neaHe re ce onpeaena no Qoprrynama Ha Hrornon, Kosro B

cnyqas, r,rMa Br,rAa:

(1.100) ,e - hntS"^, -F k"tS"t'

KbAero: P. e tonnnrnara MorrlHosr (aary6ra) B eKpaHHara HaBr.rBKa ilpnreMrreparypa0 : Te * 0o, Kogro Aocrara 150-200"Ci S"rr, S", - noBbpxnr,rgure Ha eKpaHHaraHaBHBKa, KOITTO OTAaBaT TOrurnHa KbM MarHr,rTOnpOBOAa H KbM Bb3AyXa; hru, h" - KO-e$raqr,rentllTe Ha ronnoorAaBaHe Ha eKpaHnara HaBr,rBKa KbM MarHHTonpoBoAa r{ KbMBb3Ayxa. Kato ce HMar ttpeABuA u3non3Bamrre Haqr4HH 3a 3aKpe[BaHe Ha HaBr{BKaraKbM MarHHTonpoBoAa r{ pa6orHrrre reMreparypr.r ce rpneMa hn : 29(1+ 0,0068de),w/m2"C H h, :30(1 + 0, 00L7d"), Wm2"C

1:5. TTPEXOAHH TOITITWHH.VI PE)KUMH

[IpexoDnume monnuHHu petcuJvtu ca :

- 3azpaeaHe u oxnatcdaue;

- KpamKo epe.^/teHeH (rcpamrcompaeH) ;

- np e KacHam nepuoduuen ( no emo pHo -tq amrco epe.uenen) ;

- todco cdeDuuenue.

flpn teeu pe)KI{MH TeMneparypara Ha EA H Ha r{acrnre r{M ce npoMeHs He caMo B

npocTpaHcTBoTO, HO Ir BbB BpeMerO r.r Ce OIIpeAenr qpe3 gbBMegTHo peHaBaHe Ha ypaB-HeHLIero Ha roIIJIorpoBoAI{Mocma (1.18) n Ha TorlnooTAaBaHero (1.41) rpu cborBeTHr.rHasaJrHIt LI rpaHlrqnr,I ycnoBfis. B o6rq cnyqaft Ta3r{ 3agaqa e rpy4ro peur.rMa nopaAl,rcJloxnara [pocrpaHcrBeHa crpyKTypa Ha KoHcrpyKrs{r,rre na EA r{TexHHTe eJreMeHTH.Bclegcrnne Ha rona safi-tlecro ce pa3rne)KAar npexoAr{HTe ronnuHHr,r pe)K}rMu Ha

rrpoBoAHnr.{n c roK, rlft xaro:

- ToKoBoAeIrIHTe KoHTypIr ca eAHr,r or nafi-sa)KHr{Te KoHc'rpyKTtrBur.r eneMeHTH Ha

EA, :a KoHTo ronnr.rnHure npoqecu ca onpeAensq[;

- npeAlrorara ce, qe reM[eparypara Ha BcurrKH qacrr,r u na EA Karo rlrno ceLI3MeH{ nO BpeMe Ha npexoAeH npoqec aHaJroruqHo KaKTo npu ToKoBoAerur,rTeKOHTypn.

P.

I . TOnII4HHI' nPOIIECI'I

1.5.1,. 3arpanane rl oxJrax(.qane Ha eAuopo,qen TIpoBoAHHK

Ha Qur. 1.30 e roKa3ag yrrasrbK or 6e3KpaeH eIFopoAeH npoBoAIrHK c nocrofiHHo

ceqeHr{e q, n rofiro npoTlrqa tox -[. 3ary6me B npoBo.rpruKa 3a BpeMe dt ca

dQ : Pd,t: koRsl2dt,

81

(1.101)

@nr. 1.30. Krr"r onpeAensnero Ha 3arpt-BaHeT0 Ha nPoBoAHHK C nOCTO'HHO CeqeHI',Ie

B [pexoAelr pe)Nil{M

(1.105)

KbAeTo RO e aKTI{BHoTo qbnpoTlrBne-

HIle Ha npoBoAI{I{Ka nplr IIocToflHeH ToK;

/co - xoeQlrqlleHrbr Ha AonbJrHI'ITenH[Te

3ary6n.Yac-t ot ro[JIIrHaTa dQ1 noBHluaBa

nperpsBaHeTo 7 - 0 - 0s HanpoBoAHI'IKa

c dr:

(1.102) dQr: cGdr,

KbAeTo: c e cneq,IOHqHaTa TonnHHa Ha MaTepl{ala Ha npoBoAIrHKa, Jlkg"C; G - uacara

rra npoBoAHma, kg.gacr ot TonJrHHaTa dQ2 ce oTAens B oKoJrHoTb npocrpaHcrBo qpe3 KoHBeKTIH{ U

IbqeHHe oT [oBbpxHocTTa ,S na nponoAHnKa I,I cnopeA QoprvryaaTa Ha Hroton:

(1.103) dQz: lcrSrdt-

Ypanueuuero 3a ronnnuHuff 6alasc Ha npoBoIgtI'IKa e:

(1.104) dQt + dQz: dQ.

CaeA 3aMecrBaHe Ha eneMeHTapH[Te KoJrI,FIecrBa ronJrl,tHa c rexHI,ITe paBHI{ ce

nonyqaBa cne4roro HexoMonenno.4,rQepeHrlaanHo ypaBHeHI,Ie 3a npexo4*tx pexuM

Ha 3arpsBaEe Ha npoBoAtrl{Ka:

d,r, h,S_ PE-

"G -

"G'B o6qrs c.ny.laft cnerprQuuHara ronnwma cu roe@nryreHTbr Ha ronnoorAaBaHe k"r

3aBlrcfiT or rperpqBanero r LI ypaBn. (1.105) e uemneftno.HnmeepupaHetno Ha ypaeH. (1.105) *to)Ke Da cmaue npu pa3nuqHu pnKu.tru Ha

monnuHnume saeydu P e npoeodnurca:

a) -I : const; R: corrsti P : kn&o.[2 : const

6) .f - const; R: ,Ro(1 * or); P : kxRo(l + or)/' : h(r);f12n) [/: consr; R: Ro(l * ar); e : ffi6: fz(r).

+ dQ:^26,,0:cGd,r

dQz: hSrdt

IL

Page 42: EA - u4ebnik

l.EJIEKTPI4qECKT4 ANAPATH. qACT I

B nafi-upoctt4e. clyuafi npu P : const; c : const; lc" : const cneA uHTerpupaneHa ypaBH. (1.105) ce noryqaBa

I . TOUIITHHI4 nPOIIECI,I

(Dsr. 1.31. Kpunu Ha 3arprBaue tr Ha oxtilKAaHe Ha eAHopoAeH npoBo,urr{K npn npoAbrDK}rre-neH pero{M

npu r-9 : 0 ga BpeMe t: T, T1 : 0, 63rn. YctagosegoTo nperpsBaHe ru npaKTr{qecKr{ce Aoqrlrra 3a BpeMe (3 + 4)T (za t : 47, r : 0,98rs). 3a noprvrarrHara pa6ora Ha

nPoBoltrfiKa e neo6xo4ruo ycraHoBenoro My nperprBane, npn HenpeKbcHar pexrrM r,r

npn oceMqacoB pe)Kr.rM (axo T < 2h), Aa He npeBr.rrxaBa Aonycrr{Moro rv ( raon.Toqnocrra Ha 3aBl{clrMocrr{re (1.110) u (1.111):a npexoArrur pex<lrM Ha 3arp{-

BaHe Ha npoBoluil.rKa ce noBnrrlaBa, aro srofiHocruTe xa .R, c u kn cborBercrBar Ha

[perpsBaHe 6anl:xo Ao ycranoBeHoro.B H.srou cJryqau, oco6euo tlpu ro-

JIeMH croftHocrn Ha BpeMeKoHcranTara? (:a rlKoHoMr.ur Ha BpeMe, TpyA, eHep-tt4s, t4 Ap.), e neo6xo4ur"ro .qa ce ofipeAe-rst crofiHocr[Te Ha ry u T no qacr or gonI,ITHo HaMepeHa ru""irro"r, : f (t) - dt

Sur. 1.32.

Or Qoprvr. (1.111) ce nonyrraBa rpo-I,I3BO.qHaTa:

illi

(1.106)

KbAero 7g e nperpsBaHero Ha npoBoArrr,rKa B HarrsJIHI4-ff MoMeHT t : 0.flpn t -+ oo ce notyqaBa nperpflBaHero Ha rrpoBoAtrlKa npa ycmnoBeH pe;KsM,

Koero ce onpeAer{ or Qopr"ryaara ua f{roron:

': #s(-"-#t) +,o"- e,scC

Pra: B'

r : rs(t - u-rtr) + rse-t/r

rj{i/i,,1i

il'r:ilii:,iii

liI irl',

L,.'J :.1

, i:;;rii 11

irrli

iil!,ij:i

il

(r.107)

Beanquuara T : "G

/l*rS lrMa lrMepeHr,re Ha BpeMe Lr ce Hapnqa rournnHa BpeMe-KoHcraHTa. Aro npoBolullrKbr ce 3arpsBa or rlrroro KonusecrBo orAeneHa roffrr{HadQ @anp.3a MHoro KparKo BpeMe npr,r raKa HaperreHnff a.rp,ra6areu pe)Kr.rM - B)K. T.1.5.3), B ypaBH. (1.104) ce norara dQz :0 a ce nonyqaBa:

(1.108) Pd,t - cGdr.

caeA r{HTerpilpaHe na yfianH. (1.108) n ronaraue r : Tu cenonyqaBa:

(1.10e)

CnedoeamenHo mowluHHama lpe*leKoHcmaHma e epe]ilemo sa docmueaHe Hayc-maHoeeHomo npeepsaaHe rg (npu rg : 0) npu aduadameH pe)Ku*t, npu rcofimo 4aromoKonuqecmeo omdeneHae npoeodnurca monJruHa eo gaepala (nuncea motutoomdaeaueIabJrt oKonHama cpeda).TazuBpeMeKorrcTaHTa e ronKoBa no-roryMa, KoJrKoro MacaraHa rrpoBoAlrnKa e uo-roJrrMa cnpsMo oxna)KAarqara My [oBbpxHHHa.

3asucul{omra (1.106) Mo)Ke Aa ce 3anurue BbB BHAa:

.cGcGt:Vra:,*,:r-

r:ru(t-"-'t'.,.

'i r

lli

jj.j'ii:

liiil;

ij

drdt(1. I 10)

(1.1 12) :TY-TT, CIur. 1.32. OnpeAemHe Ha ycraHoBenorolperprBaHe ry r{ BpeMeKoHcraHTara T noonuTHlr AaEHUAro s HaqarHr.n MoMeHT t : 0 nperpsBaHero e Hyna (ro : 0), ce nonyqaBa:

(r.l1t)

or r.r:pa:r.rre (1.110) u (l.ll1) caegna, qe npn t -+ oo, r.e. npu HerrpeKbcHarpexuM Ha pa6ora, r{ B ARara cilyqar. (ro * 0 n rs : 0) npeepeeaHemo ua npoeoDnurcace yeenuqaea no erccnoHeHllu(uteH 3aKoH u ce cmpeJvu K6Jvt e\uo u c6t4o ycmaHo7eHonpeep-noaHe rr- Ha Qun. 1.31 ca [oKa3aHH KpHBHTe Ha 3arprBaHe Ha npoBoAgr{Ka npri7o : 0 (rpnna l) n npn ,o f 0 (rpnna 2).LlzuucneHnrra no Qopr,r. (1.1 l l) noKa3Bar, qe

3anaraupaHeHa croftnocrure Ha r,nT uHTepBanbr0 S t I t^*Haonr{THoHaMepeHara rracr or 3aBucr.rMocrra , : f (t) - our. 1.32, cepa3Aens Ha ytracrbw Lt*3a KoLITo ce HaMI{par Hapacrbr[rre Ha nperprBaHero Azi. B npor.BBonen u:6pan uaqa6oTHOUreHr4xra Lrif Lt6 co rrsHacrT B cpeAaTa Ha yr{acTbKa At; BnfBo oT opAr{HaTHaTa

oc no KoopAllHaruru ff (Qur. 1.32). floryvenure roqKr.r .rrexar Ha npaBa rmtms.,

KOeTO e ypaBHerrne Ha npaBa JwrHHfi B Ko-

opAr{Har'ara cncreM ^r,#.frpur : Ts,

drE : rv/T'

lr

,.,

ri

1

..-]

ii1l

I

Page 43: EA - u4ebnik

I

EMKTPI4qECKIIT ATIAPATI,I. qACT I

Korro npecutla Koop4ruarHure ocr.r B T. Ta vt B r. rafT (npu otvu'raHe Ha npuerusrvranla6).

flolyueHure pe3yrrrarr{ 3a ycraHoBeHoro nperp{BaHe ra (1.110), (1.111) u Bpe-MeKoHcraHrara T (1.109) ce ornacffr 3a perueur{e Ha ypaBn. (1.105) npu P : const.flpu otvuraHe Ha 3aBr.rcraMocma R - f (t) (sa pe:rnrvr -f : const uU : const) ypaBH.(1.105) e HerutrefrHo (gopr.r r npu c : const; lc, : const) !r uHTerpxpaHero My e

no-rpyArroflpu usnecrHr,r onpocrr;r,annfr. ce flonyqaBa:

- 3a pe)KHM I : const i rl, : -LtT - .',- dTv L-dTy

- 3a pexr.rM f/ : const : r[: fifrmm- 1) = #r,KbAero d e reMneparypHr{rr roeQurgeHT rra gbnporr{BneH}rero Ha MarepnaJra Ha

npoBoAril{Ka.Caegonate.rlHo npu omqumaHe Ha 3aeucuJvtocmma R(t) e pucuJv I : const ce

nonyqaea no-eon*.ivto, a e pecu.ht f/ : const - no-*tanKo npeeptlaHe a cpaeHeHuec6c cnyqaa R: const (P : const).

3arpeturt npoBoIFLIK Moxe Aa ce HaMr{pa trpu ycraHoBeHoro nperpsBane rreoF-paHI,IqeHo Abnro BpeMe (npu ycaoBHe, qe rg 1 fron). flpu usrnroqBaHe Ha 3axpaH-BaHero cJreA norarane B ypaBH. (1.104) dQ :0 ce nonyqaBa r.BMeHeHUero Ha nper-pfiBaHero T Ha npoBoAnr.lra cro6pa3Ho c Lcpa3a:

r : Tue-t/T(1.1 1 3)

flperpnnaHero Ha npoBoArrr{Ka HaMarrrBa or ry no eKcnoHeHquaneH 3aKoH cbc cb-ulara (aro kor"" : k"o*n) BpeMeKoucralrra T u ce crpeMr{ KbM Hyna (0 -+ do). Ha

Qnr. 1.31 e nso6paseHa KpKBara 3 sa oxnaxcdane na npoeodHuKa. Ts e orreAarreuo6par Ha KpI,IBara Ha 3arptBaHe cnprrMo npaBara r : ru/2. CleAonarenHo, aKo cepa3nonara caMo c elura or re3r,r KpHBr4, To Jrecuo ce nonyqana rpaQruuoro ugo6pa3s-BaHe Ha Apyrara rrpe3 lr3non3BaHe Ha cr,rMeTpr,rlrHr,r rorrKH cnprrMo xopr43oHTarHaraItHHnfl r : ra/2.

Ypann. (1.105) Mox(e.qa ce npeAcraBu BbB BHAa:

(1.105a)

I,I e HanbnHo aHajronHrrHo Ha ypaBHeHr.rero, onr{cBalqo npexo$Il{fi flpoqec Ha roKanpI.I BKnrcrIBaHe Ha eneKTpr{lrecKa Bepr,rra oT napanenHo cBbp3arilr KoHAeH3arop cbcKanaWTer C u pezacrop cbc sbnporr{Bnenue .R KbM H3ToqHuK Ha trocrorHHo Hanpe-xenrde Lr - Qnr. l.33a,Koero r,rMa Br.rAa:

"G#*fu:,

i: ic+ iR : c# *X.(1.1 14)

E5I . TOn JII4 HHI'I nPOI{ECI'I

Peuresueto Ha YPaBI{. (1.114) e:

(1.115) i: iu(l - e-t/r')

:YG - "-t/RC1,R.

KbAETO T": RC C CJIEKTPINqECKATA BPC-

MeKoHCTaHTa Ha rlpoqeca.

flrnnoro cbcvrBercrBl'Ie Mex(Ay onr. 1.33. EnerrporournHHa aHrurorus B

ypaBH. (1'105a) u (1'114)' KaKTo H no"*oo"o pe)c'M: a - eJreKTp'qecKa Bepura;TexHLITe peuIeHLIt (1.111) ra (1.115) e 6^- ton'niHa 3aMecrtsarqa cxeMa

ocHoBaHHe 3a pa3rrr[prBaHe Ha eneKTpo- )eanerno na

TOIJ\I,IHHaTa aHanorHfi. t4 lBnOn3eAHe HA 3AJvteCmeAl4U CXe-|]tU npw U3Cne(

npexoDuu monnuHnu npoyecu. Ha Qur. 1.336 e [oKa3aHa ronrl{HHara 3aMecrBalqa

cxeMa Ha npexoAHl'It pe)c{M Ha 3arpqBaHe Ha npoBoAIII'IKa'

B ctotsetcTBr{e c pa3rnexAaHaTa aHanorHx TouI4HHaTa BpeMeKOHCTaHTa e

(1.1 16)

KbAero Cr : cG e ronJrI{HHI{tr

TonJrI,rHa Qr: CrTy: cGro.

Paglrucara MexAy eneKTplrqecKaTa r{ TouIuHIIaTa BpeMeKoHCTaHTa Ce cbcToH B

TfiXHaTa TOJISMLIHa, KOTTO OnpeAens I'l BpeMeTo 3a npoTuqaHeTo Ha Te3u npoqecu' '{o-KaTO eneKTpnrlecKaTa BpeMeKOHcTaHTa B peanHn BepHrU o6rrHoseHo e MHOro MaJIKa

(ueCtO nbTH OT nopflAbKa Ha pS n mS), To TOruII'IHHaTa BpeMeKoI{sIaHTa ce I'BMeHs B

MHoFo IuHpoKI{ rpaHllw (nanp. or ms go uacone).

Jlecgo Moxe Aa ce noKaxe, qe eneKTpr{qecKl,ItT aHaror Ha pexl'IMa Ha oxnaxAaHe

(npu P : 0) e pa3pe)KAaHe,ro Ha HaTpy[auaTa eHeprus B TonIuHt{I'If; Kanaqr'rrer ctnpe3 gbnporuBJreuuero Rr.

1.5.2. 3arp-rnane npn KpaTKoBpeMeHeH u npn IroBTopHo'KparKoBpeMeHeH

pex(uM

Arco epe*temo Ha 3aepsoaHe na npoeodHuKa unu EA e t*p ( 4?, nperptBaHeTo' AO

Koero rofi Aoctura e:

r : #: c,Rn,

KaflaquTer, B rofito ce aKyMynnpa KonltqecrBoro

rxp : ffiO - "-t'p/TY( Tqon,(1.117)

KbAero P' e noururaJrHara Mor.rlHocr, 3a KorITo npn t -+ oo ce Aocrnra ycraHoBeHoro

npeFpsBaHe ry s fgon - Qrar. 1.34, xpuna 1.

CneA [3KJlroqBaHe Ha H3TorrHHKa Ha 3arpflBane EA ce oxna)KAa Ao reMneparypara

Ha oKoIHaTa cpeAa, npI'I KoeTo r : 0 - dO : 0.

i

A"

Page 44: EA - u4ebnik

86 E.TIEKTPI4TIECKI,I ANAPATH. TIACT I

T("-"*)P.p

tU - ,NDn-'-';-;- -- --'---':

z'

Tarcae motutuHeH peKulvt ce Hapuna,rcpamKoape.MeHeH uJru KpamKompaeH..fcso e, qe, ttft raro ru 1 Tnon (oco6eHoaKo rKp ( rson), EA He e rofiJrngno Haro-BapeH H BJTOXeHHTe B Hero MaTepnaIH Heca Ao6pe H3[oJBBaHr.r.

3a no-4o6po ronnr{HHo HaroBapBaHeMOXe Aa Ce yBenHqa oTAensHaTa Morq_HOCT rrpH To3n pexr4M. AKO MOUIHOCTTa

" Pxp : kPn (& > 1), nperpsBaHero ce

n3MeHs no 3aKoHa (Onr. 1.34, xpwoa 2):

4T3T

(Dnr. I .34. flperprnane npn KparKoBpeMeHeHpe)Kr{M (l.l 1g) T _

H npn ycraHoBeH pe)KHM 6n gocrnrHano crofinocrra

#,t -e-t/r)

(1.1 19)

Koero e HeAonycrHMo' trfi rato qe AoBeAe qo Heo6parr{Mr,r rtocneluttqr u pa6orara uaEA nan il{e cbKparr{ eKcnnoararryroHnr.r, My cpoK (nx. r. 1.1).

Aro aaxpaHBaHero Ha npoBoAHr.rKa IIpH T : Toon Ce npeKbcHe B MOMenra t: t*p,or roBa ycnoBl{e 3a Aonycrl{Moro npeBHruaBaHe Ha MOTTIHOCTTa Ce nonyqaBa:

DlroTmax:

#uroor,

(1.120)D12

k: '*P - l*P -PN I3 L _ e-t e/T

I{nr{ Aonycrr,tMusr roK npr.r KparKoBpervrends pexr{M c npoAbnx(nreJrgocr t*o e:

(1.121) In.Ixp

flpu :agageHo npeBuuraBaHe k na 'vot4nocmma donycmunomo nperte Ha KpamKoe-peJfleHHUa pexu.,V t* e:

trp::-u-;5(1.122)

Anarnsrr Ha H3pa3H (1.120) u (1.122)noKa3Ba, qe c yBenr{qaBage Ha BpeMeKoHc-TaHTara ? napacrna KparHocrra Ha HaroBapBaHe no roK r.r MorrlHocr r{nr,r Aonycrr,rMoroBpeMe t*0, xoero ce BnxAa r'r ot Qnr. l.34.Ysenr{qaBaHero Ha BpeMeKoHctaHrara ?ua EA, Koaro pa6otxt nppl KparKoBpeMeHeH pexr{M ce nocrura qpe3 yBengqaBaHe HaMacaTa Ha 3afp.rIBa[IHTe Ce qacru.

87

llj,'

l. TOnTI4HHnnPOIIECI4

Crolfuocrnre t*n ua Aonycrr4Moro BpeMe Ha BKJrK)tIBaHe 3a pa3fl4rlHll rugone EAca cTaHAaPrIsHpaHI{.

H-srou EApa6orer npunolmopHo-rq)arnKoepeJueHeHpanu-tt(napuuan ol4e pntcurr

Ha noemopHo evntoveaue IIB, nonmopno-tqamKompaeH tutu npeabcHamo nepuodu-

uen), npu rcortmo ,tot4Hocmma P quKJtuttHo ce us.ttreta.

Bpeueto Ha IstKbna tq e

(1.123) t\: tp * tn,

KbAeTO: tO e npo.qbJDKHTenHocTTa Ha BpeMeTO na pa6ora, trPtr KOeTo P : Pn; t, -npolpnxnrernocrra Ha ray3ara (P : 0).

Pexruurr ce xapaKTepr.r3upa upez rcoeQu4ueHm c eKnrcqeH rnoeap (ulra ornocn-

Tenna npoltbnxr{TenHocr Ha BKnrcqaaue fIB), KofiTo npeAcraBJrtBa orHollreHne Ha

pa6otnnr I{HTepBa-n KbM IIeJII,II nepl{oA, nafi-qecto }Bpa3tBaH B npOqeHTH

rllit:

'll

(t.124) rrB%:fttoon.

\,illi:Irir :'i;l.tti,'l,lt.

il1r

lit

l,11,! i!.l !

-r+:;

litiftti'iIl

ril..!ti,'i

Brn apr:ra c roBa ce onpeAeilfrT a 6poam Ha qulztume 3a eAuHuqa epeile (o6ux-

HOBeHO 3a qac).

KoeQrnr4.rerrbr c BKJrroqeH ToBap n 6pom Ha LU{Kfl{Te 3a qac 3a pa3nHqHHTe

Br,rAoBe EA ce craxAaprx3r{par. Taxa Hanp. 3a eneKrpoMexaHllqnll arlaparn ga HHcropeA [22lcr:alryagrr,r:npaHnre crofisocrl,I Ha fIB ca: L5Vo;25Vo;4O7o n 6OVo, a 6poxtHa KoMyrarryroHHLITe IInKru{ 3a qac ca | , 3, 12, 30, 1 20, 300, 72OO n 3000.

flo npervre na pa6ora EA ce 3arpsBa, a no BpeMe Ha nay3a ce oxJla;rga. flper-prrBaHero HapacrBa, Ho e no-MarKo oT nperprrBalrero npu He[peKbcHaT (ycraHonen)

pexr,rM na pa6oral T.e. T'11e ( rqon. Ha Qur. 1.35 e noKa3aua KpHBara Ha H3MeHeH[e

Ha 3arprrBaHero Ha EA srs BpeMero, cbcro.fiIqa ce or orps3bqn or eKcnoHeHTI,I. Cneg

T

TAot

i

1l

ii

ir

'

Onr. 1.35. Kpnna Ha 3arptrBarre n oxrilKAane npt.r lroBTopHo KparKoBpeMeHeH pe)KHM

Page 45: EA - u4ebnik

88 EJIEKTPHTIECKH ATIAPATI4. qACT I

lnI*

LD-/'

lm

80

704,n

50

N

-TS

=t?

IU

5- 4 I7

ryKpaTKOBpeMeHeHPe)Krer

I t3T

@ur. 1.36. 3asucl.rMocr Ha ornorrreHrrero Ha loKoBere In/In or tof T n or flB7o.

onpeAeneH 6poft qI{K[4 pe:rrltMbr ce cra6vrtv3npa rn MaKcHMyMnre H MrrHrrMyMr,rre Ha

KpHBara Ha [perptBanero npaKTnqecKn He ce H3MeHrr 3a cbce.qrn r[rKnr{ i u i * l,T.€. 7631 i: Tmax i*li fmin i : fmin i*I.

Trfi rato rns { Tyttlpvt [oBTopHo-KparKoBpeMeHHr,rn pe)Kr{M ce AonycKa HaToBap-BaHe c MolrlHocr Pnu, rolro e no-ron.f,Ma or MorrlHogrTa P7.npu HoMr{HaJreH pexHM.

ITpeeuueuuemo Ha .Mor4Hocmma e:

1,0

0,8

0,6

o,4

0,2

(1.12s) n" -L-e-tu/Tn | - e-tp/T'

Ha Qrr. 1.36 ca H3o6pa3eHH 3aBr,rcr{Mosrr'Tre Ha orHorreHr{ero In/ Irn or tnf T w ornpoAbn)Kl,ITeJrHocrra Ha BKJrroqBauero flB%o, or Kor{To cJreABa, qe c HapacrBaHe Ha

BpeMero aa pa6ora, HaMaJrsBa AonycrnMoro roKoBo uperoBapBaHe.Or nanpaBeHoro pa3rne)KAaHe Ha 3arpsBaHero rpn KparKoBpeMeHeH n npu

noBTopHo-KparKoBpeMeHeH pexuMlr cJreARa, qe EA n3qr,rcJreH u npeAna3gaqeH .qa

pa6otra caMo npu HsKoH or re3r{ pexuMr{ r{ npu cborBerrrn HoMrrHanHLr ycnoBurl (ror,HanpexeHue u.qp.) He Moxega pa6orn rpu cbr.r{r{Te ycnoBufl npu HenpeKbcHar pexr{MHa 3axparrRaHe.

B nsrou [paKTr.rqecKr{ cpeulaHri cnyrrau EA rrroxe.qa pa6orr{ B per(HM, npu roftro]ytott4trocmma ce u3.hteHae6s spe.tvetno 6 onpedenenu epaHuryu no cnyqaeH 3aKoH,KaTQ

D, lnnb-^'-;--rTt

I . TOnJII4HHI,I nPOIIECI4 89

B oTAenHI,I I{HTepBanU Ce Kone6ae oKono

HnKaKBa cpel[Ia ctofuiocl - Qnr. 1.37.3a onpeAenlue Ha npexorqnnl Pe-

xHM Ha 3arptmanero B To3l'I clyrrafi uafi-

HanpeA ce orpeAentr cpeAHI'ITe croft-

HOSTII Ha MOITIHOSTTaB OTAenHIITe I{HTeP-

BAJtVt, B KOIITO Tt e OTHOCUTeTHO noc-

Tosrfia (upes qncneHo rnan rpa$rquor{HTefpr{paHe) I{ cneA ToBa c flocneAo-

BarerHo H3norBBaHe Ha Qoprvr. (1.1 l0) t't

(1.113) ce HaMIrpa rpu6nu3ure.rHoro I'I3-

MeHeHHe Ha npenpcBaHero BbB BpeMero.

(Drr. 1.37. Llguenenue lra MolrlHocrra BbB

BpeMeTO nO CIyrIaeH 3aKOH

1.5.3. 3arprnaue IIpH KbcO cbeAnneg1le. TepM[qna yCTofiqIIBoCT Ha

eneKTpnqecKnre anapaTr!

flpu r.c. ToKbr BbB Bepr,rrara ce yBenuqaBa AecerKH nbrn cnpsMo HoMI{HaJrHI{t, Ho

npo4bnxuTeJlnocrTa My e qacTLI oT ceKyHAaTa Ao HsKonro (1-5) ceKyHAI{' BcneA-

crBue Ha Koero ce AonycKar no-roJrervl,r (go 2-4wsru) nperpuBanlrt cflpsMo re3u npll

ycraHoBen pexnM. 3a npeuero Ha K.c. npaKTurrecKll q.lnoro KonuqecrBo ronJrl{Ha,

oTAeneHo B npoBoArrr{Ka, ro 3arptBa T.e. JIHnCBa TOIUIOOTAaBaHe KbM oKoJIHaTa cpeAa.

Tarcae npexoAeHmotutuHeH peKurt ce Hapu4a aduadamen-

Peureuueto Ha ypaBu. (1.108) npu To3r{ pe)Kr.rM (uprE nomosHtru uaparvretpu) u

MOrr{HOCT AaBa nl,IHeftna gasuc[Mggr Ha nperpfiBaHeTo 1- oT BpeMeTO t:

(1.126)P

': at'u e ueo6pa3eHo Ha Qrnr. 1.38. CneA npeKbcBaHe Ha roKa Ha K.c. npoBoAHI'IKbr ce

oxnaxAa Ao reMneparypara Ha oKoJrHara cpeAa.

II

tu

(Dur. 1.38. 3arpxnane Ha egnopo,qeu npoBoAHnK rIpH Kbco cbeAI{HeHLIe

Page 46: EA - u4ebnik

EIEKTPNqECKI4 AITAPATI,T. YACT I

Te*tnepamypama 0 npu K6co cdeduueuue e eucorca m rpxlna Aa ce orrrere r.BMe-HeHI{ero no Qoprvr. (1.7a) Ha cbnporuBreHr,rero, trptr Koero rr3pa3br (I.126)Ao6nsaBUAa:

c7ffiffia*'

I . TOnII,IHHTT IPOIIECH 9t

(r.rzs) o": *[(1

KbAero p: knpoa .cl

* a0').*, (o I, i'dt) - 1] ,

(r.127)

(1.128)

j'dt :

KbAero: J e roKoBara lrJlbrHocr; ko - xoeQrng{eHTbr Ha AonbnHHTe.[Hr{Te zary6u; c,'Y, Po - cnerytQnqHara ronJrl{Ea, IIJIbrHocr:ta [r cb[pornBJreHr,rero Ha Marepva';1a HanpoBolurHKa npn 0"c; o - TeMneparypril.rsr roeeuqr.renT Ha ebnporr{BneHgero.

Aro ce npneMe' qe ToKbr .r Ire ce s3MeHr no BpeMe Ha K.c., cneA HnTerpnpaHe Har.r3pa3a (1.127) ce nonyqaBa:

flpra nrnoasBaHe Ha KprrBHTe or Qr.rn. 1.39 safi-uanpeA ce HaMr,rpa ctoftnocrra uaft'

Bgnpu0 : 1r,KbM KoffTo ceAo6an.s r,BBecrHara ctoirHoc"r na B*: I j?at :JO

i?t* t rlo op4marHara oc 3a sborBerurrrr Marepr{aJr Ha npoBo4rr.rKa ce orqnTaTbpceHara crofuiocr Ha reMneparypara 0*;

6) npu useecmua cmortuocm Ha HaqanHama meJilnepatmypa 0* u DonycmttJvra me.tut-

nepamypa npu K.c.0s6snno Qopn. (1.128) tlnu otn rqulurne na Que. 1.39 ceonpedena donycmunama cmortnocm Ha d>rcaynoeu-n uHmeepant. B*tron. Toeaeanpu wteecmHa nn6rnHoctn Ha moKa.hto)Ke Da ce ugvucnu donycmu-ntomo apertet* ua rc.c. ulu npu uSeecmHo epeJue Ha K.C. ,I4oilce da ce uSq,ucnu donycmu.namatul6mHoctn u fnoK

(1.130) I*-- j*e: qrffi/k.B gefictnr,mennocr roKbr Ha K.c. He e noqroqHeH, a e cJro)r(Ha Qynrugrx or BpeMero,

Kotro cbAbpx<a nepnoAnqna u aneplroAlrqHa cbcraBKa v 3aBncu or MHo)Kec"rro Qar-TopI{. Anepuogr,rqHara cbcraBKa Ha roKa Ha K.c. 3arnxBa BbB BpeMero o6mnoBeHo 3aHtKoJtKo lrepl{oAa Ha nepuoAaquara sbcraBKa (n:anncuuocr or BpeMeKoncraHTara HaBepl,Irara, Mtcroro Ha K.c. r{ Ap.), TaKa qe ocHoBHtrr npfirloc 3a 3arprrBaHero B pe)KHMaHa K.C. e Ha nepHoAI4qHaTa cbctaBKa Ha ToKa.

flpr.r toru pexllM ofipeAen.fiI{ero Ha croftnosma Ha A]x(aynoBr.r-s r,rHTerp:u.saft--qecro ce ocHoBaBa Ha LBnorEBaHeTO Ha ycTaHoBerrara nepHo,quqHa cbcraBKa Ha roKaHa K.c. nporuqalqa aa QnrcnrnHo BpeMe, npt,r Koero orAeneHoro KorurrecrBo rontr,rHae gbIIIOTO, KaKTO npfi peurHun pe)Kr.rM c npoMerunB BbB BpeMero roK Ha K.c.

OurrusHoro BpeMe f4r Mo)ce Aa 6nAe no-ForsMo wt]s, no-MaJrKo or geficrnwrer-Hmo BpeMe Ha K.c. u ce onpeAens no cnerryrarHa MeroAr{Ka [ 18,34].

Cnoco6socrra Ha EA ga troHac.r onpeAeneHo BpeMe rorur]rHuoro Aeficrsne Ha roKaHa K.c.' 6e: ga HagtbnffT noBpe4{, KoHTo Aa rtpetrar Ha no-HararbruHara My HopMannapa6ora n 6es,qa ce [peBHIIIar AonycrnMr,rre reMneparypr{ (npn rrco cnegnneuue),ce Hapnqa e.IreKTporepMnrrna ycrofiwrnoct. T-s ce onpedena c moKa Ha meprtwlHaycmofivuooctn unu tcpamHocrnma Jvy cnpg.mo HortuH&rutua tnoK 3a onpeileneno etpe.MeHa K.c. n npeAcraBrtBa BaxHa xapaKTepncraKa npn npoeKTupaHero rE na6opa na EA.Trfi rato npeABapureJlHo e HeI.BBecrHo rorrHo rrpr{ KaKBr,r ycnoBur r.qe ce uanoalna EA,npn onpeAerffHe Ha roKa Ha repMnrrHa ycrofivnBocr ce rrpneMa, ue rofi e He3arr,rxBarrlT.e. oTqr,rTa ce caMo nepno4.rrrHaTa My cbsTaBKa.

tx

n:fi'at0

: j2t*:']r-:ffi1offi,

i'llI

,j,i

iii,li:!,1:.'*,i

riji,'l'Jiil--il

ill/iiii

rliJri

t'\tlli'i;)i

ir

KbAero: q e cer{eHHero Ha npoBo&IHra; 0* - TeMrreparypara Ha npoBorurr{Ka nprn K.c.;0, - uauanHara reMneparypa Ha npoBo,qrr.rKa Ao Hacrb[BaHe Ha K.c.

Hnmeepatt"* l^ i2dt ce Hapuqa d>rcaynoe uHmeepaJt unu rceaopamuveH uJunyncHa moKoeo^o *lkHocm.Tofi crotsercrBa IIa KoJrnseqrBoro ronrr{Ha, orAereHo BrpoBo.qHlrKa no npeMe lra K.c. Karro ce BI,I)KAa oT H3pa3a (1.128) croi&rocrta My 3aBgclrorreM[eparypara Ir MarepnaJra Ha npoBoluil{Ka. 3a o6rreKtraBaHe Ha H3qr{cneHurra Ha@ur' 1.39 ca HaqepraHl'I 3aBI,IcHMocrIrre Ha A)KaynoBr{r r{HTerpan or reMrreparypara3a qeTr4prr BrrAa MaTepnan Ha npoBolurHKa.

0,oC Mecm Anyrurud

300et"2U)

1000o d(0)

10aA2s/mma

(Dur' 1'39' 3anncnuocr Ha A)KaytoBI{t r.HTerpaJr or reMrreparypara 3a pa3n[qHu Meraur,1

3asl4cnN{ocma (1.128)uKpLIBure ot Qur. 1.39 noseorrrBar Aa ce peruar cnelu{r.rreBHAOBe 3aAaqr,r:

a) npu u3eecmHa HaqcLnHa me.Mnepamypa 0n u cmotiuocm na dxaynoeua uHmeepance onpeden-n me.^4nepamypama 0* npu r.c. or r{3pa3a (1.12g) ce roxyqaBa

Page 47: EA - u4ebnik

i

;l

92 EJ]EKTPLIqECKH ANAPATI4. YACT I

Hafi-.Iecto flpon3Bolg{TerflT yKa3Ba roKa Ha repMnqHa yctoftvunosr 3a I s (edno-cercynden morc), Ho rofi Moxe Aa ce 3aAaAe u 3a Apyro BpeMe (Hanp. 3 unu 5 s). 3aTo3LI KparbK nHTepBaJI or BpeMe, ttptl ycnoBlrero Ha a.q{a6areH Torurr{HeH npoqec, aKoe I!3BeCTeH TOKbT Ha TepMr,rqna yc'roftur{BocT 113a BpeMe t1, To 3a BpeMe t2, K&To ceH3XOXAa OT etrFaKBOTO KOJTUqeCTBO OTAeneHa TOrrJrnHa 3a TOKa 12, Ce [Ony.qaBa:

Iz: Itrffi(1.131)

Croifuoctra Ha roKa Ha repMnqna ycrofiur{Bocr ce onpeAenff or Qopu. (1.128)utu(1.130) npu ronarane 0*: d*,qon.

Ilpr.r us6op na EA tpr6na Aa ce r{Ma npeABuA oqaKBanru roK r.r upo4bnxureJrHocrHa Kbcoro cbeAaneHge, B Mrgroro KbAero rofi rqe pa6mu, Kolrro Aa ce cbrrocraB{Tgbc qboTBeTHlrTe AaHHr,r Ha anapaTa.

flpu oqema Ha o6tqoro roBeAerme na EA uprn K.c..rpr6na Aa ce HMa rpe.mr,r4 o6-u{ara vy ycroftuuBocr qpu K.c., T.e. eAHoBpeMeHHo repMlrr{Horo I{ eneKTpoArnaMnrr-uoro geftcrBae Ha tora (n:r. r.2.4), Korro ce onpeAeJrr no orrrlTen nbr.

1.6. TOntrrrHHH yCTpoHCTBA 3A yrrpABJrEHHE H 3AIIIHTA

Teuneparypara lI ToIUTI{Hr{re npoqecu ca Ba)r(eH Qamop xapaKTepn3rapaq pa6oraraLI nOBeAeHI,IeTO Ha eneKTpr,IqeCKHTe Bepr{ru n cbopb)KeHmrr, KaKTo r,r pa3nuqHr.r rexHo-rorrr.Iull npoqecu n ycrpoficrna. 3a ynpaBneHrae, KoHTpon n peryrupaHe Ha reMrre-parypara, KaKTo lr 3a 3arrlrtTa or HeAo[ycrr{Mo roneMrre i crofuiocru npu pa3nr,rquupe)KI,IMI4 cnyxar pe.qtrIa BI{AoBe EA. .{eftcrBnero Ha HirKor{ or rsx ce ocHoBaBa Ha

TaKHBa TOIJIIIHIn{ npOqeCU KarO AInnaTaIIHg Ha MeraJrvre urtn pa3TonrlBaHeTo I{ I{3-napsBaHeTo r{M npr{ BHcoKa TeMnepaTypa.

OIn -[np Ir. i

Bcsra eneKTpr{qecKa Beprlra urilycrpoficrBo (n rona qrcno u EA) ce

xapaKTepr,r3flpa sbc 3aBr,rcnMosr Mex(AynpoTHrlarl{n_s ToK H BpeMeTo 3a AocTH-raHe Ha onpeAeneHa ,qonycTr{Ma TeMne-

parypa (npN crorBerxrs pexruu), qE To

crofinocr He Botrryr Ao orpnqarerHu noc-nery4ry 3a no-Hararbrurrara rvry pa6om.Tagu 3aBncrrMoct ce onpeAens onr.rrno

r,r ce Haprua ope.MemoKoea xapawnepuc-muKaHa ycrpofisrBoro - Qnr. 1.40, rpr.ma2. Te npegcraBrrBa crpbMHo [aAarrla

KpHBa npu .I ) In, ttft xaro KonrlqegrBoro roruruHa 3a Aocrr{raHe Ha Ao[ycrsMaraTeMneparypa 3aBHcH or KBaApara Ha roKa. .fcno e, qe aKo AaAeH ToK npornqa no-Abnroor BpeMero, onpeAeneHo or BpeMeroKoBara xaparmepucrr{Ka 2 ua ycrpoficrnoro, nqe

th

(Dur. 1.40. Tonrrutrn speMeroKoBu xapaKre-pHcTuKrr

tt\.J-------l--tt

931 . TOnfl4HHI't nPOI{ECI',I

Ce A6CTLITHe H npeBI4IIII{ AonycTI,IMaTa My TeMIIepaTypa' KoeTo MoXe Aa }rMa rpalfuo

oTpI{qaTenH}I ilOCneAI,IqLI BKnrcqI{TetIHo II{IocTIIOTO My pa3pyilaBalle It HapyulaBaHe

pexr,IMa Ha pa6ora Ha eneKTpuqecKara Beplrra'

YgrpoftcTBoTo 3a 3au{HTa lpx6na ga nrsgeftcTBa no-H{KaKbB HallI'IH Id Aa npeKbcBa

TOKa B 3a[IETaBaHaTa BepHra 3a no-KpaTKo BpeMe oT TOBa' oflpeAeneHo oT BpeMe-

TOKOBaTa xapaKTepr{crr,rKa. Saulumnama xapagrnepucmuKa - KpI{Ba 1 m Qnr' 1'40 -rpffoBa Aa Jrex(H MaJTKO rroA XapaKTepI,IsrI{KaTa Ha 3au${TLBaHI4s' O6ert. Kpunata 1'

rrl rp"6ua,qa nexu I,I Mgoro noA KpI'rBaTa2,Tbfr KaTO B TO3I'I Cnyqafi 3au{nTaBaHHcT

o6ert HrrMa Aa 6bAe eQHKacHo l€ron3BaH. ,\o6pomo c^enaqteane '*te>rcdy deeme

xapaKmepucmurcu (rqueu I u 2) e mpydna, Ho earota saDa4A 34 monnu'ItHa saulutna Ha

odenna.

1.6.1. IlPe4narureJrrr

flpegnasuteJlflT e uaft-ctapus n sbIIIeBpeMeHHo Hafi-npoctus EA 3a 3auIHTa Ha Bepld-

rr{Te H KoHcyMaTopnre HH u BH ot npeToBapBaHe I{ K.C. qpe3 pa3ToIIsBaHe H nperaptHe

Ha CMeHteM etIeMeI{I, HapeqeH cmonunKA W71U A1O)KKA. TX npegCraBJltBa e4'IH I4II'I

HJIKoJIKoBnapanenLu,InuHApuq$uHnvneHToBI{npoBoAIII4III{cMaJIKoceqeHl'e'no-MecTeHr,r B IBonaqHoHeH AeTafin (narpou), rofiro MoXe,qa 6bAe 3aITbJIHeH c Bb3AyX'

cr.tTHo3bpHegr KBapqoB nflcbK unl{ opraH}IIIeH MaTepnaJI' OTAeISIUI TOJI'IMO KOJII{qe-

gTBo ra3 (ra:renepupaq) oT BlIcoKaTa TeMnepaTypa Ha eneKTpntlecKaTa Abra cneA

IlperapflIle Ha BIO)KKaTa.

,{eftcrnr,rero Ha npeArra3nTerfl. KaTo 3auIHTeH anapaT TyK ce pa3rnexAa caMo CII

Quruvna rne4la ToqKa. flose.Ie cBeAeHlIt 3a KoHcTpyKIIHtTa, oco6eHoc1ure npu IIH

H BH, H3[rcKBaHeTO IIa cTaHAalyrI{Te, eKcgoaTal$rflTa r'I AP' MOraT AA ce HaMepfT B

nr{reparypam [1].HOnuuantHUAm mOrc In Ha eno)Kqama Ha npebnasUment *'utce da npOmUvA HeOe-

paHuqeHo btneo eperte, npu Koefno metyrnepamypama il He npeeuwaea aonycfnu'wna'

Bpe-tvtemorcoeamau3at4urnHarnaxAp4KmepucmurcAHAnpeAnAsumentCe OnpeAentnpu

pa3nuvHu KpamHocmu HA moKa cnpstflo Ho,t'uHclnHua'

fpanaunnrrT ToK -Irp : k*In e ToK'bT, npl{ KOfrIO CTOnI{JIKaTa flperapt npI',I AOCTIT-

FaHe Ha ygraHoBeHaTa TeMnepaTypa. o6ru<noseHo craHAaPfI'I3aI$roHHoTO I'I3!ICKBaHe

e cTonHJlKaTa Aanperapr 3a BpeMe no-ronf,Mo oT 1. qac nPu I.p :.(1,2+1,4)In'3arqltrnata Qymrryu Ha [peAna3gTens e ToJIKoBa no-Ao6pa' KoJlKoTo rpaHur{HI'IsT

ToK e no-6rulgrr.qo HoMHHartHtts.(pnSru{HHTe 11pOqeCU B npeAna3VTeIflIIpOTUqaT pa3JII{qHO IIpH ManKa }I np[I rgnsMa

KpaTHOCT Ha ToKa cnprMo HoMI'IHlUrHIl{.

flpu r*,ranxa KpaTHocT Ha TOKa OKO1O H HaA rpaHHqHUt BpeMeTo Ha 3arp'IBaue e

rOJIflMo u ce AoCT1lra ycTaHoBeHaTa TeMnepaTypa. Trfi rato TeM[epaTypaTa Ha ToneHe

Ha cToI.IlIJIKaTa e cToTI{qu rpaAyc[, BcHqKI',I qacTI'I Ha npeAna3nTels ce 3arpqBaT AO

BI,tcoKa TeMnepaTypa, KoeTo e rpafiHo He6rtarorlplltTHo 3a TsxHaTa pa6oTa' oco6eHo

i

IIl*

Page 48: EA - u4ebnik

94 ENEKTPLIqECKII ATIAPATH. YACT I

3a KOHTaKTHIITe Cbe.4fieHHS Ir npyxllHu.flpurolxua Kpar'oerHaroKa, T.e. npr.rroKHa K.c.,3arprrBaHeroln[,3napsBaHeroHa

cronl'InKara nMa B3pnBeH xapaKTepr{ npornqa agna6arno (n;n. r.1.5.3). pagfficranerou nperapsHero lra croIIlIJIKara BO,ur AO nosBa Ha eneKTpr,rqecKa Abra, KO.f,TO rOpI{ BseirHu:re Merirltnr{ napn.

Bpervrero 3a npeKbcBa'e Ha roKa, Koero onpeAenr 3arq'THara xapaKTeprrcrr{KaHa npeAna3urers ce cbcrol{ or cneAHrrre KoMrroHeHTH, KOIiTO CbOTBercrBar Ha pa3-JrrrrHr.r QNanvnr.r npoqecu:

- epe.lve t1 3a docmueaue Ha mertnepamypama Ha moneHe Ha eno),acarna, To3aBI'ICU OT BUAa Ha MeraJra, roJreM[Hara Ha roKa, nbpBoHarrilJlHara reMneparypaHa BJIOXKaTa rIpeAI,I noBHIIraBaHero Ha ToKa H OT TeMneparypara Ha oKoJrHaracpeAa;

- 6pe'1"e tz 3a nToneHe u usnaptoaHe Ha 1no)rcKama. To sanncu oT cKpHTaTa Ton-rnHa Ha rofleHe n il3nap'.F,aHe Ha cronfirKara H or sefnrara Maca;

- epeJile tg 3a eopeHe u eaceHe Ha eneKmpu\ecKama daea. To sanucu oT roJre-MAHara Ha roKa, eQemunnosrra Ha l{broracr.rrenHara cpeAa H H'IKOE ,ApyruQaxropu, xapaKTep[3r.rpaqn npoqeca Ha raceHe Ha Abrara.

ocltrt(ot<(r}dA6t(ntUaoA

cEl

rm 2003m5(x, l(mI /I^

@nr. 1.41. BpeueroroBa xapaKTepr{crrrKa HanpeAIIir3HTeI

flpra rvrarlrr,r Kparuocn{ Ha roKa cnp{-Mo HoMI{HanHnfr BpeMeTO t3 e H€3H&VH-TerrHo cnp{Mo h * tz, TaKa qe BpeMeTo-KOBaTa H 3auu,rTHaTa xapaKTepHCTr.rKH HanpeAIra3uTens npaKTHqecKlr cbBnaAaT.

Ha Qar. 1.41 e [oKa3aHa rlrfilrrrHa Bpe-MeTOKOBa XapaKTepncTnKa Ha npe,qra3n_rea. 3a AaAeH npeAna3uTen rr.3aBncnu or MHo;KecrBo cnyuafirmt earropr,roT TexHotrorulreH, [poH3BOACTBeH H Ap.xapaKTep. Ero aarqo 3a onpeAeneH TunnpeAfia3nTenfi Tfl ce nonyqaBa onuTHoraro o6sr{Barrla orAony KprrBa Ha pe-3ynTaTHTe 3a BpeMeTo 3a nperap{He Ha

BTIOXKaTa, nollyqeHfi npH MHOTOKpaTHOrrcrilrrBaHe npu AaAeH ToK r{ npll ermcr_paHr,r ycnosns. flo ro3n HarrHH ce rapaH-Tr,rpa, r{e BpeMeTo 3a [peraprHe Ha Brox(_KaTa Ha KOfi Aa e npeAna3nTen CIr To3 t4TUnHnMa Aa e no-MarKo oT BpeMeTo, onpe_AeneHo oT BpeMeToKoBaTa xapaKTepHc_TNKA.

minrSrso l-

cnl,qF

E 'Ft 2l'

j-'E6m l-

ror t;Ft, Fo'r Eo.z Io.r to,oE ro,or h

l-qm l-

I . TOIIJII,IHHI4 TIPOUECI4

3a go6pa ro[Jrr{HHa 3au$rra Ha o6eKTa B rlenucr r{HTepBan o{r Bb3MoxHH ToKoBe

(or npetoBapBaHe Ao K.c.) ce r{3r{cKBa epe.rilernoKoeama xapaKmepucmurca Ha npeA-nagufnenL da e eunaeu noA masu Ha odenna u da u.nam paeHu unu dnusxu epe.iveKoH-

cma\mu. flocaegxoTo ycnoBne e npaKTrrqecKu HeBb3MoxHo Aa ce c[a3r,r IIpH 3ailInTa

Ha eneKrpoMorop[, rrfi raro:'a)

npn nperoBapBane BpeMeKoHcraHTara HM e MHoro rprrsMa, rrfi rato B [poqecaHa 3arprrBaHe yqacTBa 4rrnaTa Maca (uarrloxa r{ MarHr,rTonporog);

6) npn K.c. 3arptBaHero ce onpeAenr npaKTr.rqecKu caMo or Macara Ha HaMorKara,T.e. BpeMeKoHcTaHTaTa e MHOrO nO-MaIKa.

Apyro cnerryQnuno r{3HcKBaHe npn 3aqura Ha eneKrpoMorop e npegra3uTen.fiT AaHe nperapl or IIycKoBHs My ror (o6nxnoBeHo 6 + 81r, npu nycKaHe Ha acr{HxpoHHr{

Moropn c HaKbco cbeAr,rHeH porop).BpervretoroBara xapar<repncrrKa Ha npeAna3nrenfl.3aBrrcu cbilIecrBeHo or -tttame-

pucua Ha ano)KKama. VIsnoJL3Bar ce:

- necHomonurtu .rvtemanru KaTo onoBo, rIlrHK H AP. Te nuar MarKa KpaTHocT Ha

rpaHHqHHs ror, craonmra BbB BpeMeTo 3auIItTHa xapaKTepncTnKa, Ho rorrrMoceqeHne H Maca (ncaegcrnne Ha romMoTo cnelllrQnqHo eneKTpuqecKo cbnpo-rnnaerme), Koero BoAn,qo roJrrMo Konl{qecrBo Meranrur napu, 3arpy,ql'BaxloraceHeTo Ha nFraTa;

- mpydnomonurtu ,temcLnu, nafi-neqe rvreg (nocpe6pena unu ranaitptcaHa 3a r.r3-

6.srsaHe Ha Kopo3r,tsra). ?IMar MarKa Maca, roJrsM rpaHr,rqeH ToK H rorsMo6rpsogeficrBl,Ie, Ho He ca npfirosu 3a 3arryrra Ha acrrrrxpoHnr{ Moropu (rrfi raronpenapnr 6rpao npu .[ < 6 + 8,I,o).

3a sauaasBaHe Ha rpaHr4qnns roK Ha npeAna3nTer cbc cronzurKa or rpy4roro-IrlrM MeraJI ce l,rsnongBa ]ilernanypeuuiusm eQercrn flo gpnx<HHara Ha c-TorruJrKarace nocraBs Ao3I{paHa KarrKa or JrecHoronr{M Meran - Hafi-qecro rarafi (rer"rneparypaHa ToneHe 232"C). flpn nonnnraBaHe Ha reMneparypara Karasr ce pa3TonflBavpa3T-Bapg qacr or ceqeHnero Ha cronnJrKara B Mscroro Ha KarrKara. HaManeHoro ceqeHfie,yBennqeHoto cneqraQr.rrrHo cbnporl,rBneHne Ha cMecra noBr{rlaBar 3ary6r,rre H npe,Ua3-BHKBaT pa3To[{BaHe Ha croruurKara B Mrcroro Ha KarrKara Kanafi. flossr4aara ceAbra sron.fiBa ll.stara BJrox(Ka. I4snon3sanero Ha MeranyprutrHnr eQerr HaMaruBa3HaqHTeJIHo BpeMero 3a cronsBaue Ha BroxKara, oco6eHo rrplr MaJrKn ceqeHns HanpoBoArrr{Ka.

BpeuetoroBara xapaKTepncrrira Ha neHToBa crorilrnKa Moxe Aa ce npoMent,t qpe3

npoMsHa Ha ceqeHueto ir (npoQnaupane) n onpeAeneHr{ yqacrbrs.r 14 r{pe3 nepQo-pI'IpaHe. Haanqnero Ha crecHeH[ ytracrbr{n Ae$opMr,rpa roKoBoro nore, [oBr.[rraBaaary6me H HaMaJrflBa BpeMero 3a sronflBaHe Ha BroxKara.

Baxrna xapaKTepucrnKa Ha npelura3tTens. e BpeMero 3a npeKbcBaHe Ha roKa Har.c. Aro roBa BpeMe e noA 5ms (1/4 or rrepnoAa Ha roK c nHAycrpr{arrHa rrecrora

95

itlitI

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ri1liij.,1,i;1ii.i

{iliil,ti

r.i

liiriiI ,',;

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Page 49: EA - u4ebnik

96 EJIEKTPI4TIECKH ANAPATI4. TIACT I

50 Hz) npeAna3HTeJrRT e roKoorpan[rraBarrl rrfi Karo roKbr Ha K.c. He MotKe Aa Aoc-Tr{rHe MaKcuMaJrHara cH crofinocr r{ 3arrll{TaBarrr,rre Bepuru I,I cbopb)Kenvtficano-go6penpeAna3eur,r or repMr{qHoro r,r enercrpoAnnaMr{quoro My geftctnue. LlsnoaseaHero Ha

ToKoorpanr,rrraBaulu npegrra3nreJrr{ no3Bor.sBa r.ra6opa BbB Bepl.{rara Ha EA u ApyFI,I

cbopbxeHur c ycrofrur,rBocr cflprrMo roKa Ha K.c., roilro e no-ManbK or oqaKnasus*.

ToroorpawrqaBarquxr eQerr 3aBr,rcrr FJraBHo or BpeMero 3a racene Ha Abrara, T.e. oT

Br,rAa Ha lF[Oracr,rTenHaTa cpeAa oKono cTorrfleMaTa BJroxKa Ha rlpeAfla3tltr:enfl.. flose-rrero or sbBpeMeHHr,rre npeAnaSvtreJtH, rrHnro narPoH e 3anbJrHeH c KBapIdoB n.gcbK, ca

TOKOOrpaHUqaBarqu.

floaynpono4ur{KoBuTe npr,r6opr.r GnoApr, Tpau3l{cropu, Tllpucrop}I Id gp.) ue 4o-nycKar ,qopu r,r KparKorpafinu roroBn [peroBapBaHus. Te ce pa3pyuraBar, aKo Ko-

IUTICCTBOTO OTAEJIEHA B T'X TOTIJIHHA, XAPAKTCPH3}IPAHO C AXAYJIOBI{' HIITETPANrt

J - | *at e no-rorrrMo or onpeAeneHa olraruo HaMepeHa ctoifuocr.Jo

flo-rrynponosmrlnre ce 3arrlr{TaBar or roKa Ha K.c. cnc cepax6opsoDeficmoar4u

npednasumenu. 3aulnrHara r{M xapaKTepr,rcrlrKa e KaKTo Ha roKoorpaHruaBalqllTenpeAna3nreJru, Ho c no-ronsuo 6rpeoAeficrnue Karo npoll3BoAnrensr AaBa H ctofi-Hosrra Ha Ax(aynoBr.rs r,rHTerpan Ha npe.qna3nrers Jnp Karo Ba)KHa HeroBa xapaKTe-

pucrrlKa. 3a ycnerrHa 3aryrra Ha nonynpoBognuKa or rrpe.ryta3urerx rpr6ra Aa ce

cna3u ycnoBuero Jnr l J.lb6opnr Ha [peA[a3ureJr 3a 3arqlrra Ha KoHKpereH o6eKT e Ha ocHoBa Ha:

- HoMHHaJTeH ToK r,I Hanpe)KeHrre, oco6enoctu n pa6orara v eKcrlloaralu{Ta Ha

o6ema (nam.rne uilu nwfica Ha KparKorpafinn flperoBapBanwfl., Bb3MoxHocr 3a

egHo$asHvtnilv rpuQaann r.c. n qp.);

- cereKTHBHocr ua geficrruero Ha 3aullfrara;

- Tlrrr, HoMr,rHaJreH ToK, Hanpe)KeHr.re, 3arrll,rrua xapaKTepficruKa (u rexHororl{qHnorKJroHeuna), g:rayaoB [rHTerpan 14 ApyrI,I AaHHI{ Ha npeffIa3rTerfr.

flpegpasurerrrre 3a 3arrIHTa na o6emn 6es xpamorpaftnn nperoBapBanux (uanuuJfi4HUn UnU pa3KnoHeHrr.n B pa3npe.qeJrrrTeJrHaTa Mpexa, eJreKTpr{qecKl{ IIeu${, ocBeTu-

TeJrHlr r,rncranaqulr r{ Ap.) ce usdupar c HoMrrHaJreH ToK paBeH I,III}I MaJIKo rro-rontMor roKa sa o6erra. flpegnasurefifrT rpx6na Aa lrMa cra6r,una xapaKTepfictnra, Tbfi

Karo trpu [po4bmKr,rrenHa pa6ora qecro ce Aocrr{ra Ao reMneparypr{ Ha qacrl,ITe My

6ffsrn Ao Ao[ycrriMnTe. 3a cenercrnuaHcr padoma Ha sat4utnarna Hovrwnanul{.rr roK I,I

BpeMero aa rageficrBane Ha npeAra3rrens.l (Onr. L.42)rpr6na Aa 6nAat no-rorreMl,I

or HoMr,rHa nur4tt roK r,r BpeMero ga saAeftcrBaHe Ha npe4ra3rm ens. 2. flo togtt Haqnu flpn

nperoBapBa:ae vnv npr{ K.c. ce H3KrroqBa caMo o6ermr 3ar{r,rraBaH or npeAna3vreilfl2 n ne ce Hapyuana pa6orara Ha ocraHaJrnre KoncyMaropr{. flpn us6opa tpr6na ga

*Oqarnannsr roK Ha K.c. e ro3t{, rofir'o 6u ce norsun BbB Bepr{rara, aKo nLIncBa npeAna3nrenxt }lJtvl

arotoft ce rxynTnpa cbc cbnporr{BJrerne -R : 0.

97I . TOnII,{HHH IIPOTIECH

CE OTTICTAT Bb?MOXH}ITC NOJIOXUTCJIHI' I'I

oTpr,rllaTenlilI OTKJIOHeITU' B XapaKTepI'IC-

TlrKHTe Ha nPeg[a3ureJrl{Te I u2.

AcuttxponHl{Te Moropu ce 3auuraBar

eQerlrltnuo or rtpeAna3vrelta caMo npu

K.c. 3a 3au{Idra B o6nacrra Ha roKoBere

Ha IIPgToBaPBaHe MoraT Aa ce I',I3IIOtI3Bar

cners{anHu ItHepIs{oHHu rrpeAfia3ratenu (c

rora6runpana BJroxKa or Mbt{HoronuM It

JrecHoToIIUU rrlemn) um{ Apyrfi BI{AOBe

3aqrirtil{ ycrpoficua (nx. t.1.6.2)- Ilptlur6op Ha npeAna3nTer rpx6na Aa ce I{Ma

npeABLIA, Ve egxoQa3Huqr ToK Ha K.C.

(x'lu seux) e :nauuteJrHo tIo-MaJIbK orrpr,rQaannff, BCJIeAcTBIte Ha KoeTo npn egnoQa3Ho K.c. BpeMeTo aa :ageficTBaHe Ha

npeApa3nrens e no-roJltMo l,t Aeficrsuero My e HeeQemllBHo'

3aqutata C [peAna3I{TeJI}I e npocTa u eQerunna, oco6eno oT ToK Ha K'c' OcHos-

HHTe HeAoqrarbqH ca:

- ueo6xo4rMocr or 3aMrHa na sageficuan [peAna3ltreJr, Koero oco6euo s o6-

Jracrra na BH u3I{cKBa H3nbrHeHI'Iero Ha pe4IIIa npoqeAypl{;

- eAHO Hnu gByQa3HoTo 3axpagBaHe Ha aCI{HXpOHHH MoTopI{ I4 Apyng 3aUIuTaBaHH

rpr,reaanr.r o6erru Mo)Ke,qa AoBeAe Ao 3HaqurelHl,I TexHI{ [oBpeA[I. BcreAcrsue

Ha ToBa s o6IacTTa na CH ca cb3AaAernn EA npeAcTaBntBau{H rou6rsaqns ot

lpeAna3r4Tenftr vtrpr,r@alna KoMyraqHoHHa cncreva. flpr'r rageficrnaHe Ha rofi Aa

e flpelg1a3gTen KOMyTaI{HOHHaTa CncTeMa Id3KffOqBa 3axpaHBaHeTO Ha o6erta'

1.6.2. TePnno6nrvreraJrrr

Yserr.rqanaHeTo Ha TeMnepaTypaTa Ha ToKoBHTe KoHTypI'I BoArI Ao yAbnxaBaHe (gu-

aamqlr) Ha runefinate LIM pa3Mepu. BncoKHTe TeM[epaTypl{ npu K.c' MoraT Aa npe-

Arf3BI{KaT nOgBaTa rra oIIacHH MexaHI'IqHH Crtntrl I{ HanpexeHl'ifi B HenoABI',IXHO 3aKpe-

ueHu AbJplr roKoBr,r KogTypr,r B HrKoH anaparl,I (nanp. B eJIeKTplIqecKIt ta6aa I'I Ap.) u

or raM Ao rrlx11ara geQopvraws.t4 noBpe4r. 3a ns6srsaHe Ha ra3u onacHocr ce I'I3-

non3BaT pa3nI,IqHI,I BIIAOBe enacTI'ItIHI'I Bpb3KI{ MeXAy no-KbcH yrlacTbqll oT ToKOBUTe

KoHTypH.

,{unama4utma Ha )4em7urume npu npo*tsHaHQme.Mnepamypama ce u3non3aa 3a

casbaeane na EA, Koumo cnylcarn 3a KoHmpon, ynpaeneHue u sat4uma Ha pa3nuqHu

oflercrnu, quemo Hop.tilclnHo dertcmeue saeucu otn me.Mnepamypama Ha ccwus odercrn u

Ha oKonHama cpeda. flpoct npnMep B ToBa orHoIrIeHI,Ie e xI'IBaqHHu KoHTaKTeH Tep-

MoMer6p - Qun. l.43a,roftro KoMyrupa KoHTaKrHara cucreMa K.Ha Qr'lr. 1.436 e

rroKa3aHo Agnarau1aoHgo repM[qno peJre. To ce cbcron or Mecl'turora tpt6a 1 (c ro-

/- tz/=

@ur.1.42. Ce-nexulnna 3aIqHTa c npeAna3n-

TCJIlII

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Page 50: EA - u4ebnik

98 ENEKTPHqECKI,I ATIA PATI{. I{ACT I

a6(Dr.rr. 1.43. .{uaataquouHn penera: a - c Korr-TaKTeH x(r{BaqeH TepMoMerbp; 6 _ c yArrr_;KaBauIa ce rpr6a

WW'rsM TeMnepaTypeH KoeQul.[{elrf Ha pa3_nr.rpeHr,re), npbqKa oT HHBap (Cnaan B on_peAeneHr,r nponoprlHH oT HHKeJT n xerf,3oc MHOrO ManbK Koe+r4{HeHT Ha nnHefiHopa3rnupeHue e, : 1, b.19-o l/oC), ron_TaKTHa cncreMa 3 rn npyxnHa 4. Brnroq_BAHCTO I,I I{3KNTqBAHETO HA KOHTAKTHATA

cr4cTeMa ce Arnxcpr Ha yl{bnxaBalcle MUcKbc.sBaHe Ha MecnHroBara Tpb6a npunpoMrHa Ha TeMneparypara. flunaraqn_oHHnre penera ce BrpaxAar B o6eKTa r.r

ce 3arpsBar AIrpeKTHo or HeroBara reMflepaTypa. flpeuecrn anusra, Kogro Monar Aace nonyqar no ro3I'I HaqUH, BCneAqrBLre Ha [poMsHara Ha reMneparypara, ca orHoctr-TenHo MarKI{. 3Ha'IuteaHo no-roneuu (10-12 n noneqe nnru) np"r""truHpr MorarAa ce nonyqar qpe3 u3[oJBBaHe ua repuo6nMera/rn.

Teplro6urrleranbr ce c6crnou om dea cflot tv€fticlnu c eona&ta pa3nurca e rcoeeuqu-eHmume na nunertnomo ult pct3laupeHue otn meiflnepamypama, Koumo ca nenoDeu)Ktioce6p3aHu no'vex)y cu no T-nJtama urv donupHa noe,pxHocm.TezncnoeBe ca:

- nacl'tBes clofi c MaJIbK (noutn Hyaen) roeQr.rrry,rerrr Ha rrnsefrno pa3rugpeHge(nanp. 1,5-7 -10-6 l/"C), 3a xofito ce H3nor3"u

"""up u ApyrvBHAoBe ;Kerrff3o-

HHKerOBlr cuaBr.r c go6amr Ha MeA, MaHraH u EpyruMerann;

- aKTHBen cloft c orHocllrenHo ronsM roe@raqueHT Ha aHnefino pa3rrrppeHr{e(nanp. 10-20.10-61/'c) Karo MeA, MecrrHr, KoHcraHTaH, Hr,rKe't pasn*q*HBr.rAoBe sloMaHr,I.

crrqectayBar pa3nuqHl,I Texnorlor?rrl Ha cBbp3BaHero Ha ABara crot, no Hafi-pa3[pocrpaHeHl't ca cryAeHoro I{ Fopeuloro HM Banr{oBaHe. flo npnnqr.rn lurara cror{Morarga 6t.qar c pa3nfiqnu, Ho Hafi-uecro ca c eAHaKBn Aelennltn flpo""ro wrrenvreua reprrlo6nMeranl'ITe rH npeA:rlarat o6gruoBego BbB Br{A Ha JreHTa wtu pyJto, qrrrroge6elnHa ce H3MeHt or HsKolIKo Aeceru or Mr.rJruMerbpa Ao HrKonKo M6nr.rMerpa.

ocsonHure xapaKTeplrcrr{Krr Ha MaTepr{arnre : a repnaodrrMeraJrrr ca :

- JuapKa Ha mepJvoduntemana, Kotro BKtItoqBa xI,IMLIqecKug c.bcraBHa aKTHBHI{'}I NACHBHI,IX CNOFT, KAKTO I{ TEXHOIIOTVTflTA HA CBbP3BAHCTO PIM;

- qygcmgumenHocm Ha mep*todurvemcuta A : 3/a(a1 _ o.2), roxro 3aBr.rc6 0Tpa3nHKara r roeQr'lqnenTltre ua ansefiso pa3urnpeHne cl H a2 Ho.ABara cnofr.Tpr6ua,qa ce HMa npeABHA, qe qyBcrB'TeJrHocrra ce npoMeHs B 3aBncr{Mocr orpa6ornara reMneparypa;

- cne4uQuqHo eneKmpuqecKo canpomusneHue p,Koero e or 3HaqeHr4e B cnyqar4TeKoFaro repuo6urueraJlbr ce 3arptBa ot:any6ure or npornqarl1nfl B Hero roK;

iiI .;.

1 . TOnJTHHHI4 nPOLIECT4

- cne4uQuqHa nJtamHocm u cpeden nodyn Ha enacmuqHocm;

- meilnepamypeH uHmepecuT Ha usnon3ea$e u epaHu4HA meJvnepamypa, KO{TO

onpeAen{ ycrofturnocrra My Ha r,rHTerBr{BHo oKI,IcJrrBaHe r.r sary6a Ha eJracr}rq-HUTE KAIIECTBA.

B ta6a. L.8 ca AaAeHn ocnoBrrr.rre xapaKrepucrlrKlr 3a HrKoH MapKH repr"ro6nue-Tanvr, npo[3Be)KAaHr{ or pa3nHqHH Qnpur,r.

flpr,r :arpxnaHe Ha reprr,ro6nuerarra B Hero ce nosB.{Bar MexaHr,rrrHr,r cnrru H Han-pexeHllq, BcneAcrBr4e Ha Kouro rofi ce geQopr"rupa fi orbBa B flocoKa KbM MeraJra c[o-ManbK roeQuqrae*T a2 ua rurueinro pa3runpeHue. flpn 4eQopMaqnrra clr repMo-6nuetarnr Mo)Ke:

a) ga BKfforIH unr,I tr3Knoqr{ KoHTaKTHa cxcreMa, qpe3 Koero ce ynpaBnsBa roKaHnv ce 3audr{TaBa eneKTpr.rqecxr o6err;

6) aa sageftcrna onpegeneH MexaHfl3bM.

3arpananero Ra reprvrodnvrsrana 6nna:

a) om mei4nepamypama Ha o6emta, s rofito rofi e BrpaAeH, TaKa KaKTo roBa craBaH npr{ A,rnaTalluoHHrrTe MexaHu3Muv peneTa;

6) om moKa na o6etcma, upr{ Koero:

- dupennHo Karo L{enusr roK npornqa npe3 repuo6rar"rerara c Qopua Ha npaBa

ruracTr,rHa c eAnH r.rlrr,l r{rKoJrKo upope3a;

- undupeKmflo. flpn rraaarK ToK Ha-o6ema ce r,t:tton3Ba HarpeBaren or cbn-porHBI,ITeneH npoBognr{K nocraBeH Bbpxy t4ru4 B 6ausoct go repuo6r,rMeraJra.flpra ronxM ToK na o6erta ce n3noJr3Ba ruyHT (npn noctoaueH rox) lurlr roKoBrpaHcQopMarop (npn nporvreHrrrB tor).

99

il)I

I

:

I

t

1i1t'tliri

_1.\

'lI! iilt,Ll-,,

i{liltl

rl

')

ri1r):',

\ri

tl:l

I

I

l

I

i

i

fI

tl,St*&,.

i

lj

rij,l:

'

iiiii

I

Ta6lnqa 1.8. OcHonu[ xapaKTepr{crrrKr{ Ha HsKoH MapKn repuo6uueraln

TermeparypeH fpannvra{Drpua Maprca .4.10-6, p, ?.10-3, E, HHTepB:ur Ha TeMuepa-Crpana lfC p0m kg/m3 GPa n3uornBaHe, oC rypa, oC

Karvrepep 2501 20,8 1,08 7,8 135 :70 - 25O 350I'epuaunx 1709 8,5 0,61 8,12 173 -70 - 450 450

Cocnere g'EuQn R80 14 0,79 8,1 166 500{Dpanqnx 20SP 19,7 O,2l 7,8 133 325

Kanrar 2W 20,4 1,08 7,8 135 -20 - 2OO -70 - 330IIIseqHs 60 6 0,21 8 190 -20 - 450 -7O - 525

Tourr.r6a CAY 14,2 0,8 8,1 170 -20 - 150 -70 - 350.flnonn.f, Tltry I1,8 0,67 8,2 175 20 - 35O -7O - 450

Pycnx TE20l3 18-22 1,08-1,18 7 ,7 135 -60 - 200 2OO

TE092l 7,6-10,5 0,87-0,97 8 180 -60 - 420 500

Page 51: EA - u4ebnik

ENEKTPI{qECKI'I ANAPATH. TIACT I

KoncmpyrcrnuaHume Qopnu Ha meprtodu'vemattume capasHoo6pa3Hu r.r 3aBncrr orBIIAa Ha I'I3noJI3BaHvs BnAAHnaraIryIs. Hafi-parnpocrpaHeHr,r ca ycrpoficrsa c ruseftiraAHnararlns, npn Kor,rro eAuHr,rrrr pa3Mep (4naxnnam) e MHoro [o-ron{M or Apyrr.rre4na. LIenoJBBar ce npaBlr u orbHarr,r ([/-o6pasnn) naactlrHu, Br,rHToBa H apx]rMeAoBacnupana H gp. Marap r ro-psAKo ce IBnot3Ba H AByMepHa (nonrpxuocrna) gr,rn ara:417,fr.,

nPIr Koero tepuo6nr"terarHfisr eneMeHT npeAcraBnssa Haft-qecro traqr or cQepr,ruHanoBbpxHllua (rplrna ueu6paHa), xorto npu 3arprBaHe BcneAcrBr,re Ha Bb3nnKnarrrrreHanpe)KeHr,rq cMeHs nocoKaTa Ha Kpr{BI,rHaTa cv.

Teope'ruumuflT aHaJrR3rBoAeIr{ Ao oqpeAenruero Ha geQopr.,raryrflTa, cvtnt}tre H Me-xaHuqHlaTe HanpexeHufl HlpA3Ilfllt4wu uO Soprvra reprvrO6rnvreTanfi e rrrupoKo 3aqrbneHR tHTeparypara 118,30,771. Tyr ce pa3rnexAar caMo HrKoH ocHoBHr{ upeo6aeuu,Kacaeull' flpaBa nrIacTHHKa c npaBobrbJlHo cerleHue.

Ha Qm. 1.44 enoKa3aHa npaBa HenoA-

BH)KHo 3aKpeneHa B neBar cu xpaft rep-uo6ur'retalga n acrl{Ha c aKT}tBeu caofiI c roeQuqrreHT sa auHeftiro pa3tuupe-HI/ie A1r{ nacr{BeH clofi 2 c roeoulu.reHTHa rraneitso pa3rrrupense d2 (or > oz),npr.r reMrreparypa Ha oKorHara cpega ds.

,{ra:xnHara rra ruracrnHKara npr{ Ta3r,r

TeMneparypa e I, unpoqr4Hara b raroI > b, Koero no3BonsBa .qa ce npeue6-perHe geQopuarryrra no HanpaueHue b.

B crornercrBr,re c o6uqafrirara npaKTHKa

ce [pr{eMa, qe ABaTa cJtos, ca c paBHa Ae-6ennna Ar : Az : L/2 (L e o6ulara ge6eluaa Ha nrracrr{Hrara).

flaacrarurara ce 3arprrBa B rlennr cu o6eu Ao reMneparypa 0 (nperprBaHe r :e - 0d or nporntlatrlnt B Hetr ToK rrrru or Apyr [3Torrur.rK. Aro grara cJror I u2 se cacBbp3arilr noMe)<Ay cr,I, Te 6uxa ce yAbnxuntl c:

Al1 :al(9-0o):a,ilr;A,I2 - a2l(0 - 0o) : e.2lr, (Alt > Atz).

(Dur. 1.44. Krrvr onpe.qensHe na geQopMaqr{-sra rr cfinara tta 6nueraJrna rlJracrr{Ha

(t.t32)

Tnfi rato n gefictnutetlnocr ARara cilos.Ha flnacfl{HKara ca HerloABHxHo cBbpgaHr{noMexAy crl, Te He Morar Aa I{Mar yl{bJr)Kenu.sra cnopeA OopM. (1.132), a H"fiKaKBaMe)KAHHHa ctofitrocr Alr > Al > Al2, onpeAeneHa or geficrnnero Ha Asoftra cnfi.rF (c panul rotleMuHu ra o6parHr.r nocoKu), npuroxeHr.r Bbpxy cJroeBere, [pr.r KoerocJrorr l, cro6paeHo cbc 3arcoHa na Xyrc, ce cKbcsBa c

F(1.1 33) A/rp - srEFt

ffin, (1.140) k-

I . TOnJII4HHI4 TIPOLIECI,I

a cJrosr 2 ce ygraxcaBa c

(1.134)

TaKa qe

(1.135) Al:

F Ft-L,Izp #: 1br",

Alr -Alrr': Llz- A'lzp-

Brn Qoplr.(1.133)n (1.134) -E e cpegnnrr MoAyrr Ha enacrurlHocr (uogyl Ha

IOrn) rra ABara cJror Ha reprrlo6uueranta. flpra ycnoBl.Ie, qe re ca c paBHI{ ge6enrutn

L,f2uoxeAa ce npl{eMe, qe

(1.136) E_

KbAeTo Et u Ez ca MoAynIrTe Ha elacTut{HocT Ha MeTanI4Te Ha ABaTa cnot..

CaeA 3aMecrBane Ha y4bnxeHnsra Alt nbn Qopt't. (1.135) ce nonyqaBa

- r- 2F , - ^..r^ , 2F-,a.1tT - LbE,

: d2tT * Albar,

OT KbAeTo CI{JIaTa F, Aeftctnau{a Ha HaT[cK 3a cJIOt 1 u ua onbH 3a cnon 2, e

Et*Ez--*2 '

(1.137) F:|{or-c,2)LbF;r.

,{uofixara culn geftctBar Bbpxy HanpetlHoro cetleHue s : bA sa

cb3AaBaT MOMeHT

fu[-Mt*Mz:'!:",2 r)(1.1 38)

KbAero J : bL3 /12 e r,rHepqnonHtrrr MoMeHT Ha ceqeHnero Ha nracfl,IuKara cnpflMoreoMerpr.rqsara i oc.

floggeftcrBr{ero rra MoMeHTa M nnasrrlHKara ce orbBa I,I ocra ir npugo6nna @oprvra

Ha JIr,rHHr c Kpr{B[Ha k upaptyc r, Kor,rro ce onpeAeJrtr c H3pa3a

(1.139) k- - (1 + nr27t/2'

KbAero y'(r)ug"(n) ca nbpBara r,r BTopara rrpolr3BoAHa Ha orKJroHeHnero g Ha nrac-TI{I{Kara cnprMo [bpBouaqaJrnoro u nonoxenne (upr,r t : 0).

Karo ce uMa rrpeABHA, ue g' x 0, cae4aa, ve

u"Ir

Ir

,,ffiM-Y - dr2- EJ'

Page 52: EA - u4ebnik

102 EJIEKTPI4IIECKII ANAPATH. YACT I

Cneg AByKparHo HHTerpHpaHe rro o ce nonyqaBa:

9:kx*ctdT(1.141)

Or ycnoarnero nplr u : 0,

(1.142)

u:ry*Crc*Cz.

: a :0, caeAna, ue C1 - Cz: 0, npn Koero

k12u: z'

dsT,

Caeg 3aMecrBaHe Ha ,t : I/r or n3pa3a (1.140) n F o'r H3pa3a (1.137), 3a MaK-cr.rMarHara geQoprvragun fs B Kpas Ha nnacrrrHara .(npH r : I) oKoHqarerHo cenonyrlaBa:

(1.143)

CneA 3aMecrBaHe Ha /e or Qoprvr. (1.143) 3a cHnara Fo ce ronyqaBa

fo: a^ *: |{o, - .ilr*,: or|.

. FolsIo: JEJ'

r%: fia"nrf

Or u:pa:a (1.143) crle4Ba, qe or-bBaHero (geQopMarl[nra) ua nJracrnnKara eflponopq[oHaJrna ua KBaApara Ha Abnx(Hnara ir n o6parno nponopqnonarrna HaHefiHara 4e6errnHa. Crofinocrure ua roeQHr-IHeHTa A : 3 / a(at- o,z) 3a HrKor{ MapKntepuo6r,n'rerann ca AaAeHH s ra6r. 1.8.

Aro u Ascnara qacr Ha teprrto6uueraJrHara [Jracr?rHKa e 3aKpenerra He[oABr.DKHo,

TrI ynpa)KKfrBa cnila Fg arpxy onopaTa. 3a onpegeJuHeTo fi naacraHKaTa ce pa3r-nexAa Karo KoH3olIHo 3aKpeneHa rpeAa, qHfiro HpoBec /9 e cnrp3aH cbc rBBecrHaraor MexaHr.rrara Soprvryna

(1.1M)

(1. r 4s)

Or Qopu. (1.145) crIeABa, qe cntrara, cb3AaAeHa or HenoABHx(Ho 3aKpenena 6lr-MeraJIHa flJracrlrtrKa, e nponopqrronanna Ha KBaApara na gedeannara ir n oOparnonponopu[orraJrHa Ha Hefinara Abnx(r.rHa. Tasn 3aBr.rcuMocr Ha cnrara e o6panra na3aBncllMocrra Ha geQopMaqr.rrra Ha nracrr.rnKara or AbtD(r.r*ara u ge6eauxara it, t.e.c lBMeHeHUero Ha re3l{ pa3Mep[r He Moxe eAHoBpeMeHHo Aa ce yBenurrn geQoprrlarry-gTa H clrnaTa.

cwtama Fg ua nnacmuHKama .I4oxce da ce ysenuqu:

I . TOnfl4HHI4 IIPOLIECI4

qpe3 yBennqaBaHe B r,BBecrHr{ rpaHltq.I Ha uupoquHara b, 6es Aa ce AouycKar3HaquMn geQopuaqnll B Ta3H rlocoKa;

IIPC3 IDNOI3BAHC HA HqKOIKO NAPANCNHI,I NNACTI,IHKI{;

qpe3 rcnoJnBarre Ha ruracrr,rHKa sbc gbrrlnll o6ervr Marepuan, Ho c rpl,IbrbnHa

$opr"ra c lpofino no-ronsMa unpotrl4ua 2b B ocHoBara u c ocrbp Bpbx. TasnruracrtrHKa uMa cbr.rlarageoopr"rarlHr Ho no-roJltMa c oKoJIo 3OVo cuna cnpsMo

Ta3r,r Ha nracrnHKa c nocrosHHo ceqeHfie [18].

flpn pasn.rreAaHrrre lpa TpaHLITIHLI cty-qas uacrnHKaTa He IEBbpIrIBa noJIe3Ha Fopa6ora, trfi raro B rrbpBlrn cayuafi Ts ce

4eQopruupa 6eg Aa npeoAoilsna cvila, a

BbB BTOp[rr - Cb3AaBACnnA, HO HtlMa npe-

MECIBAHE.

Ha SHr. 1.45 e noKa3aHa pecLnvamagaeucu.ntocm Ha cuJtama om d eQop*ta4u-fuma Ha nnacmuHKama npu r : const,Kosro e arsefisa H ce otrpeAens. c u3pa3a

(1.146) F - Fo(l - f /fo),(Dnr. 1.45.3anncuuocr Ha cl{tara n pa6omrana 6nrraera-nHa nJracrlrua or geQopMalll{tra

KbAeTO Fo, fo Ca MaKClrMarHaTa Cl/.nA V

geQopr'rarryrt Ha MacrnHKara fipnr: const.Ha crqara $rEr. 1.45 e noKa3aHa u pa6orara A: Ff ua nracrl{HKara c MaKcIr-

MarHa crofitroct /-"* : Fofo/ npH .f-"* : fol2.Bclegcrnne Ha 3arprBaHero Ha nnacrrnHKara vnonBnnvtre ce cnnilu geQoprrlautH

B He.r geiicrnar cneAlrure MexaHrrqHrr Hanpex(en[fl:

- HanpetceHue Ha on6H uHa HamucK or crrnara F nrpxy ceqeHugra Ha nacllBHltff It. aKrr{BHtts crofi. Kato ce I,IMa npeABLIA Qopr'r. (1.1.37),3a cnrara F n cayuax re

ca:

103

a)

6)

n)

(1.147)

- HanpatceHue Ha oe66aHe BcneAcrBrle Ha'MoMewra M

ar : loonl : lo"",l : f,{o, - a2)Er;

MO' EJ E02: clor : W

: rJ lA: TA,

rlI

I

,iiiI

)

rlti

',jllilj

(1.148)

KbAero 3t e pa3cTocHr,reTo oT ocTa Ha ruracrr,rHKaTa Ao MtcroTo Ha onpeAeilsHe Ha Han-pexeHnero Ha onbBaHe,Wo, - cbnporllBrdreJrHn.rrr MoMeHT Ha ceueHl,Iero npu orbBaHe.

Page 53: EA - u4ebnik

b

I

L.104 ENEKTPIIYECKH ANAPATI4. qACT I

A2 .oL O2 o

(Dur. 1.46. Mexanuqrn Hanpe)Kerrufl no Ae6eJrnuara rra 6nverarura nJrasruua

Or Sopr,r. (1.148) cJre.qBa, qe HanpexeHr{ero Ha orbBane ce H3MeHrI ro Ae6enllnaraHa ruracruHKara no nr4HeeH 3aKoH. llpu a: 0, oor : 0. MaxcnMarHoro Hanpe)I(eHlde

Ha oFbBaHe e npII A: L/2:

(1.149) o2max: oormax : |{o, - a2)Er.

Ha Qnr. 1.46 ca rroKa3aun u3MeHeHnrra Ha Hanpexeulrero Ha orrbH oon H Ha orb-BaHe dor no ge6eauHara Ha aKTr{BHr,rr (1) u nacunuw, Q) cnoeBe Ha repuo6raueraJlHaILITaCT[rHKa, KaKTO r,r pe3ynTaHTHOTO HanpexeHr{e

(1.150) o:ot*oz.

Marcur'rarHoro pe3yJrrauTHo Hanpe)i(eHue os1a1 e trpu A : A, T.e. Ha pa3Aenuara

noBbpxHocT Ha cJroeBeTe.

B rpanr,rrrHr,rre cJroeBe Ha [Jracrr{HKara, T.e. npta g : L/2 pe3yrraHTHoro Hanpe-

xeHHe e

(1.1s1) "(+) :lot - orl:ior.

Or ypannennero o : ot - o2a : 0 caeABa, qe pe3ynraHTHoro Hanpexeul4e ce

aHynllpa HpvA: *L/3.floryueHnte 3aBncr,rMocru 3a HanpexeHn.sra B 6uvetaauara nnacrltHKa ca

r,anw1plra, aKo rr ce geQopMr{pa cso6oAHo, 6es ga npeoAonsBa BbHruHa cuna. flpuHanI{qHe Ha raKaBa cufia ce nonyqaBaT AonbJrHr{TeJrHV HanPe)KeHns Ha orbBaHe.

Or noayuennTe 3aBucr.rMosru (1.147), (1.149) cJreABa, qe MaKclrMalrrrnre Hanpe-

)KeHI,In n repr*o6roaeriurHara nJracrnHKa (na omx, Ha HarlIcK, Ha orbBaue) aanacator nperpsBaHero r. flpn HopManHa pa6ora re He rpx6na Aa c no-roneMu or Ao-nycrr,rMuTe 3a cborBerHrrre MeraJrr,r (pecnerrraBHo AonycruMure reMneparypl{ - Bx(.

ta6n. 1.8). B nporrrBeH cnyuaft ce [peBnrrraBa rpanr{rlara Ha eJlacrlrr{Hltre cnofic'rsa

Ha Marepuarrnre n nonyqerilrre Qoprvrynu sa 4eQopMal$tra (1.143) u cvnara (1.145)

l. TOTIJMHHI4 nPOIIECI4 105

@ur. 1.4?. Teprvro6ur"reTaJlgn M91aHII3MI'I c (Dnr- l'48. TeunepaTypHa KoMneHcaqfiq Ha

6tpaa KoMyraqHs Ha KoHTaKTHaTa cucl€Ma: repuo6uueranHilpeneTa:a-Ha'qeQoprtlaqn-

a - c nocrosHell MarHlrr;6 - c geQoplvraqr'rx 'Ta;6

- Ha cl{Jrara

Ha ulocKa [py)KI{Ha

ca HeroqHr,I. I,lseecrHo orKJroHeHue or -nruefinata 3aBltcuMocr B Te3I'I QopMyau ot

nperp'BaHeTo T ce Abn)KI,I I,I Ha 3aBI,IcI,IMogITa Ha MoAy[,ITe Ha eJIacTHtIHocT Etn Ez

oT TeMnepaTypara.flolyueuute ot 6ruerl.r-IH&T8 nJIacTI'IHa geoopruaryls't4 cvna Ce lr3non3BaT B Tep'

MO[HMeranH11 peneTa 3a 3aAFInxBaHe Ha KoHTaKTHa cucTeMa I{ cb3AaBaIIe na neo6xo-

IglMaTa cuJta,KaKTO I,I B 3aIqUTHnTe InKJIIOqBaTeIU na aBToMaTnqHuTe npeKbcBalrH

npu npeToBapBaHe Ha BepnraTa. HegoctaTblryf1e na tepuo6I{MeTaIHI4Te peneTa ca:

a) 6anuO yBengqaBaHe SJII{ HaMaIsBaHe Ha cI{IaTa' BCneACtBHe Ha KOeTO Ce uO{-

BrrBa HcKpeHe u epo3r{r Ha KoHTaKTHure reJra. 3a Eg6srnane Ha ro3}I HeAocrarbK

Ce I,BnOn3BaT pa3nlIqHI,I MeXaHI'I3MI'I' KoITTO Ocuryp'lnat 6r'pSa KOMyTaI$s Ha

KOHTaKTHaTa CLICTSMa. [pa TaKUBa MexaHI'I3Ma gbOTBeTHO C nOCTofHeH MarHI'IT

u c [nocKa npy)KllHa ca noKa3aHH Ha @rar. 1 .47. B nbpBI'In Cnyuafi 6rp:ata

KOMyTaLS{t Ha KOHTaKTHaTa cI',IsIeMa ce u3BbpulBa CneA KaTO CI{naTa Ha TepMo-

6UIvreta-na CTaHe nO-rOJIf,Ma OT CI{JIaTa Ha IIpI'IBnI{qaHe m nOCTO,IHHI'I' MarHItT' a

BlbB BTOpI,If, - 11pU AOCTHTaHS Ha "MbpTBaTa" TOtIKa ua AeftCr.B]Ie Ha Upy)KItHaTa;

6) nnu*ule Ha xapaKTeplIcTI{KI{Te Ha TeMnepaTypara 0s Ha oKonHaTa cpeAa' 3a

HaMaIsBaHe Ha ToBa BIHTIHHe TepMg6urvrerartnpne peneTa Ce peryn[paT npI'I

CboTBeTHaTa TeMnepaTypa 0g, KaKTO I'l Ce I'I3nOJI3Ba TeMnepaTypua KoM[eHcaquu

na geQopr"raqlaflTa v cvilara - Qur- 1.48.

TepuuuHnre peneTa gafi-qeCrO Ca C rpra$a3Ho LI3[IIHeHI'Ie U ce KOMILneKToBaT c

KoMyTaqHoHHI{ ailapaTl,I (KoHTaKTopH) 3a 3aIIIHTa Ha eneKTpoMoTopn oT npeToBapBaue'

Ha eun. 1.49 enoKa3ag BbHrrrHlrrr BLIA Ha IFa BI,I,qa 6urapcrl'I TpI{Oa3HI'I penera rlrn

PTE. IIpn I,I3non3BaHeTo rM 3a 3audnTa Ha eIFoOa3eII o6eKr rpuTe Qasu Ha penero ce

cBbp3Bar rrocre,qoBarerHo.

Ocnosgr,rre xapaKTepr.rcrr,rKr,r Ha repMI,IqHI,ITe (TepMo6urrtetaaHrate) penera ca: Ho-

Mr,rHareg ror, o6lacT Ha peryn[paHe Ha ToKa Ha Haslpofira U BpeMeTOKOBa (3auIuTHa)

ffo

Page 54: EA - u4ebnik

106 EIEKTPPIqECKH ANAPATI4. qACT I

a6@nr- 1.49- Brnuren BrA Ha rpnQa:nn repMurrHr{ penera rrau PTE: a - pere pTE-0; 6 - perePT6-3

xapaKTepHcrl4Ka. flpu urnon3BaHe Ha penero ro ce nacrpoftna KoHKperHo 3a 3ar.rIHTaHa orpeAeaes o6ert (uanp. eneKTpoMotop) cbo6pa3no c HoMuHanHvs, My ror. Tosanaft-qecro craBa qPe3npoMfrHataHeo6xo.qnuarageQopMaqr,rr

Ha reprrro6[MeranHararuIACTI,IHA.

Ha tpnr. 1.50 e [oKa3aua 3at4utnHa xapaKmepuimurca Ha meprroduruemanno pene.Karo ce HMa nPe.{BHA, ve Heo6xogr.tMoro KoruqecrBo rolr.trnHa 3a nonyqaBaue 3a orr-peAeneHo BpeMe aa ueo6xolglMara geQopr"ra4ns, uJtn cwta 3aBucr.r or KBaApara HaToKa' xapaKTepl{crl{Kara e crpbMHo HaMaJIsBaqa (npn6au3nreJruo KBaAparHa xr4nep-6ona). Tpx6na Aa ce I'IMa npeABLIA, qe rr 3aBucu ou{e n or HaqrrnHara reMneparypa HareprvroduueraJla (nranovnaHe or cryAeHo cbcrorHue uJru or nopeqo cbcrorHr.re - 11pn

T /I^

(Dnr. 1.50. 3arqurHa xapaKTepncrnKa Ha TepMlrqHo pene

L TOUII4HHI4IPOIIEC?I

AocrarbrlHo Abnro 3arprBaHe c HoMI{HatIHur tor).IIpu us6op Ha pene 3a sat4uma Ha ene,qnpo.tvomop mpafiea da ce uJilam npedeud

cnednume ocodenocmu:

a) go6pa 3arqr.rra na o6erra ce nonyqaBa aKo penero [I eneKTpoMoropa nMarpaBH[

unu 1nwzrcr{ ToIrJrr4HHr{ BpeMeKoncrarnu. flpn roneva Kparlrosr Ha roKa Ha

npeToBapBaHe TorurHHHaTa BpeMeKoHcTaHTa Ha eneKTpoMoTopa e oTHoct'ITeIHo

MaJrKa (5-10min) u ce onpeAers rJraBHo or HaMorKara rtry. flpu MarKa Kpar-

Hocr Ha roKa Ha nperoBapBaHe BpeMeKoHcraHTara e roJItMa, trft Karo 3aBHcH

or qrnara Maca Ha eneKTpoMoropa. Cragananero fla yHI{BepcaJrHo repMntrHo

pere, KoeTo Aa 3aulnTaBa eneKTpoMoTopr{ c pa3nLIqHI{ MaCI,t I{ KOHCTpyKITI}I IIpH

pa3nHqHH pe)i(HMl,r (rpauroc"rn Ha nperonapnaue), e npaKTHtIecKI,I HeBb3Mo)I(Ho.

3a cnuacyBaHe Ha xapaKTepr,rcrr.rKr{Te Ha penero I,I eJleKTpoMoropa HoMI'IHaJl-

Huqr roK Ha penero ce Hs6Hpa paBen Ha HoMuHarl.uus roK Ha eneKTpoMoropa, a

ToKbr My Ha saAeftc-rsaHe (tor Ha Hacrpofirara) e 1,21n;

6) penero He rpn6Ba.Aa ce rageftcrna or nycKoBltt roK Ha eneKTpouoropa (:a

acr{HxpoHHr{ Moropn c K.c porop Iny" : 6-8,fn) 3a BpeMero Ha nycKaue (npeueto

Ha pa3Bbprane). B 3aBncuMocr or npolpnxlrrenHocrra Ha BpeMero 3a nycKaHe

Ha eneKTpoMoropa repMuqHr,rre penera cnopeA IEC ce pa3Aensr sa 3 raaca:

1,0,20 u 30, utlltro ocHoBHI,I xapaKTepucrllKl'I ca AaAeHlI s m6r. 1.9.

Tepuuunlne penera or Knac 10 ca Haft-pasnpocrpaueHl,I u ce I,Bnon3Bar 3a

3arrlnra Ha eneKTpoMoTopr4 c BpeMe Ha pa3BbpraHe noA 10s. Tyr ce orHacsr n

penerara rrn PTE.

TepunuHure penera or Knac 2On3Oce H3nor3Bar 3a 3auIHTa Ha eJreKTpoMoropH

c no-npoI[bJrxHTeJIHo BpeMe Ha nycKaHe.

Ta6nnqa 1.9. XaparrepncruKtr Ha repMrrqHr{ 3arqurut{ penera 3a eneKTpoMoropn

Klac BPeue na:aAeficrsaHenpn 1,05 Io", nPu 1,2 -I*"- nPnT ,2 I,"n

l0 noneqem2h no-uaaroor2h 2ao 10s

20 noneqe m 2h no-r'ra-nro m 2h 6 ao 20 s

30 noneqe or 2h no-uaxo or 2h 9 ao 30s

n) npra ron{M ToK Ha nperoBapBane (npn r.c.) npervrero 3a saAefictsane Ha repMI'Iq-

HOTO pene e no-rojrsMo oT AonycTr,rMoTo BpeMe 3a [peToBapBaHe Ha eneKTpo-

Moropa. 3a saqura Ha eneKTpoMoropa n penero ce l,Bron3na 6npsogefictsail{o

eneKTpoMarHr.rrHo pene (MaKcrrMannoroKoB 3auII,ITeH lnKnloqBarer Ha aBTo-

MarHrreH npeKbcBaq) unu npe.qna3l{Ten.

to7

i

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ILl

liIItl:

:

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i

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Page 55: EA - u4ebnik

f

i .-.

rNABA BTOPA

EJI EKTPOII14 HAM 14 t{ H 14 CIAnU

2.I. OCHOBH}I TIOJIOX(EHHjf,

EaerrpO.qlnaMuqrlnTe cnma geftC'rBaT BbB U MeXIry eneKTPnqecKu KoHT)fpH' B KO-

uro nptrrua ToK. Te gasucnT oT tlocoKaTauroneMl{HaTa Ha ToKoBeTe, oT QopMaTa'

pa3MepI,ITeHPa3cro'HI{'TaMe)i(AyKoHTypHTe}IoTcpeAaTa'BKo'ToceHaMupaT(Hafi-uecro Bb3,qyx). Eueprnftnnre npeo6pa3yBaHut B,bB Bbpfttu$r ce eneKTpuqecKl{

MaIUI{HI{, rpaHCQOpMaTOpLI, HffioI'I BI{AoBe }I3MepBaTeJIHI'I MexaHH3MH I{ Ap' ce ll3Bbp-

ruBaT c yqacTueTo Ha eneKTpo,t{[HaMgqHI{Te cI{JrIr. Te.qeficrBaT Bbpxy trpoBoAIInqHTe

Ha eneKTpoeHeprnftIlaTa cuc1eMa H ToKoBnTe KoHTypII Ha MIIOTo BnAoBe EA: npe-

KbcBaqr{, pa3eMHI{TeILt, TSK6BLI TpaHcQopMaTOpH' peaKTopl{ E AP' KbM eneKTpoIS'I-

HaMaqHuTe cI{JIH ce OTHacffT I{ Te3u Mex,qy ToKoB}I KOHTypl't u OepoMarHI'ITHa CPeAa'

flpn norvrrniurHlr roKoBe o6[KHOBeHO Cr,rnnre ca MaJIKI{, HO npH TOK Ha K.C.' AOCT}I-

raIII AeCeTKI{ H CTOT}IqI| KI4nOaMnepI{' Te Ce yBenlrqaBaT AO AeCeTKI'I )KV',.S'WL HK)TOHI'I'

Mexasuqnnte Ha[pexeHl.Iq B ToKOBuTe KOLTyPH H CBbp3aHI'fTe c Tsx KoHcTpyKTI'IBHIT

ereMeHTI{ (nsonatop[, onopu, Kopnycu ll Ap.) HapacTBaT 3HaquTenuo I'I Te MoraT Aa

ce AeQopMvpaT, pa3MecTrT nrw pa3pyrrraT. Ha Qur. 2.1 ca noKa3aHH CeqeHHflTA HA

TOKOBOATTU$|Te urI{HI{ u onopHllTe l{3onaropu Ha pa3e4rHnren'

Our. 2.1. EnerrpogllHaMlttlut{ cfinfl fi MoMeHTIt B

pa3eA[rrr.rTen

@ur. 2.2. flrpnnuna HaMorKa Ha ro-KOB Tpar{cQopuamp, pa3PyureHa oreneKTpoAHH:IMnqHH cHJl[I

Page 56: EA - u4ebnik

110 il

-r-l

1i

111EJIEKTPHTIECKI4 ATIAPATI4. qACT

T

cunara F *rexgy rur{Hlrre cr,3AaBa orbBau-( MoMeHT M, gefiwBarr{ Bbpxy nopqe-raHoBHTe n3onaTopl'l' I| npu ToK Ha K.c. Mo)Ke Aa r]I cqynn. Ha Qnr. 2.2 e norasauanbpBlqHara HaMorKa Ha ToKoB rpaucQopMarop, pagpyrueHa or 4eficrBgero Ha ereK-Tpol[.rHaM HrlHU CI,,^JTH.

Hagex4uara pa6ora na EA I{3I,IcKBa roKoBHTe nM KoHTypr.r H cBbp3aHure c rrxKOHCTpyKTHBHH eJIeMeHTtr Aa Morar Aa noHacsr 6es noBpelur MexaH[qHOro geficrnueHA TOKA HA K.C.

onpegenx'ero Ha eneKTpoAnHaMr,rrrHr.rr e cvJt4 e neodxoAnuo :

- 3a npoeKTHpaHe Ha EA, roHro I'IMar ueo6xo4n"rara MexaHnqHa ycrofi.rnsocr Hagefi crnnero Ha eneKrpoAr.rnaMnq HHT e cvnn;

- 3a HaMHpaHe na QynxrgoHaJlHure xapaKTepucrrrKr.r Ha raKlrBa anaparr,r, qr4eroAefic-reEe ce onpeAerrl or eneKTpoAr,rHaMHqHr{Te cunn (eneKTporurHaMgqHr{ pe-aeTA, A3KntoqBatean n gp.);

- 3a ra:6op Ha EA, Kol'lro noHacsr 6e: nonpeAa oqaKBaHara (usuncnenara) croft-HOCT HA TOKA HA K.C.

EaextpognHaMHqHara cnna e BeKTopHa Berr{rrrHa H cneAoBarenHo onpeAenfinero fice orHacs 3a nocoKara u ueftnara roreMr.rHa.

Cnonea,;bop-Mynama na Jlarutac, erreMeHTapHara cuna dF,Kosro geftctna BbpxyeneMeHT dI or eneKTpnqecKu KoHTyp cror f, e:

(2.r) dF -- idi x E : id,IB sinBi,

KbAero B e eerropbr Ha MarmtrHara IaHAyKrIr{Jr B erreMerma dilnr:6ygena or cbrrlgtulwnn Apyr roKon ronryp); B - .urnnbr Me)KAy BeKropure d,iu E; i - "*rrqHnrrBeKTop no uocoKa ua geficrnue Ha c"aaru ,F.

or @opu. (2.1) cnepa, qe noco,cama Ha cuJtama lvtoilce da ce onpeOenu c usnon-3eqHe Ha u3aecmHomo om Qusurcama npaguJto 3a nepnendurqtnapuo pa:inono)KeHumenpbcmu Ha n86ama p6KA: aKO noKa3aner{br r,r cpeAHurr npbcr ca opnerfrfipa]Fl:H cb-orBerHO no uocoKa Ha MarHI{THara HHAyKIIIts l.I ToKa, TO nanel{br e no nocoKa HaeneKTpOAHHaMI,rrrHaTa cI{JIa.

flpaeuaoro 3a npbcr'Te Ha ntBara pbKa Mo)Ke Aa ce npuno)Klr caMo B cpaB'r.r-TerHo npocrH cnyrlaH npn [paBo nuseltnuroKoBl,I KoHTypn. C rona npaBr{no Hanpr{MepnecHo ce ycTaHoBsBa' se CUtIaTa MexAy yc[opeAHI,I TOKOBII KOHTypI{ rH npaBnllqa npgeAHOtrOCOqHH TOKOBe n rn or6arcKBa npH pa3HonocoqHr4 ToKOB e - Qur. 2.3.

Ha crulara Qurypa ca AaAeHu H Apyrn cnycaw Ha rpoBoAril{ryr ne)Karqr{ B eAHapaBHHHa lI pa3nonoxeHH roA brbn (a uactuocr B3aHMHo nepneHAnKyaapHH). flpn on-peAenffHe Ha nocoKllre Ha cKrrure Bbpxy orAenHHTe npoBoAHr4qr{ Mor(e Aa ce r{3non3BacreAHoro npaBHno [84J: ocute Ha npoBoAHnr{.rre ce npogbnxaBar Ao npecuqaHero r.rM,npI'I KoeTo' aKo ToKbT oT eAI'IHlrf, npoBoAHLrK npeMI4HaBa B Apyru{, To cgtr}rTe ce cTpe-

[email protected]. flocoru ua geiicrtue Ha cLrJrLITe Me)cAy npoBoArruqu, re)Kaulu B eAHa paBHHHa

Mtr Aa yBenuqar brbra Ao r, a aKo roKoBere ca a o6parHr.r nocoKx, To cr{rrnre cecrpeMsr Aa HaManer brbJra Ro 0 Ga c.nesr npouo4rr,r4lre).

IIpu npouseonHu no Qop*ta u pa3nono)KeHue moKoeu KoHmypu sa onpedenaHe HanocoKama (u eonetuunama) Ha enennpoduua-dau,rHama cuJta 6 tnax u .*te>rcdy mgx ceu3non36a ugrteHeHuemo Ha JilaeHumHama urt eHepeuil, [pLI KoeTo:

a) npn ycJIoBHe, qe roKoBere B KonTypr,rre ocraBar HeIr3MeHHn, nocoKara Ha ct4rrarae raKaBa, qe rs ce grpeMlr Aa yBefi4qfi MarHrlTHara eHeprus Ha cucrevara. Tyrce orHacsr noBeqero cnyqan Ha npoflBa Ha eneKTpoAr,rHaMnqrru cuJtn a EA, rnfiKaro npeMecJBaHusra n geQoprvraqr{HTe npeAu3BlrKaHH or clrrrrrTe He BoArr AocbulecTBeHo I,BMeHeHlre Ha nMneAaHcnre Ha ToKoBHTe KoHTypH fi TOKOReTe B TfiXce onpeAertr or BtHITIHH Qarropr,r. Tara HanpnMep B KoHTyp c roK -I : constc Qoprvla Ha rrpaBobI'blIHHK llrtu KBaApat geftcrna cura, crpeM{u{a ce Aa rogeQopr"rnpa Ao oKptbiKHocr, npn Koero MaFHnrHara eHeprnfl (r,lngymnunoctra)E MAKCHMAJIHA;

6) npu ycnoBue, qe nbrHI,ITe rloroqr{ (nororocqeurennrra) Ha KoHTypnre ocraBarHen3MeI{HH, nOCOKaTa Ha CI{naTa e TaKaBa, rle Tg ce cTpeM[ Aa HaMan[ MaFHLIT-

Hara eHeprnt Ha cncreMara. B tosn cryvafi, rlli raro ce npoMeHsr co6crsennreH B3aHMHI,ITe HHAyKTTTBHOCTTT Ha KOHTypr,rTe npH npeMecTBaHeTo r,rM oT cnraTa,3a 3a[a3BaHe Ha [oToKocr{euIeHI,IrITa ce npoiueHgT ToKoBeTe B Tsx.

EnercmpoduHcuvru4Hume cuJtu ca pagnpeDeneuu c nocmoaHHa unu npoJiletuueaLn6mHocm no dantrcunama Ha moKoeume KoHmypu. Zgsecrnnre MeroArr u Qoprvryan san3tlllc.IlsBaue o6mnoBelro ce orHactr 3a roreMnHara Ha eKBHBareHTHara pe3ynraHTuacuJla. 3a oqeHra Ha geficrnuero il qecro nbrn ce Harara:

a) onpegeJrrHe Ha nplr;ro)KHara roqKa;

6) r,laur,rcrt.sBaHe Ha MoMeHTa Ha cunara cnpsMo AaAeHa roqKa or KoHcrpyKrlr.rrraHa anapaTa.

Tortr Ha K.c. cbADp)Ka anepnoAr,rqHa cbcraBKa, rrpu Koero eneKTpoAr,rHaMuqHaracl'Ina cbAbPxa cbcraBKlt cbc cbulara u c yABoenara qecrora Ha roKa. flpr ycnonue, qeco6ctseuara qecrora Ha rore6aHne Ha npoBoAHulure H cBbp3awrre c rrx KoHcrpyK-THBHIT eneMeHTu cbBna.{a nnv e 6rugra Ao qecrorara Ha cvnara Bb3Hr{KBa MexagurreHpe3oHaHc. floayuarar ce I'oreMu MexaHLIqHH Hanpe)Kennfi. vKoHcrpyKrlncra Moxe Aa6tge pa:pyuena or cHJIa (ror), 3HarrHTeJrHo no-MaJrKH or cnrara (rora) npa nr,rnca Ha

2. ENEKTPOtrI,I H A M I,{qHVI CU TU

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Page 57: EA - u4ebnik

E.TIEKTPI4YECK!'I ANAPATTI. qACT I

pe3oHaxc. flopagu 3HarrllTerHara ctloxnocr Ha eneKTpt{qecKl{Te lt MexaHHrIHnre tBre-Hu{, He3aBr,rcnMo or HanpaBeHHTe r{3qneJreHux, ycrofiunBogrra na EA na gefictnueto

Ha eneKTpo4.rHaMHqHvtre cnnn BLrHarIt noAne)fli Ha oIrlITHa npoBepl(a.

2.2. EJTEKTPOAHHAMLTqHII CI,'JWI HA TOKOBI'r KOHTyPI4

2.2.1. Me'ro,qn sa onpe,qenflIre

OcHosHr4re MeroAr{ 3a onpeAer{He Ha roreMuHara Ha eneKTpoIU{HaMI{qHara cvila ca:

- *temod na Euo-Caeap-Jlawmc;

- nemoD c ug-tveHeHue Ha rtaeHumHama eHepeua.

2.2. I . 1 . Memod na Euo-Caeap-Jlannac

3a noscHqBaHe Ha MeroAa na Bno-Canap--Ilauac Ha Qw.2.4ca noKa3aHH ABa HuIuKo-

BuF*r (c4uxnHa, Mrroro [o-rorrMa or pa3Mepr,rre Ha HanpeqHoro cerreHlre) romypa

\ u 12, no KoHTo nporr'rrraT gborBerHo ToKoBere h u iz.

EreuentapHara MarHI,rrHa ITHAyKIIlf;

d.61, KoxTo ToKoBHtT ereMern df na

rrbpBr,rf, Korrryp 11 cb3[aBa n t. N or ro-KOBH' eJreMeHT dlz sa BTopHs ronryp 12

cnopeA 3aKoua sa Euo-CaBap ce 3a[HcBa

c r.Bpa3a:

(2.2) dEL: ^ir+#: Foirffito,KbAeTO: ri1 e egftruqHnrr BeKTop-IvrexAy

cpeA.rre M n N Ha erreMeHTnre d,h u d'lz:

a - br-bJrbr Me)cAyf u tarrentata f rtuKOHTypa h B T. M;bo - eAI,IHHIIHUfiT BeK-

TOp UO nOCOKa Ha eJIeMeHTapHaTa ItHIryK-

qux d,Ey onpeAeneHa oT BeKTopHoro npoH3BeAesue dit x i.Or uspa:a (2.2) ce BH)KAa .rrcHo, qe, aKo KoHTypbr 11 nexrfi B eAHa paBHuHa, To cb3-

AaAeHara or nporr,rqarlHrr B Hero ror i1 IrHAyKqI,It d,Bt e B rlocoKa [IepneHl{I,IKyilfrpHa

Ha Ta3H paBHHHa.

flnauara MaTHHTHa r{HAyKrIus, Korro KoHTypbr 11 cb3traBa n t. N Ha eneMeHTa

d,i2, e:

@ur.2.4. Kurr onpegeJr.rrne Ha clrJrara no Me-

ToAa Ha Eao-Canap-llanrac

ltoit Idhxis4" I --F-'

Ir

(2.3) E,:(2.7)

2. E'IEKTPOMHAMI4qHV C*I JTI4

CneA 3aMecTBaHe Ha l,tspa3a (2.3) nrn Qoprvr. Q-D u I'IHTerpHpaHe no I(bn)KHHaTa

HO 12,3a rOneMIIHaTa Ha eneKTpoAHHaMIdqHaTa cuna F Mexlg/ KoHTypIIre \ n 12 no

MeroAa na Euo-Canap-Jlanaac ce nonyqaBa:

Q.4)lr lz

KbAero B etrsnsr Me)rgy I'IH[yKI{nsra B I'I eJIeMeHra d'iz'

Axo xonryprdTe hnlZJrexaT B eAHa paBHI{Ha, brbnbT F : r l2I{ cneAoBaTenHo:

(z.s) ,:ry I I\a;'au:ffr**'hlz

KoeQuqueHtn6m na Qop*tama Ha rcoHmypa k6r 3aBl'tcn or QopMaran pa3Mepl{Te

rra KoHTypuTe. B ra6n.2.l caAaAeHH I'Bpa3H 3a onpeAeJlsHe ua k6x 3a H{KoH qecTo

cpeulaHr s EA KoI{rYPn.

Meto4t:r Ha Brno-CanaP-Jlanaac e

ygo6eu 3a u3non3BaHe, aKo e Bb3MoxHo

AH'UITITI,IIIHO OIIPEACN'HC HA HHAYKIIUSTA

.dr. 3a rurrocrpaqut Ha lBIIon3BaHero Ha

MeroAa na Qur. 2.5 ca [oKa3aHI4 npaBo-

ru.rueflnn ycnope,qlll npoBoluil,I4{ I u 2 ceEraKBa lfbnx(I{Ha I na pasctofr*Me a vroKoBe \ui2.

MaruntHara HHryKI+{n Bt, KorITo

npoBoAHr4Kbr c tor i1 cb3AaBa s t. NHa eneMeHTa d,Iz na npoBo4II,IKa c tor i2(nepnen4rKynspHa Ha paBHl'rHara Ha qep-

texa), cno6pa:uo c Qopru. Q.3) e:

(2.6) Br: p':' Itt1oalr.nn

/, ro

3a ygo6cuo trpu u3rrncr{BaHe Ha LIHAyKqn.flTa 81 ce BbBe)KAa HHTerpHpaHe no

bnbla CI Me)KAy npoBoAIII{Ka I u paA}ryc-BeKTopbJ flrvlexcgy To\IKI{Te M u N,npwo,

Koero t : ;i;;, (lr - tz)/a: ctB a; d,h: -# d'c- (h u 12 capa3sro'IHl'Ilra Ha

eJTeMeHTHT e d,i1 u diZ or Haqanoro Ha npoBoAril,n+rre). caeA 3aMecrBaHe Ha HoBara

rIpoMeHnHBa o, 3a nrrryKql{xra Bl ce noJryqaBa:

F:ry I lYr#!d,t1d,t2,

@nn. 2.5. Karvr onpegeJrtfiIe Ha ct,IJIaTa Me)KAy

ycnopeAHH npoBoAHuqu c eAHaKBa A6n)KHHa

B, : F?i, "i - sin aro : 4.6os @r * cos a2),4tr J a 4tra'

Page 58: EA - u4ebnik

tt4 EIIEKTPI4YECKH AIAPATI,I. qACT I

Ta6lnqa 2'1' KoeQuquenr na QopMarF Ha KoHTypa 3a n3qHcJUrBaHe Ha eneKrpoAr{HilMrrrHr{Tecunil

KbAero d'1Lt 1t - a'2 ca bF II'ITe' Kollro paAnyc-BeKTopbr iot r. N craroqsa n rpaftHareTor{KH Ha npoBo.q{llxa I H cneroBareJlno:

COS 01 :

cne4 3aMecrBaHe Ha lr3pa3a 3a r{HAyKr[rsra Bl nrn Qopnayrara Ha Jlanna c (2.1)(npn 0 - n /2)

'n llHTerpflpa'e no AbnxrfHara Ha npoBorqrr.rKa, 3a roneM'Hara Ha

I-lz%.

\/(I-12)2yoz'bCoS02: €.

{tN + a2

PagnoloxeHne OopMyra 3a n3rrHcr.sBaue HaHa npoBoAHt{qr.rre xoeSnuneHra ua eopuara na xoHrypa,t

-oo ,,1 ooai:_z: 2t

kr_z:(h*bz)-(ar*az)D

kr-z :6 lh * bn).(bz r bzz)(ar*an)(az*a22)

kt : kr-z* kr-s : z(n TTH+ o, zs),

. KbAero: u : ?t ": I

2btct-2 :'" 111617 + 0,25

,a,aKbAero:0 : -l c: -r' h

92r

2. EJIEKTPOAI4 H AMU qHI4 &I JM

eneKTpoI$,IHaM[qHaTa cvra ce nonyqaBa:

T

(2.8)

_91tJ'

flpn a/I ( 1 rl3pa3bT B cpeffilrie cro6n Moxe Aa ce npgeMe 3a eAI{HI{qa'

KoeTo cVJtaTa Fo Sa eEIHI{qa gran<una ot 6e:rpafino guru rpoBoEIIaISr e:

,:wllffi*ffi1*"

F p,oiiz 2ro:T: 4n -

,t;w1-r,si1i,2 217-

-

-l4n aL

rpH

(2.e)

flpr.r ycaoBr.re, qe Mox(e Aa ce u3cvcnfi MarHI{THara IaHAyKIS,Ix, ss:6ygeHa or ro-KoB[Te KorTyplr, Merogrr na Eno-Canap--llannac ce npunara I{ 3a roKoBlI KoHTyp}I

c onpeAeneHo HanpeqHo celteHue, rrpH KoeTo Mo)Ke Aa ce oTrreTe HepaBHoMepHoTo

pa3npeAenenlle Ha ToKa BcJIeAcTBI.Ie ua eQerra SKI{H I,I eQerta 6nugoct.AHarurr.rgoro peruegue Ha lrnTerpanr.rre B lBpa3I,ITe (2.4) u(2.5) eBb3MoxHo caMo

3a orpaHuqen 6pofi npocrr{ ToKoBH KoHTypH. B o6rq cayuafi 3a onpeAeJrsHe Ha cIUIara

MexIry KpnBonnHeftrul npoaoAHtrWr, nexau1lr B el$Ia paBHI,lHa, Mox(e Aa ce H3ror3Bar

rpaQoanaar{Tr{rrHl{ MeroAr{ [8a]. flpuaraHero Ha rIuctIeH[I MerolU,I3a [HTerpnpaHe u

nporpaMa sa EIIM AaBa peueHrre Ha 3aAarrara 3a HaM[paHe Ha eneKTpoI[,tHaMI{{Hara

cnJra no MeroAa sa Eno-Canap-Jlanaac s Hafi-o6ulns cnyqafi ua roKoBoA-trIqll KoHTypn,

BK'IIOqI{TeIHO H npH npOCTpaHCTBeHOTO I{M B3aI{MHO nOnO)KeHI4e.

Or Qopv. Q.$n (2.5) cregpa, qe cu-Jlara e o6parno nponopq,roHaJrna Ha pa3-

cTosHueTo MexAy ToKoBHTe KoHTypH.

Ilpr,r npu6ara3[rreJrHo orrpeAentne Ha cu-

aata noHsKora ce B3eMa npegBHA caMo

Aeficrnuero na nafi-6nn3Ko HaMI,Ipau$,ITe

ce KoHTypt4 unt4 qacr[ or KoHTypn. flpu

F:r.: O

tona rpr6Ba Aa ce t,tMa npelpnA, rre npn npunaraHero Ha MeroAa 3a qasrn or roKoBI'I

KoHTypE He ce cna3Ba nocrynara na F*oron 3a paBencrBo Ha Aeftctsalqara u [porl4Bo-geficuarqara cvnv.3a unrocrpaqr,rfl Ha rosu Qart Ha Qur. 2.6 ca noKa3aHH ToKoBI,ITe

eneMeHTr{ d,it u diz, oT KoI{To IIbpBI,ItT e KoIlIHeapeH, a BTopHTIT - nepneHAl{KynspeH

cnptMo cBbP3Balqns.tnpalprlC:Bertop i. +.fcso e, qe eJreMeHTbr dlz nefrcllsa cbc cuna F21l 0 nrpxy eJIeMeHTa dl1, .(oKaro

o6paruara clgtrila e Ftz : 0. flpn onpeAenrlHe Ha nbnHara cwta Ha B3allMogefictnueMex4y peanHnTe 3arBopeHr{ ToKoBa KoHTypr{ flplrHq]rrbr Ha paBeHcrBoro Ha Aeficrsa-eTo H nporr{BoAefic*rsr,rero e cniu}eH [80], raxro n cnegBa Aa ce oqaKBa.

dlz

NM

lr.

'j

lr

-*i.

l{

)

li

rl

lr

@.nr. 2.6. Cuan Me)KAy B3a[MHo repneHAl{-

KyJrfl pHr.r roKoBtr e.neMeHTHlri

)''I

li

Page 59: EA - u4ebnik

116 EIEKTPLIqECKI,,I ANAPATLI. qACT I

2.2.1.2. MemoD c u3]vteHenue Ha ]vtaeHumHama eHepeut

Metogpt c LBMeHeHI,Ie Ha MarHHTHara eHeprvfr. ce ocuoBaBa Ha 3aKona 3a cbxpaHeHneHa eHeprnsra v na 6arlanca MexAy eHeprntra, nocrbnBautra or I{3TorrHHKa H KoMno-HeHTure ir (sanaceHa B MarHurHoro flolre Ha roKoBnre KoHTypr4 n r,Bpa3xoABaHa 3a

Tsxuoro B3aHMHo npugnn>rBaHe H geQoprvraqur or eJreKTpolryruaMur{Hr,rre cwnw).

Ha Qr,rr. 2.7a e noKa3aH ToKoB KoHTyp c HHAyKTT{BHocr -t, tor i u nnneu noroKV : Li,3axpaHeH or r{3TorrHr{K c Hanpe)KeHr,re u. MarHurnara eHeprus, cBbp3aHac KoHTypa , e Wu : \Lt2. flpeHe6perBar ce (:a ygo6crno) aary6ure B aKTHBHoro

dvcbnpoTllBneHr.Ie, npH KoeTo u: E.

B crorsercrBr,re cbc 3aKoHa 3a cbxpaHenrle Ha eHeprusraW:

(2.10) dWu:dwu"*+dwu,

KbAero dwu: uid,t: id,V e eHeprusra, floqrbnBarrla or ]r3TorrHHKazanpeue d,t;

dW*.* : Fdr - H3MeHeHI,Ie Ha MexaHuqHara eHeprrur (pa6om) npn npeMecrBaue Ha

KoHTypa Ha pa3croxywe dr, npr,r Koero nHAyKTrrBHocrra My ce npoMeHs c dL (npui : const)i dW" - r{3MeHeHHe Ha MarHr,rrHara eneprus Ha KoHTypa.

Cneg 3aMecrBaHe Ha KoMnoHeHTr,rre nru Qoprr,r. (2.10) 3acllrrrara -F ce noayqaBa:

(2.11)dw" dw" L .dv I .rdL

H'--:-4-:' dr d.r 2- dn 2" dr'Or nspasnte sa dWu u dWu e qcHo, qe flonoBr.ruara or eHeprurra Ha u3TorrH[Ka

ce npeo6pa3yBa B Mexanl,Iqna pa6ora Ha cr{rara F, a gpyrara [oJroBr{Ha - B eHep-rufl Ha Marnr.rrHoro noJre (Hsnecmroro npaBnno or @nsurara "4xayn 3a 4;rayl").CneDoeamenHo npu i: const dertcmeuemo Ha enercrnpoduHnt tuqvama cuna e ce6p-saHo c yeenwteHuemo Ha.IilaeHumHama eHepeua Ha KoHtnypa. Tosu cnyvart e ocHoeeHnpu onpeDenaHemo Ha eneKrnpoDuna*turrHama crlna, mart rcamo npeJvecrneaHemo u

De@op*taquume odunneeno ca ne3HaqumenHu u ne eoDam Do nponaHa Ha moKa.

@ar.2,7. Ktrtl onpegerrrHe Ha cuJrara no Me- (Dur. 2.8. Cua rtrexAy npoBoAHr.rqr,rr€ Ha

TOAa C H3MeHeHUe Ha MaTHHTHaTa eHepms: a I{BynpoBoAHa nnHHfl- eAuH ToKoB KoHTyp; 6 - ana roKoBH KoH-rypa

tl12. EJIEKTPO.qH H AMH IIHVI Cll nVl

Arco om usmoqHuKA He nocm.anea etdepeua (idv : 0, v : coflst, u : collst )' mo

.MexaHutlHama pafioma u eneKmpobunailuraHama cuJla ca 3a cJilernKa Ha HartclnaeaHe

HA rtaeHurnHama eHepeua Ha KoHmypcl, flpvl KoeTo:

F--io#Vlzpazwre (2.11) u (2.12),qaBaT eAIIaKBn rorIeMI'IHI'I, no o6parHr IIocoKIl Ha eIeK-

TpoAuHaMlIqHaTa cvtfta, KoeTo e cBbp3aHo c yBenuqaBaHeTo unu HaMaIsBaHeTO Ha

MarHI,ITHara eHepru.fi Ha KoHTypa.

flpn cuc-reMa or ABa roKoBH KoHTypa I u 2 c roKoBe h u iz (QHr. 2.76) nbIHaTa

MarHlITHa euepruxW e:

Q.r2)

Q.r3>

KbAeTO: wt, wZ, LU LZ ca co6ctseHgTe MaTHSTHI{ eHeprlru u ITHAyKT1'IBHOCTI{ Ha

KoHTypLrTe; Wn, M - plsa4vlHaTa MarHI'rTHa eHepl-ers' u B3aI{MHoHHAyKTHBH6CT Ha

KOHTypI{Te.

B u:para (2.13) 3HaKbT "*" Ce OnpeAeJIrI OT CyMIIpaHeTo llllu It3BaXAaHeTO Ha

B3ar,IMHaTa MarHI4THa eneprux.(noroqu) Ha KoHTypllte 1 u 2(nzaaucnMoeT oT nocoKuTe

HaroKoBerehniz).B rasu cugreMa .qefic'rsat cltJrure:

w - wt * wz * wrz : f,r;4 + f,UB * Miiz,

Fl : irZ#t Fz:LrrZ#t Ftz:t,i,ffi,

r: N(*l * 1),

(2.14)

KbAeTO: 9.t, frZca KOOpAITHaTLITe Ha gefiCtnue Ha Clrrvne Ft u FZ B KOHTypIrte I u 2;

xtz -KoopAI,IHara Ha geftctnne Ha cuara Frz rvrexAY KOHTypUTe I n2'--tvterco6r

c r,r3MeHeHHe Ha Marun'rsara eueprr4r Ha roKoBI,ITe KoHTypIt e ygo6en ra

n3noJI3BaHe, aKo ca LBBSSTIIH aHaJIHTHIIH14 vrtn Apyru 3aBI'IcI'IMocTI{ Ha co6crnenute u

B3aI,IMHI,ITe IlM I{HAyKTI{BHocIu OT pa3MepuTevtpa3slogultrrTa vv'' Mno;reCtno TaKI'IBa

3aBr,rcr.rMocrl,I qa AaAeHI{ s [48,96,98].3a uarocrpaqgr( Ha MeroAa ce onpeAerfr cvnara MexAy 11poBoAH[II$'I Ha Apynpo-

BoAHa lrnvlfr - Qur.2.8.HngyxrunHocTTa Lna nu:nufrTa cer,BrrncfltBa no Qopuynam [83]:

(2.15)

KbAeTo: I e.quxruraTa Ha nwfl]g]frTa; r - pa3cToflHHeTo MexAy ocI'ITe Ha npoBoAIrHLFTe;

r - paAHycbT Ha ceqeHl,Iero Ha npoBoAHHtIHTe.

Cto6paaHo c $opr'4. (2.11) 3a eneKrpoAI'IHaMI'IqHaTa cuJla Me)cgy npoBoAnllql{re

Ha rlrHHtra ce nonyqaBa

lto .z2I4tr fi,:;f#(2.16)

Page 60: EA - u4ebnik

EJIEKTPI4qECKT,{ ANAPATI,I.'I.ACT I

flolyueuusr pe3ynrar sbBrraAa c u:paea (2.9) (npn it : iz : i, fi: o), onpeAenegno MeroAa na Euo-Canap-Jlarurac. Ha @ur. 2.8 e noKa3aHa H npr.rMepHa Kaprr.rHa HaMarHIlTHoTo noJle Ha ABy[poBoAHa nLIHtIt. .fctto e, qe cuntaTa MeXAy npoBotrHrarg:reru or6ancKBa OAHH or Apyr, npl{ Koero ce yBenr,rqaBa B3aHMH}rrr MarHr{TeH noroK r,r

eHepru'lTa Ha clrcTeMaTa.

2.2.2, Cuaa Melx4y ycnopeAurr npoBoAnrrqr

Tosa e eAI{H ot Hafi-.recro cpeqiHure B rrpaKTr{Kara c"lryqau u oofirHoseHo z1 : i2 : i.flpr'r e4lronocotlHl4 ToKoBe eneKTpoAnHaMHqHara cnfia,nplrBnuqa rrpoBolurrdr+rre, a npnnpornBonocoqHlr rg rr{ m6arcrsa.

0,8

0,6

@ur. 2.9. Ycnope4rul npoBoAxrrrln c e.qgaKBr.r

l{bnxr{Hr{

kf1,0

Or Qopr"r. (2.9) unu (2.16) ce no-nyqaBa cne;grara Qopnyna 3a crlnatna.uexdy doa ycnopeduu uuwrcoeuOuu npo-eoduurca (c npeue6pexilrMo MaJrKo ceqe-nne) c eAraKBa Abrxr{Ha l, 3uavnreauono-noflrrMa oT pa3erosHHeTo a MexAyrsx - Qnr.2.9:

(2.r7) ,: #n'j :TO.1o-7, N.

Aro a n I ca or eAr{H r{ cbrq nopffAbK

Qopu. (2.17) ce yMuoxaBa c roeQnqu-eur k, xofiro cnopeA lr3pa3a (2.8) e

(2.18) u: lr. (?)'-+.

CrofiHocrrare Ha roeQnlueHra k uo-rar Aa ce orqerar or rpaQmara Ha

$ur.2.10 g sasucr4Mocr or orHoureHlreroa/1.

(Doprvryna (2.5) rvrox<e Aa ce rpnnoxuH 3a Apyrn cnyqaH Ha ycnopeAEr.r rpoBoA-HHr{A C egnaKBu H c pa3nnqHu l{bn)Kr,rHr4.B [84] e noKasaHo, rre s o6u{ cayuafi(Qur. 2.Ila) cr.rrrara MexAy ycnopeArru

0 0,4 0,9 1,2 1,6 a/l(Dur. 2.10. 3anrcnMocr Ha crrrara or piutcrro-rrHueTo Me)KAy npoBoAHrrrl[Te

npoBoAHr,[u{ c eI[IaKBH ToKoBe i ce onpeAeJrr no eoprvrynara:

D - ltoiz Dr * D2 - (^9r + ,Sz)F-_

4ra'

\\

\\

(2.re)

t:2. EJIEKTPOMHA MHYH VI C'I TTKI tt9

Trs, | --)..{- .f,

,/rr'i -D---.\,

i

rj.-al

lj

C

(Dur.2.l l. Ycnopegrn npoBoAglrqr c pa3JrrrrrHrr AbJDKrrHrr

KbAeTo: DU DZ ca AI{arOHAJtuTe Ha lpaneqa, nOCTpoeH Bbpxy B3ar{MoAeftCrnaurylre cnnpoBolFnr${; su sz - Abn:NC}rHr.rTe ua 6egpaTa Ha Tpaneqa.

B qacruocr c l€rort:BaHero na Qoprvr. (2.19)3a cnyqasm Qur. 2.ll6ce ronyqaBa

Q.20) F- ABCD _

orgertrHre KoMnoHer{Tr,r B ropHr{ff n3pa3 ca cnnnMex,ry ycnope.qil{ flpoBolsil4r[,r cpaBrn AbDKnHr{ n cens\acrl..r.Bar rro Oopu (2.17).

Aro paervrepfiTe Ha ceqeHnrra Ha npo-BoAHr{qr{Te He Morar Aa ce npene6per-Har, Te ce pa:6r.rnar Ha eJreMeHTapHH To-KOB| HtiluKH r{ ce HHTerprpaT cr{Jrr{Te HansauuogefisrBr{e MexAy rsx. Hgqucre-Hl{.rrra noKa3Bar, qe B To3H cnyvafi Qopu.Q.Ill rpx6na Aa ce yMHo)Kr{ c xoeQrnrq.r-eHT Ha Qopruara Ha ceqeur,rero &6". 3anpoBoArrnrsr c rurbTHo r{ru{ Kyxo KpbrnocerleHne ke" : 1, r.e. npu rryurnHAplrqHunpoBo4rr.il+{ eneKTpoI[rHaMHtrHaTa clurae cblrlaTa, KaKTO aKO Te Ca Hr4tuKoBnAHI{I{ TOKbT e cbcpeAoToqeH no ocTa rlM.3a nponognnrpr (uuurn) c npanobrbrrrroceqeHr.re &oc MOXe Aa Ce OTqeTe oT

Qnr. 2.12 (rpwn ua Dwight) u sanucu-MOCT OT pa3MepHTe Ha ruHHUTe H pa3CTO-sHr,reTo Me)KAy TrX.

Bnx4a ce, qe 3a urnHr4 c KBaAparHo ce-tleHue k6c = L. Barnsnsero Ha QoprrlaraHa ceqeHplero e Hafi-roasrro 3a JrerroBn npoBoflnuqn, pa3noJroxeHn BeprnKanHo r{JrHxopH3OHTanHO.

*('^'"", * Foo,"o - r"o,r,o).

ko"

1,2

l,ll,o

0,9

0,8

o,'I

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0

@ur.2.12. KoeSnquenr na $oprrlara Ha ce-qeHHeTo Ha npaBobft.nuu urunn

lrltil

Page 61: EA - u4ebnik

120 EIEKTPI4qECKI4 AIIAPATI,I. I{ACT I

HepanuouepHoro pa3npeAeneHr.re Ha roKa no ceqeunero Ha [poBoAtrIl{Itrr c flpocra

cuMerprrqua Qoprraa (rptua, npaBobrbnua u 4p.) BcneAcrBLIe Ha cKIrH eQem ne

[poMeHrr roJreMr{Hara Ha cuJtara Mex,ry Tsx. flpli IIIUHI{ cbc cnoxna Hec[MerpuqHa

Qopua Ha ceqeHr,rero pa3npeAeneutrero Ha roKa e HecI,IMerpurIHo cnptrMo reoMerpl,Itl-

HaTa EM OC, KOeTO BOAI{.qO npOMtHa Ha rOJleMI{HaTa lra eneKTpoAHIIaMHqHaTa CIiJIA.

E$exttt 6flrsocr Bolryr Ao Hecr.rMerpnqHo u HepaBHoMepHo pa3npeAenen[Ie Ha roKa no

ceqeHnero Ha npoBoArrr{r$rre u3aBwcn orrrocoKara Ha roKa B tsx. BcaeAcrBI,Ie Ha roBa

ce yBenuqaBa cHnaTa Me)cAy npoBoAHr{r$.r c npoTHBoIIOCOtIHH TOKOBe H Ce HaMaJIsBa

c:,zurara MexAy npoBoAHHIs{ c eAHonoconuu rorone [1].

2.2.3. Cu-na Mex(Ay TIpoBoAHHIIlr' pa3rroJlo)Kelr[ noA brbn

Onpedena ce cunama .uexDy npoeodnuuu neKat4u e edna paeHuHa.

Ha Qr.rr. 2.13a e [oKa3aH 6earpafino Abnbr npoBo,SrI{K I c tor i1 }I npoBo$tt4flr- 2

c oFpaHr.rqeHa l{bJrxwta I r{ ToK i2, Korrro ca pa3flonokerlH noA brbn 0. Brnegena e

KoopAnHarHara cr{creMa rOy ctrport:BonHo noJroxenue Ha r. O.

MarHutnaTa I,IHAyKIdI,In B, nepnenAuKynqpHa Ha paBHI,IHaTa rOA, KotTo nPoBoA-

HHKbr 1 cnsgana s r. N Ha eJIeMeHTa dI or npoBoAtIHKa 2, e:

a eJreMeHTapHara cnna dF, KoflTo gefic'rua Bbpxy ro3n ereMeHT, e

(2.22) dF : izd,IB :

(2.21)

(2.23)

p - Poit2ru'

l-toifiz d,I

2ru

Tnft raro O, : #, oKoHrrarerHo 3a ct,rlrarace nonyqaBa

troifiz b' ln -.2r sin9 a'F_

b

Iap:J

KbAero a,b ca op,qr,rHarr,tre Ha Kpaulrlara Ha npouognrma 2.

KounoneuruTe Ha cvnara F no ocnte r AA ca:

(2.23a)

(2.236)

Fr:Fsin e:ffn!;Fa:Fcos e -- ffin!,

T.e. KoM[oHeHTara F*ne 3ar,ncv or brbJra 0, a F, ce npoMeHs rrpr H3MeHeH[ero My.

flpr.r ycnopelgrl npoBoAlilqr (P : 0) Fa : O, Fu: '!!'m!.2ra

2. EJIEKTPOAHH AMI4qH V CVI JM

flpn nepneHru{Kynspuu npoBoArl tu\n (0 : tt 12\ Fr : ryh' l' F, - 0'

AXO upOnOAI{uKbT 1 e neOrpaHl{qeg CaMO B eAHaTa nocoKa' To OT cro6pa><egtufr 34

cq6eTpvts, (lecno MoXe I{ Aa Ce u:unclu) uHrofKI{HrITa, KOSTO Cb3AaBa B eneMeIrTItTe

Ha nepneHAr{KynrpHr.rrr My npoBo4ll{K 2 - Qm. 2.L36, u Ts e 4na rrnTu no-ManKa OT

ra3r, onpeAenega uo Qoprvr. Q.2l). Culata, KotTo gefic-rna Bbpxy npoBolgruKa 2, e

Q.24) F:Fr:Wr":Aro nponoAIII4.[{Te I u2 caqacrg oT gAIIH H cbII{ ol'bHaT troA npaB brbJl npoBoAIII'IK

bk^.L "tzl

I

I

alI#

o

Ae

Onr. 2. 13. flponognuqn B e.qna paBHHHa, pa3noJlo)Keg[ 11oA braJl: a - 6earpaeH I{ C oFpaHH-

r{eHa Abr)KI'rHa rIpoBoAHHqI{ B o6q crryuaft;6 - 6earpaen H c orpaHutlena AbIiKIlHa B3aI{MHo

nepnegAnKynlpHlt npoBoAHI{Itui} f-o6pageu npoBoAHIIK c 6esrpaftno Abnro paMo; r - f-o6paseH [poBoAHuK c paMo c orPag[rlega ,qbJDKHga; A - ft-o6pa3eu IIpoBOAHuK; e - Z-o6parcn

npoBOAHHK

Page 62: EA - u4ebnik

E,TIEKTPI4IIECKI4 ANAPATI4. TIACT I

c roK it : iz : i c Kpbnno ceqeur{e n pagtfilc r - Snr. 2.13s, cuJrara F, ro.rro cecrpeMn Aa ro H3npaBr{, npndnmltneJrHo e:

(2.2s)

B ropuara Qoprvryla 3a curara npu f-o6pa3eH KoHTyp He e ortrererro BJrr{nHnero HaToKoBoro nore n o6lactta Ha orbBaHero. Karo ce tlMa flpernA ToBa Brrr{ffrune eoprr,r.(2.25) qo6rEna nnga (n;r. r.2.2.3):

P : l"9i' 6!4tr r

F:#(r*+0,2b).(2.26)

Cu.rrara e pa3npeAeneHa HepaBHoMepHo no l[bnr(nHara I Ha BepruK al1ns, u xo-pn3oHTanHI'I{ npoBoAHur. Cto6pa3Ho c Sopu. Q.22) r3MeHenr.rero r{a currarano Ko-opAl'IHararay (npu(0 - rf2,dI : dy) e no xurep6orurueH 3aKoH H e rpeAcraReHorpaQuvHo Ha Snr. 2.13r,.

EaeuentapHr,rrr eneKTpoAHHaMHqeHMoMeHT dM, xoltro ourara dF cnzganacnprMo ocra Ha npoBoArrnKa l, e

d,M:yd,F:Sr,flpn urmerpnpaHe B rpaur{t${re or0go

I ga r"ronaegra Ha Bepr[Kanufis yqagrbK orQur.2.l3n (6es orqriraue Ha BrrurHrreroHa o6aacrra Ha orbBanero uy), ce nony-qaBa:

,m1,0

0,9

0,9

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

10 20 30 ao k-I/r@nr. 2.14. Koe$nqueHT orrrlrrarrl rpafiHnrepa3Mepu Ha f- n [-o6pa:nu npoBoAHnul{

Q.27) tuf - tt'oi2 I.4rAro xoplr3oHTanHnflT npoBolsrm 1 ne

e 6eerpafino Abrbr, a c orpanr{qeHa AbJr-xHHa h - $nr.2."1.3r, To pe3ynrarbr 3acnrrara F or Qopl.. (2.26) rpx6na Aa ceyMnox<u no roeQnrryreHTa ?n, orqeren orQnr. 2.14 n sasucnMocr or rapaMerpr4Tek : I/r n c: l/h.

Ha Qnr. 2-l3ae noKa3aH roKoB KoHTyp c fl-o6paana Qoplra, Kofiro ce cpeu{a BHSKOI{ KOMyraqI{oHHIr anaparH, a raKa cbrrlo ce nonyqaBa npE Bb3rrHKBaHe Ha ereK-TpuqecKa Abra MexAy ycnoPeAl{Lrre npoBoAHHrIH Ha lIIl,IHHa Cr{CTeMa. Ha Qurypara e

c

c

tt:0rb_

- lt-Lt-L-

c

t/c -3

/

c -5/

c: l/h

2. EJIEKTPOAHH A MHrIHl4 CY,UWI

o3HaqeHa nocoKaTa Ha cr{naTa, pa3[peAeneHa HepaBHoMepHo no I{bnxltHaTa Ha yqac-

r"rra I (c uuHnrvraasa crotlsocr B cpeAara My), Konro ce crpeMI,I Aa yBennql{ MarHI{T-

Hara eHeprus. Ha roKoBr{r KoHTyp. Pe:yrrarrHara cl{ra F e Eea nbrll flo-rotlsMa orcunara 3a cnyqa{ or @ur. 2.13r n ce I{3tII'IcJrflBa no Qoprvrylam:

.':

ri-

iilI

.l

'

I

(2.28)

Ilpu h -) oo

Q.2e)

F:*V"ffi+0,2b].

F:#(ri+0,2b).flpono.rgrurbr or Srar. 2.13e ce pa3rr,rrraBa or IIpeAI{IrH[ff cayuafi tro roBa, qe roKbr

B XOpn3OHTaJrHrme yqacTbrlri e B eI[Ia r{ cbula flocoKa, npH KoeTo cb3AaAeHuTe oT T.sx

eneKTpoAr{HaMntrHI4 cnrr}r Bbpxy eneMeHTlrTe Ha BePffiKanrurq yqacTbK ce IEBax.qaT.

Bcre.qcrsne Ha roBa cmara B cpeAara uy (r. O) enyna, a noA Ta3H n HaA Ta3H ToqKa

c[rr.rre ca n o6parHa [ocoKa H pe3ynraHTlrara cl,Ita Bbpxy Beprl{Karnr4s. yqacrntrK e

Hyna.

2.2.4. Cnrrn B npoBoAHHIIIt c Kpbrro Hanpeqno ceqenue

Pa:raexcgar ce eneKTpoAr,ruaMr.rq Hrffe cvJlt4 s o6eMa Ha yelu.IueHfi npoBoAIII,u[ c

Kpbrno HanperrHo ceqeHr,re oT qpoTr4rrarqnt B Ttx ToK c [ocToffHHa ToKoBa rurbrltocT.

Ha Qnr. 2.15a e noKa3aHo Hanpeqno Kpbrno ceqenfie c paAnyc rs ttil 6esrpaen

4,uunrgpuqen ttpoBoArrnK c roK i. Me;rgy orAenHr{Te roKoBH HI,IIUKII ce nonyqaBar

a6BOnr. 2.15. Kru onpegen.flHe HacnrnTeB npoBogrrnrlr{c Kpbrno Haflpetruoceqenne: a - KpbrnoHa[peqHo ceqeHne; 6 - o6lacr Ha orbBanero Ha qnnr{HApuqen npoBoAnrrK; B - qarfiHApnqeu

npoBoArrlrK c KoHnqHa o6aac-t Ha rraMaJUrBaHe Ha Hanpeqnoro ceqeHlre

lI

I

II

1

)

I

I

I

I

I

Page 63: EA - u4ebnik

124 EJIEKTPI,TqECKI,I AIIAPAflI. qACT I

cu'rn Ha trPlrBnuqaHe. BcneAcrB[re Ha cl,IMerpurfrTa, pesyntnaHrnHama cura ce npoa-egea

'camo a6mpeuHo HcuraeaHe e pabuanna nocoKa, Koetno ce cmpelvru Da narvanu

ceqeHuenlo na npoeodHuKa (Aa eo c*taurca).3a ugt{uc''sBaHe Ha roBa Harqrane ce onpe.qe nfr. cvutara Bbpxy eneMerrr or ceqe-

HHero Ha npoBoAlil{Ka MexAypaAr.rycure r wr *dr ubrbrra d0 cnnou\rdrd| HToK

d,i : rd,rd|:o . ro*ur ir, HaMapaq ce B ceqeHr{e cpaK4yc r, e i, : i|r{ npu npeA-

nonoxeHl'Ie, qe e cbcpeAoroqe' IIo ocra Ha [poBorHr,rKa, sb3AaBa s roio'surr ereMeHTMaTHHTHa HHAyKryrn:

(2.30) B,: Foz r2r rfi'

EreueurapHara cr{Jra Ha B3auMoAeficrrsne MexAy rmA)rKru.rrra B, u roKa d,i sae&fiurla Abnxr.rHa (n nepneugnKyn.spHo na Qnr. 2.l'aHanpaBneHue) d,F e

)D _ D ); _ Foi r irdrd| psi2r2drd|Druo- 2"4-;F: 24-'Curata dF 4eftc,tna Bbpxy noBbpxHocrra rdT u e cnocoKa KbM ocra Ha npoBoA-

:^u. EleuenrapHoro HilJrrraue dp, roero ce nonyqaBa Bbpxy u,rnr4nAbp c pa$uyc r,

do: dF I'toi2;io: ffirar'

' c,'eg HHTerpupa'e ce ronyqaBa nbn'oro HanrraHe Bbpxy cese'aero Ha npoBoAH[Ka

Ufi.4r'

r0;-2e: ldP:ffi:

0

(2.31)

KbAero d e nanruocrra Ha roKa.or Qopr'r. (2-31) crerFa, rle H npn MHoroKparuo yBennqaBaHe Ha roKoBara nrbr-

Hocr trpH ToK Ha x.c. (uanp. 103 nttr) He Motar Aa ce nonyqar Hanfrra1nq, cbfloc-TaBI{MH C Hanpe)KeHuflTa Ha CMaqKBaHe Ha MerarilTe. TosE eQem, u3BecreH Karo"m4Htr eQeKT", Bo4'I Ao cBI4BaHe Ha cerleHlleto (ranarra) na eneKTpllqecKara l{braH e or 3HaqeHI'Ie lI IIpI{ TeqHu (paatonern) uerala (Hanp. B [peAna3gTenrre cneAcron.flBaHe xa uoxcxata).

Ha Qur. 2.156 e noKa3a' ul.eanu3vpa*wflT BuA Ha roKoBa Jtw'nflHa pa3c-To firfiie fior ocra Ha IunI'IHApHqeH npoBoAHtrK n o6aacrta Ha orbBaHero My noA npaB bmr*.

*.{eficrnareaHara KaPrI'IHa Ha roKoBmo none a o6.nacrra Ha orbBaHe Ha npoBoAHHKa e no-cJro)cHa n

3aroBa HanpaBerrnTe H3qncreHus ca npu6nuzureJrHlt.

2. EmKTPOAI4HAMH YHV &t Irt4

(2.32)

Ha Qur. 2.15e e roKa3aH npoBo,F{nr, uuftto paAl{yc ce H3MeHs or 11 Ao 12 no

Abnxr{Hara Ha onpeAeneH yrracrbx. Toxosoro none ce geQoprvrllpa It ocBeH paAHanHa

utna Fr, KaKTo flpu qnnHHApHrreH npoBo.urrrK, ce nonyqaBa 14 aKcuanwa cuna Fo croaer.arna [64]

125

. .r2Torct B ceqeHne c paAlryc T : fi air: r4" npu ycnoBHe, qe e sbcpeAoTotleH rlo

ocra Ha npoBoArrlrKa B cborBercrBr.re c Qopr"r. (2.30) (npu nony6expaeH npoaognur),

cb3AaBa MaTHHTHa HHAyKI{H'

Bn: P 4t.47r 16

Bsanuoqeftctsfiero MexAy HHrq/Kr${sra Br r4 ToKa ir onpegers ereMeuTapHara

cuna dF 3a yuacrbr c Araxma dr

d,F : Bsisd,r = po r''n2 p{rtar.

= G 4'''4: +nr6

llurerpr,rpaHero n rpaHnrylre or 0 Ao r0 AaBa nbnHara cnra F, geficrnaula n o6-

Jlasrra Ha orbBaHero Ha npoBoAHI,IKa (npr,r HaIIpaBeHIrre [peAnonoxerux)

ro

F- [ae:F?i"0.25.J, 4tt

(2.33)

KbAeTO fi U sz Ca CeqeHuqra Ha npoBoAHr,rKa, cboTBeTcTBaIrIH Ha paAllycnrg T1 Vt r'2,

Cunama Fo e c nocoKa om no-ut(utKomo K6ur no-eona*tomo ceqeHue Ha npoeoduurca

u ce cmpe-htu 0a eo ct6ca. Ts He 3aBr{cn or nocoKara Ha roKa Id or Abnxl{Hara Ha

npexoAa My or no-MaJrKo KbM no-roJrflMo cerreHl,re. flpr,r nxrolKo nocJleAoBarennn

ruraBuu rrpexoAa (uanp. xoHuvuu) aKcr.raJrHara cvna 3aBHcI,t caMo or oruolxeHuero Ha

rpafrnure cer{eHr{r.

Axcnaanara KoMnoHeHTa Ha eneKTpo4,rHaMprqnara cl{ra np}r npoMflHa Ha ceqe-

Hnero Ha npoBoAHr4K B.rrnfie cbrqecrBeHo Bbpxy pa6o'rara Ha KoHTaKTHo cbeAHHeHI,Ie

npra roK Ha Kbco cbeAr,rHeHr.re. Torosoro none s 6augocr.qo eneKTpI{qecKH KoHTaKT

(egnmouxoB HrILr MHororoqron) e cl{nHo.qeQopMnpaHo - Qur.2.16.Bnxga ce, qe raHreHqHarIHHTe KoMnoHeHTI,I Ha roKoBltre eneMeHTI{ B eAHa cH-

loBa rriH[Ir B ABere rouraruni TeJIa ca n o6parHr.r nocoKtt. AxcuarHara cl,Ina e BnocoKa o6parna Ha npnrr{cKarqara KoHTaKTHa cnila n BoAu .qo yBenI,IqaBaHe Ha 3ary-6ure u reMneparypara Ha KoHTaKTHoro cbeArrueHrre. Aro aKcnanHara cuna npl4 ToK Ha

Kbco cbeAHHeHue cTaHe paBHa r,rnu flo-nonsMa oT KoHTaKTHaTa cvra, oTBaptHeTo My

F^: E'i,'In" : 89*h" Atr rr 4tr

Sz

St

Page 64: EA - u4ebnik

126 ENEKTPXqECKI4 ANAPATI,I. YACT I

MO,Ke Aa HMa Tex(KH noclleAuru 3a KoMy_TarIltoHHH.rr anapaT n ApyrH ycTpoftcTBa B

eneKTpfir{ecKaTa Bep[ra.Axcnalnara KoMnoHeHTa Ha eneKTpo-

AHHaMUrrHaTa cr4na npu npoMrHa Ha ceqe_HUeTO Ha npoBoAHtrK Brrafle cbrqo B'bpxypa3KbcBauero Ha npoQuarnpana reHToBacrorzurKa (ano;xra) Ha npeArrasnren (npnnpeMlrnaBaHero n B TeqHa eaaa Ha Me_raaa), a orraM r,r Bbpxy BpeMeroKoBaraMy xapaKTepHcTHKa.

@nr.2.16. Toronn Jrc.i:f{li(ltn o6lacrra Ha eA-HOTOqKOB eneKrpnqecKft KOHTaKT

2.2.5. Cmnn nprr KpbroBn HaBnBKr.r H HaMorKrr

Torosute KoHTypH sa EA cbAbpx(ar KpbroBr.r HaBITBKH Hfl.r ry{ru4rrApuqHn HaMorKn(grrolacurenHH HaMorKr.r, peaKTopr,r, ToKoBr.r rpanc$opMaropr{ H Ap.). flpn npornuaneHa roK Ha K'c. B T{x I{ Me)KAy rxx geficrBar roreMu eneKTpolgrHaMuqrril cyuvr, KoLIToBoAsr Ao cKbcBaHero H geQopr'raqntra lIM. flpr,r onpegenflHe Ha cr{rara naft-qecroce [3nor3Ba MeroAa c u3MeHeHIre Ha MarHarHara eHepru.rl, Koero npeAlonara Haril4-qlilero ua Qop*ry nn 3a n3qncnsBaHe Ha co6crrnesure fi B3ar.rMHI{Te HHAyKTT[BHocrr,I HaTOKOBHTe KOHTypH.

B xprrora HaBHBKa croK i - $ur.2.I7ce nonyqaBa cuila, Ko{To ce sTpeMn AayBerr,rqfi pa&ryca R, npu Koero MaTHHT-HI{,I nOTOK Ir eHepr[rTa ce yBenrrraBaT.

B nanpeunomo cearcHue HaH.aeu7Kamadertcmea cuna Ha on6H, cmpertau4a ceda -n crcaca. Aro r ( 0,25R, uapyKTrcB-Hocrra tr Ha HasnBKara cAocrarbqHa ros-Hocr ce onpeAenf, or Qoprvrynara:

(2.34) 7 : uo1(Lr' 9I- L,Ts).

Cnaara F., panuoMepHo pa3npe.qe-

rena rlo nepnMerb pa hrRHa HaBrnBKara c nrtbrHocr f n : &. "' 2rR'-

@ur. 2.17. Kru ugqnclrrBaHe Ha cuJraTa B

KpbroBa HaBilBKa

9o-v

(2.3s) F*:iu#: +(rT - o,zb).Bapxy ocsKa HalueKa deficmaa paduanna cuJta F*, rcoamo una dee Ko.wtnoHeHmu:

2. EJIEKTPOAI,IH A MNqH V CU TVI

Cnnara.F'', roxro ce crpeMl{Aa cKbca HanpetlHoro ceqeglte e: rr2 Ha HaBI{BKara,

ce oflpeAenfl or paBnoBecl,Iero Ha cwnfiTe Aefiqnau{I{ Bbpxy nonyHaBrBKara

It

ll

ii

iili!i

il r

Q.36)

Asalornqsn pe3ynrarr{ ce nonyqaBar 3a KpbroBa HaBHBKa c KBaAparHo HJM flpaBo-

brbruo HanpeqHo ceqeulle. Curata H I{rIAyKTr,IBHogrra Ha KpbroBa HaMorKa c KBaA-

paTHo I4JII npaBobrbJrHo cerreHr.Ie c u, HaBr4BKr{ HapacTBaT nponop4{oHanHo Ha KBaA-

para Ha 6por nu.Hapasure (2.35)nQ.36) onpeAenf,T currara, cb3AaAeHa or co6crseHus roK H Mar-

HurHoro floJre Ha HaBrrBKara. Aro rr ce HaMrlpa BbB BbHruHo MaFHurHo noJre, cenonyqaBa AorrbJrHr{TeJrHa cuna.

(Dnr.2.18. Cumt Me)K.qy gpe KpbroBH HaBnBKn

MarnutHara eneprnxWu Ha .qpe KpbroBr.r HaBriBKr.r c roKoBe h u iz (Qrar. 2.18) e

rc /2

Fq: I r^*sin,pd,p: #(* T - o, zb).0

wu : |r,rt? + |rr& * Mi1i2,

rtr - uon(L"T -2).

l,i

rj

(2.37)

KbAero Lt, Lz, M ca co6c:rsernTe n B34r4MHara r{HAyKTriBnocrr,r Ha HaBHBK}ITe.

Bna Qopr"r. (2.37) 3HaKbr nperq flocnelryrr{s qJreH e nnroc npr{ cbnocorrHn ToKoBe nMHHyC - npu npoTlrBonocorrHr,r.

BaauuxonHAyKTr.rBHocna M e cJroxHa QyHr4lx or paAuycure -Rr, Rz Ha HaBHB-

KIITe H pa3crorrur.rero h MexAy rex:

(2.38) M - pof (Rt, Rz, h).

flpIr R1 - Rz: Rn h ot noprAbKa Ha 2RnzaumHoItrIAyKTHBHocrra e

(2.38a)

Page 65: EA - u4ebnik

I

I

\,_ _

ENEKTPI,IqECKI,I ATIAPATI4. TIACT I

a) KoMuoHeHTa Ft*, o1ycnoBeHa or co6crsenr,rs roK Ha HaBI{BKara, Kosro ce crpeMLI

Aa yBenrqusefmus, paArryc. Vs,aucnsna ce no @opt"t. Q.35);

6) xorvrnoHerra F'f,, o6ycnoseHd or roKa Ha Apyrara HaBHBKa. flocorata ua gefi-

crBr{e Ha ra3n cr.r;ra 3aBr{cu or rocoKr4Te Ha roKoBere i1ui,2, hff*uru

ToJIeMLIHa

ce orpeAent or rsxHoro npo'3BeAe Hr4e ltnpoll3Bogrum " d'r rn

ffi. nn

fir : Rz : Ru hor noprll{br;a le,la2R

(2.3e)

flpu egnonocorrnl,I ToKoBe ABere KoMnoueHrn F| "

F'; ce cyMlrpar, a npn pa3-

HOIIOCOqHn Te Ce I,BBaXAaT, tAK'a'qe B 3aBHCIIMOCT OT TOIeMWHATA Ha TOKOBeTe [I

paAr,rycHTe Ha HaBuBKuTe pe3ynTaHTHaTa paAnaJrHa clrla Mox(e Aa cMeHLl nocoKaTa cI{,

T.e. Aa Aeficrea Ha cBr{BaHe Ha gborBerHara HaBI{BKa.

Ha Qrnr. 2.19 canoKa3aur{ 3aBr{cr.rMocrn Ha paAr,raJluara cuna F*(uo-tovuo fu1,

F*lttoi' Fnlttoiz

F,:ltoiriz(rT-1).

0,4

0

-o,2

-0,4

-0,6

-0,8' 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,O,p(Dr.rr. 2.19. 3asucul"{ocr Ha paAnanHure cvnv,B ABe KpbnoBH HaBHBKT| OT OTHOIUeHISTa Ha

pa3MepHTe r{M

1,4

0 0,5 1,0 1,5 o2,O

--"-"'-"+ P

@ur. 2.20. 3anncuuocr Ha aKcltiuruarta curaMe)KAy ABe KpbroBll HaBHBKII OT OTHOTUeHH-

trta Ha pa3MepHTe HM

1,2

1,0

0,8

0,6

0,4

o,2

o,2

[+:q 1

\

\ &: 0r2

I \ \

r',a= ,5

N\ \

\

\U

I d r o',1

il I

I I

I \L c= 0,

I

t// u= 0,5

/ \

2. E IEKTPOAnHAMI4qHV Cnr nn

Aeficrsaqa Bbpxy HaBI{BKI{Te, oT napaMeTpnTe a : hlRtn 0 : RzlPn1 npu i1 - i2 :

i (e,qrOnOCOqHETOKOne). BnXga ce' qe pa*IangaTacfiJtauMa nonoxIiTeJIHIt sroifurocm

(parrraHaBr{BKara)uruarcrrvry*" np"B > 1 (Rz > Rl) ucBI{BaHaBIlBKara npu B < I

(Ez < Er).AtccuAnnama cuJtoFl, Kof,To gefic*rna MexAy HaBI{BKI{TS npu R1 - RZ : Ru h

or noptgbra ua R, e

flpu e,qHo[ocoqnll ToKoBe HaBuBKI'ITe 4t'

ce npl{Bfl,Iuat (ynennqaBa ce MarHlITHItt I

rroroKneHeprur), aupupa3HonocoqHu ce 20

m6rtcrnat.Cpanneuneto Ha QoPu. Q.4O) c rc

Qopu. Q.l7) noKa3Ba, tle crlJlara Ha

nsaulrogefiqrBlle MexAy AFere HaBKBKII 12

no roJIeMI{Ha e gblrlaTa' KaKTO npu ABa

napiureJrlil{ npoBoAlil{Ka c Abnxuna I : 8

2trR,HaMupau$ ce Ha Paactoauue h.

Ha Qnr. 2.20ellso6pageHa r o6rqcny- 4

Frqafi gasuct{Mocrra Ha

-i or napaMer- 0

Poiz

Fh: potrir*: ffnrrr2SQ.40)

pllre a : hlRtn F: Rzlh Ha HaBnB-

Knre. cuaata Fh wMa MaKCHMyMU npr

0 : | (Rt : Rz), KoI{To ca roJIKoBa

no-roJreMl{, KoJIKoro pa3crotHl{ero h e

NO-MAJIKO.

Cuaara Ha B3al{MoAeficrnne Me)KAY

THITIIApI{qHI{ HaMorKIr c roKoBe it : iz

u 6pofi Ha HaBI{BKl{Te ?u1 vvlx2 3aBvtcu orTexHr{re pa3Mepn I{ B3auMHO nOJrOXeHne.

3a Hsrou qacrHlt cJIyqaH, [oKa3aHI{ Ha

Qwr.2.2L, Tl ce onPegenll c H3Pa3a

dM(2.41) F : iizff:9,8i1izrurlu,z{,

KbAero napaMerbp'br $ ce onpeAeJls orcbu{ara Qurypa B 3aBHcI'IMocr or tlD u

h/D (npw hlD > 0,5).

x10-e

o,2 o,4 0,6 0,8

x 10-e

I,O rf D

,lt,

8

6

4

2

01,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,O 2,2 rf D

(Dil.llr. 2.21. fpaQnwl{ 3aBI{c}IMocrH 3a on-

peAerrlHe Ha cI{IaTa Mexqy qHIItHApI{tIHu

HAMOTKI{

\ \L

-+,ffit .

\LVI

ta&\\

a.\

b

\ \' (t\,,b hlDt

=0r5

r.3

\ \t\ \ \-\R-

\ ffil'r.-

ffi?iz.T

% t-Ua

\ t\

\ N. S :0r5

Page 66: EA - u4ebnik

130 EMKTPI,IqECK?I ANAPATI4. qACT I

Mexgy HaBr,rBKHTe Ha HaMorKure 4efi_cTBaT C''',,,tr, KoI4TO 3aBnCST OT pa3CTOr_HfifiTa r{ ToKoBere B Trx. B unoro c"ny_qau flocneArrnTe ce onpeAeJr{T OT Bb3-MOXHOCTHTe 3a oxlaxAaHe, H3oJrarryt_

orrHa tKocT, HaJIlrqHe Ha napiulenHu Kno-HOBe B etrUra HaMoTKa U TffXHOTO TpaHCno_3r4paHe u Ap: Ha Qrnr. 2.22 e rroKa3anaKarrecTBeHa KapTHHa Ha pa3npeAeneHr4eHA CWIIITE B CCqCHI,IETO HA HAMOTKATA HA

ToKOOrpaHuqaBauI peaKTop.Oco6eso roneMr,r ca eneKTpo,qu-

HaMHqHr{Te cwu B HaBr{BKHTe Ha ycrpoft-cTBa 3a gb3AaBaHe Ha LTHTeH3nBHH Mar_HHTHH nOJreTa qpe3 r.rMnync$n ToKoBe,KOHTO AOCT[raT sroTr{ru.l KtrJroaMnepu

[49, I 06 J. floayueHzre MexaHr.rqHr.r

lr Aa pa3pyrrrar ycrpoficrrnara.HanpexeHr.rr MoraT Aa qpeBnruaT AOrycTLrvIuTe

2.2-6- cnaa Mex(.ry rpoBoAHuK c roK n eeponaar'rrr'a cpeAa

B oarnsoct Ao roKoBllre KoHTypI{ Ha MHoro Br{AoBe EA ce HaMr,rpa eepo*rapmrHa cpeAa- Hanp. croMaHeHH KOpnycH, MarHnrollpoBoAr,r, AbroracnreJlHr.r peurerKr,I r{ Ap. Mar-I{I'trHoro nore Ha npoBoAHI{ru.ITe e c}rJrHo.qeQop}rnpaHo rr Qopu. Q.zT"upsrrqcJrrBaHeHa l4lrAyKru{tra e HenpHnoxnrvra. Bcaegcrnple Ha roBa oflpeAersHero Ha roJreM]rHaraHa eneKlpoAr.rHaM[qKara chrna MexAy npoBoAlilrKa H CpeAara e no_Tpynro. floco_Kara Ha cvnara e BI{Haru Ha npI,IBtI{qaHe Ha [poBoAHtrKa KbM Qeporr,ranru,rrHara cpeAa,npn Koero MarHI{THltsr noroK H eHepfr,rfl ce yBenHqaBar. Ha Qrr. 2.23 ca noKa3aHr4clIlIoBHTe nnHHLt Ha MaTHHTHOTO none 3a HrKOr.r cpeulaHlr B npaKTHKara cryqan.

B H'firoH cny.{a]|. 3a onpeAersHe Ha cr,rJrara ce H3noJr3rla,vemoD6m c oznedaneno6pas - Hanp. Qut.2.23a, 6Ig7l. HssecrHo e, qe Brrr.rJrHnero Ha 6e:xpafixa eeporvrar-HHTHa CpeAa c npoHl{qaeMocr l-IBbpxy rroJrero Ha npoBo.4{r{K c roK i rrroxce 4a ce 3aMeHHc 4eficrnaero Ha orneAaneH o6pas. Tofi npegcraBflrrBa roK c roJreMHHa I : F , lt0

o

lr * l.raB CbUIara nocoKa H Ha CbITIOTO pa3srosBrre a or noBbpxHocrra na $eporvrarHrrrHaracpeAa' KaKTo opurl'IHarHl,I;rr npoBoAnnK (Qur. 2.24a). Enerrpo4nHaMnrrHara c1na cenonyqaBa Me)KAy ABa eAHOIIOCOrrHI{ rora i a i' na pazcroxnue 2a.

C Hsnoagsaue Ha Qoprrr. (2.17)ce uonyqaBa:

cgAoF{!.1(tlIt)oG'

c)o

@nr. 2.22. PasnpegeaeHr.re Ha cr.tJrlrre BbpxyHABHBKI{TC B CCIIEHHCTO HA HAMOTKATA HA To-KOOPpaHU qaBarrl peaKrop

(2.42) F - ii':to-7, N,

KbAero I e 4SAXr.rHara Ha npoBoAIrHKa B repneHAnKyxrpHoro HanpaBneHr{e.

2. EmKTPOMHAMI4qHT4 &lJIn

@lur. 2.23. Marnumo [oJre Ha npoBoArrr{K c roK n 6rflsocr go SepouamLITHa cpeAa: a -npoBoAHr{K u 6esrpafina $eporvrarnr{THa cpeAa; 6 - npono4ruK H ql{Jll{H,qplr.nra SepoMarIIrITHacpeAa; B - npoBolprrK B npaB brbJr, o6paaynan or QeporvratrHurHa cpeAa; r - npoBoAHInK BbH

oT npaB brbJr, o6pasynax or QepouarHr'rrHa cpeAa

odurnoneno QeporvrarHl{THara cpeAa e HeHaclareHa' npn Koero P 2 Po, A--4' =lt * lto

luitxi.I,IgnorseaHero Ha MeroAa c orneAanen o6pa: 3a onpeAeilflHe Ha cl{Jrara Mex.qy

npoBoAr{nK c roK r,r QeporvrarHrrrua cpeAa 3a rpaKTr.rqecKlt cpeulaHu cfiyqar e ror-KoBa no-ToqHo, KoJIKoro re rroBerle ce Ao6rurxcaBar Ao reoperl.tr{Hara nocraHoBKa.or

13r

li

ri

li

tiiiii

ii

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132 EIIEKTPI4YECKI4 ATIAPATN. qACT I

Qvr. 2.24a. Axo Qeporraarrumuara cpeAae c onpaHnrreH pa3Mep 2h ($ur. 2.246),eneKTpoIpuaMHrrHaTa cHra ce Kopl{rnpa,Karo ce yMHoxr.r Qoprrr. (2.42) c roeeu-r[reHT k, unxto croftsocr e [o-MarKa oreAnHlrqa r ce orqr.rra or Qrr. 2.24a161.

flpn no-caoxHlt cnyqan Ha pa3[ono-x(eHne Ha npoBollr{rlKa H Qeporvrarmtr-Hara cpeAa or re3n, noKa3aHr.r Ha enr.2.23a, 6 elerrpo4.rHaMlrsuara ctra ceonpeAens KaTo ce ll3norr3Ba MeToAa c

@pucryax Ha KoMrureKcHa npoMennraa (nroHQoprvrna rpancQoprvraqax), rofiro cecbrreraBa b rvreroga c orneAarex o6pas.OupegeaxHero Ha eneKTpoAnnaMuqnaracr,rJra Me)Kry npoBoArilrK c roK i s dnu-3ocr Ao npaBr,rs brbJr ua Qeporr,rarHuTHacpeAa c p -+ m - Qnr. 2.23s,rnpeAcraB-rsBa uHrepec b pepilIa rtpaKTHqecKH cny-.ran. B [15,1@] cnnara e oirpegeneHa roMeroAa c Qpqnr Ha KoMrrJreKcHa npo-MeHrr{Ba rE ronQopMHa rpaHcQoprvr aryr_r,

sbqeran c MeroAa Ha orneAaJren o6paa.Eaempo.4.rrraM[qHara cmna F rE seitHureKoMnouerru F* u F, no ocuTe t.u g cevstlncilfllaaT rro Qoprvryrlurc :

(2.43)1l': fFs*l);Fa : lFr-llr;Fy : lFs*lly,

KbAero ltrt""l, lFr*l ca crofisoctnre Ha cuJrara, Kouro ce onpeAersr no Oopr"r. (2.42)npu i : it npu pa3crosHnfl. fr tirnr g/ AocrarbqHo orAaJrer{eHg or npaBr{t brbJr HaQeporvrarHuTnara cpeAa ;

I, Ir, ,\, - nououpru @yrr r{,rur, Kor{To ce orqlnTar or Sur. z.25a, 6 crornerHo 3aABara [oKa3aH!( cilyqax. Ha BbHtuHo r.r BbrpeurHo nonoxeH]re Ha npoBoAHr,rKa c[psMonpaBHr brbr.

3a raceHe Ha eneKTpl{qecKa Abra B EA sa HEcKo H cpeAuo Harrpex<eHne qecro nbrr,rce H3[oJI3Ba AbroracplTeJlHa GefionHa) peluerKa or QeporuarHnrHg flracrr,rHtr, Kosro tHaKbcBa Ha H{KoJrKo Kbclr ppru (n 3aBI,IcIrMocr or 6pot Ha [racr[nr.ne). Hanfi{saHero

1,0

0,8

0,6

o,4

0,2

0,6 0,9 1,0345

(Dur. 2.24. Kru onpeAenrHe Ha curaraMe)KAy [poBoAHHK u QeporvrarHuTHa cpeAa:a - onre,quren o6par npu 6esxpafina eepo_Marnr{rua cpeAa; 6 - $eporvrarnnrrra cpeAa corpaHmen pa:tMep 2h;n - KopeKrlHoHeH Koe_Suquenr

0,2 0,4t2

o

uT. l,

o I

1332. EJIEKTPOMHAMI4TIHI4 CIA TU

< 1,0

6

-i1

q5

Yi "i(oo,ro1I

I

troYzztrrV p-*Y

*?9!h

-1,0

Qnr.2.25. flor"rotqnu $yurqun 3a onPeAensge Ha cltnaTa Me)KAy npoBoAHHK c TOK n Qepo-MarHLtTtIa cpeAa, O6paSynarqa [p:IB brbJl: a - npu noJIo)KeHIIe Ha [pOBoAHHKa BbH oT nPaBHs

brbn; 6 - npu noJro)KeHue Ha npoBogruKa B npaBns brbr

Ha grrara B pe[rerKara 3aBl{cu or eneKTpo,ryInaMuqnara cl{na Ha npl{Bnl{qanero il ot

Qeportaarurnrare ruracrnHr{, Kor{To Morar 4a o6pasyBar Bb3AyIueH KaHaJr c npaBo:b-

rblHa IIJITI Tpnbrbnna Qoprvra Ha ceqeHuero - Qur.2.26-flpn cnr,rerpflrrHo fioJroxenrre Ha npoBoAHItK c roK i s raHara cvrara, Kof,To e c

nocoKa KbM ocHoBaTa My, e

Q.44) ,:*n#:Ln#,KbAero O e r"rarHurgr.rflT [oroK, cb3AaAeH or roKa i; r - roopAuHara, no KorITo gefictna

cr.rrrara - Qm. 2.26.flpr,r npene6peruaHe Ha MaTHHTHoTo cbnpoTl4BJreHue Ha croMaHara noroKbr Ha

paecefteaue Ha pa3crosHue r or Harlanoro Ha KaHaJIa e

fLQ':I I B'dr'Jo

KbAero B* e MarHHTHara HrrAyKr${r Ha pa3crotuue r; I - Abnxl{Hara Ha KaHaJIa B

[epfleHlu.{KynrrpHo HanpaBneHHe.

L

"i(to, Yo)

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134 EJIEKTPI{qECKI,I ANAPATI,I. TIACT I

T'B@nr. 2,26. Cua Me;KAy npoBoAHIrK c roK, pa3nono)Keu BbB Bb3AyrrreH KaHiur na eeporvran-H}rrHacpeAa:a-KaHiuIcflpaBobr:bana.Qoprvra;6-rana.ncrpnbrbJruaQoprvra;B-q.rJroBtrIIJ,,HAU Ha MarHnrHoro noJre Ha roKa oKono QeporvrarrulrHara cpeAa

flpu nocrosHHa ruupusa d'sa KaHana (Qur. 2.26a) Br : ry :const, (Dc : ry.r,r cneAoBaTeJIHO:

r : !uot'* :const.(2.4s\

u cneAoBaTenHo:

(2.46)

flpn nporvrerurlrBa ruilpr{Ha t, : ilr*Ha KaHana (Onr. 2.266)

ilh. h: l-trO--;- ln :-. do n-r

x- ilhf dr(Da:Podo

J n-0

Ot Qoprta. (2.45) u Q.aQ creABa, rre tlpu KaHan c npaBobrbrrlo cerreHr{e cnnaraHe 3aBI4CIt OT M.SCTOTO Ha npoBoAI{I,rKa C TOK, A npu KaHar c rpHbrbnHo ceqeHuecunara ce yBenHqaBa c npuABH)KBaHero Ha npoBoAHuKa B KaHaJra. Teen pe3ynrarilHe orqurar Hacl'ulaHero Ha Qeporvrarnurlrl{r MarepnanrnpnyBennrraBaHe Ha noroKa I,I

HHAyKIIIrtra, npn Koero cHJIara HaMar.rrBa. OcseH ToBa or BucoKara reMneparypa HaeneKTpl{qecKaTa Abra IUIacTr{Hr{Te Ha AbroracprTeJrHaTa perueTKa ce HarpsBaT H npl{AocruraHe Ha roqKara ua Ktoplt te nsry6uar SepouarHr.rrHuTe cta csoficrsa.

Ha Qnr. 2.26nca uso6parenn cI{JIoBWe lrltnnn Ha MarHnrHoro [oJre Ha upoBo4ruKac roK oKolro Qepor"rarnr{THa cpe.qa c Bb3AyrrreH KaHan.

onpegelxnero Ha eneKTpoArdHaMr.rqHara cHJtaHa npoBognr,rK c roK BbB Bb3AyurenKaHalI' pa3[onoxeH BbB Qepor'rarnrtHa cpeAa Moxe Aa craHe r,r trpe3 npzuraragero

135 ll2. EJTEKTPOAHHAMI4qHfi CU JM

@nr.2.27. Oue4a.nuu o6pasn Ha npoBoAnr.rK c roK BbB Bb3Ayrrelr KaHaJr na QepouarnurlracpeAa

(rvrarap nnpuflnuznreaHo) Ha MeroAa c orneAanen o6pa:. Ha filr.2.27 enorca3ar or-HoBo cnyqasr Ha npaBobrbnerr Bb3Ayr[eH KaHar nnn SeporvrarHuTHa cpeAa [I HecuMer-

pflrrno pa3nonox(eH B Hero npoBo/qHfiK c roK i. flpuaraHero Ha MeroAa c orreAaneH

o6pae BoAI{ Ao nonyqaBaHero Ha 6earpafina peAnqa or xopl{3oHTaJIHo pa3[ono)KeHln

o6parn Ha roKa [r e.U{rrcrBen o6pas KbM AbHoro Ha KaHaJra. flpu onpeAeJrtHe Ha

eneKrpopHaMr.rqHara cnna qpe3 B3ar,rMoAefictsneto na geficru,lreJtHl,Itr ror i n or-neAanHrrre rvry o6pasu ce nonyqaBa KoM[oHeHTa Ha cvilara & no ocra y H KoMnoHeHTa

Ha cnrraTa tr', no ocTa o (npra o + b),flpu curvreTpllqHo noJrox(eHl{e Ha npoBoAHl'rKa

B KaHaJra (npra a : b) F": 0 u cr{Jrara e HacoqeHa caMo KbM ocHoBara Ha KaHana.

[Ipn onpegeilflHe Ha KoM[oHeHTara F, na cunara e Aoc-rarbqHo rqa ce orqere caMo

Brnrnnero Ha HrKoJrKo or saft-drusro pa3nonoxeHnre o6parr,r go gefictuireJrHllr

ror i.

2.3. EJIEKTPOALIHAMATIHI{ CI'1.I[I4TIPH nPOMEHJIHB TOK

2.3.1. Cunu npn egxoQa3Ho u 4nySauro Kbco cbe.qr'rneurre

Pesylrarure B T. 2,2 panar Brusnnero Ha Qoprvrara Ha roKoBlrre KoHTypLI (roeQEIrIr-

eHT Ha @opr"rara Ha KoHTypa) ra ua oKolrHara cpeAa Bbpxy roreMunara Ha eneKTpo-

,4{HaMurrHara c6a. Te ca Banr,rmu 3a nocrorHeH ToK I,I 3a MoMeHTHI4Te ctofinocrn na

npoMeHnr4BH ToKoBe He3aBHcr,rMo or 3aKoHa Ha I,I3MeHeHHero aM BbB BpeMero (t'ttrlnyl-cHI4, nyncnpaulr4, cHHycoHAanHH H Ap.).

IIpu cunycoudanen morc

il

ril{liI

!i

1

I

(2.47) i: Irnsinc,.rt - rtI sinatt

Page 69: EA - u4ebnik

136 EJIEKTPUqECKU ANAPATN. qACT I

KbAero: Fr.r"* : kPrne MaKcI{MaJrHara croifuoc'r Ha czurara; F- - kP - nocrosnHara(cpeEra) sbcraBKa Ha crl.flara; -E* : -.F'- cos 2ut - npoMegnnBara cbcraBKa Ha cnnarac aMflnr.rryAa F- n bruroBa.recrora 2&.r.

Ha Qur. 2.28 ca n:o6paaenr.r rpaQrarHre Ha H3MeHeHne ua i, F-, F- vt F. fone.uu-Hama Ha pnynmaHmHctma cuna F ce us.tteHg om 0 do F^n , Kemo sa eduu nepuoD namoKa ce nonyqaearn dea nepuoda Ha curama (npu qesrora Ha roKa sOHz cnJrara ce

r,l3MeHr c lrecrora 10oHz). flocorara Ha eEntara He ce qpoMeHs BbB BpeMero.

eneKTpolufi aMr,rrrrraTa cvJta e:

F:lci2(2.48)

:kI2

(D,nr.2.28. HsrueHeuueHa cr{Jrara BbB Bpe-Mero IIPu clrHyconA:ureu 10K

:knsin2 c..,r :irh - *uncos2ut

- kI2 cos2ut: i*"- - f,r^ *cos2wt: F-*F-,

@nr. 2.29. EnerrpogunaMnura crna npa B3a[-Ivrogeftcrnue ua geQa3[rpaHn cuHyco]rA:urHH To-

KOBE

flpn n:auuo4eficune Ha IFa cunycolrAarrHo lBMeH.mr{H ce roKa it : fvnsincr.rf uiz : fz*sin(a.rt - p) c Qaaona pa3nvKa (p [oMe)KAy HM, eJreKrpoAruaMurruara cvnae:

(2.4g) F: leiriz - klr^Iz*sinwtsin(c..rt -g): f*tcos(p - cos(2wt-g)1.

Ha Qrar. 2.29 e noKa3aHo lrcMeHeHr.rero Ha roKoBere v cnnara BbB BpeMero. Max-cl4MaJrnara Lr MtrHr{MaJrnara c.rolftrocrn Ha cvlrara ca cborBerHo:

(2.50) F*"* : rry(cosp + r); F*i,, : *'+(cosrp - 1),

a cpeArrara ctofinocr Ha cnrrara e:

,It*I2rn7"p: * Z cosg.(2.s1) (2.s4) i: I^(e-tlr - cosc..'t).

2. EJIEKTPOAI4HAMI'IqHU CI Jrl4

Or Qopu. Q.a\ u Qur. 2.29 ce

BnxAa, qe cuJlara e c yABoeHa qecrora

Ha ToKa, a nocoKara i ce rtpoMeus BbB

BpeMero. l}rpu g : t /2,Itp : 0 u trtar-cr{MyMIrTe Ha CHJIaTa B ABeTe nOCOKI{ nO

rorreMl{Ha Ca paBHI{.

Bsauuogeftctsue MexAy roKoBe c

Qasona pa3nl{Ka noMexry HM npaKTI{-qecKr.I ce cpeqa npH MarHsTHo [poAyx-BaHe Ha eneKTp[trecKa Abra B npoMeHJIH-

BoroKoBI{ KoMyraI+IoHHlI anaparn. Torct

@nr. 2.30. Ktco cbe,qHIIeHrIe n R, L Beplrra

Ha Abrara B3ar4MoAefigrsa c MarHrrrHoro noJre, o6yc.noneuo or cbtrlus roK, no geQaslr-

paHo Ha n3BecreH brbJl (sx. t. 2.5).flpexodnu-rm npogec Ha moKa Ha K.c. e R, L aepuza, ercnrc4eHa ,6.ht u3rnoqHuK Ha

cunycoudanHo HanpetceHue - Qnn. 2.30 ce onrcBa c yPaBHeHlIero:

(2.s2)

KbAero a e Qasonutr brbJr Ha HaflpexeHr,rero B MoMeHTa Ha HactbnBane Ha Kbcorocbelp{HeHHe.

flpu uauanno ycnoBl,Ie t :0, i : 0 peruennero Ha ropuoro ypaBHeHLIe e:

(2.53) ,i,:in* ia:1*sin(r..rt * o - d -,[-sin(a - p)"-t/r,

T.e, morcm Ha rdco coedunenue caDaptca'.

- nepuoduaHa c6cmaercainvnu rpaeH (ycraHoneH) tor Ha Kbco cbeAI{HeHHe, qltsro

aMnnllTyAa r^ - -LHe ce fi3MeHs BbB BpeMeTo;n- u@a@- anepuoduqna c6crnaeKa iu, Ko.fiTo 3arr,rxBa BbB BpeMero c BpeMeroncrarma ? :

LI R.

Caeg 3aruxBaHe Ha anepuoAuqHara cbcraBKa Ha roKa BbB Bepurara ocraBa caMo

nepr4oAr,rrrHara My cbcraBKa, Korrro [BocraBa cnpfiMo Hanpe)KeHllero Ha Qason brblwLg: arctgT-.

Anannsbi Ha H3pa3a (2.53) noKa3Ba, qe roKbr npngo6nna saft-ne6laronpnsrHa(varcruaana) crofrHocr aKo BKIrK)qBaHero Ha Bepl,Irara (rccoro sbegHeHlle) e nMOMeHTa, KOTaTO anepnoflt,tquaTa cbcTaBKa HMa Mr,rHr,IMaIHata CtOifuOgr Ha nepuo-

AI,ItIHara (-I*), r.e npu d. - (p : r /2, npu Koero

(I^sln(wt* a) : Ri + L#,

Page 70: EA - u4ebnik

i,* : i/I,n

13E EIEKTPI4qECKI4 ANAPATPT. 1IACT I

@nr. 2.31. Tox na K.c. c anepfio,ryrqna cbcraBKa, 3arr{xBaula c BpeMeKoucrarrra ?: 0,0bs

Ha Sr'Ir. 2.31 enoKa3aHo H3MeHeHLIero Ha roKa, a TaKa cbrr{o Ha nepnoluqgara r.r

anepuororqHaTa cbcraBflqa (sa eepura cT :50ms).MarcuruarHara croilHocr -fmu flpu t : T/u ce napuua yAapeH ToK Ha K.c., Tbfi

Karo onpe4elrfl nafi-roasuara crofiHosr Ha eneKTpoIU.rHaMHqHara ct4ila. Tofi e cyMaor MaKcI{ManHara crofiHocr Ha nepfioIurqHara r,r aflepno4rqHara cbcraBHa 3a BpeMet:r/uue

lmax : I^(L + "-nR/uL1

: kyol* : krotf2l,

kyn: 1a "-rR/uL

eydapuuam rcoeQu4ueHtn HamoKa Ha K.c.Jlecno ce ycraHoBffBa, qe rlpfi L : 0, kya : 1 (nnra anepuoAHqga sbcraBKa

na rora); npr,r -R : 0, kya : 2 (auepuolgqHara cbcraBKa Ha roKa ne sarrxna), ncneAoBareauo 1 I k o <2.3aeneKTprdqecKn Bepnrr{3aBHcenp}reMa ?:0,0bs ukyo:1,8 (.fmax : 1,8[a :2,551), a 3a Bepr.rru sa HH - kro: 1,8 + L,4.

Tegn crofiHocrH ua k o ca BatH.qrI,I, aKo npeAn HacrbrrBaHe Ha K.c. He e nporr4qa,ToK l{rlu aKo HeroBara croifuost e 6nna He uoBeqe or 5 + L\To or cnofiHocrra Ha roKaHa K.c. flpu no-rorsM ToK BbB Bepnrara npelur HacrbnBaue Ha K.c. crofinocrnr e Ha h,y^Morar Aa 6rAar no-roJreMr{.

Hanpanennsr aHaru3 Ha roKa Ha K.c. BnB Bepnrara or Qw.2.3OHe orquTa Bbrpetu-HI'If nMneAaHc Ha I{3TotIHrKa (reHeparopa, rpancQopMaropa). Aro Kbcoro cbeAr{HeHr,ree B HenocpeAcrBeHa 6rulsoct Ao Ll3Toqrrlrra, rpx6ra Aa ce B3eMe npetrFr,rA pr co6crsegruMy I{MneAaHc, KoftTo Moxe Aa ce n3Mens BbB BpeMero r{ Aa nMa HeJrHHeeH xapaKTep.

Elertpo4luraMl'IqHara c'Jra Mex(Ay ,rya npoBoAHr,rKa Hrr{ ereMe'Tr.rre Ha e4,rHKoHryp, onpeAeneHa or roKa Ha K.c., npeAcraBeH c r43pa3a (2.54), e:

(2.ss)

KTTAeTO

(2.s6)

F : ki2 : klh@-t/T - cosut)2

: klh(;+ j "o,

2wt * e-zt/r - 2e-tlrcost^rd),

(2.s7)

2. EMKTPOAHHAMI4qHV AT IM

T.e. curama npu eduo unu deyQasno rc.c. ctdapxa cneDnurne cacmaercu (npu moK c

unDycmpuanHa vecrnoma 50 Hz):

- nocmotHHa c6cmaerca, o6ycnoBena or nepnolu{quara qbgraBKa Ha roKa Ha K.c.;

- nepuoduqHa cacmaeKa c qectnoma 100 Hz, o6ycronena or uepuotr[,tqHara cbc-

TABKA HA TOKA HA K.C.

* anepuoduqna c6crnaeKa. o6ycaoneHa or B3anMoAeftcrsnero Ha anepuolrrqulrrecbcraBKr{ Ha roKa Ha K.c., c BpeMeKoHsraHTa Tf 2. CnegoBareJrlro a[epno.ryIq-

Hara gbcraBKa Ha cwrara 3aruxBa no-6rpro or anepnolu{wrara cbcraBKa Ha

TOKA;

- nepuodwlva cacmasKa c qecmoma 50 Hz, o6ycnoneua or B3ar{Mogeficrnueto

Ha anepuoAlrqHaTa c [epHoArqHaTa cbcTaBKa Ha ToKa B .FaTa npoBo.Iurl{Ka.

foreuuuata Ha ra3u cbcraBKa Ha canara 3arnxBa c BpeMeKoHcraHTa T, r.e.KaKTO anepnoAnqHaTa cbcTaBKa Ha roKa Ha K.c.

t39

-ti

II

i

Ha Qnr. 2.32 ca n:o6pa:euu lBMe-HeHr{.fiTa Ha TOKa A CId',ATa BbB BpeMeTO

npH K.c. fi npu HaJrr,rqne Ha aflepnoMqHacbcraBKa Ha roKa. Cnaara ce npeAcraBtqpe3 nocneAoBaTenHocT oT nonyBbnHn c

HaMaJrsBarq[ n yBenr{qaBarqfl ce MaKcr{-

MyMH. flpn raruxraHe Ha anepno.ryrr{Hara

cbcTaBKa Ha ToKa Ha K.c. ABeTe nony-BbJrHt{ ce [3paBHsBaT u clttraTa e KaKTonpr{ cnHycofiAanex ToK: B r,Bpa3a (2.57)oTnaAaT nocnelHrrTe ABe KoMnoHeHTr{ rr

T{ ce uro6pasraa qpe3 rpaQrrara or$ur.2.28.

MarcruarHara roneMr,rHa Ha cunarae npu yAapHr,rq ToK Ha K.c.

@ur.2.32.I4gueuenue Ha cI{JIara I,I ToKa BbB

BpeMero npr'I HzrJrI{qHe Ha anep}ro.q[lrHa cbc-TABKA

(2.s8) F.or* : kk?Ai?^.

flpn Hafi-uecro cpeqaHfir cnytrafi za Bepr.rrn BH c l)o : 1,8 anepuo.ru.Iqnara cbc-TaBKa Ha roKa Ha K.c. yBennqaBa 3,24 nnrn eneKTpoAr,rHaMr{r{Hara cuila (,l7.".* :3,24kh : 6,4lel2).

2.3.2. Cnnn npn rpnQa3Ho Kbco cbeAurrenne

flpra tpr.rQa3no K.c. B KoHTyplrre na EA luM B eueprnfiHara cucreMa nocoKara I,I

I'oJleMr,rHara Ha eneKTpoAr,rnaMnqHr,rre cu)ln, Aeficrsanryr Bbpxy npoBoAHnr[,rre Ha or-AenHltre Sa:n 3aBncrr or B3anMnoro nM noro)Keune r,r or roKoBere. Pa:rrexcgar ce

Page 71: EA - u4ebnik

!

i

I

EJIEKTPI4qECKI4 ANAPATI,I. IIACT I

caMo cnyqar.rTe Ha cnMelpuqHo K.c.,

npr,r Koero roKoBsre Ha rplrre Qaar,l ca

c paBnr.r roneMr{Hr.r u Qa:onu pa3nr.rKu

roMex(Ay uu2trf3.Hafi-uecmo npoeodnuryume Ha

mpume Qasu ca pasnoneKeHu a

npaea nuHus, Karo ra3u na rpafhrure

Qasr,r ca paBHoorAareqeHlr or cpeA-Hara - flur.2.33.

Curure, Kouro geftcrnar BbpxynpoBo4rr,rrlrrre Ha xpafinare n cpeA-uara Qasa ca

(2.59) .Ft : Ftz I FB

: t(;,' 1' ' r'"1-r?z + Szrt't);

(2.60) Fz : Fzt * Fzt

: k(i''t'' + i2is);

Q.61) I'3 : Fr * Fez

:k(!..'..\\2tl'3 * zz41'

KoeQrrqlrenmr ll2 B n3pa3nre(2.59) u (2.61) orqr.rra geofino no-rorrMoTo pa3cTorrHue MexAy npo-Bo4rr4rsire na xpatirmre Qaar,r B cpaB-

HeHlre c pa3cTorHHeTo Me)K/qy cbceA-rnlre $aru.

3a nporognnqr c rpaBobrbnHo ceqeHue sa ygo6crBo B H3pa3r{re (2.59) u (2.61)c HerorsMa rpeluKa Mo)ICe Aa ce r,Fnor3Ba cpe4ra crofinocr ua roeQrrg.leHTa Ha

Qoprvrara Ha ceqeHHeTo

ka. :?rrr+ |rrr :?rru* **,r.

crofruocrr.rre Ha roeQr,lqueHTure kn, Ic:3 a kzs ce o[peAe nfrT c H3non3BaHe Ha

Kpr.rBure or $ur. 2.12.flpn cmlerpllqno rpr,r$asno K.c. u 3arnxnana aflepuogr,rqua cbcraBKa roKoBere B

Tpr.rre Saan ca:

- Irnsin c..rf ;

- fmsin(c.rt -2113),- frnsin(a,'t - Arft).

-3eAt" 2

n{12

o

@ur. 2.33 . I,Igr"renelrue BbB BpeMero Ha roKa ll clr-JrI{Te B rpnQaana cucreMa: a - 6eg anepuoAnqHacbsraBKa Ha roKa; 6 - c anepuoAuqHa cbqraBKaHA TOKA

xI

iz

is

0,

(2.62)

2. EJIEKTPOAHH AMI4IIHV cl,UM'

3auectnageTo Ha ToKoBeTe or Qoprvr. Q-59) - (2'61) BoAIt Ao cneAHI4Te u3pa3[I3a

clur',fe:

Q.63) lrr :

Q.e) Fz:

Q.6s) Fs -HsL{eHeHreTo Ha ToKoBeTe fi crutvTe 3a TpI'ITe Saru e uso6paaeHo Ha Qur' 2'33a'

{ec-rorata Ha cvnaTa e paBHa Ha yABOeHaTa qecToTa Ha ToKa.

AHarustt Ha r,Bpa3lrTe (2.63) - (2.65)u KprBuTe ot Qur. 2-33a BoAI'l Ao cnesrHre

n3BOArr:

- e6pxy rqatiuume npoeodnuvu I u 3 Dertcmearn sHAKonpo-Meturueu cunlu C pA3-

nuqHu aJvnnumydz. MarcnrrraJlHaTa cI'IJIa Ha Ot6lrcXsane (AeftCtBalqa HaIsBo

3a npoBolsr'ra 1 u HaAflcHo 3a npoBo.qlrrra 3) e F'na* : O'8A1leP*' Marcuual-

HaTa cuJra Ha nplrBnHvaue (geficTBalqa HaAtcHo 3a npoBoAHKa 1 I'I HaJIqBO 3a

npoBol{Hlma 3) e Fr.a* : O,055kIh;

- e6pry cpebnue npoeodnurc 2 Oertcmoa 3HaKOnpo-hteHIu1A CUJIA C ednarceu aJvtn-

numydu enaeo u ebacno F,nt" : O'87kIh' Tasu cuna e nafi-eonanvta u cnedo-

eamenHo e onpedengula 3a cucrneldarna;

- ,tgrcCuJvtyutume Ha cuJlufne He H7cmlnaarn ebnoepe'*teHHo 6 rnpume Qasu'

XapaxrepHo 3a rpnQa:no'ro K.c. B CpaBHeHI{e c eFlo u gnyQaaHo K.c. e' qe

ce flonyqaBar 3HaKonpoMegrnBt4 cvril*t (na npuunuqaHe u ua or6-ntcreaHe), ro-

I.ITo BoAsT Ao yMopa Ha MaTepI,IaJMTe Ha npoBo4{I{qI,ITe I{ cBbp3aHIITe c Tgx

H3OIaLIHOHHI'I I{ Apyru eJreMeHTH

IIpu tpr,rQa3Ho K.C. BI{HarH ce nonyqaBa anepnoAl'IqHa cbCTaBKa Ha TOKa' qneTo

orrrvraHe npfi oflpeAeJrrrue Ha cvrJaytre,Aeftctnaur,I Bbpxy cpeAHl{fi u rpafiuute npoBoA-

HnI{t{ Ha tprt" qasn, BoAH Ao H3pa3, aHalorl4qeuYa (2.57) unlr n o6ul sug [34]

(2.66) F : k(,(Nr + N2s-2t/T -l N3s-t/T cosarf * Na cos2wt),

KbAeTO: N1, N2, N3, Ar4 ca roeQuqr'reHT1r, 3aBI4CeqU OT BI{Aa Ha K.C. H TOJIOXSHUSTO Ha

npoBoAtrnK ai Im - aMnnI4TyAa Ha nepl{oAflquaTa cbcTaBKa Ha ToKa Ha pa3rneXAaHI'It

Br,rA K.C.

Orsoureuuero Ha treplroAnrrHure cbcraBKl{ Ha roKoBere na gpyQasno 1(2) I'I TpI'I-

eaeno .[(3) r.c. e J312, a Ha crlnr,rTe - crorn6tno 3/4. 3a ctnoctaBuMosr Ha cHJrt'Ire

nplr AByoa3Ho r{ rpr.rQasuo r.c. crofisosfr.rre Ha Nr (i * 1 ;4) ot Qopr"r. (2.57) ce

pegyldrlpaT 0,75 mru. B m6a. 2.2caAaAeHu ctofisocttlte Ha roeQuqueHTlme Nl +N4

u MaKcr.{MaJrHaTa croftuoctra c4naTa npu 4nyQa3Ho Il nprl rpuQa3no K'c'

kl2^sinutf,io (,t -?")+ ]sin ('t-1")]'k/fi sin (r, - f*; ;rt"rt * sin (" - 1")]'/clfi sin ("t -i") tl sinc.rt * sin ("t -;")]

l. i

'i

l

1

l

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142 EIIEKTPHqECKI4 ANAPATI4. qACT I

Ta6anua 2'2'cncranKfi HaeneKrpoAlr'aMlrr*rrrre cw'Huaxcuuaamaracv'atrpr{Kbco cbe-Ar{HeHrfe

AHarrprsrr na crofinocrnTe Ha roeeng.reHTure Nr + N4 or ra6a. 2.2 nowt nocneAnnTe useodu:

- KoJilnoHeHtnume Ha cunume, deficmeaqu e6pry rcpartnume npooodnu4u u JvtaK-cuJvtclnHama cuna npu mpuQcoHo K.c. ca no-eoneJvtu om mesu npu deyeasnotc.c.;

- cunama npu mpuQasno K.c., KOsmO dertbmea o6pxy cpeDnua npoeodnurc, nectdapxa nocmoaruta cacmaeKa. Kounouernaia Ha ra3r{ cuna cqecrora l00Hze ma nbrl4 no-roruMa or cborBerHara KoMnoHeHTa Ha CHJrara, geficrraqa BbpxyrpafiHnx npoBoAHr.rK1'

- nafi-eonaJila e curtama, Koamo Dertcmea e6pry cpeDnua npoeodnurc npr{ Tpr{-

ea:no K.c., rp' Koero 4g . 2,86

F*,4 : ;,{l: 1' 16'

I4:ueHeHuero Ha cfllraTe BbB BpeMero npu anepfio4rqHa cbcraBKa Ha roKa e uzo6-pa3eHo na Qr.rr. 2.336. Or Qnr. 2.33 ceBn)KAa, rre rrpg rpueaaHo r<.c. 6e: u cHar6rfiieHa anepnoAl'IqHa cbcraBKa Ha roKa ce flonyqaBar 3HaKOnpoMerrJrrrBH acHMerpwrilncvul*r, KoI'ITo BoAsr Ao MexaHI'IqHa ylv(opa Ha npoBoAHr.rg,rre r{ r{3otraropr,rTe H Ao eBeH-TyanHoTo HM pa3pyruaBaHe.

Ha Snr' 2'34a e noKa3aHa KoHcrpyKt{Hff Ha cyx rpr.rQa3en ToKoorpaHnqaBar{ pe-aKTop*, n rofiro HaMorKptre Ha rpnre earra ca pa3nonoxeHr.r e4{a HaA Apyra BbpxynopqenaHoBH I'Fonaropu. Cranure MexAyrpl{Te HaMorKH - Qnr. 2.341ca aHaJrorrqHnHa re3r4 0r Qnr. 2.33M'ex!iy rpoBoAHr,q.rre Ha rpr{Te Qaen. flpr,rrpr.r$a3Ho K.c. cilnarageficrrarqa Bbpxy nafi-ropnara HaMorKa Ha or6abcKBaHe Moxe Aa crage no-rorqMaor reuoro ir' Pe:yrnanTnara cuna Haotrbu Bbpxy [oprdenaHoBnTe r4onaropa Mo)KeAa rI{ pa3pytun' 3a 4a ce ug6erHe ra3l{ Bb3MoxHocr ce cMeHt nocoKara Ha roKa

'ToroorpaHr'Ir{aBalqnm peaKTop e ereKTpnqecKn anapar, rofrro ce BKfloqBa B nnHnrra cJreA H3Toq-HHKa I{ Cny)KI'r Aa orPaHl{qn roneMHHara Ha roKa Ha K.C. n Aa noAAbpxa HanpexeHl{gro Ha rur,IHHaracHcTeMa.

BnA na KbcoTo cbeAr.rHeHr{e

H MrcTo Ha npoBoArrHKa

Crcranrn Ha cr{Jrara nrn eoprvr. (2.66)

nepnoAr{qHac nepHoAuqHac MaKcnMaJrHanosrosHHa anep'oAmrra qecrora 50H2, qecTora l00Hz, cr.ofinocrnpn

Nr Nz lI3 N4 ? n: 0,05sflnyQasno Kbco cbeAr{HeHne 0,375 O,7S . _1,5 0,325 ,,4?Tpuea:no Kbco cbeAfirre'r{e, P'-'

xpafinn rpoBo.qHurtn 0,325 0,g0g - l ,61 6 0,433 2,67TpnQa:uo Ksco cbeArrHenr.re,cpeAen npoBoAHr.rK 0 0,866 _1,732 0,g66 2,g6

2. EJIEKTPOAI4HA MI4 TIHI4 CU IIU

[email protected]. Erterrpo,ulruaMnqnlr cnnfi B rpnQasen peaKmp: a - KoucrpyKtlrq na peaxnrpa; 6

- u3MeHeHne Ha TOKOBeTe It CI{JrIlTe BbB BpeMerO

B Cpe4raTa HaMoTKa, trptr KoeTo MaKcHMaJrHaTa cuJta Bbpxy ropHaTa HaMoTKa e Ha

nplrBnr,rqaHe u geficrua Ha HarI,IcK Bbpxy tmonaropnTe.B Hsrou cnyrrau npoeodnu4ume Ha tnpume Qasu ca pasnonoxceHu sbo eapxoeerne

Ha paeHocmpcmeH mpu6e6nHuK - Qr'rr. 2.35.3a oupegeasue Ha cnnara F1, roetogeficua Bbpxy npoBoAr{r{Ka 1, roop,4luaruara cucreMa rOy cepa3nonararaKa, KaKTo

Qnr. 2.35. ElerrpoquuaMr.trrHr cr{nn B rpu$aena cr{creMa npn pa3rloto)Kellue Ha npoBoAHI{-

IIITe BbB BbpxoBere Ha paBHocrpaHeH TpI{brbJIHl,rK

143

i'l

iirL

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144 EJIEKTPPITTECKI,T ANAPATH. TIACT I

e [oKa3aHo Ha or,Fypara, npH KoeTo

(2.67) F1 : Frz cos 30o + Frs sin 30o : *r- * !rrt",

KbAero Fn u Fre ca cu.Er,rre MexAy rrpoBo4rnry/']e l-2 u l-3 pa3noJroxeHn Ha pa3c-TolrHHe o, B KoLITo tlporl,Iqar roKoBe, Qasono r,BMecreHn Ha brb.rt 2r f S,onpeAenenr{ c

r,€pa3a (2.62) (npn annca Ha areplroAr,rrrHa cbcraBKa Ha rora).Anarpl3lt Ha H3pa3a Q.67) [oKa3Ba, qe cranama F1 ce usj4eHa c &enoea \ecmoma

2w, rcamo eoneJvruHama it ce onpedena c eercrnopa OA, onuc6at4 noKasaHama Ha

Que. 2.35 orqoxnocm.Anartoru.rnfi ca cnnturr'e, gefimnarqr.r Bbpxy npoBogHr{rd[Te 2u3, Ho re ca r.BMecreHr{

BbB BpeMero r,r npocrpaHcrBoro clprrMo cunara F1.

2.4. EJTEKTPOAHHAMHTTHA yCTOIqABOCT

Enertpo4luaMuqHure cunr ilp4 K.c. ca 3Haqrreruu Lr Morar Aa pa3pyr.uar EA. Enerc-mpoduna-tvtuqHema ycmortuuoocrn Ha EA e cnocodnocmma nry 0a usboptrca 6es noepe\u,[exaHuqHomo Defrcmaue Ha cunama npu KpamKoape.rileHHomo dertcmlue Ha moK Ha

r.c. KoauqdcrseHo rs ce lr3pagtBa qpe3 HoMr,rHaJreH ToK rra eneKTpoAr{HaMr{qHa yc-toft'rusoc-r i"o, npegctaBnsBaul Haft-rollsMara c:roiisocr Ha roKa Ha K.c., npH rofiroHe HasrbnBar Mexanl{qufi noBpeAu. Tq vo)Ke Aa ce H3pa3r,r l.l qpe3 roeQuqueHT Ha

eneKTpoAnHaMHqHa yctoftvnuoct, rofiro e orHorueufie Ha roKa Ha eneKTpogunaMr,rqnaycrofivunocr n aMrurnryAHara crofisocr Ha HoMHHaTHHs roK:

(2.68) kea:tfzl*

Hoprusaanutr roK uar,r xoeQnqrreHT Ha eneKrpoAr,rHaMuqna ycroftvr,rBocr caBaxHlrAaHHI,I npr,r ua6op ua EA, KoHTo ce o6rsssar or npor,r3Bo4rrets. Ycnoeuerno sa enev-mpodunatvuqHaycmort,{ueocm na EA e

(2.6e) iq2 iya,

KbAero iro e ygapnuat (uarcuuaaHnar) ToK Ha K.c. Ha Bepr{rara, B Kosro EA rpx6naga pa6otrn. Ygapwtxt tor, Kofiro ce r{3nor3Ba 3a r.r3rrncJrcBaHe Ha MaKcHMaJrHr,rrectoffuoctl,r Ha eneKTpoMHaMHqHHTe ctrru, e:

- 3a e4toQa:nr.r EA iro: kynl*;

- 3arpuQa:nn EA iyA : kyol*",Kb,qero I*" oaMflnr,rryArrara croflniocr Ha cr{Mer-puqHara cbcraBKa ua tpuQa:H[s roK rra K.c., Karo u3rrncJreHr{rra ce orHacrr 3a

cpeAnara Qa:a, 3a Korro ce nonyqanar Hafi-roneMn cvnt4.

i"o

1452. E IEKTPOMHAMI4qHU Ct4lrr4

flplr rOaer'rll HOMI{HaIHI{ TOKOBS TOKOBI'ITS KOHTyp_H na EA npeACTaBJISBaT CHO11 oT

napanenHH npOBoAHI{IIll (nareT r'r luHHI'I TI'III "caHgBl'Iu") c MaJIKI'I pa3slosHl'It noMe)KAy

,*. n TO3r{ Cnyqafi ocneu SHJILITe MexcAy 111I'IHnTe Ha oTAenunrc Qaara tpx6na Aa ce

B3eMaTnpeABIrAHCHJIHTeMexAyoTAenH}ITenpoBoAH}IIs{BcHona'KoI,IToMoraTAa6rAat 3HaqI'ITerHI{ (ncnegctnue Ha MaJTKLITe parctoxnua)'

fIpU UeuucJItBaHe Ha eneKTpoAHHaMHrIHaTa ycToftqusocT Ha EA ce oTqtITaT Ao-

nyCTHMI,ITe MexaHuqHI{ HanPe)KeH]?l'- A ocO6esoc-rHTe Ha pa3JII'IqHI{Te MaTepuaJII{ Ha

*L".''py**sra. Taxa Harp. nopqenallbr LIMa FotIqMa MexaHIttIHa cKocr (gonyctt4trlo

HanpexeHne) npu HarHcK' Ho He H3Abp)Ka Ha oIIbH I'I Ha orbBaHe'

or soprrly nu (2.48), (2.57) u (2.66) c.neABa, qe cunl'Ire npn roK c l4HAycrpvlartH

qecToTa 50Hz cbAbpxaT npoMeHnI{BI'I KoMnoHeHTI'I c qecToTa 5OHz u 100H2' Aro

cO6ctnenaTa MexaHI{qHa qecTOTa Ha role$asne Ha npOBOAHI'IquTe' Ha eneMeHTI4Te I'I Ha

KOHcTpyKIII{sTa KaTo qJlno cbBnaAa VJtu e 6lugra Ao qecToTrate 50 n 100H2 HastbnBa

JilexaHu4eH peSoHaHc. TOsa e IBKJIK)qI4T9JIHO Bpe$IO u onacHo tBJleHI{e 3a eneKTpo-

&rHaMuqgata yclofiquBogT, npI,I KoeTO 3a gOC;9AOBaTeJIHI'I nepgg,4r Ha U3MeHeHI{e Ha

cuJraTa CTaBa HaTpy[BaHe Ha MeXaHI4qHa eHepl'uxunu6paqt,tr Ha npOBOAIU'IquTe H KOH-'

cTpyKrtrnnT a, vr Tfl. MOXe Aa ce pa3pyuu. MexauluunTe HanpexeHl'Lt B npoBoAHI'Iq[ITe

npu pe3oHaHc MoraT Aa 6nAa,r MHOrO no-roneMl,I OT Te3H, AbnxatIII{ ce Ha MaKcuMan-

nara crOftnogT Ha CItJIaTa 6'T TOKa Ha K.C., t.e. EA MoX(e Aa Ce pa3pyllln OT ToK MHOro

nO-MaJIbK OT TOKa Ha eneKTpoAuHaMuqHa ycroftul{BgcT npg nl4nca Ha pe3oHaHc'

3a r.rs6qrsaHe Ha MexaHHr{eH pe3oHaHc ce ilpenopbqBa co6Ctsenata qecToTa Ha

ToKoBoAf,rIItIrI KoHTyp Aa 6bAe noR 40Hz vngHaA 150H2' flpeguounTa ce qecToTaTa

Aa e IIoA 4OHz, trfi xaro npr4 qeCTOTI,I I{aA 150H2 e Bb3MO)KeH pe3OHaHc CbC CUnU',

cb3AaAeHH OT BI,ICIIIH XapMoHI',IqHI{ B KpI{BaTa Ha roKa'

Co6mseuaTa MexaHI,IrIHa secToTa /s Ha Kone6aHue Mo)Ke ga 6rge onpeAeneHa

caMo 3a H{KolI npocTlr cHcTeMu.

Aro nponoArrr,rKbT Ce pa3rnex(Aa KaTo 3aII'bHaTa B ApaTa cll Kpafi rpeAa' noA-

JIOxeHa Ha AefiCTBUeTo Ha I{3MeHrIUda Ce BtB BpeMeTO eneKTpOPrHaMI'IqHa CUJIa

F(t) : Fo sin 2wt,roorKnoHeHu ero y(t,r) na rpeAaTa cnpuMo paBHoBecHoTo iI nono-

XeHHe (npu f' : 0) ua pa3srorlHlle r oT e4taTa onopa ce onLIcBa c AIrQeperilS'IaIHoTo

ypaBHeHue

(2.70)

Peurenneto Ha ypaBs. Q,/O) 3aBHcI4 oT HaqI4Ha Ha 3aKpenBaHe Ha KpaHuIaTa Ha

rutrHaTa KbM onoputo 1t"tpgo, cBo6oAHo, cMeceHo), roeto ce oTpa3tBa Bbpxy ctoft-

HocrLITe Ha KOeQuqIteHTa Ha 3aTLIxBaHe ,\. Ha Qnr. 2'36 ca noKa3aHH HaquHI'I Ha

3aKpenBaHe Ha uI[HI,ITe B eneKTpl{qecKl',I TA6na 3a HH'

Erfu + M4 + x+: r,(r).dra dfio CIr

L

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146 ENEKTPT,IqECKI4 ANA PAT?I. qACT I

3a co6crseHara qecrora Ha6aHue Ha urr{HaTa fo ce nonyrraBa

KOJIE-ffi M,#HFa 6 B e.lr)(Dlnr. 2.36. 3arpennane Ha [rHHr{Te B eneKTpH_qecKrr ra6aa HH: a - rBbpAo; 6 _ cso6ogHo: n__-_B _ cMece'o u3HarreHxsra B ypaBH. (2.70) u eoprvr.

3a eAnHr.rrtra Abnx(HHa, kg/cm;7 - cneqre"JtJJl":1 X;r:#:::U;tr!:tffi;? : 8,9.10-3kg/cm3; d - pascrorHuero MerAy oroprrre, u^; E - MoAynbr Haenacrr{rrHocr 3a MarepHana Ha ruuHara, kg/cm3. 3a MeATa E : r32.l04kg/an3; J _I'IHepl*loHHI'IJtr MoMeHT Ha ceqeHl,rero Ha r[nuara, crn4. 3a nrunn c npaBobrbJrHo ce-

- b3hqeHHe J : :;cma 1b, h - urrapoql,Ina ta Bucor{t,tua Ha ceqenr{ero Ha uuurara); g -ceqeHHero Ha IUHHara, crrl2i k - roeQKI[.IerrT, 3aBncerq or Haq[rHa Ha 3aKpenBage Haru'Hara. flpn nenogpr)r*o (rarpgo) 3aKpereHa rrrr.rHa k - 1L2.

or Qoprtr ' (2.71) cJIeABa, qe co6crneHara MexaHr,rrrHa trecrora /s 3aBlrcr{ cbrrle-

ffff" or pa3crotHl{ero d rvrexgy oflopnTe u cneAoBarerHo Moxe recHo Aa ce r.r3-

3a no-toqHo o[peAe nsle u Hg6srnaHe na o6racrra Ha pe3oHaHc Ha npoBoAHHrs{Tece BbBe*Aa rcoeQu4ueHm Ha ilexaHuqHo Hamosap^aHe npu pesonanc vo

(2.72)

KbAero F'e AefimBl'ITerHara cllna npa Harrdqne Ha pe3oHauc; F - cr{Jrara, AeftcrsauaBbpxy npoBoAlrr.rKa npn nnflca Ha pe3oHaHc.

Ha Sur' 2-37 e noKa3ana 3aBuctrMo iira Vo u e o3natrexa o6aacrra Ha pe3oHaHca

oToTHouIeHHeTod,fR,xrgero":-tlffi@_2,rf)[94].IIpr,rnpoeKTI4paHesa EA ragr o6'nacr rpe6na Aa ce nz6srsaqpe3 H3MeHeHr{e Ha pa3crorH}rero d r"rex<gyonopltre Ha orAenHltre UIuHI'I I,I Ha [poBo4rr4,ITe B flaKera (npn urnnr rfin ..caHABr{g").

HegasHcuMo or HarpaBeHIlTe H3qr{creHr.rx npa npoeKT}rpaHero Ha EA enercmpo-duna'uu'anama ycmo'finueocm ce onpedens no onum"n nu*.3a qer1ra ce r{3[on3BarcneqHanHl'I 3axpaHBalqu yctpoficrBa u H3lurrBarenHlr creHAose. HscaeABaHrlsra ca BcborBercrBlae c In3IIcKBaHI{tra Ha craHAapra u o6xnaular: BI{.qa Ha anapara, H9MH-HanHvIs' ToK' ToKa u FlHEa Ha Kbcoro cbe,4rHeHue (e4no ra rpr.IQasHo, cr.rMerprdqHo 1a

HecuMerP?IrrHo H gp.), SasoB brbJr, BpeMerpaeHe r{ 4p. HsnmBaggqra Morar Aa cenpoBeAar n c'bc cHHycoI4AaneH ToK Karo ce orqere roeQraqueHTa Ha yAapHo geficruue- Qopr"r' (2.56). Bpervreto Ha K.c. rpr6na Aa e Aocrarbqgo 3a eBegryaJr'a no{Ba Hape3oHaHc H HarpynBaHe Ha MexaHllsHa eHeprnc 3a HsKOlrKo nocneAoBareJrHr,r nepHoAaHA TOKA.

,kJo: E

6t,Vo : -Fr,

EJ'Yq

2. EJTEKTPOAI4HAMnqHr CW IM

t 2,24\45 3 3,55 4 5,T2 6.12 7 p/R

(Dur.2.37. Koe$raqneHT Ha Mexanr{rrHo HaroBapBaHe rpfl pe3onamc%

flo nper're Ha K.c. ce BnotuaBar Mexanr.rqurrre KaqecrBa Ha npotsoAlrlrlryrre I{ Apy-rrfre KoHcTpyKTr{BHn eJreMeHTH BqrreAcTBHe Ha [oBr,nuaBaHe Ha TeM[epaTypaTa I4M.

Bc-negcrnue Ha roBa B nocneAHo BpeMe B cborBercrBr{e c u3ncKBaHero Ha craHAap-THTe ycrofi.rnBocrra na EA cflpsMo roKa Ha K.c. ce orrpeAe.lrs KoMrrneKcHo qpe3

npoAbDKHTeJrHocr na geficrnnero My or 1 s. flo rosu Haqr,rH ce orrruTa e4roBpeMenHoTepMurrHara n eneKTpoAl{HaMr{qHara ycrofiuunosr na EA.

2.5. HflKQII NPNIOX(E,IilUfl, HA EJIEKTPOAHHAM}ITIHI{TE CVIIII4

,[eficrnuero Ha eneKTpoI{uHaMr,rqHHTe cnnu Bbpxy EA e ue6aaronpurrHo I,I HaMarcBaMexaunqHara aM ycroftuunocr npr{ ToK Ha r.c. Yueaoro rnnon3BaHe Ha re3rr clrJru or[poeKTaHTn u KoHcrpyKTopr{ BoIu Ao rcBecrHo npeoAonsBaHe Ha He6laronpn.flTHorottt"t geficture H Ao gb3AaBaHe Ha none3Hlr MexaHn3MI,I pI TexHonorlrqHl{ upordecl{.

Enerrpo4rHaMriqHara cnila, Abnxaula ce Ha cBuBaHero Ha roKoBLITe JrnHr.rI{ B

KoHTaKTHo cbe.qr{HeHr.re (Qnr. 2.L6),Qopr"r. (2.33), KaKTo r,r eBeHTyilJrHo BcneAcrBue Ha

Qopr"ram HaroKoBr{rr KoHTyp e Hacoqeua cpeqy KoHTaKTnaracuila.Heflinoro.qefictnnee He6aaronpurrHo, rrfi raro r.f, Moxe Aa npeAl.r3Br.rKa caMonpon3BonHo r,BKmoqBaueH 3aBaprBaHe Ha KoHTaKTHLrre rena npr.r roK Ha K.c. 3a Hs6srsaHe Ha ro3n BpeAeHeQerr ce n3not3Bar pa3nr.rrrur{ HarrLrHH 3a Ko}tneHcupave Ha cunume na omdnacKeaHee KoHmcncrnHume cucme.t tu - Qnn. 2.38.

Pa:geaxHero Ha roKa B ABa naparrenHn KJroHa (Srn". 2.38a)cb3AaBa KoMneHcr4paqa

eneKTpotrryIHaMlrrrHa cuna F"o Ha npr,rrncKaHe Ha KoHTaKTHT{Te reJra. Tosn eQerr ceycnnBa B po3erKoBl{Te KoHTaKTHr,r CbelurHeEl,rs, Kor,rTo I4MaT noBeqe oT ABa napanenHr4KJIoHa. flporuuarqnre B Ttx roKoBe gb3AaBar cr,rJrr.r Ha npnrncKaHe Me)N(ry HenoA-BuxHHTe r,r nol[BlrxHr.rre KoHTaKTHr,r rera. Ha $nr. 2.386 cmara Ha or6arcKBaHeB KoHTaKTHoro cbelp{HeHr4e ce KoM[eHcnpa qpe3 evrra Ha npnTr{cKaue, o6ycronena

147

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Page 75: EA - u4ebnik

i

I

I

148 EMKTP}IqECKH ANAPATI,I. YACT I

a68(Dnr. 2-38. Kounencupaue Ha. cI{Jrr{Te ua or6.rrrcKBarre B KoHTaKTHure cr{creM[: a - qpe3pa3AensHe Ha ToKa B ABa [apaJreJrHlr KrroHa; 6 - vpea floAxoAsrqa Qoprvra Ha roKoBur Korrryp;B - qpe3 r.r3non3yBane na Qepof,iarHr.rrHr{ nracruuu

or noAxoAru{a oopMa Ha roKoBr.rrr KoHTyp. Ha @ur. 2.3gB e noKa3aH npHMep 3aKoMneHcaLUcs (MarIilTHa KJltoqanKa) qpe3 nograBsHe Ha croMaHeHu nJracrnnvt 1,2oKotlo roKoBoAqIIIHTe urIlHH 3, 4. ElertpolgHaMl,rrrHara cwra e roJrsMa, BcneAcrBlreHa HaManeHoro cbnporl{BneHne rro nbrf Ha MarHHTHr.rff noroK O, npu Koero rg yBe-rugaBa KoHTaKTHara cfiJra. Ttfi raro B croMaHeur.rre rr.lracrwm]4rrpu npoMeH;rr{B rroroKHMa toJIeMH aKTHBHI{ zary6n, rona penreHne ce npunara caMo npu nocroffHeg ToK riJrn

a6B@nr. 2.39. Elextpogt'IHaMHqHIT cHJtH 3a MarHufiro npoAyxBane Ha eJreKrpr.rqecKa Abra: a - c

$epouarurzreH MarHr{ToupoBoA; 6 - ctc cepuftua HaMorKa; B - c nocro.f,HeH MaFHur

2. EIIEKTPOAI4H AMI4IIHV Ckt Itrl 149

npH KparKoTpaeH pexl{M.Eaerrpo4,rHaMlrqlrara cvnt oclrnypsBa raKa HapeqeHoro ,taeHumHo npodyxeane

u eaceHe Ha eneKmpuqecKa Ooea e ,tvoeo euAoee Koivrymaquonnu EA.I4ntengnsnata

KorrBeKrlr{r npn 6rpaoro ABr.rxeHr{e Ha Abrara B oKoJIHara cPeAa (nl:gyx, eleras)

ocuryptBa neftnoto yracBaHe.

Ha Qrar. 2.39 ca noKa3aHr,r eAHr{ or naft-paanpocrpaHelrl.ITe Haq}IHH 3a MaTHHTHO

[poAyxBaHe na grrara B KoMyrar{uoHH}I aflaparu ga HH.(DepouarugTeH MarHHTorpoBoA 3 oroao AbroBara Mex(I['rHa (Sur. 2.39a)Kalraru-

SVPA U yCHnBa MaFHr{THOTO nore }r Cb3Aa.qeHaTa eJIeKTpOAI'IHaMUqHa CI'Ura e AOC-

TaTbqHa npH roneMH ToKoBe 3a MarHImHo IIpOAyXBaHe U yracBaHe Ha l{braTa.

MarnurHoro [poAyxBaHe Hafi-.recto

ce tb3AaBa oT HaMOTKa C MarHI{TOnpo-

BoA, B roiiro nporuqa roKbr Ha l{brara(cepr.rftna Hauotra) - Qnr. 2.396. flpu[poMeHnr{B ToK eQextnnuata ctoftnoctHa eneKTpoAHHaMI,IqHaTa CHJra Ce onpe-

Eens. c 6opr"r. (2.5L), B Kotro Qaeo-Brllr brbn g 3anncu or aKTItBHl,ITe aary6r,r

B MarnnronpoBoAa. Ha Qnr. 2.39n npo-

AyxBaHero ce cb3AaBa qpe3 BbpteHe Ha

Ifbl'ara oKono KoHTaKTHaTa C]ICTeMa oreneKTpoAHHaMI{qHaTa cuna, KaTo Mar-HnTrroro none ce rtr6yxAa or nosrosHeuMaFHr,rr unu ceprfina HaMorKa.

EnexrpognuaMllqHar a cvila ce lrsnoll-3Ba H 3a yracBaHe Ha AbraTa BbB BaKyyM-HHTe npeKbcBatrn. Paguaruoro Ilnu aKcI,I-

anHo MarurrrHo noJle, geficrnaqo Bbpxy

Abrara ce nr:6y;rga qpe3 cneqnaJrHu

Qopvrr.r Ha KoHTaKTHnte 'rena [ ].EaertpoguHaMHrIHLIT e cunt4ce LI3[or-

3Bar B 6npsogeftc'rBarrln H3KrIIoqBaIqpI

MexaHr,r3MH Ha aBToMarHqHrr npeKbcBaqHsa HH - Qnr. 2.40. fieircrBr,rero nM e

npaKTnqecKu [ponopqnoHanHo u 6esu-HepTHO CnprrMo ToKa Ha K.c. r,r Te ce :agefi-cTBar 3a BpeMe noA 5 ms, T.e. npeAu ro-KbT Aa AOCTr{rHe MaKCUMarHaTa CH CtOfi-HocT. flo rosu Harrlrn Te orpaHnqaBarTOKa Ha K.c. u 3arrllrTaBaT Bepr,rraTa u

ropHo cB6p3BaHe

AbroracsTerHaraMePa

na:rreEepnpaqaIl'toqanolpHx.eH KoETaKTxopEycpeueTKa

ManrlrToqpoBoA

cBbP3BarleHA I{3KJIIOIIBATEI'

(Dur. 2.40. EnexrpogttHaMuqHu H3Krloq-BaTeJIHH MeXaHII3MI,I Ha aBTOMaTIIITHH npe-

KbcBaqr HH: a - lr3KrrcqBaHe qpe3 or6atc-KBaHe Ha qacrr{ or roKoBHfl KoHTyp; 6 - ug-

KJrroqBaHe.rpee or6atcKBaHe u 3aBbprane Ha

NOABH)KH}ITC KOHTAKTHI{ TEJIA

Page 76: EA - u4ebnik

150 ENEKTPI,IYECKI,I ATIAPATI4. TIACT I

BKrtoqeHHTe KbM Het ycrpofictsa or eneKTpoAurraMr.rrrHoro r{ TepMurrHoro ny 4eii-CTBHC.

Ha Sur. 2-4oa e rloKa3ana npltnlpmHa KoHcrpyKTuBHa cxeMa Ha eneKTpoAr{HaMrr-r{eH H3KnrcrIBauI MexaHH3bM. flpn flpornqane Ha roK Ha K.c. ce [onyqaBa ronsMaeneKTpoAI{HaMI4qHa cl{na Ha ot6ancxnalre MexAy roKoBoAr[Irl qacru I u 2, KorronpeoAot{Ba cI{JIara Fr na npy)il{Hara. KoutarrHl{Te rena K ce orBaprr g ocraBarl{3KllloqeHu, TbFt Karo Aeraftirt 3 ce npeuecrBa Harope l,t norraga Ha rl:AaAeHus yqac-trr 4.

Ha QHr. 2-406 nplr K.c. Bbprtulnre ce KoHTaKTHr.r rera c.@oftHo npeKbcBage ceot6arcrsar or eneKTpoAI,IHaMI4rrHara cvJran N4peKTHo r,r3KJrroqBar Bepurara 3a oKoJrol-2ms.

B nparrrlKara HaMI4par npl,Ino)KeHne pa3nr,rrlHri BrrAoBe enennpo1uHa-ivuqHu.tve-

1,0

o,75

0,5

o,?5

u ru oo 90 tzo 150 190 B,

B

@ur. 2.41. Eaertpo4I{HaMI{qHI{ Mexanr{3Mr{ Ha JroroMerpn: a * c noABr,rxHrr HaMorKr.r pa3-[ollo)KeHu noA brbn; 6 - c nenoABI{iKlrI{ B3ar{MHorIepneHAr{KynspHH HaMorKr.r; B - KplBr.r HaMOMeHTa B 3aBncnMocT oT brbna Me)KAy ocuTe Ha HaMOTKnTe

o

M

P:1,5

2. EJIEKTPOru,IHAMI4 qHT4 CVI IM

xaHusrtu Karo KoHTaKTHr,r penera (rorouu, BarMerpuqHI,I H Ap.) u I€MepBareJIHa

'anaparfi (auneprvrerpn, BarMerpu, noroMerpn, Qa:ouerpn I.I AF.). Te npeAcraBnl-

Bar nolpr,txHl{ H HenoABI,DKHI{ HaMorKI{ c npaBobrbrna, Kpbrna flnn Apyra Qoprvra,pa3nono)KeHn eAlrr,r cnpsMo Apyrpr Ha H3BecTeH brbJr.

Ha Qur.2.4la, 6 ca roKa3aur.r e${n or Hafi-npocrure KonsrpyKrryn, LBnoJBBaHT{

Karo eJreKrpolryruaMurrHr,r norouetpu [ 17 ].Eaerrpo.4traMnrrrttffT MoMeHT MexAy [oABI{x(Hrre I,I HenoAFI,DKHItre HaMorKIr

3aBucr.r or npornqarr$Tre B Tf,x roKoBe, or Qoprvrara I{ pa3Meplrre rr"r. Ha Q2t.rr...2.4lnca noKa3aHr,r B oruocnTerrilr eArlHr,rs{ Kpr,rBr,ITe Ha MoMgHTa M sa eneKTpo,w{rraMr{qeu

Mexanfi3bM c Kpbrnu HaMorKH B 3aBr{crlMocr or brbJra B vre>xgy ocnre nM fipu pa3-

rnqHn croftnoc"rn Ha napaMe. bpap: I/dz (nx<. Snr. 2.41a). flpn roaeuu ctofinocruna p (Lrl < p ( 2) xprnnre Ha MoMeHTa ce Ao6rnxaBar Ao HaqepraHara cHIrycoLIAa

sin B n ilpH B : r /2roft npugo6nsa l{aicl'lMilrlHa srofinoc:r.Eaerrpo.4nuaMr.rrrHrrre cwrlz' ca B ocHoBara Ha utaeHumourtnyncHama o6pa6omrca

Ha rtemanume.flptmrsmbr na geficrnne ce cbcrolr B lrngyKTlrpaHe Ha BuxpoBl,r roKoBe

B npoBoAsqa o6pa6orBaHa Merarrna cpeAa or npoBolrywK tlrua HaMorKa (rHgyrtop),B Kosro nporr{qa npoMeHru[B ror. Ererrpolp{HaMuqHara cruIa Mexgy IrHAyKTopa llBru(poBr,rre roKoBe e cvna na or6-nncKBaHe. Aro rorrr B r,IHItyKTopa e c MHoro ro-rtMa Hrrren3r,rBnocr H c KparKa upo.qbn)sreJrHocr (roronu uunyrcr), npoMeHn'I{Boro

eneKTpoMarHrrHo none e c ManKa Au6oqnua Ha npoHnKBaHe B MeraJIa. Eaertpogr,r-HaMusuara cma ce npoflBsBa Karo noBbpxHocrno Haagraue Bbpxy Merana l,r aKo rofi e

c ManKa Ae6eanna, To nonyqeHoro HiLntrraHe e Aocrarbqno 3a HeroBara nrexauuqna o6-pa6orra (cnrp:nane Ha MaJrKu gerafiiu, @opr"ronaue, roQpupane, npr.rrucKaHe BbpxyHenpoBoAxlglu Aerafinv r,r Ap.).

flpunrgrnnara cxeMa Ha eneKTpnqecKara Bepura 3a Marnriro-llMnyncna o6pa6otrae noKa3aHa na Qnr. 2.42a.

KougensaropHara 6arepr.u 3 ce eapexga c neo6xo4rMoro Korn{qecrBo eneKTpH-qecKa eHeprurl or H3ToqHr,rKa I n roKorlsnpaBlarers, 2. Kor"rytaropbr 4 s xerlaHnMoMeHTr{ ce BKrrorrBa r.r ce Qoprvl.rpa roKoB HMnyrc, flpornqarq B r{HAyKTopa 6, rofito

'@Nffi

Qur.2.42. Kuvr uarHnrHo lrMnyncHara o6pa6orKa Ha MerarHT€: a - npr{Hrlr{nHaeJreKTpr{qecKaBepnra; 6 - cnrpenane Ha MeraJrHn rpl6n

151

lliili1l,il. l'l

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Page 77: EA - u4ebnik

t52 EJIEKTPI4TTECKI4 ANAPATI4. YAST I

o6pa6orna no Marrlrro-EMnynceH nbr Aetafira 5. BpervreroncraHTara Ha roKoBvrfrwM-

nync ce onpegenff or Kauarsrrera C sa 6arepuma lr uHAyKTr{BHocrra L ua wngyKTopa.

3a uoayvaBaHero Ha rorreMr.r r,rMnyncn rpr6na Aa ce n3noJnBar Kbcu eKpaHHpaHIr

TOKOBT,T KOHTypr{ C rOrItMO CeqeHr,re.

Ha Qr,rr. 2.426 Karo rprMep e noKa3auo cBbp3BaHero rra .me MeraJrHI{ tpt6u no

MeroAa c ManHr4To-r.rMnyncua o6pa6orra.

rflABA TPETA

EN E KTPOMATH HTH U CUCTE M 14

3.1. OCHOBHII TIOJIO)KEHI{fl

Enercrnpo*taeHumHume cucrneJvu (EMC) ca HaKou eudoee EA unu aa)KHu mexHu c6c-

maeHu qacmu. Ocnoenume KoHcmryKtnueHu ene.IvteHrnu Ha ecgKa EMC ca eneKmpu-

qecKama eepuea (morcoeuarn KoHmyp) u naeuumonpoeodom-Elerrpn recKara Bepnra ce cbsrolt or eAHa uJrI,I noBerre HaMorKH (6o6nm), cBbp-

3aHH noMex.Ay ctl rro onpeAeJreH HaqLrH (nocaegonareJlHo, flapanenno, cueceuo).

Bcsxa HaMorKa cb4bpx<a eAHa Hnu rroBeqe HaBI{BKI,I, c onpeAenena Qoprua, ceqe-

rrne, Marepuan (naft-vecro eJreKTpoJrrdrHa MeA n rlo-ptt4(o anyMrHllfi) n usoaalryIs.

ErerrpuvecKara Bepura cnyxv ga sra6yAra MaTHHTHo nore n EMC npu npornqaHe

Ha roK. B sgrou cnyuaft nonsro ce nn:6yxrAa or nogrosHeu MaTHI,IT I'IJrH cMeceHo

(nocroxnelr MarHur I{ HaMorKI{ c ror).MarnnronpoBoAbr sa EMC n safi-

o6rq cnyuafi npegcraBrsBa cpegata (uan

cpe,4me) oKono ereKTpuqecKara BepI,IFa

c roK onpeAensula rlbrg, no roftto ce

3arBapq MaTHI,ITHI{xr noroK*. Hafi-.reqroo6aqe Marnl{TonpoBoltbr (urn ot,qelnuHeroBIr yuactrqu) e ot QepoMarHltreHMarepnan, Tbfr raro roft KaHaJILI3[Ipa H

yBenI,IrIaBa MarHurHI,Itt noToK, c Koero ce

nogo6prna eQernmnocrra na EMC.Ifpoqecnte Ha HaMarHrrBaHe u

pa3Maru[TBaxe Ha QeporvranurrxureMaTepuann ca xeo6parnrvua. Te rrMarcneAHrrTe ocHoBHIr xapaKTep[cTlrKrr.

l. Xucmepe3uceH I4uIG6n, rofito Mox(e

Aa 6rAe Hecr.rMerpnrreH, Ho no-qecro 6una cr{Merpnqen - Qur. 3.1. foleuuHara My ce

nporBsBa qpe3 ocrarbqnara (per"ranenrna) uarHutna HHAyKIIur^ B, npu HHTeH3I{Ter

Ha norero H : 0 (cneg npeABapr{TeJrHo HaManH}ITBaHe Ao MaKcI,IManHara HHAyKI${{

Ha Hacnqane Br) H KoepqHTvtBHLtfrT uHTeH3HTer H.za ITbJIHo pa3MarHI,ITBaHe Ha Mare-

'B geficrnureJrHocr 3arBopeHH ca JrHHr.rHTe Ha BeKTopa lra Mafl{I{Tnara I{HAyKIlHtr B (divB : 0).

florortr O e cxalapna BeJrr.rqnHa, Korro nMa caMo Kon[qecrBel{o LI3MepeH[e (O : [" EaA, Ho ryKKaKTO r.r B ApyrH TexHr{secKH AHcrIunnuHH B cboTBeTcTBrie c ycTaHoBI{JIaTa Ce }IcTopl{qecKa TpaA}IIIHt,ycnoBHo ce I{3noJI3Bar floHsrlttra "n6T" tt "3atBapflHe" Ha noroKa.

(Dur. 3.1. Cuuerpuueu xlrcrepe3l{ceH TIIIKbJI

ua Qepor,aarnnreH Marepnur

Page 78: EA - u4ebnik

154 EMKTPI4qECKI4 ATTAPATT4. qACT I

pvaila (B :0). Tpx6na Aa ce ot6eae;ru, qe nbJrHoro pa3MarHurBaHe Ha MarepganacneA HaMarril'ITBaHe e Bb3Mo)KHo caMo 3a H.flKon Qoprvrr.r Ha MarHr,rronpoBoAa (ceepa,eruncon4) nnu crrcA3arprBaHero My HaA TorrKara Ha Klopu.

B saencl.t'rocr or roneMr.rHara Ha xr,lcrepg3Hns rS,rKbJt eeporrrarHrrrHllTe Mare pvalrgce AeIST Ha:

- MaTHHTHo rBbpAlI, Koaro I{Mar ronsMa srofiHoc'r ua B, u H"u ce l{3non3Bar 3anocrorHHn MarHr{rH (sx. r.3.2.6);

- MarHI'ITHo MeKI{, Kotrro nMar MaJIKa crofiHocr na B, n H. u ce l{3[or3Bar 3aMarHr,ITOnpOBO.4r C nOCTOf, H eH llnn npoMeHnI4B IOTOK.

flpu qurnfiqHo npeHaMarHI{TBaHe Ha MarHuronpoBoAa roneMr{Hara (n.r1orqra) naxltcrepe3ldcHl'Is qnKbn onpeAenn zary6u B Marepnara, Kotrro ca nponopq?roHanHr{ HaqecToTaTa Ha noneTo.

2. KpueaHaHa.MaeHumoaHe,npeAcraBnrBarrla 3aBucr{Mo cna B(H). B sanucrrraocror ycnoBnsra Ha [onytraBaHero il r.s 6nna:

- KpHBa Ha nbpBoHaqiulHoro HaMarHr{TBaHe OnpeAeneHa npr.r MoHoroHHo Hapa-crBaHe Ha I'IHTeH3urera Ha norero or H : 0 Ao AocrnraHe Ha lrrrAyKrlr{.sra HaHacHuIaHe B" (ax. nyHKTnpaHara KpnBa il4ntts. na @r.rr. 3.1);

- ocHoBHa KpHRA Ha HaMarHarBaHe, npeAcraBncBarqa reoMerpHrrHo MSCTO Ha nOC-Te[eHHO pa3UHptBaIrIu ce xHcrepe3r,rcHr{ qr.{Kn[ Ao Aocr[raHe Ha [rr{AyKr[4sra HaHacHrIIaHe.

[nere KpHBI{ He ce ornuqaBar cbrr{ecrBeHo eAHa or Apyra. B nHxcenepgara [par]rKace u:|nor3Ba ocHoBHara KpuBa Ha HaMarHlITBaHe, KOf,TO Ce OnpeAenf, no onHTeH nbrnpfi nocTosHeH HrH npoMeHnHB noroK 3a pa3nl{qnr.r Qeporvrarnr{Tnlt MaTepnanl. AaAe-HI'ITe B cnpaBoqHara nlrreparypa AaHHr npeAcraBsr ra3u 3aBnclrMocr n rpaor,rqHa r,rnHra6rnqHa Qopr"ra H ce ornacsr 3a:

- MoMeHTHIlre crofrtroctl.l Ha HHAyKIIH flTa HrroJrero (u:noleuar ce 11pH rrocrotHeHI,rnH npoMeHnHB notor);

- MaKcI'tMaJrHara croftHoct Ha HHAyKLUuTa n eQexrHnuara crofiHocr Ha noJrero(y.qo6Ha 3a H3nor3BaHe rlpn cHHycoHAanHo H3MeHeHHe Ha re3g Berr{qng}r BbBnpeuero).

Kpunara Ha HaMarHI{TBaHe HMa orHocHTeJrHo cno)Keu HeJruHeeH xapaKTep - Sur.3.2I{ Ce CbcToH oT cne.ryrnTe ocHoBHI,I yqacTbqn:

- AoneH Herrr4HeeH yqacrbK (o6nacr na peaefi);

- cpeAeH rrnHeeH yqacrbK;

- KolIffHo Ha KpIrBaTa npeAc"TaBrsBaulo 6rp: npexoA oT aunefrHnc yqacrbK KbMo6lacrra Ha Hacnu{aHe;

B, tL,

)j3. EIIEKTPOMA|HI{THI,I CHCTEMI4 155

|tr"^oB"

Prn0

a68o/ur.3.2. Kpuna Ha HaMarHuTtsaHe Ha $epor*rarnureH MarepHajl^i a - o6ul nrA r{ 3aB[cr{MocT

pr(H); 6, B - onpocreno npeAcraBsHe

- o6aacr Ha Hacrflrlane, xapaKTeprcHparqa ce c orHoclrreJrno MaJrKo yBenuuaBaHe

Ha uHAyKrIrnTa npl{ ronsMo.yBeJrr{rraBaHe Ha r,rr{TeH3nTeTa Ha noJreTo. flpn:uauu-TeJTHO yBenuqaBaHe Ha r.rrrTeH3r{TeTa Ha nolleTo KPr,rBaTa Ha HaMarHI4TBaHe nPaK-

TuqecKr.r npeAcraBJurBa npaBa ilfimr4fl, ycnopeAHa xa a6cqucuara oc. HHgyrrgxraHa Hacr,rrrdate B" e pa3fl,rr{Ha 3a orAerHrdre BrrAone QeporvrarHr{THl{ Marepl{arn,Ho He npeBr,rruaBa npnMepHo 2-2,5T aa nafi-go6pnre or rtx.

flpn anaanr3a Ha EMC ce rmrron3na Qymr4.ronaJrno npeAcraBrrHe Ha Kpr{Bara Ha

HAMATHHTBAHE:

a) npu reoperntreH aHaJu{3 ce npeluroqnrar npocrnalaaJfirruqHl{ 3aBnct{Mocrn Karoauneifua, no qasrlr auneima (Qnr. 3.26) creneHHa n gp. flpu Marepl{ann c MHoro

MaJrKu eary6n Kpr{Bara ce vAeaJm3npa n ce rpeAcraBf BbB Br,rAa or Qnr. 3.2n.I,I:noagnat ce I{ 3Haqr{TenHo [o-cJIo)KHn aHarnrr{qHr,I 3aBucnMoctn (noarnouu,cre[eHnr,r r{ TpnroHoMerpr,rqHn peAoBe }r Ap.). rlecro n3noJBBaHa e Qynrqnxra

* : b(c+Fr), KbAero o,,b,cca KoHcraHTI,I, cnelg{Quurra 3a BceKI4 KoHKpe-

TeH MaTepr{an;

6) npn KoMrrrcTbpen aHanr.r3 ce rflnor3ear cnnafiH atrpoKcnMa:4ztn il Qymrgtr, ro-r{To r{HTerpanHo MHHr{Mru}upaT rpeIIIKaTa 3a ll_f,naTa KpHBa cupsMo onHTHr{re

pe3ynrarr,r Hanp. rro MeroAa c safi-ruamr,rre KBaAparH.

3. MaenumHa npoHuryaeJvtocm p, ilpeAcraBnrBarrla orHouenl,Ie Ha Marnuruara I{H-

,qyKl{'rr B n unren3rlTera Ha nolrero ,F/. BcaegmBne Ha uernneftuu.e xapaKTep Ha

KpI{Bara B(H) MarnrrrHara npoHrlqaeMocr 3aBuct4 crrrrHo or rrHAyKrII{rra (noaero)- Qnr. 3.2a.3a AaAeHa r. A or Kpr{Bara Ha HaMarHurBaHe ce onpeAentr cneAHHTe

BllAoBe MarHaTHr{ rrpoHurlaeMocTr{:

a) crauluHl Fce : BolHo - H3[or3Ba ce 11pn nocroflHHo MarHurHo none;

6) 4,urarrrnq*a pAA: LBolLHov 4lQepenIry?n4a p6o - dBoldH" - u3norl-3BaT Ce npE eIFOBpeMeHHO yrIaCTUe Ha nOCTOTHHO nOJIe C OnpeAeneH I,IHTeH3HTeT

B

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I

156 EJIEKTPHYECKI{ AIIAPATH. qACT I

cborBercrBalrl Ha r, Au npoMelurr{Bo none c no-MaJrbK LrHTeH3Idrer. Te cboT-BersrBar Ha npoMtnara Ha crpbMHocrra (tanreHtam) na Kpr.rBara Ha HaMarHr,tr-BaHe B r. A. Tpt6Ba Aa ce ot6erext,t, qe BcneAcrBue Ha Hennneful,tre npoqecuH3MeHeHnero Ha ManHlITHaTa lrHAyKrs.rs IIpH yBenr{qaBaHe H HaMaJrrBaHe Ha npo-MeHJII,IBOTO [OJre CTaBa nO qacreH xr,IcTepe3r,IceH rs{Kbn Ha ocHoBHaTa KpI{Ba Ha

HAMATHNTBAHE.

B o6ttt cayvaft pc t' Fa * tta Aopn H 3a'rwrnefrwrx yuacrnK or Kpr{Bara Ha HaMar-HHTBAHE.

Br'recto geftctnuteruara qecro lrbrr{ ce H3rron3Ba orHocurengara Marrrnrrra qpo-Hl-ilIaeMocr ltr : lt/l.to, KbAero po : &r.l}-z H/m e MarutrrHara npour{qaeMocr rra

BaKyyMa (npartnuecKlr paBHa Ha ra3u Ha Bb3Ayxa u Apyrnre [apa- H EraMarHurur{BelqecrBa). Ha $nr.3.2a e uro6paseHa 3aBncr{Mosrra pr(H). flpn uarHrrHr,r noJrerac MIIJIbK I.IHTeH3HTeT HaqanHara MarHr.rrHa npoHr.ilIaTerHocr prna,a e oT [opnAbKa Ha

HtKoJrKo AecerKlt l{nr crorr.fl$,r. flpn yBennqaBaHe Ha flonero pr HapacrBa, Karo B

nwsefrntns yqacrbK pr - const H Aogrlrra MaKcr,rMaJrHa crofinocr Frmax, Korrro 3a

KpI{Bara Ha HaMaFHI,ITBaHe p, 6rpso HaManffBa t,r KJroHr,r KbM eAr,rHrrqa, T.e. nps cnnHoHacl{IrdaHe Ma"epHanbT HaMaJr{Ba QeporvrarnurHr,rTe cI,I KasecrBa u ce go6nuxaBa Aonapa- u AHaMarHr,rTHr4Te MaTepr{anil.

go

50

45

N

35

30

E

20

0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 IB,T

(Dun. 3.3. 3asucuMocr Ha brbJra ua aary6ureor Marur.{THara rruAyKrlt4,rr.3a eAuH ang $epo-MaTHHTeH MaTepHan

flpt't uporvrenJrr{B floroK, oco6eao npuBUCOKa qegroTa, BcneAcTBI{e Ha aKTHB-

Hnre 3ary6[ stn QepouarnurHn Mare-puaJru r.rHAyKrs,rqTa r,r noneTo rre ca BbB

@aaa. Aro re ca (unu ce nplreMar sa) cn-IIyCOHAanH[ Benr,rqr,rHr{, xtlcTepeSacHrrflT

IIUKbn Ce npeAcTaBs c eJrHnca, a Man-

HHTHaTa npoHr,rqaeMocT - c KoMUreKcHo.rI,IcJro 1t : pr,e-i? : Lrr-il.L2 - pcosg-ip,sing. Peannara [\ il wMatvnepHara

l-12 C'bClABKIn Ha KOM[JIeKCHaTa MarH[THanpoHHqaeMocT cboTBeTcTBaT Ha aKTr,IB-

HOTO MarHr{THO CbnpOTr,rBJreHn e v Ha 3ary-6nre n Marr{r.rronpoBoga (nx. r. 3.2.4).brr.nnt ua sary6ut e g : ur"tg9 sarlactl

lttor I{HAyKrI4sra. Ha Qr.rr. 3.3 e npeA-

15 t-0,01 o,g2

craBeHa rpaQrauno 3aBI.IcI,IMocrra g@) 3a eAr{H nr.rg SepoMaFrrHTeH Marepr,ran, orKbAeTO Ce Br,rXAa, qe KpEBaTa e c MaKcHMyM.

4. Teunepamypa (mourca) ua Krcpu, HaA Kosro Marepranute ry6m Qeporvraruur-HHTe ca csoftctna. Ha @r,rr. 3.4 e noKa3aua 3aBncuMocrra Ha orHocnTeJrHara Mar-

3. E JIEKTPOM ATH}ITHVI CI,,E| EMU

Hr{THa [poHIlI{aeMon lt, ot a6co-nrorHara

reMneparypa T Ao roqKara Ha Ktopn

7i. Haft-wcoKa e roqKara na Kropn sa

ro6allt - Tc : L400K' 3a )Kens3o -Tc :1043K, 3a HHKer -T" :631K-

Hsrou BLIAoBe Qepouanl{THu Mare-

pva.rM (teprvrorraarnrmuu) llMar oTHocI{-

TCJIHO TOJIffMA 3ABHC}IMOCT HA MAT-

Hrnrnara npoul{qaeMocr (ctupotuueHlle)npnreMneparJ(pu,6fl{eru.qoreMnepary- (Dur. 3.4. 3anucuvocr Ha orHoc}trerrHara

para Ha oKonHara cpeAa. ?Ignor:sar ce 3a ManHufiIa trpoHlrqaeMocr Ha $epouanruten

KOMneHCaIdI{I,I Ha H3MeHeHHe Ha XapaKTe- MaTepl{an oT reMnepaTypaTa

pucrr,rKr,rre na ympoficrBa or reMfiepary-para (rn:uepBarenHl,I anaparu, cen3oplr lI Ap.).

5. MaenumocrnpuKquama fipe4ctaBrqBa E3MeHeHLIe Ha pa3MepuTe Ha Qepor'rar-Hr4THoro rrtro nog geficru{e Ha MarntrrHo noJre. B o6rq clyuafi ToBa e o6er"rso ug-

MeHeHne n npI,I rIHKJruqHo npeHaMarHr,rTBaHe c KHAyCTpvaJtHa qecToTa s lrsroft EMC

('rpaucQopMaropu, Apocenu nAp.) BoAn Ao notBa Ha HenpusreH IrIyM. flparuluecronpunoxegue r,IMa auneftsata MarHrrocrpr,rKl$ng, KorITo ce H3ttoJI3Ba 3a cb3AaBaHe Ha

MexaHr.rrrHtr role6asus cric 3ByKoBa H ynrpa3ByKoBa qecrora. Maruuroc"rpnKlll'tsra

Moxe Aa 6rAe noroxr{TenHa HnH orpurlarenna. Tara Hanp. 3a )Kert3o r.tt e noro-xr{rerrHa y'rt/I : (50 - 100).10-6, a 3a HI,IKer - orpllllarenua (Llfl : -35.10-6).HgsecreH e u ce r,Bnon3Ba o6patHuar c:TplrKr-u,IoMarHlnreH eQert, [pI{ Kouro nog geft-

CTBI'C HA MEXAHNT{HI,I HANPEXEHH' MATCPI{ANbT NPOMEH' MATHUTIII'ITC CI{ KAqECTBA.

Palroo6pa3uero na EMC.na EA e n3KrroqrrreJrno roJrtMo. Te uorat Aa 6nAar

r.rracnQnrlupanlr no pa3nrunrr rloKa3areJrrr.

l. IIo HaquHa Ha ce6pg6aHe Ha eneKmpuvecKama aepuea ta]il u3moqHuKa Ha eHep-

eua u euda na morca (nanpexenuemo):

- nocneAoBareruo (cepuftno), npr{ Koero roKbr ce onpeAeJrfl or cbnPorl{BneHl4-

ero (nr,rneganca) Ha KoHcyMaropa. Hauotxnte ca c orHocllTeJrHo MaJIbK 6pofi

HaBHBKr,r c rorqMo ceqeHlre n EMC ce Hapuqa roKoBa. Toxrt Moxe Aa 6rAe

nocTosHeH HnH npoMeHnHB c I{HAyCTpHaJtHa vltv noBI,IlIIeHa qecToTa - HffKoJIKO

cTortrH Ao HrrKonKo AecerKr,r xr4nts.M xepqa. 3axpaueauero Mox(e Aa e eAHo-

Qaeno, tpr,rQa:no IinI{ MHoroQaeuo;

- napanenuo (ruyHrono), npr,r Koero roKbr ce onpeAer.fi or co6ctnesoro cbllpo-

THB.[eHr,re (nunegauc) na elexrpuqecKara Bepnra na EMC. Har"rotrnte ca c

orHocuTerHo ForsM 6pofi nanr.rBKr,r c MaJrKo ceqeHl,Ie tl c]IcreMara ce Hapuqa

Hanpexurelna (la nocrotHHo Ltrtv 3a npoMeHnl{Bo HanpexeHue).

157

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158 EIEKTPHCECKH ATIAPATI4. qACT I

2. tlo HaquHa na padoma u usn6nHeHue Ha ocHoeHume cu eyrua4uu:

- 6eg IoABLil(HI{ qacrl{ (ctarr,runu). Tyr ce orHac{T pa3nnrrHu Br{AoBe ereKTpo-MarHuTI,I 3a Cb3AaBaHe Ha HHTeH3nBHrr ltrw c onpeAeneHa [pocTpaHcTBeHa cTpyK-Typa MarHlrrHtl noJrera, ToKoorpaHnqaBaulu peaKTopr{, .qpocen[ (Qnrmponr,r,

Abroracllreltun, KoMneHcar4,roHHn n Ap.), cnequanHr.r rpancQopMaropr{ (n:rvrep-BareJrHr.r, 3aBapbqHr.I, cen3opu rr Ap.), MarHHTHrr ycu.rrBarentr H Ap.;

- c TIoIFIDKHI,I qacrn. Haft-qecro roBa ea noABHXHH qacrn or MarHr,rronpoBoAa,Bbpxy Kolaro geficua eneKTpoMarHHTHa cfina wtn MoMerrr. Tyr ce orHacrr3aAsHxBalqlrre eneKTpoMarHrdrr,r 3a nocrosner wM trpoMeunr{B rox (H-ru1 uan-pexeHue), I,BnoJr3BaHu B MHot(ecrBo KoMyrar+{ounu EA (rornarropu, perera,npeKbcBarII-I H Ap.), enerrpoMarHlrrnr.r H3nbnHr.rrennr,r MexaHr.r3Mn (ronapono-AeMHH H 3aXBaIqaUIH eneKTpOMarHUTr.r, eJreKTpoMarHHTHr{ ebemrlHTenv, crfit-paqKE, ra6patopu Id Ap.), n 6ropotexHuKara, s 6urosu ype&r (nepaana, xnaAHJr-Hwrn4 il Ap.), B TpaHcnopra, B ycrpofic.rsa c MarHr4THo oKarrBaHe u Ap.

3. IIo ouda na.MaeHumonpoeoDa:a) 6ea QeporuarnnTeH MarHlironpoBoA (rorcoorpanr.rqaBarrlu peaKTopn, Br,rcoKorrec-

TorHH HaMorKI{ lr Ap.). Marnurnoro none H nororryre Ha EMC B xoMoreHHa cpeAa ceH3qHCISBaT OTHOCI{TeXHO npOCTO U TOrrHO, AOpn n npH cJro)KHa reoMeTpl{{ Ha ToKo-BOAeU{prTe KOHTypr,r;

6) c SepoMarHI,ITeH MarHI{TonpoBoA (eaerrporrrarHr4Tr{, Apoceru, rpaHcQop-Maropr.r H [p.). flogpaegerrrr ce Ha:

- 3arBopenl{, Kot{To no nbrs Ha F raBHHx (ocuonHnr) uarnureH fioroK H.rrMar He-

Qeporvrarnutnu (uanp. Bb3gyrrrHlr) yuacrrrgn (rvre;rgr,rnu), ocBen TaKr{Ba or rex-HoJloruqHo ecrecrBo (cHa4ru, BIIHToBT{ 14 npecoBr.r crao6rn u Ap,). Taxuna caMarHHTonpoBoALITe na rpancQopMaropr.rre (ocnen HrKor{ cnertrranHr.r nngore),HacHlrlau{ure ce IpoceJII{, MarHHTHnre ycunBarern n gp. Tesu cr{creM[ ce xapaK-Teplr3npar c orHocnTenuo ManKn nororlu ua pascefiBaHe npn HopManeH pe)Kr.rMna pa6ora;

- oTBOpeHU, KOI4TO nO nbTff Ha OCHOBTTT{,I noTOK HMaT eNtAUnW noBeqe Bb3AyrrrHr{MO)$U'IHH. Taxrsa ca MarHnronpoBoAr.rre Ha 3aADr.txBaulr,rre eneKTpoMapHnrr{,HeHacItuIaIrIHTe ce Apocentl, r,rHAyKTr{BHETe ceH3opr.r n Ap. EA. Tesu cucreMuce xapaKTeprcHpar c ornocr.trerHo roneMu norory na pascefiBane. B HsroflcnyqaH SeporrtarHnTHara cpeAa e c He3Haqurerno yqacrne nrn QopuupaHeroHa noroqrre B eneKTpoMarur,rrHara cracreMa (nx.Qur. 3.53).

MarultronpoBoAl{Te c nocroffHeH noroK ca nrpa6oreHu or rurbreu QepouarrumenMarepltan (nua u H3KnrcqeHrar) or cneq?ranHa eneKTporexHuqecKa croMaHa c MarbKxl'lcrepe3HceH qHKbn (nanp. tnn Aprvmo), no rrecro ce ri3nor3Bar r,r o6nxHoser{g KoH-crpyKrraBHn croMaHr{ (Hanp. Cr10 u Cr3).

3. EJIEKTPOM ATH I,TTHV C}'.IC'[ EMI{ 159

MarsuronpoBoAl,rre c npoMeuJrlrB noroK o6uxHoseHo ca ct6pann (ruuxroranu) orruragfl4tIr4 oT nr,rcToBa ereKrpoTexHl,IqecKa cToMaHa oT pa3nlrqHn MapKu lI c pa3nI{tIHI,I

gefiesrwru Ha rfiicra (0,1; 0,35; 0,5; 1 mm n Ap.), clbxnp)I(aua IBBecrHo KonnqecrBo

cwfilrvtol 3a HaMaJrrrBaHe rra :ary6me or BHxpoBH ToKoBe. Onpegemuero Ha 3ary-6ure npn qr.rKnfirrHo npeuaMarilmBaHe Ha MarHr4TorpoBoAa e pa3rneAano n r.1.2.2.,a rlaBecrHn cnpaBoqnr.r AaHHr,r 3a pa3nrqHn MapKn croMaHI{ ca AaAeIIu Hanp. B [4].Tpx6na Aa ce r{Ma trpepnA, qe 3a H.f,KoLr BrlAoBe (terctypnra) crorvrarm HaMarI*IT-

BaHero u:ary6nre 3aBr,rc.sr or nocoKara Ha MarulrrHoro noJre, T.e. Te npeAcraBnsBarTr{mtqHr.r MarHr,trHo aHu3oTponHr{ cpel[4. flpu nucoxr{ qecToTrr ce ru}non3nat Qepnnmn artlopQnn QeporvraHrnTHr,r MaTepHaJ]f/.. Ct.sraHero Ha IUracTuHHTe Ha luuxToBaHlrTe

MafHI,rTOnpoBoAr{ cTaBa qpe3 HuToBe, Br,rHToBe, r.ur[IJrKt{ H Apyrfi BIIAOBe KpeIIexHH

KOHCTpyKTLBHU eJreMeHTrr.

4. IIo Qopnama Ha rwaeuumonpoooda

ManHmonpoBoArrre na EMC na EA ce xapaKTepn3vpar c H3KffoqI{TerHo ror.f,Mopa:Hoo6pa3r,re Ha Soprvrr,rre uu.

3arnopenure MarnrrronpoBoArr ca roponAarHu, or sApeu I,IJTI{ or MaHTueH Tun, Ho

ce cpeqar n raKHBa c flo-cnoxnu Qopruu, BKJ]roqnrengo I{ TaKLrBa qullTo yqacrbl4.II{MaT CJTOXHO npOCTpaHC'.TBeHO pa3no.rro)KeHne.

Ha Qur. 3.5 ca noKa3aHlr HsKorr or uafi-pa:npocrpaHeHure KoHcrpyKTr{BHL QoputtHa MarHr,rronpoBo.qn Ha ereKTpoMarHrrrr{ (or omopeH tlrn). 3a ygo6crBo MarHI{To[po-Bo4nr n eneKTpoMarunTbr ce HaHMeHyBar Ha 6yrra or cJraBfiHcKara vlll.4 JtarwncKaraae6yxa, Ha Korro npr.urrrrar, Hanp. fI-unn [/-o6pasen (Qur. 3.5a), W- uan E-o6paseu(Qrr. 3.5r), gnoftHo III- uau .E-o6pa:eH (QIar. 3.5r), T-o6pasen (Qnr. 3.5;r) u Ap.Enerrpor'rarHr,rr"br or Qur. 3.5e e or 6pouenn Tnn, rrft raro HaMorKara e 3arBo-peua (6poHr,rpana) or MarHnronpoBoAa. Yacrure Ha MarHl,rronpoBoAa ca c KpbrnoaJwt

Ae)K3(Dnr. 3.5. KoncrpyxmnHn Qoprvru Ha MarHuronpoBoArr Ha eneKTpoMarnnrr{

Irll

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Page 81: EA - u4ebnik

160 EMKTPHIIECKI{ ATIAPATH. qACT 1

IlpaBobrbnHo (KBaApaTHo) ceqeHne r,r HoccT cboTBeTHu HalIMeHoBaHuu KaTo tpeM,flApo, crorr u Ap. EneKTpoMarHr[rbr or Or{r. 3.5s ce HapHtIa KJranaHeH v e c npaBo-

brbJrHo (rnagpatno) ceueune Ha Marur,rronpoBoga (rtpu IIpoMeHnI{B noroK) ltrtu tofirrpeAcraBnxna f-o6pagna cro6a c npaBobrbJrHo ceqeHlle n quruIHApI,rtIHo fiApo c no-

moc 4, Bbpxy Korro e nocraBeHa HaMorKara.3 (upra nocrotrHeH notor). flo4nnxuaraqacr Ha MarHHTonpoBoAa ce Hapuqa KorBa. Tx n:nrpmBa rloetbnarenHo (Qnr. 3.5a-x)

Hnr,r Bbprenr{Bo (Qur. 3.5s).SlxeHue. B :anucuMocr or B3aLIMHoro noJloxeHlle Ha

KOTBara H HaMOTKaTa eneKTpOMarHI,ITHTe Ce pa3Aernr Ha:

- eneKTpoMarnr,rru c KorBa, pa3nonox(eua BbH or HaMorKara - Qnr. 3.5a,n. r{nn-xeHr.rero Ha KorBara e noA geftmnue Ha canara I,IJII{ MoMeHTa B pa6muamBb3AyruHa MexAr{Ha (rr,rexc4nm). OctanaJruTe BI3AyIrIHI,I yqacrbllu (r'rexgr'rHn)

Me)K,qy qacruTe Ha MarHrrronpoBoga ce Hapnqar nepa6otmr n Morar Aa HMar

Texuonoruqen unu Apyr npou3xoA (nuuronu luu npecosn crro6ru, aHTrKopo-

3HoHHr{ rroKplrrnr, ueQepouaruuTnrr [oAJroxKI{ cpeqy "3arenBaHe" Ha KorBara

H AP.);

- eneKTpoMarHnTI,I c KoTBa, pa3[ono)KeHa l,I3rlflno I4nH qacrutlHo B HaMorKaTa

- Qur. 3.56,r,g,e,x. Ocnen curara n pa6ourara Bb3ryIuHa MexA,IHa (uex-Ar,rHH) ce noJryqaBa H coneHouAr{a cuJra Ha B3ar{MoAeficrsue MexAy noroKa Ha

pascefoaHe r{.ToKa B HaMorKara.

CrrqemryBar r.r MHoro Apyru Qopr"rn Ha MarHr,rronpoBoAll sa EMC (nx. naup.

Qnr.3.106).B ganucnuoqr or Qopruara cE lI nbrl,ilIara Ha MarHI,ITIrHq noroK, orBopeHI,ITe u

3arBopeHr.rre MarHr{TonpoBo,ryr ua EMC Morar Aa ce pa3AenilT oule Ha HepasKnoHeHu

(Qur. 3. 5a, 6, e) v p ctstotoHenu (Sur . 3. 5n,r,g, e, ;r).Krru EMC Morar Aa ce orHecar r,r r{HAyKr[{oHHr,rre, KoHTo cbgbpxar npoBo4iMll

rroABDKHr.r qaswt (gncr, 6apa6an). I{HgyrrupaHnTe B Tsx BHxpoBI{ToKoBe nsanlvrogefi-

crBar c [poMeHnr{Brrs MaTHHTeH [oroK r,r cb3AaBar Bbprsu.t MoMeHT. ]In41rrIryoHnl,ne

c[creMpr ca B ocHoBara Ha geftcrnuero Ha pa3rurqHr,I BHAoBe perera, I,BMepBarenHI,I

anaparu n Apyru ycrpoficrna.O6rq reoper[qen (uateuaru.ren) MoAen Ha eneKTpoMarnrrrnl{Te cucreMu ca

ypaBHeHrrRTa Ha Maxcnerr, Konro onpeAenrr 3aB[Icr,rMocrr,rre MexAy BeKTopHHTe

xapaKTeplrcTuKr{ Ha eneKTpHqecKr4Te H MaTHHTHnTe KoMrroHeHTIt Ea noJlero:

(3.1)rotfi:d; rot.d:-ff,divB:0; divD:p,

KbAero: E, E, E, D ca cborBerHo BeKTopr-rre Ha MarHurHoro r{ eJreKTp'rrecKoro none

H lrHAyKr+rfl; p - o6eusata nJrbrHocr Ha eneKTpnrrecKnTe 3apfi,rgr; d - urrtHosrra Ha

TOKA.

3. EJIEKTPOMA|HT4THI4 CI4CTEMPI

flrpnnte gne ypaBHeHu.fi Ha clrcreMara (3.1) onpe4eilflT Bpb3Kara Me)KAy eneKTpI'I-

qecKara H MarHr,rrHara KoMnoHeHTr.r Ha floJrero.flpu nocronHlrl{ eneKTpnqecKn 3aptAn

AErr ToKoBe A,

: 0 ra:n Bpb3Ka ce pa3naAa E noJrerara Morar Aa ce Pa3rne)KAar no

oTAenHo.

Krr"r cucteMara (3.1) ce go6anxr cne4rnTe ypaBHeHuq, orpa3rlBaqu QrlsuuHrate

cgofictsa Ha cpeAara, B Korro ce npotBtBa fiotlero

(3.2) E:pE; D:eE; 8:^rE,

KbAeTO BeJrr,rrrr,[HETe MaTHHTHa [poHtrqaeMocT p,, N4eneKTpl,IrIHa [poHI{IIaeMocT € In

eneKTpnqecKa rpoBoAnMocr ? Morar Aa 6rAar nocrotHHl,t (rmneftru cpeAll) I{nH npo-

MeHJrr.rBs, 3aBucerr{H or roneMuHara Ha norrero (ne.ruanefinn cpeAn), a s Hafi-o6tq cayuaft

Te MOraTAa I{MaT H pa3nnqHu roJIeMr.rHH B pa3nuqHHTe nocoKH Ha pa3npocTpaHeHl4eTo

Ha norrero (armsorponru cpegu).

flocaeAnoro or ypaBHeHfirrra (3.2) e ltsBecrHo I{ Karo 3aKoH na Ou n grlQepeulga-

arna Qoprvra. B no-o6ut BLIA To cb4bpxa H Apyru KoMnoHeHTn (ocneu 1E), o6aue sa

EMC na EA qecro re ca He3HaqHTeJrHH tro roneMI,IHa [I 3aroBa ce npene6perBar.

B o6ut Br.lA ypaBHeunr (3. I ) u (3 .2) He Monar Aa ce peluar, Ho B pa3nutlHlr KoI{KperH}I

cnyqan Te ce onpocTtBaT I,I ce pa3naAHaT Ha no-npocTn TeopeTIIqHu MoAenu.

MaenumocmamwHo none. Brs6yxga ce or nocrosHHl-t MaFHnrn I{nIt roKoBe, pa3-

floJroxegr{ BbH or H3cneABannsra o6aacr Ha llortero (6 : 0), npa Koero ro ce nPeA-

cTaBs c ypaBHeHI,ItTa

(3.3) rot .fr : 0; div.6 : 0; E : pfr.

Brrexga ce.cKanapeH MaTHHT9H noreHIrI'Ian [f* TaKa, ," rt : -g*a (f^, npu

Koero div(pgTaa U,o) : 0.

IIpu t-t: corst Qyurqlrxra (Jm yAoBnerBopsBa xoMorenHoro ypaBHeHI.Ie Ha JIan-

rac

(3.4) V2[Jrn: L(Jm:0.

I4snorssaHero Ha cKanapeH MaFHlrreH noreHIIItaJI HMa npeAlrMcrBoro, tle BbB BcflKa

ToqKa noJrero e onpeAeneno caMo or eAHa Qymqux.Cma4uonapHo NaeHurmto none. Bra6y>rga ce or nocrotHHu ToKoBe, pa3nono:Keuu

n o6aacrra, npn Koero S : o.dt

Teopeta.rHl{ur MoAen Ha Ilorero ce cBexAa Ao ypaBHeul4frTa

r61

rot r{ : d; div.d:0; E:pE.

Page 82: EA - u4ebnik

EJIEKTPI4qECKH ANAPATL.I. TIACT I 3. EJIEKTPOM A THI4THVI C?iCI Eit/{U

PerueHnero Ha orrncaHnTe reoperflqHu MoAenr,r (raro ce HMar npeIFHA B KolrKper-

Hfis. cnyqafi clornerHr,rre rpaHwrun v Haqarur{ ycaonHx) oflpeAensr FoleMLIHara H

crpyKrypara Ha nonero n EMC.B raacuqecKara r{DKerrepHa npaKTr{Ka BMecro roqKoBlrre cKanapnn n BeKTopH}I

xapaKTepl.rcrnKrr Ha nonero ce n3non3Bar rexHHTe r{rrrerp:urHu aHaJro3n (ror, uan-

pe)Keur{e, MaFHrlTeH noroK, r,rHAyKTHBHocr I{ gp.), rato ce [peMHHaBa KbM aHiL[H3 Ha

ereKTprrqecKr{ r,r MarH}rrHu Beparu. 3a qeana or oco6euo 3HaqeHr{e e nugyclnugaqusma

HA nonerno - BuAnNro [peAcTaBrrHe Ha cnJroBlrTe rlrlJprr zuII{ sbBKynHocaTa oT cr,rro-

Blrre r{ eKBr.urorenrlr.ranHuTe nwmytr4 (rapruxa Ha nonero). Bu:yaru:raqr{sra Ha nonerona EMC sa EA B pa3nr,rrruu r'rcropuqecKr,r nepr{oAr,r e nonyqaBana c H3noJr3BaHe Ha

cJreru{r,rTe MeTo4{:

- rpaSuqeH npu cnit:BaHe Ha onpeAeJreH[ npor{eAypr.r 3a rrepraene Ha cuJroBnre 14

ersnnoteriipranHr4re rrwrr4n (n>x.r.3.2.2. I);

-' MoAeJIspaHe c QeporvrarHnreH npax finu qpe3 nonero Ha roK B npoBoArrqa cpeAa

t2,57;

- aHtu[rTr{qHo qpe3 peluaBaHe Ha TeopeTHrrHr,rTe MoAenH Ha noleTo, [pI,I KoeTo 3a

crarl,Iqnlme n craru{oHaprr{ noJrera cr,rJroBr.rre nvMLtH ca A: const, a eKBnilo-

TeHrlr4anuure (nrn br o6aacrra c ror) -'U - const.

floHacrosuleM 3a aHarr.r3 t4 Bu3yann3aqus Ha .rpyMepHr{ r{ Tpr,rMepH}r nonera ceI{3nOJBBaT qHClIeHLr MeTOI[,r, npuraraHr,r c noMorrlTa Ha cboTBeTHu KoMrrroTbpHr{ npor-paMHr,r npoAyKTr.r:

- MeroA c rpaftm pa3fl.rKr4;

- MeroA c rpaHurrnlr ereMeHTu (c rpaHuqHrr HHTerpanHlr ypaBrreunn r4 B qacrHocr

c BTOpr,trIHn l,tsrovunqu);

- MeroA c xpafinn erreMeHTr4.

flocae4nutr MeroA e c Haft-rotreMr{ Bb3Mo)KHocrr,r il nprrnox(eH[e. I,Isao)KenneroHa Te3u Merols{ ne e o6err Ha Hacrosrqara KHr,rra. Kpatroro r.rM npeAcraBrrne e AaAeHoHanp. n 12,31. Ha Qur. 3.6 ca uso6paseru cunoBr.rre nHHLnt Ha lFyMepHH ManHr.nHr{

notlera Ha HsKorrKo EMC na EA, flonyqeHn no MeroAa c BTopr.rrruu H3Totrn[rdr,r.

Anaarsrr Ha crpyKTypara Ha noJrero na EMC Bo.qn Ao cneAuure u3BoAH:

1. MarHutHoro nore r.rMa cJro)KHa crpyKTypa u ce pa3npocrpaHJrBa B flpocrpaH-crBoro raKa, qe eHepru-fiTa My (nrrHnxr noroK, rroroKocr{eueuueto) e MaKcH-

MaJrHa - rrocTynaT Ha MaKcyen.

2. Cr,raoelETe nunw4 ca 3arBapgr oKolto rorrKr,r vnt4 nvnan HapeqeHn "4eHm6p" Ha

IIoJIero. B ctotsetcrBl{e c reopeMara Ha Arvrnep qeHTbpbr Ha noJrero ce HaMupa

BbB BuxpoBara My o6aac:t. B sasucr.ilvrocr or BHAa Ha EMC r.rr Moxe Aa HMa

eNtH Hnv noBeqe rleHTbpa Ha noneTo.

Bnnexqa ce BeKTop noreHrrran ,[ ra uurs"Tnoro noJre r1Ka, ,. E : rot A. zaonpeAeneHocr Ha QyHKunttu A

"" H3not3Ba ycnoBr.rero divl' : 0 (rann6ponra ua

Kynou), npa Koero ce nonyqaBa

(3.s) grad(1graa,4) : -i.B o6q cayuafi ce I€[cKBa onpeAexsHero Ha KoMnoHeHTHTe Ha BeKTop norer{rryrana

rro BctrrIKIt KOOpAAHaTHIT ocH.KoasucmaquoHapHu nonema. Bns6yxcgar ce or npoMerrJrHBH BbB BpeMero roKoBe

(# r0) rara, qe eneKrp,qecKara H MarHnrHara KoMnoHeHrn Ha ronero ca cBbp-3aHlI noMe)KAy cl{ tlpe3 I,IHAyKTHpaHr,rre BHxpoBlr roKoBe (nanp. B HHAyKT$doHH}rreeneKTpoMexaHntrHr4 cncreMn, HIrAyKrIrioHHure fleuu r{ Ap. ).

B reopernqHl{fl MoAen yqacrBar eAHoBpeMeHHo cKanapeH r{ BeKTop norerrrlt4:lJr Haflortero ra tofi ce cbcrol{ or cncreMara ypaBHeHurr

(3.6) E:rotA; ,ot(E+ff):o; t*#:-ffinTlfi raro BeKTop noreHl{aantt A

"" ce ge@Hnr,rpa e4ro3HaqHo or ycro"uero d :

rot 4 ce lt,:troJl3Bar cborBerH]I KilJrn6ponru, *o"to Bo4rT Ao pa3nuqHl1 TeopergqHr.rMoAenr{ Ha KBa3r.rcrarlroHapHu noaera [93].

Torcoao none e npoeodet4a cpe\a. flplr nporuqaHe Ha nocro{Heg ToK B xoMoreHHanpoBoAriltda cpeAa TeoperurrHlrflT MoAeJr Ha nonero ce cBexAa Ao ypaBHe;Hr4'{ra

rot-d:0; divd:0; E: lE.Br'sexAa ce cKanapen eneKTpnrrecKH rroqeHquan [/ (xarro npn MarHrrrocrargr{Ho

nore), onpeAeneH c ypaBHeHHero f : -gTad (J, npn Koero ""

noryuu"u

div(7grad U) : 0.

v2U: A[/ : 0.

Toxosoto tIoJIe B npoBoA-slqa cpeAa e nafi-y4o6noro 3a ereKTpnqecKo MoAenr,r-paHe Ha ApyrHTe BI'IAOBC Qr,r:nunra nonera orrucaHr{ c ypaBueHnero Ha Jlauac, a npvonpe.qeneHn ycnoBnfl H c roBa na floacou [2]. IlponoAsrrlara cpeAa e HenpeKbcHaraTeqHa nnI'I TBbpAa (rvrerogH c eneKTpoJIHTHa BaHa, eneKTponpoBoA{rrla xaprrr{ r,r Ap.)nnil Atr,cKperna (r"rpex(oBrl eneKTpouHTerparopn). Aro nonero B npoBoA.flrrlara cpeAa

ce o6ycaaBrr or rrpoMeHnn' roK (# f o), "" roryqaBar r{HAyKrr4paH, Br.rxpoB'TOKOBe' Ha KOHTO Ce l{bnxar noBbpxHocr:flr4s e+err n eQerra 6aHsocr (nx<. u. 1).

il

illr

ililjll

-il

ti: r'l

l

tii

lil.'i

:

Iii

ilIilt.

:

;iill

,iiiiil'

(3.7)

IIpw l: colst

(3.7a)

LilirlJ

Page 83: EA - u4ebnik

tg EJIEKTPHIIECKI'I ATIAPATH. qACT I

AE(Dnn. 3.6. Cnlonn Jrvnafi Ha AByMepHI.r MarHrlrHH noJrera Ha eneKTpoMar.HHTHH cr{creMu

3. E'IEKTPOM ATHI4THI'T C1ICTEMI4

B EMC 6ea QeportraFHI,ITeH MarHHTonpoBoA (ye4meuu [poBoAHI{I$'I c Kpbrnoanu [paBobrbJrHo ceqeHr,re, HaMorKI,I r{ Ap.) qeHTbpbr Ha noJlgro cbBnaAa c

reoMeTpI,ItIHI{rI HM qeHrbp.

B EMC cbc OepoMarHHTeH MarHr,rrorrpoBoA - Qur. 3.6 onpegerlsHero Ha IIeH-

mpa (qernponere) Ha noJrero e no-TpyAHa 3aAaqa, rlft rato 3aBl{cu or MHo-

xeqrBo Qarropr.r: BHA, pa3MepruHacr,rulaHe Ha MarEI,ITonpoBoAa, Harnllue HrI,I

/I.fiilCA Ha Bb3AyrrrHH Me)KAr{Hr{, MrrCTO, pa3Meplr I,I M.A.H. Ha HaMOTKIITe Ir Ap.

3. MaenurnHume nomoqu ua EMC cnc QeporvrarHureH MarHI,ITonPoBoA Morar Aa ce

pa3Aenqr Ha:

a) enaeen (ocnoeen), qnnro cHJroBu JtvtHvtn ce 3arBaptr no /t[bn)Knuara Ha

MarHr4TO[pOBO.qa U eBerrTyanHo npe3 Bb3trtytuHl,l yqacTbl-u (r"rex.qluu) c

He3Hasurerua Abn)Knna. Trft Karo MarHHTHoro cbnporl,IBneuue Ha ro3I,I

ITbr e orHocl,rreJrHo MaJIKo, To rraBHl,r.sr floroK o6fixnoseHo npeAcraBJttBa

npeo6nagaBarrlara qasr or o6qur floroK na EMC- B o6rractta Ha Bb3.qyu-

Hr.rTe MexAuHH cHnoBnTe JrlrHlrn Ha To3I4 noTOK Ca geQOpt'tnpaHl{ It noJreTo

HMa Tpr,rMepeH xapaKTep;

' 6) pascesH nomeK (noror Ha pasceiirane), uuttto cnnoBu Jll.iukt*t ce 3arBaptrno rTbTurqa Me)<Ay oTAeJrHnTe qacTr{ Ha MarHuTonpoBoAa BbB Bb3AyuHa

cpeAa c ForqMo MarHr.rTHo cb[poTHBneHHe, BcJIeAcTBIle Ha KOeTO TO3I{

floroK o6llrcnoseno e no-Maarr. HanpaBJteHldero Ha cHJIoBt{Te rI{Ht4LI Ha

rloroKa na paacefiBaHe 3aBr,rcn or pa3Mepl4Te Ha MarHHTotIpoBoAa, r.'llrc-

TOTO H rOJreMHHaTa Ha Bb3AyrrrHr,rTe MeXAI,IHH, M.A.H. Ha HaMOTKI{Te H Ap.

Qarropu (cpannra Qnr. 3.6a-e).

Marnurnara Bepura u nefinoro rpaQnuno u:o6pa)r(eHrle e onpocreu n yAo6en

MOAen Ha nbrrrlqaTa, no KonTo ce 3arBapflT MaFHHTHUTe nOTOIIH na EMC.B gasnclrlvtocr or BuAa Ha MarHHTonpoBoAI,rre I{ TgxHoro cbcrosHl,Ie MaTHI,ITHHTe

BepHrH 6rsar pa3KnoHeHH I,I Hepa3KroHeHI,I, HeHac[TeHH u HacI,ITeHu.

flpu onpegersHero Ha nbrr Ha noroKa Ha pascefmaHe B KJlacliqecKara HH)KeHepHa

npaKTHKa Ce npueMaT peAr4rla onpocaflBaHrdq: noJIeTo ce pa3rJle)<Aa KaTo nflocKo-napanenHo r{.nH nnocKoMepHAaaJrHo, crrltTa ce qe cunoBnTe ItnHHvt ca nep[eHAI,IKy-

nqpHn na QeporrlarnarHr,rre yqacrbr.pt Gopu H aKo re ca HacltreHu) n Ap. B 3aBHcI,IMocr

oT KOHKpeTHHTe yCnOBr{s MarHr{THaTa Bepr4ra Moxe Aa ce pa3rnexAa cbc cbcpeAoTo-qeHu HJ|H C pa3npeAeJreHr{ naPaMeTpI{.

3a ngqncacBaHe sa EMC ce r,B[oJr3Bar 3aKoHure Ha Klrpxon n Or"r* 3a eneKTpH-t{ecKr,l n MarHr{THu Bepurr{. Te nponeruqar or ypaBHeHr,rtra Ha Marcyel }I ca AaAeHI,I B

ta6a. 3.1.BeauqunuTe oT ra6a. 3.1 ca: It Qt * eneKTplIqecKI,IrIT ToK I,I MaTHJ,ITHH'T noToK

g i-rt.l KtroH Ha pa3KnoHeHa eJreKTpnqecKa r.rJrI,I MaTHHTHa Beplrra; Ei,I/i - ener-

r65

'3aroHrr na Ou 3a Marur.rrHa Bepura e H3BecreH oule Karo :aron (Qopr"ryna) Ha Xonrltlrctn.

Page 84: EA - u4ebnik

t66 ENEKTPI4TIECKI4 ATIAPATI4. qAgT I

Ta6anqa 3. l. EnerrpoMarnr.rrHa aHiuroru.rr

EaerrpnuecKa Bep[ra MarHurna Bep[ra'n

l-nngaronnaKnpxon D 4: Oi- r

n

Xiirr:Oi:1

2-pu:aron na Knpxon t,u*fo-,:oiE,+ir',:o

?(,,:?)sarcon Ha orvr . Re :

Y P. : l) R,n :

TpHqecKoro 14 MarHhroABLIXeqoro HanpexeHae, B3erH c rexHrrre nocoKu; Ut, U*t -naAoBere Ha eneKTpr.rqecKo ta ManHItrHo Hanpe)KeHr.Ie B i-rng KnoH; R", 2", R n, Zn -eneKTpnrrecKoro u MarHr,rrHoro cbnporr,rBreHr,re (rarvrnegaHc).

Bpnsrata MexAy Betlntrl{Hlrre B eJreKTp}rqecKa H MarnarHa Bepr{ra ce onpeAentoT 3aKOHt{Te 3a eneKTpoMarHrnTHaTa HHAyKr.[.rfl n 3A nnasr,rg ror:

(3.8)

(3.e) V:i,u

KbAero: e e MoMeHTHara croftuocr Ha e.A.H., HHAyKTr,rpaHo B HaMorKara; V - ntaHnsrnoroK (notorocrleuerue) Ha HaMorKara;u - 6pofi Ha HaBr.rBKr,rre Ha HaMorKara.

Rrt Rzx flpu pasrnexAaHe Ha B3alrMoBpb3-KnTe MexAy npoMeHJruBlr BbB BpeMeToeneKTpr{qecKlr u MarH}ITHU BeJIUr{ni'JlKaro ce HMa npeABr.rA Henr4uefiHur xapar-Tep Ha Kpr.rBaTa Ha HaMarHHTBaHe, 3a nbp-Br{Te ce H3non3Bar eQexrnnHutre, a 3a

BTOpr,ITe - MaKCr,rMaJrHUTe nvr crofiHocrr.llnanroro cxoAcrBo Mex(Ay 3aKoHHTe

H BeilUqWr'JdTe Ha eneKTpr,lqecKH tr Mar-HHTHII Beplrrn e o6ocnosra Ha eJreK-TpoMarnnrHara aHaJrorn.n. Maenum-HUme gepueu ce u3qucnS6arn c usnon-seqHe Ha 3a-tilec m6at4u eneKmpultecKu 6e-pueu (cxenu) u .,vemodume 3a aHcLnu3a

u-tvt. flpu nocrporrBaHe Ha 3aMecrBaulr{Te

Rzra

cxeMH rpx6naga ce IcMa npeABl,tApa3npeAenenr,rero Ha cunoBrlTe nwrtwr4g cborBercrBy-BaITIHTe ?IM MarHlITHu norolvl Ha EMC. Tonononn flTana3aMecrBaulara cxeMa e anaro-fuqHa Ha ra3pl Ha MarHl.trHara Bepnra n rs cbAbp)r(a H3ToqHI,IKa Ha M.A.H., nOTOTII,ITe B

dvo-__.

dt': f rtai,

I

RA

R

R* Rz"p

(Dr.rr. 3.7. 3ar'recrnaqa cxeMa Ha ManHr.rrHaBeplrfa

J?i ]l*'' R

I Rtol" ir'J

Rzo

u_

n"I

iDrot:-=

Qzo

JI-,t'

3. E.IEKTPOM ATHHTHVI CIAC-r EMU

oTAenHrrTe yqaerblnt fi cboTBeTcTBau{xTe nM cbnpoTllBreHllf,.Ha Qr,rr. 3.7 e uso6paaeua 3aMecrBarrlara eneKTpr,rqecKa cxeMa Ha EMC or

Qur. 3.5n.

OsHaqeHH ca lBToqrrr{Kbr Ha M.A.H. V, uarccuMarHl{rlT noToK Oo, rloroqlrre BbB

Bb3AylrrHr,rTe Mex4drru-oa, r{ Ha paScefinaHe oo, raxro u MarHuTHuTe cbnpoTtBIIeBus

r{a oTAenH[Te yqagrblu oT MarH]ITonpoBoAa.

3.2. MAI]HI,ITHH BEPI{TU

3.2.1. Ocuonnn 3aAaqrr

flpr,r peruaBaHero Ha 3aAaqr,r 3a MarurdrHn Bepfirn (I!{B) c H3noJ[rBaHe Ha eneKTpaqecKl,I

3aMecrBau{n cxeM}r ce cpenlar 3Hasr.rreJrHr,r rpyAuocrn, sfi Karo B o6rq cayuafi r"rar-

HIrrHr,ITe sbnporuBneHt,rs ca HeauHefrru. Tosa cJreABa or cbnocraBtue na Qoprvrynme3a lr3qlrcntBaue Ha eneKTplrqecKoro R" u uarHl4Tnoro R- cnnporliBJreHue Ha yqac-Tbr-ut or MB, unnro pa3Mepu Ha Hanpevnoro ceqeHr,re s ca 3HaIIHTeJIHo no-ManKI,I orAbn)Kr{Hara nrvr l: '

167rl

1-riiil]J

Iii

-t1i

.1

t,ii)

,liliti.'l

rillti

(3.10) Rrn:t @)s'

,{oraro eneKTpuqecKara rrpoBoluaMocr ? ga Merarrrre e noqrr{ nocroflHHa Berlt-uuua (raro ce H3Klrrotrn 3aBrncnMocrra il or rer"rneparypara), ro uanrurHara npoHl{-IlaeMocr p ua QepoMarHLrrHHTe Marepr{aJru 3aBHcH cbrrlecrBeHo or I{HAyKIg.uta (nx.Qnr.3.2a).

3a MB c H:lBecrHa Qoprvra, pa3Mepri H Marepnanr ce Qoprtrynr,rpar H pellraBar,qBaBnAa ocHoBrrlt 3aAarm:

a) napeauJrunpaea saDa4a. Tnpcra ce M.A.H. V, nr:6yncAarqo 3aAaAeHH crofinoctltHa nOTOL$.rre Q6 n yrIacTbIS,ITe cbc CeqeHHe si H AbnXUna Ii.PeurasaHero Ha npaBara 3aAaqa e HenocpeAcrBeHo. HHgyruryrxrasi,-Tnfl, yrracrbK

na MB e Bi : On. * KpHBara Ha HaMaFHr,rrBaHe Ha MarepuaJra Ha yqacrbKaS;

R.: l-."ys

[aAa Ha MarHuTHo HanpexeHl,Ieft

D U*n, KbAero n e 6porr uai:7

i1,1ti

I

ij

ce onpeAeJrr HHTeH3nrer"br Ha rrorero Ht u

Umt : Hilt. Or Qopu. (3.9) cneABa V -yrracrbr{rre Ha MB;

6) emopa wru o6pamna sa\a,aa. Trpcr,r ce floroKbt O s MB c H3BecrHo r"r.A.n. VHa HaMorKata (urlt. Ha nocroflnHnx uarHur).

3a peuranaHe Ha o6paruara 3aAaqa ce n:6npar HfiKonKo crofisoctu ua notora (06

n MB, Bb3MoxHo 6auaru Ao rbpceHara. 3a BcrKa or ns6panure croftHocru 104 ce

peuaBa npaBara 3aAaqa u ce HaMHpat crofinocrr{Te Ha M.A.H. V. Cnznor3BaHe Ha

nonyqeHr.rre pe3ynrarun flpn flpuern uaura6u 3a noroKa n M.A.H. ce HatlepraBa

Page 85: EA - u4ebnik

168 EJIEKTPI,IIIECKI{ ANAPATI4. qACT I

3aBnctrMocrra O : f (V) (uru uacr ot Hex), Kosro Moxe ycnoBHo Aa ce Hapeqe

KpnBa Ha HaMarHHTBaHe Ha MB. Of Haqeprauara KplrBa 3a r{3Becrnara qrofinoctHa M.A.H. Z ce ot.ruTa rbpceuara croftirocr Ha norora (D.

3a6enetacu:

1. Tyx e rl:ro)Nceno caMo KracuqecKoro nH)KeHepHo pemeur{e Ha 3aAaqure ga MB.Kowrompnoro r{M peureHae H3noJr3Ba Apyru Mempr.2. flpn pe[IaBaHe Ha o6parnara 3aAarra 6al,tsKll croftHocrlr Ha rroroKa Ao rbpcenaraB usKol{ cJryqau ce noayvhnar, aKo uafi-uanpeg 3aAaqara ce peIrrt'r 6eg orqnraHe Ha

cbnporuBneHuero na $epor"rarHurrrure )rqacrbqr{ H noJryqennrr pe3ynrar ce HaMaJrr{ c

lO-30Vo.

3. (DoprrryrtupoBKara Ha rrpaBara ulu o6parrrara 3a4aqa ga MB npor.r3Tr{qa rpn aHurn3aHJrn clrHTe3a r{M or Apyru no-o6qu npo6neun. Tara uanp. [paBara 3a.qaqa sa MB npu3aABLIx(BaIr{fiTe eneKlpoMarHnflr e cBbp3aHa crc 3aB[cHMocrra MexAy 3aAaAeHaTa

eneKTpoMarnrrrrra cxna tl rroroKa n pa6onrara Bb3Ayurna MexAHHa (nx.r. 3.4.2.2),

flpu perrreHze Ha HuKoI{ MB uo:re c HeronrrMa rpeuKa Aa ce rpeHe6perne yqac-TLIeTo Ha noToKa Ha pa3ceitBane (Hanp. npI,I nunca utm Hanur4rie Ha ManKu Bb3AyrIIHrrMex(E{Hr,r no nbrs Ha rrraBHr{r MarHrrren noror).

PeurasaHeto Ha npaBara [I o6paruara 3aAaqa npu flpeHe6pernaxe Ha noroKa Ha

pasceitnaue 3a Hepa3KnoHeHH MB He BoAr{ Ao oco6eHu 3arpylgreHr.rr.3a pasr-nosenu MB B 3aBr{crrMocr or KoHKperuure oco6euocrn rpx6na Aa ce n3noJr-

3Bar I{ sborBerHu noAxoltu npr,r peuraBane Ha 3aAaqrme. 3a nmocrpars{r Ha Qnr. 3.8a e

roKa3au TpHJrApeH MarHr{ronpoBoA c HaMorKa Bbpxy cpe4roro sgpo. Kpaiinure xgpaI,IMar paBHr,r ceqeurrJr, Ho B A-rrcHoTo [rMa MaJrKa Bb3gyruna Mexluna d. Ha Qur. 3.86e noKa3aHa onpocreHa acuMerprnqHa 3aMeclrBarr{a cxeMa Ha MB, B Korro ca o3HaqeHnrl3TotlHlrKlbr Ha M.A.H. tr/, nmorgne II cbnporr{BileHntrra Ha oTAgnHr{Te yqacTbrs{.

oo

a6(Dsr. 3.8. Pagraoneua Marnlrrlra Bepnra: a - KoHcrpyKTHBHa cxeMa; 6 - saMecrBarqa cxeMa

Oa+

Io llt"ll b RL

ll

3. EJIEKTPOMATHI4THI4 CI4CTEMH 169

O6pamara 3aAarra ga rasu MB (gageuo q M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara [r ce rbpcffT norol${Te

B OTAenHI{Te yqacTbl$ ce pe[IaBa B cneAlraTa [ocneAoBaTeIHOCT.

1. 3a nplieTlt ctoiiHocttt Ha noToI$Ie Oo (s KJtoH o) u 06 (n xaon b) ce peruana

[paBaTa 3aAatla u ce HaMHpat (ta6nuuno) 3aBucl'IMocrnTe iDa : f{U") H (D6 :

fz(Ui (Uo,Utca nonfrennte crofiHocru Ha naAoBere Ha MaTHHTHo Hallpex(eHue

B KJIoHoBere a,b na MB).

2. Iloc,rpoqBar ce rpaQnqHo ropnr.rre 3aBI{cLIMocrI,I Ha o6qa KooPgrutarHa cllcreMa

n qpe3 cyMr,rpaue Ha op.q,rnarlrre Ha orAeJrHure roqKlr ce flonyqaua o6ultlxt

noroK B cpelsroro rrApo oo : Qo * Ob : h(u") : Is(Ui (trft rato uo: ua).

3. 3a flplleTfi CTOfuIOcTIT na Uo, CboTBeTHo ua iDg, ce pe[IaBa [paBaTa 3aAar{a 3a

cpe,ryroTo sApo n ce HaMr,rpa na.qbT Ha MarHr{THO Ha[pexeHIae LIg B Hero.

4. Cyr"rupar ce a64rcure Ha KprBr{re oo - 1o(Uo) H Os : fit(U") u ce HaMItpa

3aBI,IcLIMoflra Os : f (Uo a U") : f (V).

5. Harunpar ce 3aBl'rcl'IMocrute Oo : f (V) u O6 : foV)'6. Or nonyqeHure no r. 4 ra 5 rprnu ce orrrnrar croftHoc"rl,ITe Ha IIoroI+ITe Oa, O6

u .D6 sa 3aAaAellara croftuosr na V*.

B nose.reto cJryqan npu peuaBaHe rra MaFHI{THI{Te Bepuru rpx6na Aa ce orql{Ta I{

yqacrr.rero Ha norolll{re Ha pa3ceftsaHe.

Ha Qnr. 3.9a e uso6paseHa fl-o6pasna MB c HaMorKa, pa3nonoxeHa Bbpxy eAl{oro

tApo Ha MarHl.monpoBoAa.

Hauepranr,r carr(eanru3r,rpaHr{Te cr,rJroBH ilwHfiw Ha MaFH}trHoro [oJre I4 ca o3HaqeHI'I:

- rroroKa 06 BbB Bb3AyruHnre Me)KAr{Hr{ 6, wrylro cHlIoBI{ rtvrunv rIpeMItHaBar no

q.nnaTa Abn)KI{Ha Ha ManHI'ITOnpOBOAa;

- noroKbr Ha pa3cefiaage Oo., vr&ITo cr,rJIoBH nunw ce 3arBaptr qacrl'IqHo npe3

MarHltronpoBoAa rI MexAy BelvrnKanHl{re My yqacrbqH (sApa)'

flrm*rsr noToK B AonHItfl yqacTbK (epeIu) Ha MarHI,ITonpoBoAa e

(3.11)

OrHoruesneto

(3.12)

Oo:O6*06,.

@o Ooo: 6: r + 6;ce Hapgqa rcoeQuqueHm Ha pascefieane na MB. Toft xaparrepl'I3llpa parcefteauero I{

noKa3Ba c KoJrKo o6tqust (mnrrarr) noroK na MB e no-roJrtM or noroKa BbB Bb3-

Ayrugr,rre MexAr.rHr.r. .flcso e, qe c yBenntraBaHero Ha Bb3AyulHara Me)gU{Ha noroKbrOd HaMaIfBa.

* Yncleno peurenne xa o6par6a 3aAaqa 3a Marnr{THara cncreMa or Qnr. 3.8a no I{3noxeIIHt aJlropnrbM

Moxe Aa ce narvrepr,r n [4].

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170 ENEKTPI4TIECKI4 ATIAPATII. qACT I

a-68(Dur' 3.9. MarHHrnanepnrac fl-o6pa:ua Qoprvra rr HaMorKa Bbpxy 4gporo: a - KoHcrpyKTr.rBHacxeMa; 6 - nnmra 3aMecrBarqa cxeMa; B - onpocreHa 3aMecTBaqa cxeMa

Ha @ur. 3-96 e Haqepraga nbJlHara 3aMecrBarqa cxeMa Ha MB Karo ca o3HaqeHH:M.A.H. V sa HaMorKara, MarHurHI,ITe noroqr.r B orAerHr,rre yqacrbqr,r 14 gborBerHr.rreMarHllTHII cbnporfiBnennfr. YcaoeHo e npuero, qe noroKbr Ha pa3cefinane Oo e ctc-peAoroqeH Mex(Ay roqKI4Te l-lt u cborBercrBauloro My cbnporr{BJregr{e e Ro.

z:qac''ennsra Ha Ma.HI'ITHHTe cbnporlrB Jle'ns. Ha orAenHHTe yqac'rbls.I noKa3-Bar' lle flpll HeHacHTeHa MB (r"rarru.mHara LrHAyKItrrs e noA KonsHoro Ha KpuBara HaHaMarHI{TBaHe) cnnporl'IBtleHutra Ha $eporvrarHr,rrHnTHr{Te yqacrbr{.r n naAoBere HaMarHnrHo Hanpex(eHl{e Bbpxy rsx ca He3HaqureaHr,r (Hanp. l-2%o) cnpsMo re3}r naBb3AytuHHTe yqacrbllu (rrlex4anu) n uorat Aa ce npeHe6perHar. Tosa e Brurglsro unpH MHoro no-roJreMl{ AbnxI{HIt Ha Qeporvrarullnlnre yqacrbr+,r or re3r.r Ha Bb3Ayru-Hltre lI ce l[rn;Ku Ha rontMara crofiuosr Ha Fr 3a Qepovarrmrnure uarepuanu. HaQnr. 3'9n e HaqepraHa onpocrena 3aMecrBarr{a cxeMa na MB npn npeHe6pennane HacbflporuBneHlrfra Ha Qeporraarur.rrHr,rre yrracrbr[r. M.a.n. Ha HaMorKara e cbcpeAoro_qeHo Bbpxy Bb3AytuHrfTe MeXN4FM, npr.r KoeTo

(3.13)

(3.14)

(3.1s)

Qd : V/2R6;(Do : V/R";o:I*2R5/R".

flpu npeHedpernane Ha crsnpor'BreHr'.sra na @epoMar'r,rrH'Te yrracrbrpr MB eruuefiHa. Toqgocrta Ha peuerl{ero Ha flpaBara rn o6parHara 3a.qaqa ce onpeAen.rror rotrHocrra Ha I'BqHCrsBaHe Ha MarH[THr,ITe CrnpornnngHnfr (npono4,ruoctn) HaBb3/qyuHure MexrErHH u Ha pa:cefinaue.

3. EIIEKTPOM ATHHTHI4 &TCf EMI4

3.2.2. Maruurnn npoBoAuMocrrr

3.2.2.1. Me:moDu sa onpedenane

Marsnttute npoBoIq.rMocrr,r ca Baxnr{ r{nrerpanHr{ napaMerpr.r rtpn Ia3qIncJuBaHe Ha

MB u 3aroBa nogpo6no ca pa3rneAam n [3].llo onpege[enne Manrurnara npo-

BoArrMocr G na crrJroBa rprda or no-Jrero - Qur. 3.10, n Kpanrlara Ha Ko-nro AeficrBa MarH[THoro Harrpe]KeHne

Urz : Ut - Uz u s KoRTo npeMnHaBarroroK iD, e ornorueHnero

t7t{

riil

i

*-trl

li

(3.16) G :*,wb/A.

Crnloro onpeAeneHr{e ce ornac.fl u 3a

MarHLrTHr,rTe npoBoAt{MocTH Ha Bb3Ayrrr-

Hrdre Mex.qluu (yuacrbr[,r, noanocu) nonbTt Ha rnaBHllt noToK u.Ha [oTor_[,ITe Ha

pascefiraHe, npu Koero norK)cnTe ce npu-eMaT 3a eKBH[IOTeH4,IaIHI,I TeJIa C Mar-HrrrHo Hanpe)Kerrne noMe)K gy uu Up.

Marnursoro none na MB oKono [onK]cr,rre r{ Ha pa3cefisane e cbc cro)<Ha rpn-MepHa cTpyKTypa, BcJreAcrBr{e Ha KoeTo npn r,BqucrsBaHe Ha IIoToKa, a oT TaM rra

MarHuTHaTa rrpoBoIFMocT ce cpeulaT pe4,Irla TpyArrocTr,r.

Marmmocrarnquoro noJre (npra arnca Ha roKoBH rf,|TorrHrfl{r{ B o6nacrra) ce onucnac ypaBnenr{ero Ha Jldnaac 3a cKanapmts(f^r,rrr}r BeKTop noreHrlr{unu A

(3.17) LUr,.: AA:0.

flpn Hartlrqr4e Ha roKoBrr t,t3ToqHur.ur c nJrbrHocr d e o6racrra Hafi-qecro ce H3-

noJBBa MoAen Ha craqnonapHo Marnr,rrHo no.rre (upu nocrorHnr{ rorone), onncBaH cypaBHenuero rra floacon sa BeKTop noremrylaaa A

A.d: -p8.3a nsqncansaHe Ha MarnnrnnTe rrpoBoArrMocrrr Ha rronK)cnure cucreMrr H Ha

pascefinane ce n3noJnBar peArrqa MeroAn, Kolrro o6o6uleno r{ rraKparKo ce pa3r-nexAaT rro-Aony.

Ananumu,aHume .uemodu B Hafi-o6q cryuafi npeAlonarar peruaBane Ha ypaBue-Hl'Isra (3.17), (3.18) np?I cborBerHn rpaHr.rqnr{ yc.[oBr.rs fi onpeAensne Ha BeKTopHr.rrexapaKTeplrcrr,rKr,r Ha MarrilrrHoro noJre: rurrerrnrertr f/ I{ r4HgyKrlr{sra B.3a qeara

Our. 3.10. Kru onpege.nsrre Ha Marnr.rrrraranpoBoAlrMocr Ha cuJroBa rpr6a or noJrero

(3.18)

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EIEKTPI4TIECKII AIIAPATLI. qACT 1

MorarAa ce Ll3nor3Bar It3BecrHHTe Merolgl Ha MareMarsrrHara Qnsrxa: MeroA c OyH-Kql{fl Ha fpau, MeroA c Qynrryrr Ha KoMn eKcHa npoMenrrr,rBa, MeroA c pa3Aen{He Ha

IIpOMeHnHBnTe, Bapua4{oHHr,r MeToAr,r r{ Ap.Cneg onpeAensHe Ha BeKTopHI{Te xapaKTepr{crrrKr,r Ha nonelo MarnnrHara npoBo-

AEMocr G sa cnaonara rpr6a or Qur. 3.10 ce onpeAens no Qoprvryrmre

(3.1e)

t/'.nu

(3.20)

G_

G_

KbAero s e [poI{3BotIHo ceqeHne Ha cnroBara tpr6a, 3a Koero ce H3qHcJrsBa noroKaiD ua uggyKl+{tra B; t -.qbnxl{Ha Ha cr.rJToBara JTnHr4s., no Korro ce n3qt4cnsBa naAaHa MaTHHTHO Hanpexetrne un rrpe3 rsrpKynar{HsTa Ha noneTo H; h - KoHTypsT Ha

ceqenl,Iero s, no AbJDKHHaTa na roftro ce rlaqncntBa tgrpKynapsra Ha BeKTop noreH-,4uunu A.

B peArrqa. cnyqau ce nonyqaBar

I earl I nar(s) (,)

f or/ *f ,ottai,(lr ) (l)

1

i

,l.l

I

ri

ceqeHne ,S or paBHoMepHo MarHr{THo

none MexAy .rye 6earpaftHr.r ycnope$rupaBHHHlr Ha pa3croswue 6 ce onpeAeJrr c

@oprvrynaraa

(Dur. 3.11. Manrrrru roJrloclt:Marr{rrHn; 6 - qurnurgpuvxr,r G: po:;'.

l

l

_i

flpocrr{ Qopruyau 3a H3qncnqBaHe Ha

MaTHnTHI{Te npoBo/4,IMOgfH, KOITTO HaM{-

PaT ronrMo npnnoxeHne npu peruaBaHe

I I Ha 3aAaqure sa MB.

.- ll I flpono.4nivrocrra 3a sacr c Harrpeq'o

H6

a - npn3-(3.21)

Taru QopMyna ce I,I3IIoJI3BA3AV3qVCDSBaHe Ha npOBO4,rMOCTTa Gg MeX.q/ qeJrara

na npdsr*arr{qHu r{nn rsinr{HApr,rvnu QepoMarHurHr{ [onK)cr,r (Qrar. 3.11):

Go: rrf , Go: pr#(3.22)

Axo o,b > 10d, d > 10d, Qopnynrue (3.22) onpeAensr nbrrHara npoBo4rMocrMex(Ay noJIIocHTe c rpeluKa HenpeBr.ruaBaqa S%o.tlpn flo-roneMr,r Bb3AyrrrHrr Mex4rur,rrperrrKara HapacrBa rnfi raro:

a) nonero Me>rcgy serrara Ha noJrrocuTe He e xoMoreHHo;

1,00

0,95

3. EIEKTPOM A THI4TH VI C"IACTEMII

6) ne ce orrrrirar florollr{Te or oKoJnrnte pt6oBe H c:reuu Ha floruocllTe.

3a HalaarsBaHe Ha rpeuKara trpn onpeAersHero Ha npoBoAlTMocrra Gg Ha noroKa

Mex.iq/ qe;1aTa Ha noJIIoCI,ITe BcneACTBHe Ha HepaBHoMepHoCTTa Ha floneTo, Qopuy-nwte (3.22) rpr6na Aa ce yMnoxar c KopeKIIIroueH roeQrt{nelrr k < 1, quftro crofi-

Hocrr,r 3a ABara BlrAa noffocr.r (npusr"rarr,rtlHl{ I{ I[uluHApraunr'r) ce orql'ITa ot Qr'rr. 3-12

B 3aBuctlMocr or pa3Mepl{Te nv [7,8].

0,90

0,80 0 0,5ffi- +

a6

Our. 3.12. Koperqnonen xoeQuqueHT 3a npoBo.qlrMocTTa MexAy qenara Ha noJlrocHTe:

a - npn3MarnqHu; 6 - qnnuHgpuutttl

flponogurrlocTnTe 3a [oTorIHTe oT oKoJrnnre pt6oBe u sreHI'I Ha llonrocHTe ce I'I3-

quCIsBaT nO QOpt"tyltn, [OnyqeHH aHanHTIMHo I{ eKcnepIIMeHTaJIHo.

flpoaognuocrra Gt 3a noroKa or oKo.[HIrr pt6 Ha troJlrccl'lre ce onpe,qens orcneArrr.rre Qopuyln:

- 3a npLBMaTI,MHH nOJITOCII

1,0

0,9

0,8

(3.23)

- 3a rInnnHApIrqHH noJltocn

(3.24) Gr. : ltordgvr(T),

2a 2b 2dKbAeTo roeQuqr,reHTltTe gs ce oTtILITaT ot Qur. 3.13 ctotneTHo 3a

6 ' d ' d .

flponoguvocrr4Te or oKo.nHltre creun Ha nollocure 3aBI{cffT or pa3crorHl4ero z, Ao

Koero Aocrrrrar cr,IJroBlrre Jfi4HVu Ha noJrero. Orsouresuero z f 6 Moxe Aa ce orqere

or Sur. 3.14n 3aBr.rcr,rMocr or rf 6 unuyf 6 HJILr aKo rluncBar Apyru AaHHI'I ce npueMa

Gt: uoloo*^(?) + bss,"(?)]'

k

np E III

llo

t\

w f,II u

6ld

Page 88: EA - u4ebnik

ETEKTPI4IIECKI4 ANAPATI4. qACT I

26 zbT*E9p

0,5

oA

0,3

u2t5

?A

/220

IEl614

t210

8

6

420

o,2

0,1

0 2 4 6 8 totzt4 16 18 20 x224262E303234 & v6*i

Onr. 3.13. 3anucuuocr Ha cnequQr{qHara @ur. 3.14.3anr.rcr.rMocrMe)KAypa3MepnTeHaMarHI{THa npoBoA}rMocr Ha noToKa or oKoJI- o6aacrra ria norora or oKoJrHHTe cTeHfl Hanllx pt6 3a npu3Marrrqur{ lt qEn[HApnqHrI no- nonrocuTeJIIOCH

2468101214

z : (I - 3)d. B rarrre cnyqaft [poBo4,IMocrnre Gz or oKoJrHHTe cretrn ce orpeAenrror OopMyrrHre:

- 3a npH3MaTHqHr{ nortoctr

(3.2s) Gz:2polg""H * suo(?)],

- 3a rInnHHAPHrrHr{ flontocn

(3.26) Gz : porrds(T),

KbAero xoeQnr4aeHrure nr"(T), n*(T) 3a npu3Marnqur,r norrrocn ce orrrr,rrar or

Qr'rr. 3.15a, a roeQr.rr+.lenrbr g (i) *qunuHApnqHu ronK) cnceorqr.rra or erar. 3.1s6.Aro sncoqllHara, Ao KofiTo Aocrufar cI{JIoBnre nvut4w Ha noJlero no orAenur.ITe

crpaHlr Ha npu3MartarlHnre nonrocr e pa3nnrrHa, Qopl,r. (3.25) Moxe Aa ce gerafinnzupat31.

Cne4 onpeAentrHe Ha KoMnoHeHTr,rra Go, Gt n Gz nbJrHlrTe crofiHocrn Ha MarHr,rT-Hlrre npoBoALIMocrtI 3a npr43Marnqnr,rre v rI4nnHEpHrrHr4Te noJlrocu or Qnr. 3.ll ceH3qr,rcrrBar no Qoprvr y rlretra

t2o 2breo(a * rJ

(3.27) G:Go*Gr*Gz.

A[Mocra Go za rroroKa Ha pa:cefrnaHe Ha coneHor,rAen eneKTpoMarrilrr ot 6poHeu,r rnn

o/6 u:u.bf 6 :2,

4 5 6 7 8 910 1l12 13 14 15 16 17 l8 l92OZl z

E,#

3. ENEKTPOMAI-HI4THI4 C?ICIEMVI

Qnr. 3.15. 3anucnrvrocr na cneqnQnrrHara MaFHHTHa flpoBo/qrrMocr Ha noroKa or oroaunx pr6:a - m nplrgMarr{qHfi noJrroc[i6 - za qurtrlnApnrrnfi noJrrocn

flpono4r.uvrocrra 3a egnur{rda AbnxunaI OT paAr.ranHoTo MarHr,rTno [one MexAy4na 6e:rpaftHo ;1raFr,r KoaKcr{anHr{ rryr-

nIrHApnqHLI eKBIInOTeHTIUaIHpI nOnrOCa C

PaALIycr rr n 12 - Qlr. 3.16, e

9z3,0

L8\62,4

\22,O

1,8

1,6

l141,21,0

0,8

0,6

0,4

o,2

a09z3,0?-8

\62,4

2,22,01,8

r,61,4

1,2

1,0

0,8

0,6

04o,2

6o

l

liII

I

rll)

(3.28)

Tosn rapa3 ce rl:non3Ba Hanp. nptlnpu6rnrnrenHoro onpeAensHe rra npoBo-

Our. 3.16. Koarcuarun 6esrpafinoAbnru qr-JrHHApr{

2nl"on--Y - ln(r2lr1)'

| 2 3 4567 8910tt121314151617181920 z

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EJIEKTPHqECKI,T AI]APATH. qACT I

p-+q

(Dnr. 3.17, Kru rvrannnruara npoBoArrMocr MexAy: a - ycnopeAHn ulrnuuApr.r c eArraKBr{ paAr{-ycn;6 - ycropeAHn qr{.nuHAbp u paBH}rHa

IIPE3 YMHOXABAIIE C AKCI{AJIHATA MY AbN)il,IHA T

(3.2e) Go: gI.

Aro gnara ryrnr{Hltbpa cac e,uraKB[r paAuyctr r n ca pa3noJroxeHn BbHruHo eAtlu orApyr Ha pa3crosnr.re d > 2r - Qr.rr. 3.t7a,npoBo,ryrMocrra g e

Tlto(3.30)

npw d/r > l0

(3.30a)

n(fi+ lW)'g:

TFos = rn(d/r)'

Kato ce LrMa [peABLIA rp]rurrymbr Ha cnMsrpr.rrra npoBoArrMocrra g MexAy ycno-peAHH rlnnrrHltlp u 6eerpaifua paBHnHa * Our. 3.176, e

2nlro(3.31) 9-

r'14+Lr

Ha Qnr. 3.18 e roKa3aHa pa6omata Bb3AyrrHa MexAuHa Ha KJranaHHa

cncreMa, qn{To npoBo.qnMocn Go ce onpeAers no Qopr"ryrrara

MATHHTHA

(3.32) Gp:Go+Gr*Gz,

3. E/IEKTPOMATHT4THH CTICTEMI'I tt7

KbAero: Gg e [poBoAlrMocrra 3a ocHoB-

rur (velHnx) nmor MexAY noJlloca H

KOTBara; G1 - npoBoMMocrra 3a [oroKaMexry pn6a na noJrK)ca u KorBara; Gz -upoBoAt{MogfTa 3a noToKa MexAy oKoJr-

HaTa IIOBbpXHOCT Ha nOJItOCa U KOTBaTa.

Kounonermlrre Ha G, ca o[peAeneul'I

C [3[ON3BAHE HA AHAJIINTI.TTIHIS METOA U CE

r.r3lrr{crltBaT no cneAHIITe IBpa3H:

(3.33)

(3.34)

(3.3s)

Our. 3.18. Pa6otna Bb3Ayruna Me)KArHa

KNANAHHA MATHIITfl A CIICI€MA

Go:Tro'- r-tz);

Gr : #fu\,Q+ r) + |*nor*of,

Gz : zlroclt* "t . ]..l

OgHa.IeHHrTa Ha pa3MepI,ITe B ropHnTe LI3pa3H ca flcnrt ot Qnr. 3.18.

3a nnrocrpaqns Ha rnnoJl3BaHero Ha MeroAa c Syttxqut Ha KoMnreKcHa npoMeH-

rr.rBa r{ roHQoprvtra rpaucQopMarlns rtpu onpeAeJltHero Ha MarHarHH npoBoAHMocrH

e pa3rneAaH cneAHl,rfi npocT npI,IMep.(DyHrquatv,tr: u*iu:lnz:In(Reie) : ln R+i,p I{Ma cboTBeTHo: PeanHa

qasru: lnR :lnJNF ruMarnHepHa qacr a: g:arctg(ult).Axo sa roTelilUlanna QyHrqras, ceuglepeU :1) : I : atcts@/r), cnopeA

Qnr. 3.19a Ha Her cborBercrBa noJrero MexAy gna nonroca, cKIIK)qBaIqu b.tb.lr 9.ClutOsgte nu6t4t4 flpeAgf,aBsT gtru OT KoHIIeHTpuqH[ OKpbxHocTI{.

a6B

Qnr. 3.19. Kr*r npuaoxeHle Ha MeroAa c Qyurqua Ha KoMrJreKcHa npoMeHJIHBa 3a onpeAe-

Jtf,rre Ha MarHu'rrlara npoBoAl{Mogr Ha nonK)cna cncreMa: a - nonlocHa clrcr€Ma; 6 - Ivrannutso

noJre B paBrrr{Hara zi B - MarH[THo fiore B paBHuHara u,

Page 90: EA - u4ebnik

178 EMKTPI4qECKIT AIAPATI4. qACT I

rlpu g : n : zr (Qur. 3.196) norrero B paBnr{Hara z e Mex(Ay ABa ronrcca cnoTeHllnann U1 :0 nUz : 1) : r.Ha Qnr. 3.198 e noKa3ano uao6pa)r(enlreTo Ha

cboTBeTHoTo paBHOMepHO IIOne B paBHHHaTA U.ManrHrnara rIpoBoAI,IMocr g 3a e,erHril{a Abn)Kr.rHa or [onero Me;KAy ABe roqKn c

paAr{ycu Ro il R" e

(3.36)

B [3,31] ca gageru MHo)KecrBo ApyrH Qoprrlyau 3a pa3JrHrr]Tr{ ronrocHH ct4ereMr,r,a raKa cblrlo I{ npI{MepH 3a npr,rJrox(eHr{e Ha aHarurr,rrrHr{Te MeroAI4 3a OrrpeAeJr.fiHe Ha

MaTHHTHH [pOBO4{MOsrU.

Vucnenume nemodu3a orlpeAeJlfiHe Ha MarHHTHure rrpoBolurMocrr,r r{3rron3Bar or-denssa*fire B T. 3.1 qncresn MeroArr 3a a*alrzr3 Ha nonero u eoprra. (3.19), (3.20).

Ha Qur. 3.2O ca rpa@nvno rso6paseHH sauncuMbcrr.rre Ha rpoBoAr.rMocrr4Te rra

paaceftnaHe 3a eAI,IHHIIa Itbnx(Hua or noJrero g / l-ro or orHorrreHurrra Ha pa3Meplrre3a ycnopeAHl{ npH3MarI{rrHI{ nofioctl (a) u nplrsMaruqeH H u$nn*Apr{qeH noJrroc (6),nonyqeHH no MeroAa c rpaur,rqun uHTerpanur,r ypaBHeHHr [10,85,89]. TegH pe3ynrarnnpn flnocKonapanenHo noJle ce go6auxcaBar no roqHocr Ao pe3ynrarrrre, nonyqeun

0,25 0,5 0,75 r,25 1,5 1,75 2,O

s:#:roT:+I"fr

0.E

o,7

0,6

1,0

a

Our. 3.20. Manurnru npoBolun,rocrnHa pasceitraue: a - Mexgy ycuopelumQeporvranmrunpru|Mn;6-MexAyycnope$il{ Qepouarwrrnr nprnMa n$uullutbp

0,9

0,86

0,7

0,6

g' : g/n

't5z\1 t: 4: Uri) u,rJ I

\t,:z) 1,5t\ I \ /4

=w z?

L4a -4

l&rflb/"

3. EIIEKTPOM Af I{I4THI'I CII CTEMI,T

c u3non3BaHe Ha anarr.rrnqHn MeroIU{ (nanp. npr{ H3non3BaHe Ha Q-nu (3.30), (3.31)ga cborBerHnre cnyuan).

fpa@uunutne uvemodrr 3a orrpeAersHe Ha MaTHHTHH npoBo4{Mocrr{ ce ocnoBaBar Ha

pbr{Ho HarlepraBane (r,rso6parxnane) Ha KaprrrHara Ha AByMepHr,r (rurocronapanenut4 Lt

rurocKoMepn.qr.Iannlr) nonera - gbBKymrosrra or cuJroBrrre r{ eKBunorenrsranurt nwsvtu,

Kor{To Morar Aa ce fipeAcraBflT B paBHuHara Ha qeprexa. 3a qerra o6racma safloJrero ce pa3Aen.s Ha noAodnacr.u (r.netru), Kon'To nMar elgraKBn eneMeHTapHH

rrpoBo/ryIMoc.Tr{.

Ha Qur. 3.21 e rroKa3aH )rqacrbK or Kaprr{rrara Ha nnocKorrapanenHoro noJre

Mexl(y ;4ea noanoca, qal,rTo cnepl B paBHI,rHaTa Ha qepTe)Ka ca o3Harrerrv c nHHlIrrTe

Ha MaTHfiTHHTe I{M noreHrs{iurn Ut - 0 u Uz - U. KagrlrHata Ha trorero ce qeprae

IIocJIeAoBareJIHo KJIerKa rro KJrerKa Karo ce 3anorrBa or o6aasrra c safi-ronsMara MyHHTeH3HBHOCT H OKOMepHO Ce Cna3BaT CneAIrHTe yCnOBlI_S:

- cI{JIoBtITe (A : const) 14 eKBrrnoreHrlr.ranHure (U : const) J:ortnrrrn ce npec}rqarnoA npaB brbn (ranreHru:re KbM Fere Kpr,rBr{ rlrrc{J4r4 B ToqKara Ha npecuqaHeroI{M cKnx)qBar npaB rrnn);

- KJrerKI{re, o6pa:ynanu or clrJroBnre n eKBnnorenls{aJlHure ryrmvlz., ca FeoMer-pHrIHo nogo6nu (npnrvrepno ornorueruero Ha cpe4rr{Te HM pa3Mepu no cuJroBaraLI eKBHnOTeHTIHIUTHaTA rrtHns. e paBHO rla eAruruqa, npH KOeTO Te [peACTaBrsBaT

. KpnBonnuefima rnagpau).

CnagsaHero Ha BToporo ycnoBr4e onpeAenrr paBHlr npoBolurMocTlr pg : Fo saBcIItrKrr KrerKH (aro ca Kpr{BontrHefinn rnaqparn).

Caeg nocrpoflBaHe Ha Kaprr,rnara Ha noJrero MarHr,rrHara npoBo4.rMocr Ha noffoc-

t79li

il

rilll,lI

Onn. 3.21. KaprrHa Ha noJrero Me)KAy Q"po-MATHI{THII UOJIIOCI|

@ur . 3 .22 . Yacr ( I /4) or KaprnHar-a Ha rroJrero

Me)KAy ycropeAHn $epouarHrmHr npr'r3Mu

---t,lliliI'

jil

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lI

I

EJIEKTPIIIIIECK}I AIIAPATH. YACT I

(3.37)

Kb,qero m, e 6pofrT Ha crllroBlrre rpb6n B napanen (na Qnr. 3.21 m : 7); n - 6poar na

KJrerKare B eAHa cHJroBa rpr6a (ua Qnr. 3.21n: 4); I -;p-rrxcuHara Ha norK)cHaracHcTeMa B nepneHluKynflpHoTo Ha qepTexa HanpaBneHne.

flpu neuon3BaHe na rpa$uunus MeroA r.r HaJrr{qne Ha yqacrbru or rroJrero, xapaK-Tepr,Bnpaury ce sbc cuMerpnr, Tps6Ba Aa ce Haqeprae caMo eIutrr or re3r,r yqacrbrls.Ha Qur. 3.22 e noKa3aHa ll4 or Kaprr{Hara Ha norrero Mexgy lpe ycnope4u Qepo-MarHr{THH npusMu, mft raro ro [puTexaBa ABe paBHuril sa cr,rMerpns.

Etccnepu*teHmcLnHutne nemodu 3a onpeAersne Ha Marur{Tnure flpoBororMogm ce

OCHOBABAT HA:

a) ,4.rpernro [3MepBaHe Ha MarHrlTrrr{Te noror{,r H naAoBere lra MaTHI,ITHo Hanpexe-Hr.re Ha MB urrs rexuu Qusnvnn MoAenE [65];

6) ererrprrecKo MoAenr{paue Ha Marnrrrrroro flore (c ererrpoJrurHa BaHa, eJreK-

TponpoBoA{rr{a xaprus r{ Ap.) H LBMepBaHe Ha cborBerHara eJreKTpl{qecKa npo-BOAr,rMOsr.

Cneg o6pa6otxa Ha pe3ynrarnre or eKcrrepr,rMeHTaJrHnre r,r:cnemanns. ce AocrI,IFago Qopl'ryrru, [oAxoAflrrlu 3a v3qvcnfrBarre Ha MarHr{THr{Te npoBotr[.rMocru.

3a qraruHgpr,ruHn QepoManur,rrHr{ noJrrocn (Qnr. 3.11) no onrrreH rbr e nonyrreHa

cneAr{ara Qoprrayna 3a npoBogMocrra G l39l

Hara cr.rcreMa ce n3qncilfrBa rto QopMynara

": foTr,

G:t4e+o,b8d-ffi)(3.38)

BtopararoMrroHeHTa naQoprvrynaTa oTqnTayqacTr{eTo HanoToKa oT oKorrHr,rxpt6,a TpeTaTa - Ha [oToKa oT oKonHr{Te cTeHr,r Ha rIHnnHApHrrHHTe noffocu Ao pa3cTotH[en.

3a npr.rcrr,raTnqHr{ noJrrocu c KBaApaTHo ceqeHue c pa3Mep 4, oflr{rHo nonyqeHaTa

@opuyna 3a npoBo4{Mosrra e

(3.3e) G : Fol7^ -0,58o * 0,'/.,4a

ln(l.,05 + 6/a)talr-l' o,rrd -lo,4rJ'

Memodume c onpocmeHa cmpyKtnypa Ha nonemo v3rron3Bar 3aMsna Ha gefic":rnu-

TeIHaTa CIOXHa npOCTpaHCrBeHa TOnOJrOt.vfr Ha [OneTO C nO-npOCTa npl{ 3ana3BaHe

ua o6qata (peayararnam) npoBo4,t.Mocr. B rpaKrr{Kara ca HaMepHrM npuJroxeHue

lpa BapuaHTa Ha To3r,r MeToA:

- 3cuilaHa na deficmautnerHomo HepaoHo.rvtepHo none c pasH.o^4epHo none nexdynonrccu c QurcrnueHu usqucnumenHu pas.Mepui

3. E'IEKTPOM ATHI4THI4 CI'TCTEMI4

- glllilarta na deficmaurnenHomo pasnpedeneHue Ha nonemo c npudnusumenHo'

npu Klefno nornoK6m ce clcmou otn cunoeu mpo6u c npocma, nO npaeDOnoddna

QoP*ta.

CttqnoCtla Ha IIbpBI{s MeToA e BbB Qrrtnnno yBenI'IqaBaHe Ha Pa3MeprITe Ha

CeqeHHeTO Ha nOJIK)Ca, KOSTO OTtInTa HaII{qHeTO Ha 1OTOI-U4 OT OKOIHHTe UU pl6one'

ysefl.I.reHr.reTo ce onpeAent qpe3 aHanHTLIqHI,I unH eKcnepHMeHTanHI'I H3cneIFaHHt'

Tara Ha[p. npoBoA]tMocTTa Me)KAy qeJIaTa Ha npI'I3MaT]IqHlI noJrtoc[' KosTo

BKJrK)sBa tt noToIII{Te oT oKoJIHI{Te I{M pt6one ce onpeAenx c QopvtynaTa

(o * 0, 30761r)(b+0,3a761r)G: l.ro(3.40)

Mero.r1rr pa3rnexAa ABa ocHoBHI'I

BuAa nonrccHu cucreMu(nu 3l), noraraun

na Qr,rr. 3.23,3a Kol'tro otrurHo ca lraMe-

peHr{ yBenHqeHfitTa Ha ceqeHHtTa I{M:

a) npouo4luosrra 3a roroKa Me)KAY

nonroc Id paBHHHa - clyuaft fi, ce onpe-

Aex.fl no QoptuYaara

ah(3.41) Gn : uoffG+rr)(1+rz),

KbAeTo rr : ),*6 I a; W : \16 lb;6) nponogrMoqma 3a noroKa MexAY

,@a nonrcca - cnyqafrY, ce onpeAenfl no

Qoprrlyaam

o.h(3.42) Ga : uo|0+u1)(1+s2),

KbAero Ut: \a6la;A2: ^v5lb.KoeQuIg{enTrre .\r n .\, ce orquTar

or onIITHo flonyrre]rHTe KpIrBu na Ilh"ru-

Aer, noKa3aHI4 Ha Qur. 3.23, B 3aBllcn-

Mosr or Bb3AytxHara MexgtaHa 6 Ha no-

JINCHATA CIICTCMA.

flpunaraHeTo Ha To3I,I MeToA 3a cnyqauTe oT Qnr.3.24BoAI'I Ao cneAnrTe npra6nu-

3HTeJrHr,r pe3ynraTH:

- 3a cnyqas ot $r.rr. 3.24a

3,0

2,E

2,6

2,4

2,2

2,O

1,8

1,6

t,4t,2

1,0

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

@nr.3.23. Koe$uquentl Ir u ,\o aa rr3rll{c-

ISBaHe Ha MaTHLITHaTa [poBoAI{MOCT Me)KAy

npn3Maruqeu noJrloc u 6esxpafina paBIIIrHa

(cny.rafi r) n uexgy ABa npu3Marl'lsHl{ no-

Jrroca (c.nyvafi Y)

I"da-a-i

)", )r,

o 0,2 0,4 0,6 0.8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 l'8 cm

(3.43) G^: t'+G+ r)(1+ y), , : Y,a

Page 92: EA - u4ebnik

a,b

"N N N s-,, "lF S.,, fu, fu,T\N\ [.-l N' il\ N_]- W

[email protected]. flornocu c pa3Jrr{rrnn Qopull

- 3a cny'v.aq or @r.rr. 3.246

Iud.,a

- 3a cnyqan or Qur. 3.24s

(3.4s)

(3.46)

Bropuxr MeroA e npeA,rto)Ken, o6ocHoBaH u pa3BHT or Porepc t109] H 3aroRaqecro nbrH B nl,ITeparypara ce Hapr{qa *temod na Pomepc. I,I:xoxrgafiru or om,rruononyqeHH cneKTpH Ha TpnMepHoro MarHlrrHo nore oKotto noJrrocl{Te Porepc noKa3Ba,r{e 3a pa3nI,IrIHHTe My nogo6rac'ru TpaeKTopnilTe Ha cr{rroBnTe rr{ntttwn ca raKriBa,qe re3n nogo6aactu Morar npu6nnstnenHo Aa ce pa3rne)Kgar He3aBHcr{MH eArra orApyra.

flpra onpe.qenrHe Ha BepoqrHuTe MaTHHTHH cr,rroBr{ nwmwr ce HMa npeAsHA, qeTe ce pa3npeAensr raKa, qe noroKbr (npono4arrlocma) e MaKclrMareH. Hsrou ornplderl{Te cI{JIoBI,I tpt6r.r MorarAa HMar no-MaJrKa, a Apyrra - no-ronsMa npoBoAgMocrot AeficrnHTerHara, Ho npz fi3.rncrrrBane Ha ubrHara [poBoIII{Mocr Ha nonero re3r.rpa3nnKr,r oTqacTH B3ar{MHO Ce KOMneHCnpaT.

3a scsra or nprernTe cl{ltoB}r rpr6n Ha noroKa, Koprro npeAcraBnsBar npocrr,r noQoprtla reoMerpnunu (ctepeoMerpr,rtrHu) rerta, noJrero ce npr,rBexAa KbM paBHoMepnon npoBoAtrMOcTTa e

tEz ENEKTPI4YECKI4 ANAPATI4. qACT I

I"dlz: -f i

(3.M) Ge : p,*Q+i+\; (r+u,) , r: f, ,,:

)".*: 7u'

G"- rof1*r)(L+s), l"dV:T;l"d'&_-l

c

- 3a crryua^ or @nr. 3.24r - Kpbrnr{ nonK)cr{

G : ^#,

dt: d(r * r),

G: poh,Lcp

(3.47\

Kb.qeTo &p e cpeAHoTo ceqeHHe Ha cHJroBata rpt6a; l"O - 4sa;xrinaTa Ha cpeAHaTacr,rnoBa numnr Ha rpr6ara.

It3. E'IEKTPOM A|HI,ITHVI CaICI EI0/[U

Aro cpe.rgroro cerreHue Ha cfinona rpr6a ce onpeAens rpylpo, no-ygo6tta 3a v3-qr,rcrsBaHe Ha npoBoAl{Mosrra e Qopr"rylara

Q.a7a)

KbAero V e o6ervmr Ha r{Jroro, Koero npegcraBnsBa cl,uroBata rpn6a.

,{rrurcrnara I"o Ha cpegnara cuJroBa

nilHt4s Ha rpr6ata ce onpeAens aHaJIH-

TurrHo ll.nn qpe3 rpa@nuHo nocrposBageHa KapTr{HaTa Ha noJreTo.

3a nmompaqnfi Ha MeroAa Ha Po-

repc Ha Qur. 3.25 e Hso6paseHo npn6-Jrr.r3r{TeJrHo TpnMepHoTo Marril,ITHo nolleoKono nplBMaTHrrHr,r floruocH c pa3Mepl{

a, b sa paacroruue d.

Pearuroro Marrurruo none ce 3aMecrBa

or cbBKynHocr or norera n noAo6aacruc npocra reoMerpr{r{Ha (ctepeorvretpruna)

Qopr"ra, qnnTo npoBoAl{Mocrr{ ce H3qr.Ic-

I,tBaT no u3BecTHI{ eIeMeHTApHU U3pa3H,

onpeAeneHu cro6pasno c Qoprvr.Q.aT) u

AaAeHH sra6n.3.2.B rompernr.rfi cnyqafi ot Qur. 3.25

npoBoAl,rMoctra ce cbcrotr (e cyua) or rrpoBoAlrMocrr,rre Ha cneAHltre reoMerpI,IqHH

TCJIA:

- npoBoFrMocr Gg na nprl3Mara Mex(Ay qeJraTa Ha nonroc[Te cpaBHoMepHo floJre.

Tx crotsercrBa Ha ocnoBHnx (uemux) noror v ceviqvcilsaa no Qoprr,r. (3.21);

- npoBoAr{MocTn Ha nJrbTHr{ flonyryrruHApu Gt/z^c AHaMeTbp d', clorneTcTBalr{l,I

Ha noroKa or oKo/rHr,rre pr6one Ha qenara Ha noffocnre. flpra ofipeAensHero I{M

ce npueMa, rre re ca qacrn c Abnxnnlr a n b or 6errpafiuo Abnrlr nonyIrHnLIHApL

cborBerHo npn o -+ oo n b -+ oo;

- npoBo4{Moqr}r Ha Kyxr{ nonyrurnr,rHApr{ G t / z* c BbTperueH luaMeTbp d n nturueu

Ar{aMerbp 6 +2rn, cborBercrBailIn Ha noroKa or oKonHnre creHI,I Ha nortocnre,3a cnroBHTe JtwJtut4, Ha KoHTo ce flpel[Ionara, qe AocTuraT Ao pa3cTorlHne Tn :(1 + 3)d. flpra onpe4ensnero aM ce flpueMa, qe re ca qacru c.ttbrrrolHa aunn b

or 6e:rpaftso Aurn KyxJ{ rlonyry{nl{HAplt sborBerHo npn a -+ oo r.r b -r oo;

- npoBoAllMocrn Ha nJIbrHI,I qerBbprItHKLI or cQepa Gt/+n"e c.quaMerbp d, ct-oTBercTBa[IH Ha rroToKa oT oKonHr'rTe BbpxoBe Ha norlocl,ITe H pa3nono)KeH]I

MexAy rurbTHr,rTe flonyryrnfiHAPu ;

Go: po\,ncp

@ur. 3.25. Manurno rone oKoJro npn3-MATHqHII IIOIIOCII

* '\rlli

l1

ritilr

llIrl

I

ll

Page 93: EA - u4ebnik

I

Ta6auqa 3.2. flponoArMocrn Ha eJreMeHrapHH reoMerpurrHn TeJra

Cruqa flponognrvroct

flolonnn rurbren rlnnnHAbp G1: 1.ts0,261

floaosan Kyx qllntan,qbp .Gz:rrffi

Yermgr nnbrna cQepa Gs: p,s0,0776

Yermpr ryxa cQepa Ga: 1t60,25m

I{uarangpnvnu noJrx)ca G5: p,sL,63r

Ga: Uo{

EJIEKTPT{qECKI4 ATTAPATI,I. qACT I

- noBbpxHocrE Ha Kyxr{ qerBbprnuKr.r or coepa (cQepr,ruurr rrepyrrKr,r) Gt/q*"Q cBbrpeIIIeH ALIaMerbp d' u nnnrueH Ar.raMerbp 6 +2m (m : 1+3d), sborBercrBar.rlrdHa noroKa or oKoJrHlrre pb6oBe Ha noJrlocvtre u pa3noJro)KeHr.r Me)KAy Kyxr.raenonyqfirr{HAptr.

fln.nHara npoBoAnMocr Ha npr,BMaruqHr,rre flonrccta e

(3.48) G=Go*G*p,KbAeTo G*p e npoBoAHMocTTa Ha [oToKa oT Kpal{qaTa Ha nonloca (rpaena npoBoAH-

3. EJIEKTPOMATHI4THI4 CI4CTEMI4

Mocr).3a rpaenara npoBoAlrMocr ce nonyqaBa

(3.49) @.p :, 2G1pnu(a) +Zct,r"u(b) + 2G1p*u(a) + 2G1p*u(b)

* AGt/an"q* 4G11a*"q.

flponoqulrosrHTe Ha eJreMeuTapHr.rre reoMerpr{qHl,I TeJra ce otrpeAenfrT c H3noJT-

3BaHe Ha ra6n. 3.1 ra npu orrluraHe Ha,[FJI)I(rurI{Te I{M (aunub).Pe:ymatrr 3a [poBoAnMoc-rra G, on-

peAeneHa no QopM (3.48) e 6ru{srr Aorosrr H3rrr,rcJleH ro Qopu. (3.27). YecronbTr{ npn }Bql{crqBaHe Ha KpaeBaTa npo-

BoAfiMocr no OopM. (3.49) ce IsrycKarnocneIsil.rTe I{Ba qJIeHa, Tbft rato npl{Ho-qbr Ha noror{me B coep[qHr{Te o6nacrl4e He3HaqHTeneH.

Mero4rr na Porepc ce rmnon3Ba I{ npn

MHOrO Apyr[ IoJIK)CHI,I CHCTeMH (yanp.

nomoc u paBHlIHa), uo ereMeHTapHI{Te

reoMerpr,rqHrr reJra ce npoMeHsr (qer-BbpT or rurbreH r{ Kyx rrynlrHAbp rr Ap.).Ha Qnr. 3.26 ca [oKa3aHI,I KoHIrtrHu no-rtrocfi (a) ta r+{JrnH,qbp B rIr.rJrHHApHqHa

Tp'b6a (6), :a KouTo [poBoAI,tMocTI,ITe, onpeAeneHl{ no MeToAa Ha Porepc, cboTBeTHo

ca:

a6Onr. 3.26. Kru npurolceHnero Ha MeroAa Ha

Porepc 3a: a - KoHHvHH noJrlocu; 6 - quus-Abp B rIHnIH.qplIuHa rpt6a

(3.s0) G:Po(#-ffi+o'75);

(3.s1) G : ttol+Tr+6, 6(" " *)

*UP* tWl,'-tln d ;*r -*1

I

KbAero o3HarreHnsra Ha pa3Mepnre ca rrcnlr or Qrrypam.Toqsoctta Ha MeroAa Ha Porepc He e Br.rcoKa (rpeumr.r Ao 2O-3OVo u noneue), uo

necHo ce npr,rJrara oco6eso npu npe,Wapr,rrenHu n3ql{cJreHl4s na MB u npl{ JIItnca Ha

APyru Bb3MoxHocrlr.Cpanneru.rero MexAy Qopr"r. (3.22)n(3.49)3a ocHoBHara H KpaeBara npoBoArlMocr

noKa3Ba, qe flocneAuara MHoro caa6o u noqrlt He 3aBr{cri or Bb3AyulHara Me)qqHHa

d. Karo ce r{Ma npeABnA, rre eneKTpoMarHHTHara cnna, qeftmnaqa Bbpxy noJrtocl.ITe,

3aBr{cr,r or rrpor.r3BoAHara dG ld6 (rx<. r. 3.4.2.2), crreFa, qe KpaeBltsr noroK npaKT}t-

lIecKI,I He Cb3AaBA CWttA.

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186 EIEKTPT4TTECKI4 ANAPATI,I. YACT I

Ornotuenuero

(3.s2)

(3.s3)

oGG*ooB: oo

: Go

: t * G;-

noKa3Ba KorKo nbrH noroKbT BbB Bb3AyrrrHara MexAr.rHa e no-norsM or noroKa npe-MI'IHaBaq npe3 rlenoro Ha noffocl{Te r,r ce Hapnua rcoeQuqueHm na pascerteaHe Hat""ll#":#::#X'rorreMlrHara

Ha Bb3AyrrrHara Me)KAr.*ra roeeuqneHrbr Ha pa3-cefisaHe HaMar.rrBa r,r KrroHlr KbM eIutHHrIa.

3.2.2.2. Ilpueedenu npoeoilu'uocmu

llpn usvucr.sBaHe tra noro4,tte Ha pa3cefinaHe H Ha rsxuoro BnrlETaHe (nn-neg no-ToK, noroKocl{eruIenHe) c HaBHBKLtTe Ha HaMorKETe, KaKTo H Ha cborBercrBarrlnTeHM rIpoBoAHMocrIl n MB, or cblrlecrBeHo 3HaqeHHe e Msctoro Ha pa3nono)Kegue Ha

HaMOTKure Bbpxy MarHHTonpoBoAa, Bb3Ayr[HUTe Me)KAHHj, U Apyft4 Qarropn.Ha Qur. 3.27a e noKa3aHa ll-o6paaHa MarHlrrHa cncreMa c HaMorKa c ut HaBFTBKH,

B KoHTo nporrrra ror i, pa3nono:Kena Bbpxy ,rpeMa. Axo ce npeHe6perHe MarHr{T-Horo cbnporllBJlelil{e Ha croMaHara ABere LEpa ca eKBHloreHWanHt4 (npr,rrvrepno cnoreHrll{anu U1 : 0 u U2 : lvl : iw) (Onr. 3.276). Cu.nosure nulnn Ha noroKa Ha

parceitraue oo uexAy rere rrApa ca noA'IoxeHr Ha e4ro rn cbrrlo M.A.H. v : -(IzI{ ce BITJII,ITaT c ITbJIHI,Ifl 6pofi nanrnKu'u Ha HaMorKara. TaraBa MarHr{THa clrcreMace Hapl{qa c}'c c6cpedomoraeno .u.d.n. Aro nporoAnMocrra 3a eryrnur{a AbnxtHra Ha

tApara e g (npHrvrepHo orqereHa or KprrBHTe or Qnr. 3.2Oa), To rpoBoAr,rMocrra 3anoroKa Ha pascefiBaHe Ha pa3crosnne u or ocHoBara e

Goa : 9r,

@ur.3.27. Marnurnacl{creMa cbc cbcpeAoroqeHo M.A.H.: a - KoHcrpyKTr{BHa cxeMa; 6 - pas-npeAeteHl'Ie Ha M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara; B - u3MeHenr{e Ha floroKa Ha paacefinaHe rro EbJDKt4HaraHa HaMOTKaTa; r - r,r3MeHeHne Ha noToKa B sApaTa

3. EJIEKTPOM A f H I,,ITHU C}IC*IEMVI

a floroKbr ua pa:cefirane

(3.s4) (boa:VGo*:Vgt

3aBHcrI runefrHo or r - Qur.3.27n.flusnxt roroK Ha pascefiBaHe rpn s : I e

(3.s5) Oot:VGot:VgI,

a cborBeTHoTo My noroKocqemeHue e

(3.s6) Vo : wQo -- wVGo.

3a or6eas3BaHe e, qe nre Qoprvr. (3.55), (3.56) yqacrBa llbnHoro M.A.H. V na

HaMorKara, Koero e yAo6Ho npr{ cbcraBsHe H H3[on3BaHe Ha 3aMecrBan{ara cxeMa Ha

MB. I.

MHoro MB usuort3BaHu B rrpaKTr{Kara cacbc clbcpeqoroqeHo M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara.

Ha Qur. 3.28a e noKa3aua fl-o6paeua MarHr,rrHa cncreMa, quilTo nauoxa (c u.r

HaBnBKr,r lr roK i) e pasuonoxeHa Bbpxy rAporo. Aro omono ce npeHe6perue cbllpo-TaBJreHHero Ha croMaHara, To,qBere tApa He ca eKBnnorenqr.raann, Tbft Karo norenl+{-arbr Ha rApoTo, Bbpxy KoeTo e pa3nonoxeHa HaMoTKaTa ce n3MeH.rI no rI,IHeeH 3aKoH

- Qur. 3.286, r,r Ha pa3crorHne o or ocHoBara My e

tE7

l,ti)J

tlllrll/j

ir

I!:'.

I

l

I

I

\:'i

il,i

rl1itlttll

l

I1

lJ

(3.s7) l(r,l:w --+".B rogu cnyuafi cHJroBHTe nn*:au (r,r curonure rpr6rn) Ha noroKa Ha pa3cetrBaHe Oo

MexAy ARere rApa He ca nolfno)KeHl,l Ha elulo rr cbrr{o M.A.H. H He ce BrrJrHTaT c nbJrHn.rr

6poft nannBKr.r Ha HaMorKara. Tarasa MarHnrHa cucreMa ce HapI,Iqa c pasnpedeneHo

r

i

A

ul 21I tu I iD.,E:::==

-=g

,L,LV:Iuo

@ur. 3.28. Marnntna clrcreMa c pa3npeAeneHo M.A.H.: a - Kor{crpyKTnBHa cxeMa; 6 - pasnpe-AeJreHI{e Ha M.?q.H. Ha HaMorKara; B - }r3MeHeHrre Ha noroKa na pascefiBaHe no Abn)KuHara Ha

lApaTa; r - H3MeneH[e Ha noToKa B sApaTa

li

Page 95: EA - u4ebnik

r88 EMKTPI4CECKI4 AfIAPATI,I. YACT I

.ru.b.n.3a onpegeJrflHe rra noroKa na parcefiBane u noroKocrlenJreHilero My qpe3

Soprwyar.l, B KoHTo JrrracrBa nrJrHoro M.A.rr. V na HaMorKara ce IBnoJBBar Mar-

HRTHIT TIpOBOAT{MOCTI| CbOTBSTHO npUBeAeHrI IIO noToKa II llo [oToKOCqenJIeHrlgIo.

flpra onpegerflHero r{M ce rlsnoJrrBa onpocreHa crpyKTypa Ha fioJrero na pa:cefiBaHe [I

ce npene6perBa MarHurHoro cbnporllBneHl{e Ha croManara.

Ilpoeodu*tocrn Ha pascefieane, npueedeHa no notnoKa

Eaeuesrapnara cr,uroBa rpr6a c pa3Mep dr sapa3croffIrne r or ocHoBara Ha ,IAporo

- Sur. 3.28a, r.{Ma npoBoAl{Mocr

Cle4 Hnrerpapaue B rpaHnrlr,rre or 0 go r 3a noroKa ua pa:cefinane B To3I,I unrepBan

ce flonyrlaBa

(3.s8)

T,I MATHI.TTEH NOTOK

(3.s9)

(3.60)

Beruqnnara

(3.61)

49: gdn

dLo,:U*dG:lrOa*.

eor:jor,,:vs{:Go,,*.

QoQ:YGoQ:V42

r't - gfrz

\-ronfr - 2t

ce Hapr{qa npoBoAr.rMocr Ha pascefrnane np}rBeAeHa tro noroKa (na pasceiteaue), rrfiKaTO Cny)Kn 3a OnpeAeneHeTo My Ao pa3c"ro.fiHne r qpe3 rIbJIHoTo M.A.H. Ha HaMOT-

Kara. XaparrepHo e, qe noroKbr Ha pascefiBaHe ce yBenuqaBa B 3aBI,IcI,IMoqr or r no

KBaApaTLIqeH 3aKoH (raagparna napa6ona) - QHr. 3.28n. Cle4:auecrBaHe Ha t : I ce

nonyqaBa rrbrHara crofinocr Ha npoBolg{Mocrra ua pascellnaue npliBeAeHa no floroKa

(3.62) ,.toe -

KotTo e Fa rrbTr{ no-ManKa oT npoBol[.IMocTTa cboTBeTcTBaqa Ha pa3Mep a I (G o : gl)

v cny)Kvr Aa onpeAeJrrl noroKa ua pa:cefiBaHe Ha MaTHI,ITHa cucreMa c pa3npeAerleHo

M.A.H.

slT,

(3.63)

3. E'IEKTPOMATH}ITHLI CHCTEMI4

I7 po eoD u*to cfn Ha pasceilo ane, npueed eHa no nomoKo cl4enneHuetno

Hasusrrre Ha HaMorKara Ha MarHlrrnara cl,IcreMa or QrEr. 3.28a ce Pa3nPeFieilsr

nO JI[HeeH 3aKOH IIO AbJI)<t{HaTa Ha sApOTO n Ha pa3cToflHl'Ie 0 oT ocHoBaTa My 6port

I,IM C

-r:1,'Curosara rpr6a c noroK d[o, ce B[Jrura c u)t HaBVBKI,I n oflpeAenfl eneMeHTapHo

noTOKOCqenneHHe

(3.6s)

flrffrr,rsr floroK (notorocqeflJreHr,rero) na paecefiBaHe Ha pa3crotHHe r or ocHoBara

Ha s,\para na MB e

dVo, : t;adQoa : wrVagd't: -V$a''

Vor : I o*,, : -r# : raVGo4,r : LoLo,!r.

0

(3.64)

(3.66)

(3.67)

flOtOrnt Qorl* Ce Hapnqa nomoK nA paSCefi*AHe, npueeden no nomoKocqeu'eHu-

emo, rafrKaTo ce npgeMa ycroBHo, .re tofi e BrrleTeu c ITbIHUS 6pOfi ttr Ha HaBI4BKI{TO

rra HaMorKara. Tagn Qurnnsen noroK r.rMa cMHcbJI caMo IIpI4 H3qI'IcntBaHe Ha noro-

KOCqenneHr,IeTo Ha HaMOTKaTa. Onpegeilfr. Ce, KaTo Ce yMHoxl4 15JIHOTO M.A'H' Ha

HaMorKaraV cBerlrqggara Got, : gr3f3l2, Kosro c,nu{o I,IMa caMo ll3rrllcJrurenHa

ctoifuroCr r ce Hapuqa npoBo.4.IMocT Ha paacefinane, npI'IBeAeHa IIO noToKocqeruIeHH-

eto.flprnr:I

V or : .r* : uGo$t - uQohtt.

flrrnrara crofiuocr Ha npoBoAr,rMocrra Ha pa3ceitBaHe, npHBeAeHa no floroKocqen-

IeHIteTo, e

(3.68) ttolt -

T.e. Tf, e TpH nbTH no-MaJrKa oT npoBoALrMOCTTa, onpeAeJleHa OT reoMeTputlHnTe

pa3Mepg Ha CI,rcTeMaTa, vt c 1/6 no-IraanKa oT npoBoAI{MocT'Ta, npHBeAeHa no-nOTOKa'

ttfi raro cboTBeTcTBaulusT ir QurruneH noToK Qo1 ce cqI'ITa 3a BnJIeTeH c UbIHI'ls

6poft HanuBKH Ha HaMorKara.

Or HeroxeHoro cJreABa, rre 3a MB c pa3npeAeneHo M.A.H. (treranucl'IMo AanH e

nocToflHHo r{nE npoMeHrlaBo BbB BpeMero):

slT'

Page 96: EA - u4ebnik

190 EIIEKTPHqECKI4 ANAPATTI. YACT I

a) noroKbr Ha pa3ceirsaHe ce onpeAerfl or MaTHHTHa npoBo,q,rMocr, npr{BeAeHano noroKa, rbfi KaTo cborBercrBafltrnre My cHJroBn Jtw$nu ca noArro)r(eHr{ Hapa3nHrrHo no rorreMr,rHa M.A.H.;

6) notorocqenneHl,Iero Ha noroKa Ha paeceftnaHe ce o[peAenrr or MarHrrrna npo-BoAHMocT' [pnBeAeHa no [oToKocqe[neHl,IeTo, mft rato cboTBercTBarqr.rTe MyCHJIOBI,I JII,IHHI,I CC BNIAIAT C PA3NI'qCU 6POfi HABHBKI' HA HAMOTKATA.

3a uruocrpawrfl, Ha H3stIcJIeHI{ero Ha npuBeAeHr,rre npoBoAlrMocrrr (no norora u nonoroKocqenleHueto) na Qur. 3.29 ca noKa3aHH HflKorrKo MarHr,rrnl{ cr{creMr{.

1. fl-o6pa:Ha cncreMa c HaMorKa Bbpxy qacr c AbnxHHa a or rAporo - enr.3.29a.flpraregeHr.rre npoBoAr.rMocru ua pa:cefinaHe ca:

- no noToKa

(3.6e)

- no noToKocqenIeHHeTO

(3.70) Go,b :r(3 * r)2. Conesovfria cncreMa cbc cron - Snr. 3.296. flpnne4eHr{Te npoBoAr4Mocru Ha

parcefiaaHe ca:

- lro noroKa (:a rorrara n crona)

Gok:tfu#i Go":nk#,(3.7 t)

,M(3.72)

a6(DHr" 3.29. Ktu npuneAeHLITe npoBoAnMocrn Ha rrsKon MaTHHTHT{ cncreMr{: a- coJreHotrAua; B - rpaHcSoprraaTopHa

GoQ: t(i+o);

- no floroKocqerureHuero (:a rornara n mona)

Gokrrt : nWi Gocrr, : o\f,t

B

- fl-o6pasna; 6

3. EJIEKTPOMATHI4THU CIICI'EMI4

Osga.reHurra BbB Sopr"r. (3.71), (3.72) ca-tcHll or Qur. 3.296. Pasctoqwlero m

oT Bb3AyrrrHaTa Me)KAprHa Ao MscToTo Ha pa3AensHe Ha cI,uIoBI{Te JIJd'HIIII Ha KpaeBlrq

noToK n [oroKa na pascefiBaHe rla conenol,IAnara cncreMa ce onpeAent or ycnoBI'ITe

r(16 + m) : rz - rt H cneAoBarerHo

12-rI dffi----trv

- TZ

3. TpaucQopMaropHa cucreMa c paBHr{ r,t odpatrto HacorreHu.M.A.H Ha HaMorKI{Te

(itwt * izuz - 0) - Qnr. 3.29n (naueprax e caMo rrpo3opeqa IIa MaFHnronpoBoAa cbc

ceqeHntrTa Ha HaMorKure). flpu paBeHcrBo Ha M.A.H. Ha HaMorKltre HsMa floroK, tIlIlITo

cHJroBn rftimvw c 3arBapsr caMo B MarHrnronpoBoAa. flpnaegernte npoBoAI{MocrI'I Ha

cHcTeMaTa ca:

- no noToKa

(3.73)

(3.74)

(3.76)

- no noToKocqeIUIeHI{eTo

Goe:t(++a+ *),

Go,t,:r(++a+?)(3.7s)

3.23. Manrutrn Bepl{r[ c nocro.flHen noroK

MB cnocrosHeH noroK ce r,tacne.marvwzr4vcilrlBar npI,I pa3nI,IqHIa ycnoBns H pexl'IMll.

3.2.3.1. HsraucnaeaHe npu npenedpeznaHe Ha c6npomuoneHuemo Ha cmortaHtama

Aro rvrarcr{ManHara Marur,rrna r{HAyKrpu He npeBnruaBa nHAyKI+,Itra B KontHoro Ha

Kpr.rBara Ha HaMarHHTBaHe Ha Marepnara, MB e Henaclrreua. 3a EeHacI,ITeHa MB ce

nonyrraBar AocrarbrrHo rorrHr,r pe3ynrarl{ npu npeHe6pernaue Ha MarHI'ITHoro cbnpo-

Tr.lBJreHHe Ha croMaHara. 3avecrBaqara cxeMa ce onpocrfir,a n npu E3non3BaHe Ha

[pnBeAeH]rre npoBoprMocrra 3a noroKa na pascefiBaHe ]IMa BnAa or Qur. 3.9n ga fI-o6paena MarHr4THa cHc"TeMa, He3aBncr,rMo or roBa Aanu r;l e cbc cbcpeAoroqeHo uJrI,I c

pa3npeAeneHo M.A.H.

MaxcuualHnlT MaTHHTSH noToK O*"* na MB cbc cbcpeAoToqeHo M.A.H. oT

Qnr.3.27a e B ocHoBara Ha crlcreMara

{t

iD-u" - iD6 * (Dot : "(+

vfg!L2

+ st),

KbAero (06 : VGsl2 e noroKbr B ABere nocneAoBareJlHll Bb3AyIIrHn MexAITHLI.

Marnnrsurrr floroK B xApara Or ua pa3crolHl{e z or ocHoBara IaM e

I

iiltII

(3.77) Or : O*"* - Qox : + s(t-,)]

Page 97: EA - u4ebnik

l

EIEKTPH'IECKLI ATTAPATPI. IIACT I

r{ ce rl3MeHrr nHHefiHo tro BucorruHara Ha rAporo ot Q*"r. go iDa - QNr. 3.27r.Koe$nqraeHrbr Ha pa:cefoaxe na MB e

(3.78)

flpra onpeAeJr{He Ha nbrHricr rroroK (uotorocqenaennero) Ha HaMorKara ce LIMa

IIPEABI,IA, IIC CHJIOBI,ITE JVfiIMIIHA NOTOKA BbB Bb3AYIUHHTE MC)KAI,IHI,I 06 I{ HA PATCEfiOANE

ce BnJrurar eArraKBo c nbrHuc 6pofi u.r Ha HaBHBKrrre Ha HaMorKara n cneAoBareJrHo

":+:1-r- 2#;:L+2*

tlr : Va * t[o : tu(oo 1 oo) : iu2 (] * nt).(3.7e)

HnDyrcrnueHocmma L na uanomKama e

(3.80)

m.e. ma e pa6Ha Ha npou3aedenuetno na rceadpama Ha 6poa na Haauercurne u n6nHama

npoeodu*rocm na MB.MarcnuarHr,rrrr MarHHTer{ noroK na MB c pa3[peAeJleHo M.A.H. - Sur. 3.28a,rtpu

npene6perBaHe Ha cbnporr,rBneHnero Ha croMaHara cbulo e B ocHoBara Ha sApara

L:Y:,n2(f*n),

o-"* - iD6 a ood : " (+ - *) - 06 (L *rW)

Or: (Drr,* - QorQ:"(+ * t'#)

- (D*"* , ,- qGoQoe: O,

:I-F" CU

(3.81)

flotorrr B ceqeHlrero Ha ,rApara Or na pa3crosHr,Ie r or ocHoBara I{M e

(3.82)

LlstraeHeHlrero Ha [oroKa !D, e nora3aHo Ha Qur. 3.28r. Bra:rga ce, qe toft xaMarsnarro KBaAparr{qeH 3aKoH ot O*"r. go iDa.

Or Sopu. (3.81) creqna, ue roeQursdeHTbr na pa:ceftBaHe e

(3.83)

KoeQuqrEewrbr 06 ce Hapr,rtra roe$nrg,rerrr Ha pa:cefinaHe, npI,IBeAeH no noroKa,

:rlfi xaro trpu onpeAerflHero My ce r.r3rroJBBa npoBoAl{Mocrra Goe.flororocqen-[eHnero Ha HaMorKata V c floroKa BbB Bb3AyrrrHr,rre Me)KAItHIt I{ c

noroKa ua pascefiBaHe e

(3.S4) V : t[o aVohtt: tp(Oo * iDor,/) - uu,l,:iw2(+.*),

KbAero (D4r e nbnHH,tT noroK ua MB, npr{BeAeH no noroKocqenneHHero.

3. E/IEKTPOMATH'TTHI'I CPICTEMI'I

Hepasrt

(3,85)

ce HapHqa nbnHa npoBoAl{Moc'r Ha MarHuTHaTa cHcTeMa' npuBeAeHa no noToKocqefl-

JICHI{CTO.

I4ngyrwtnHocrra Ha HaMorKara e

193

Grlr:+ "+

L :Y : ?u2 (+ .*) : .'G,,.(3.86)

Hspasume (3.76), (3.77), (3.81 ), (3.52) onpebenam saeucu*Nocmurne nexdy nomo-

Uume u u.d.n. ua MB cac cocpedomoqeHo u c pa3npedeneno tt.d.n. Ira HaJilornKama u

npu Useecrnnu CmOfinocmg HA ^laeHumHume

npOoodu.tvocmq HA nqntocHume CqcmeJilu

u Ha pa3cefieane no3alnteam pewaeaHem7 Ha npaeama u OdpamHamA saDauu'

Ha Qur. 3.30a e nso6pasena MB c ABe B'b3AyurHu Mex(ArrHIr h n 6z (s o6ul

cnyuafi h * !ilKaro Mex przitarad2 Moxe ta 6rne nepa6otxa (uanp. c rexHoJlorHqeH

nponsxog).XapaxtepHo 3a ragn MB e, qe MaKcnMaJrHHsT MaTHI,ITeH [oToK He e B ocHoBaTa Ha

ngtr oto, KaKTo ga MB ot QrEr. 3.27 uQlrr. 3.28, a no Bucor{uHaTa My Ha pazcroxwwel2'

Bclegctnue Ha roBa cnJroBure nvlr4vl Ha IIoroKa na pa:ceiteane (iDo1 u iDoz) cMeH,IT

nocoKara cr,r B paBgltsara AB u ce 3arBapflT oKono o6u{ras IIeHTbp Ha [oJrero B cerre-

rrsero Ha ,rAporo nt. A, cbolBercrBaulo Ha MaKcHManHvs. noroK. flaArr Ha MarHI'ITHo

Hanpe)KeHI,Ie no .nUHntTa (panHunara) AB e Hyna u Ts Moxe Aa ce pa3l'nexAa KaTo

n"""" (panxuua) c p -+ oo- Tosa flo3BorqBa QopvraaHoro pa3AeneHl'Ie na MB Ha ABe

rlacrr4, aHatloruqHu Ha re3u ot Qrlr. 3.28.

3a onpegeJlffHe Abn>rnHuTe \ u lz Ha ABeTe qacTl{ na MB M.A'H' Ha HaMOTKaTa

cslqo ce pa3Aenq Ha ABe nponopllHoHarHl4 Ha TSX qacTtl

(3.87)

floroqure BbB Bb3AyITIHI'ITe Me)KAI'IHII Ha ABere qacrn ca:

vr:vli tt vr:v?

(3.88)

a noTor$,rre uM Ha pa:ceftnane

o6r : vt+ w

Oo1 : Vr+

Q2: rr*,

ol,vt Qo2 : VrT(3.8e)

Marcurualuuqr noroK a ceqenfreto A (o6ut 3a ABere uactn) e

O*u*-Oar*Oor-Qoz*Qoz

:v+(+.*)--v?(+.*)(3.e0)

Page 98: EA - u4ebnik

t94 EIEKTPI{qECKUI ATIAPATH. IIACT I

6(- \

*Uu6t

$ ', I.o

Tk4 iD.'r ElDoz

$;-l6 t

aa6

@nr. 3.30. MarHr'rnra Bepura c ABe Bb3AyurHH Me)KAHHH: a - KoHcrpyKTr.rBHa cxeua; 6 -lI3MeHeHHe Ha M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara, noroKa ua paacefinaHe u rroroKa B {Apara no AbJDKnHaTaIrM rpu 6t: 5z

Karo ce uMa npeEBr.rA, .{e /r * lz : l,3a l[bn)<aHl,tTe Ha lpere qacrr,r na MB cenonyqaBa

(3.e1) It:l G6, * glGar * G5r*2gI

o

o

, , G6r*gI' GhaGb*2gI'

A OTHOIIICHHETO I{M C

(3.e2) h _Gu*sIIz Gd, * gI'

TIpu 52 : 0 (G b -+ oo) ce nonyqa aa 12 : 0, r.e. cprcreMara e lrAeHTaqHa c ra3r, orQnr. 3.28 r,r M.f,croro Ha MaKclrMarHnfi noroK e B ocHoBara Ha sAporo.

flpn 6t : 6z (Ga, : Gs) cenonytraBa h : Iz : I /2. Ha err. 3.306 ca n:o6pa:enrpa3npeAeneHl'Iero Ha M.A.H., noroKa ua parceftBane r{ MaKcr{MarHr,r{ noroK sa MB,cboTBerqrBaulo Ha ro3u clyvafi.

Ha Qnr. 3.31 e noKa3aHa coneHolt4ra MaTHHTHa cr,rcreMa or 6poHenr.r rrdr c pa6ornaBb3AyIUHa Me)KAHHa d pasnoao)KeHa B HaMorKara rc Hepa6orHa Bb3AytrrHa Me;KAnHaA (Ha urnftrara). 3a npocrora Ha pa3rnexAaHero ce npueMa, rre MarHurHoro cbnpo-THBTeHHe Ra e go6aneHo KbM cbnporrrBJreHr{ero 86, rlfi xaro fia ) Ra.

XapaffiepHo 3a ra3a cl4creMa e, qe calroBr.rre nvnnvr Ha rroroKa na paacefinane Ha

KorBara I'I Ha crofla ca c o6parHu nocoKn. flocrrneafirn rarro B rrpeAr{rut*tx cayuafrMorar Aa ce onpeAenffT M.A.H., rroror.InTe na pa:ceftBaHe r{ o6qux rroroK, cborBeT-crBaIr{H Ha KorBara n crona. Tgxnoto [3MeHeHI,re tlo Abtt;Knnara Ha cllcreMara e

noKa3aHo ua @nr. 3.316, B, a l,I3rrucreHuero aM e AaAeno B [43].Pa:npegeaeHuero uv3rlncneHl{ero Ha nororlr{re Ha Apynu BuAoBe MB crc cbcpe.qo-

TorreHo u pa3upeAereHo M.A.H. npn [peHe6perraHe Ha cbnporr,rBJrenraero Ha croMaHaTae pa3rneAaHo n [31].

iDe * O-

li3. EJIEKTPOM A|HI4TH I'I CT4CTEMI4 19s

Ilj

liti

O.: iDr

A=06

0

a#0B

Our. 3.31. Correnougna MarHrrrrra c[creMa: a - KorrcrpyKTltBHa cxeMa; 6 - ugueueHne Ha

M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara H rroroKa nprl A : 0; B - lr3Meuenlre Ha M.A.H. IIa HaMorKara Ir noroKa

upnAl0

3.2,3.2. HsqucnaeaHe npu otnvurnaHe Ha canpomuaneHuetno Ha cmortaHarna

MB c flocrosHeH floroK ce Hacuular npn Jmrrcawfi4npn MaJTKH Bb3AyurHI{ Mex.ryrHI,I u

npu yBenr,rqaBaHe Ha M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara. MB Ha eneKTpoMarHHTLI c nocrotueH troroK

o6ururoeeHo ce Hacrular npa 3arBapsHe Ha KorBara I{ npn H3quclsBaHero }IM tpr6na

Aa ce orqere MarH[THoro cbnporl,IBnenl,Ie Ha croManara, Ttft Karo ro rlpeAcraBnsBa

3HaqnreJrHa rrasr or o6uloro cbnporl{Bnenue (noaeqe or lOVo).

IIpu omwurnaHe Ha canpomuBneHuerno Ha cmortaHama ceqeHuemo c *tclKcu.tvclnHug

nomoK (u *tscmomo Ha cutaHa Ha nocoKama Ha cuJroaume nuHuu Ha nonemo Ha

pascerteane) ne e a ocHoaama na adpama, a Ha pa3cmoaHue z (Qrr. 3.28a), KoeTo ce

onpeAent or 3aKoHa 3a ITIJTHI{x noroK, trpnno)KeH 3a KoHTypa ABCD

V2H*z * HrI^: T,

H,I,z: vll-2II;,B rn:pa:a (3.93): Hr, Hrs, ca crofisocruTe Ha nHTeH3I{Tera Ha MaFHItrHoro none B

tpeMa H sAporo Ha cucreMata;I^ - I{rnxuHara Ha cHJIoBara Jtwnus. B sPeMa.

MB uoxreAa cepa:trneAa c pmnPeAeneHn naPaMeTpr, nPeAcraBr.sBau{E cbuPo-

TItBreHHero Ha croMaHara u npoBo4{r\{ocrra na pa:cefteane 3a eAuH}II{a or.qbnx(I'IHarair.

Yqactrrtr c Abnxuua dt Ha pa3crofiwre o or ocHoBHara Ha sAporo na MB cpa3npeAeneHo M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara - Qnr. 3.28a, e c MarHr{THo cbnpor}IBJreHl4e rrdfi,noreHrlran [/" n noroK Ha pa3cefisaHe d0o, : Uagdn.

l

ir

li

I{ CneAoBaTenHo

(3.e3)

Page 99: EA - u4ebnik

196 EJTEKTPHIIECKVI ANAPATH. IIACT 1

flo gu;rnnara Ha yqaerbKa dr nororsr B rrgporo HaMaJIxBa c floroKa ua pasceft-

BaHe u cneAoBaTenHo

(3.e4) dQ" - -Usgdr.

Cnopeg BTopr,rr 3aKoH ua Knpxon naAbr Ha MaTHHTHo Ha[pexeHl,Ie 3a yvacmra dr e

d(Jr : Q rr*d,r - l*r,orKbAero

(3.e5)

Cneg noBTopuo gHQepeHrg,rpaHe no r u npeo6pa3yBaHe ce nonyqaBar creAHHTe

ypaBHeHr.rf 3a noToKa r.I naAa Ha MarHI,mHo Hanpe:KeHI,Ie rro Abn)il.IuaTa na MB

dU-_V--*-Qr,Tr---drI

* - er,6, +lo:odroq+-sr,,(J*:s.d,r'

dU, ^, P05chpxE : PLt1cnPfr : -E6 rhp,

x VL pot chpratlxx- Ir 2rG6shpl

AHaauruqHoro peruenne Ha ypaBH. (3.96) (3.97) n o6ul cryvaft e HeBb3MoxHo, ttftKaro re ca HeJrr{Heftru, uonexa rs : /(Or). :

Aro MB e HeHacr,rreHa ll ce rr,rHeapranpa Kpr{Bara Ha HaMarHurBaHe, Mo)Ke Aa ce

nppreMe r : const. Peuresuero Ha ypaBH. (3.97) tIMa BI{Aa

U, - C6hpr * C2chpr (P : ^/gr).

(3.e6)

(3.e7)

(3.e8)

(3.ee)

(3.100)

KoHc'raHrnre C1, C2 BpeueHlrero (3.98) ce onpeAeJrrrr or rpaHHqHrlTe ycnoBfis:

- r - 0' Ur(0) : 0, otKbgero C2: Q'

- r - I,tl*(I) - (Js : -29:-,orKbAero Cr: "=qg-

'l -o - c6' -TKbAero ct: TG6s:,,pI

(npexe6perHaro e Marnr,rrnoro cbnporl,IBtleHlle na rotnata).flpora:no4nara Ha MarHlrrHus floreHrlfiar e

Karo ce nMa npeABHA r,Bpa3a (3.95), 3a MarHHTHlu noroK ce nonyqaBa

Or uspasa (3.100) cregBa, qe noroKbr O" ce H3MeHs no Kocr.rHycoB 3aKoH, anaro-rr4qHo Ha KpuBara ot @rr. 3.28r.

3. EJIEKTPOMATHI4THH C"ICTEMI4 197

flpr,r r : I notorbr BbB Bb3AyllrHara Mex4'IHa e

(3.101)

3a npufnu3umenHo usqucnaaaHe Ha MB c omwfinaHe Ha canpomueneHuemo Ha

CmOJilaHAmA, |ontntnama Ha adpama ce pasdena Ha yqacm64u c paoHu uJtu pcLsnuqHu

eone.tu uHu. YseruqaBarrero Ha 6pox Ha yqaqrbllltTe yBeJrLIqaBa roqHocrra Ha H3r{IacJIe-

r{HeTO, HO gbrrleBpeMeHHo n npoAbnxHTeJIHOCTTa, TpyAoeMKocTTa I{ Bb3MOXHOCT'Ta

3a Ao[ycKaHe Ha rperrrKu (npra pruno H3rrucJr{nane). O6[xHoseHo pa3AensHero na34yqagrbKa e AocTaTbqHo-

Ha Qur. 3.32 euso6pasena fl-o6pasna

MB mc cbcpeAoroqeHo M.A.H. [raxu-Hara Ha ,IApara e pa3Aenena Ha 3 yvac-

TbKa. Ognaqenx ca MarIrHTHltre cbn-

pornBneHl,Ix na QepoMarHETHHTe yqac-

rbwr Rt, npoBoA[IMocTLITe Ha B'b3AyIII-

Hlrre Mexgrur,r G6 H npoBoAHMOCTUTe

ua pascefisane Go6 : th Ha orAenHI{Te

yqasrbqH, cbcPeAoroqeHlr B KpaI{uIaTa

r{M.

3a peuranaHe Ha npaBara 3aAaqa 3a

MB ce H3xoxAa or l{3Becrua ctoihroctHa noToKa BbB Bb3AylIIHI4Te Me)KAI'IHI'L

fla.qrt Ha MaTHI,ITHo Hanpe)KeHI'Ie

Mex(Ay roqKHTe l-1'sa MB e

(3.102) (Jtr, : ,H * H*t*.

fla4rt Ha MaTHHTHo HanpexeHl{e B

KorBara Ux: H*l*n BbB BcHqKu Qepo-MarHnrHI{ yqacrbltrIHa MB ce l,t:qucrsBa,KaTO OT KpHBaTa Ha HaMaTHLITBaHe Ha CTO-

MaHaTa ce o[peAeJrH I{IITeH3HTeT"br Ha nO-

rero 3a cborBerHara I,IHAyKryts B : Q lsIr ce yMHoxu Ha cpeAHara AbnxI{Ha Ha

CI,IJIOBATA TINHtdfl, HA MATHI{THOTO NONC.

flororut ua patcefisaHe Oo, B nbpBns yqacrbK e

oa: , V aYo-r(r+

du'a)

@ur. 3.32. Ktr"r ugqttcruBaHe Ha MaTHHTHa

Bepnra c oTquTaHe Ha cbnpoTHBJIeHI{eTo Ha

croMaHara ll ua paacefiBaHem

1

o'f

2

Orl

3

(3.103) Oo, : Un,Go,

Page 100: EA - u4ebnik

198 EIEKTPI,IqECKT4 ANAPAT'I. IIACT I

I{ CneAOBaTeJIHo IIOTOKbT 01 B MSTHI4TOIpOBOAa e

(3.104) iDl : Q6 f Oor.

fla4rr Ha MarHr,rrHoro Hanpe)r(eHne Me)KAy roqKlrre 2-Zt e

(3.10s) U22,:Un,*2Hfl1,

KbAero ,ffi e raHreH3HTeTtT Ha rionero B yqacrbKa l.floroxrr Ha pa3cefrBaHe Oo2 e

(3.106) Qaz : U22,Go,

a IIOTOKbT iD2 B MarHaTOnpoBoAa e

(3.107) O2:Ot*Ooz.

fla4nt Ha MarrrlrrHoro Hanpex(eHue Me)KAy rorrKare 3-3t e

(3.108) Usy-Uzz,*2HzIz,

KbAeTO H2 A nHreH3r4TeTbT Ha nOneTO B yqasrbKa 2.flororlr Ha pa3ceftBane {Do,, e

(3.10e) Oo. : UzJ,Go,

a noToKbT (03 B ]r{acTbKa 3 r,r B speMa Ha MarHr{TonpoBoAa e

(3.1 l0) 03 : Omax - iDz -u Oor.

M.g.n. Ha HaMorKaraV e

(3.111) V:Uzs,*2H3ls+ H,1,,

KbAero Hs, H" ca srofiHocrtlTe Ha HnTeu3nrera Ha noJrero B yqactbKa3 usrpeMa; I,- Abn)Kr{HaTa Ha MarHr,rTHaTa culloBa nr4Kvs. B rpeMa.

I{sao)KeHntr anropnrbM peruaBa npaBara 3aAaqa 3a MB. 3a peuranane Ha o6par-Hara 3aAaqa ce I,BnoJI3Ba MeroAa LBJro)Kesn r.3.2.1 upes MHorbKparHo pe[raBaHe Ha

nPaBara 3aAaqa nPn nplterlt crofiHocrn Ha [oToKa BbB Bb3AyruHaTa MeXAr{Ha.3xa.rurerHo rto-Tpy.qlo ce pe[raBa cbrrlara 3aAaqa, aKo HaMorKara e pa3nonoxeHa

Bbpxy rrAporo (pasnpegeneHo M.A.H.) - Qnr. 3.28a.3a peuranaHe Ha o6paurata 3aAar{a ce nocrbnBa no cbrrlns HaquH, Ho 3aAaAeHoro

M.A.H. 7 ua HauorKara npt,l pa3AeJrf,He Ha cxsreMara Ha yr{acrbrlr,r cbrrlo ce pa3IrenflHa qacTu, nponopqHoHanHr.t Ha I{btrxHHHTe r.rM.

3. EJIEKTPOM A THUTHU C"KICI EMU

3a peuanaHe Ha npaBara 3aAaqa ce npueMa npefapnre-nna ctolfuocr Ha M.A.H. Ha

HaMoTKaTa, KorITo ce pa3Aeng Ha qacTH, nponopql4oHarHlr Ha Ala:xnruaTe Ha yqacTb-

q,rre. flpegpapr,rrerHara crofiHocr Ha M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara ce HaMlIpa Karo ce peIIIn

3aAarrara 6eg orqrraue Ha cbnporrBnenuero Ha croManaran flonyqerur5lr pe3ynrar

ce yBeffrrru c20 + 30%. flpra uruucrenr.rero rps6Ba Aa ce nonyqu AocrarbqHo MarKa

pa3&rKa (nog 5 + LOYo) Mex(Ay npuerara r{ HaMepeHara croftHocr Ha M.A.H. Ha HaMor-

KATA.

H:lox<engTe anroprirMu ce n3non3Bar 3a pbrrHo peuaBaHe Ha 3aAaqHTe ua MB c

oTrrr{TaHe Ha cbnpoTnBJreHr.reTo Ha cToMaHaTa. flpl{ peluaBaHe c KoMIIIoTbp ce I'I3IIon-

3BaT Apyrn annopI,ITMIt.

3.2.4. Marrrntrrn Beplru c npoMeHJrIrB noroK

flugara 3aMecrBarqa cxeMa Ha MB c npoMellnuB noroK ocBeH n3ToqHI{Ka (uatouHl't-

qrare) Ha M.A.H. cr;1rpxa [87]:

- MaTHHTHH 1pOBO,4{I\,IOCTI,I Ha Bb3AyIIIHItTe MeXAHHIT LI Ha pa3CefinaHe;

- MarHnrHH cbflporerBneuilfr Ha OepoMarnrrrnuTe yqacrbls,I, onpeAen{q}I naAo-

BeTe Ha Hanpe)Kellue B TrIx;

- MarHHTr{n cbnporr,rBneHrrg, orpa3rlBalqll aKTIlBHItre 3ary6n BbB QepoMarHnr-Hlrre yqacrbtg,I (or xl{crepe3nc n BI'IxpoBu rorone)i

- MarHr{THr,r sbnpoTr{BJreHr,rr, oTpa3ffBaIqI'I BJII{trH}IeTO Ha KOHCyMI{paUr eHepFns

HaMorKr{ Bbpxy MB (co6crBeHnre }rM }rMneAamct4 n l{Mne.qaHca Ha BKTIK)qeHng

ronap), KaKTo rr BJtrflHr{ero Ha K.c. (eKpanrm) uanuBKI{ nocraBeHl'I Bbpxy qacr

oT rloJrroca Ha eJreKTpoMarHrcT 3a HAIi/.AnfrBaHe Ha nyncalu,t.ttTa Ha eneKTpoMar-

HHrHara cr{na (Bx. T.3.4.2.3)

B o6q cnyqafi, nc-rregirnr.re Ha Herr{HeilMns. xapaKTep Ha KpI,IBara Ha HaMarHI{TBaHe

Ha OepoMaFHHTHr{Te Marepr{anu u zary6nre B Tsx (sanuceqrl or pa6o'rnux pexcnr"r),

noroKbr nfl,r M.A.H. (rorcr) Ha H3Torrrr,rKa ca HecnHyconAannra v Me)KAy rtx cblrle-

crByBa Qa:ona pa3ru{Ka.

Jlecso e Aa ce cto6pasu, qe aKo MaKcr,rMarurute c-rofiHocrll Ha norero n lIHAyKItrPIura

ca s ar.{HeftHaTa qacr or Kpr{Bara Ha HaMarHLrTBaHe Ha Marepl,Iana Ha MarHnro[poBoAa

To ToKbT r,r Hanpe)KeHHeTo ca npaKTI{qecK}I cI{Hyco}IAanHI{. B [poTItBeH cnyqaft npH

pexcl,rM Ha cprHycor4AaneH ToK ce nonyrlaBa Hecl,IHyconAzulHo Hanpe)KeHHe, a B pe)KHM

Ha cHHycoH.qaJrHo Hanpex(eHHe ce nonyqaBa Hecl,IHycon.qaneH ToK B HaMOTKaTa.

B geficrnnreJrHocr npor{ec}tre ca flo-cJroxrn, rnfi Karo Il3MeHeHI4ero Ha nHAyKL\u-

gTa r,r noneTo B MarHI,rTo[poBoAa e no xncTepe3ncHlrg.l$tKbn Ha MaTepI'IaJIa, npII KoeTo

TpsOBa .qa ce r.rMar [peABnA n aKTHBHHTe (rornuuuute) 3ary6u npl4 IILIKIILIUHoTo My

npeHaMarHr,ITBaHe n 3ary6ure or BI{xpoBI4 ToKoBe.

Toqnoro r.r3rlr,rcnflBage Ha rrbJrlrara 3aMecrBalrla cxeMa Ha MB c npoMennnB rloroK

c orqnTaHe Ha BcHqKn yrracrBalqn eneMeHTr,I Karo ce I{Ma npeABI,IA I,I HeruHeftHHq

199l;

ji

I

{iJr

li

I

iil

iI

ii

Page 101: EA - u4ebnik

200 EJIEKTPI4qECKI4 ATIAPATH. qACT I

xapaKTep Ha qacr or rsx, KaKTo u Qaa'ouara pa3nr,rKa MexAy noroKa n M.A.H. e

TpyAIIa 3a pe[raBaHe 3aAarra. 3a o6rerc.raBaHe Ha peureunero qecro ce [paBrr pa3nnqH[

onpocTrBaHnq, Kor4To He BoArrT Ao cbrrlecTBeHr,r rperuKr{ Ha pe3ynTaTHTe.

Hsrou Bb3Mo)r(Hu AonycKaHrrfl B orAenHu KoHKperHu cnyv'afi ca cneArrnTe:

a) npenedpeelam ce awnuaHume saey6u e rtaeHumonpoeodau c6omeemcmean4umeuJvt canpomueneHus 6 scuvtecmeat4afna cxe.Ma na MB, mart rcamo'.

- HHAyr(qnrrra He rrpeBn[raBa crofilrocrra, gborBercrBaqa Ha KorsHoro Ha

Kpr,rBara Ha HaMarHrrrBaHe (npr,r noneMn r,rHAyKrlnu sary6nre ca MHoro ro-neMH u EMC He ca onrruaaHu);

- MaTHHTOnpOBOAbT e ITHXTOBaH OT nI,ICTOBa eneKTpOTeXHHqeCKa CTOMaHa LI

e r43non3BaHa noAxoArrrla rexHonort,ts npu uspa6ornaHero My (orc'rpaHe-

BaHe Ha MyeTars{Te IrPr{ u{aHr{oBaHe Ha nracrLtHr.rTe, r{3nbIHsBaT ca Tep-

MHIIHI,I qI{KNH 3A OTBPbIIIAHE HA MATCPHANA; CT'TAII{}ITE HI,ITOBC TTE O6PASY-

Bar K.c. KoHTypH u Ap.), Korro noHH:KaBa :ary6nre;

6) npu 3arneopeHa MB (6 :0) ce npene6pee6a nomona Ha pascerteane;

a) ecuvrcu y4acm6aulu BenuquHu ce npuerram cuHycoubannu, Koero ce o[peAeJrrlor 3HaqlrrenHo no-FoJreMHTe ctoliHocrr{ Ha Maru}rrHoro cbnporuBJreHr{e Ha Bb3-

AyurHHTe Me)KAr,rHr{ or cbflporr{BreHr{rra na QepoMarHr,rrHrire yqacTbqn. flpnorqr,rraHe Ha aKTr.rBHure eary6H B MarHHTonpoBoAa roBa o3HarraBa 3aM.sHa Ha

xHcTepe3HcHr,r{ rs.IKbn c eKBuBaJreHTHa enfitrca.

3a arnoctpaqnr Ha npordecvrre fi la3-

qucrcBaHero Ha MB e rrpoMeHnuB noroKnplr pa3rr,rqHr,r ycnoBvts.vpex]1IMI,I ce pa3-

rnex(Aa fl-o6pasHa MarHlrrHa c[creMa -Qur. 3.33, B'bpxy Kotro ca nocraBenlt ABe

HAMOTK'T:

a) aaxpannarqa rrbpBr.rqHa HaMoTKa c wHaBHBKLI rI aKTUBHO CbnpoTnBnenne R,BKNIOqCHA KbM I{3TOT{HHK HA CI,IHYCOH-

AaJrHo HanpexeHr,re c eQeKTHBHa ctofi-Hoct U;

KoHcyMtlpaula (eneprnx) nropl,trrHa HaMorKa c ?,trp H&BHBKT{ cbc co6crneH r.rMneAaHc

zk : rk * jrn (rnrrX - aKTHBHo H r{HAyKTr.rBHo cbnporHBJreHr,re Ha HaMorKara), rortor{pe3 Knrcraa K Mo)Ke:

Aa 6nge orBopeHa (rruovrr K e s nonoxeHr4e 0);

Aa ce 3arBopu HaKbco (urcvrr K en nonoxenrae 1);

(Dur. 3.33. MarHnrsa Bepnra c 3axpaHBarqa nKoHcyMuparqa HaMoTKa

3. EJIEKTPOM ATHI4THI4 CI'ICTEMH

- Aa ce 3arBopI'I ilpe3 ToBapeH I'IMrIeAaHc h - r, * in, (rlrcvll K e s

noaoxeHue 2).

A. OcnonnH 3aBucrrMocrH IrpI{ npene6pernaHe Ha yqacrrlero Ha croMaHara Ir KoH-

cyMupaqara lraMorKa ?lrrc. (Knroult K e n noloxeHne 0)'

Hanpexenwero (J ce ypaBHoBec.f,Ba or naAa B aKTI,lBHoto R H IIHAyKTI'IsHoto X(npotuno o.A.H, - E) ctnporl'lBjleHlle Ha HaMorKara' npu Koero

(3.112) (J2 :uA+uk: I'(R' + x2)-

o6HXnOseno ,R << X (X : uL) u npu npeHe6pernaue Ha aKTHBHng naA Ha Hanpe-

x(eHI,Ie Ce nonyqaBa

(3.113) IJ : -E :4,44fV*,

Kbqero V- e aMrurnry.srara c,rofrsocr Ha nbJrHHq noroK (notorocqennenue) Ha MB

201

(3.114) vrrr:hIIpuU : colst u f : const MB e cnocmoaH\o nomoKoc\enneque. flrnrnstnoroK

Vr," na MB e CyMa OT nOToKocI-(enJIeHI'IeTo Ha noToKa BbB Bb3AyIIIHaTa MeXIU'{Ha

(nn-nutaq ce c nbJIHut. 6pofrt HaBHBKI'I w Ha HaMoTKaTa) u nOtoKocqenleHl'IeTo Ha

noToKa ua parcefinaHe. Axo MB e c pa3npeAeleHo M.A.H., T.e. HaMOTKaTa e nocTaBeHa

Bbpxy tApoTo Ha MaI'HlITonpoBoAa - nblHllflT noToK ce onpeAens cu3paaa (3'84) tl

cneAoBareJIHo

(3.115)

(3.117)

UQ*r!: 4,44f-.

flpu npeHe6pernaue Ha pa3ceftBaHero Q*rb : O-5.

Torur B HaMorKara Ha MB e

U(3.116) i: ; :v/W@ry

2Ut': ;*r$5 : k5

UA_ -

: --_----_ ,L wu2 (+ . r:)

(r:ffi),

U

flpr4 npege6per-nane ua paacefinaHero (Sl l3: 0) r,r KpaeBLIsr noroK Ha Bb3AyLxHara

Me)KAr,rHa, npn Koero Ga : poSl5, ce nollyqaBa

r.e. morcom o Hct]flomKama e nponopquoHaJleH He easdywnama uexDuna 5. flpn orqu-

TaHe Ha pa:ceftnaHero, KpaeBHflT noroK, cbnporuBneHl,Iero Ha croMaHaTa I'I aKTHBHoTo

Page 102: EA - u4ebnik

202 EJIEKTPI4TIECKH AIIAPATI4. YACT I

cbnporl{BneHHe Ha HaMorKara Ta3H 3aBucr.rMosr e [o-cnoxHa, Ho 3ana3Ba o6qnr cuxapaKTep' T.e. ToKbT HapacTBa npH yBenHqaBaHe Ha Bb3AyIuHaTa Met( ffIfta.

AHaausnt Ha OopM. (3.t14) u (3.116) no4r.r Ao cne4{Hre ocHoBHn rr3BoAr 3a MB,qrr,flTo HaMorKa e 3axpaHeHa c npoMeHJrHBo Hanpex(eHrre.

l, Torcom Ha Hat4omKama ce onpeDent enaoHo om uertuomo unDynnueHo c6npo-mueneHue' T.e. OT nbIHaTa IIpoBoAI'lMocT Ha CHCTeMaTa, npI,IBeAeHa nO noToKocqe[Ie-Huero. Oco6eno Bax(en e ro3u ll3Bo,q 3a eneKTpoMarHr4TI4Te 3a npoMeHJrrIBo Haflpexe-HI'Ie' npH KOHTO TOKbT Ha HaMOTKaTa e MHHUMaIeH npH d : d-io LI MaKcuManeH npnd***, Karo pa3nltKara Mex(Ay re3u ABa roKa Moxe Aa 6bAe 3Haql.rreJrHa (nprnr"repnogo 10-15 nbru). flpr.r X ) R rorcT npaKTnqecKr{ ra3ocraBa or HanpexeHr.rero Ha brbrr /2.

2. 3avecrBalqara cxeMa Ha MB ce cbcron or npoBoAr.rMocrnre Ha Bb3AyruHHTeMexAHHn r.r Ha pa3cefinaHe - BX. er.rr. 3.9n.

3. tlpu npoJv.nHa na eosdywHama ,vexduua 6 nomorcocuewreHuemo (nonnuemnomorc) ce iana3ea noqmu nocmoaHtto.

flpn yneluqaBane sa d'ce yBenuqaBa M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara (yneruqaBa ce roKbri), roero BOAI'I ,qo HapacrBaHe Ha [oToKa Ha pascefinane. florornT BbB Bb3AyrrrHaTaMe)i(AHHa Od HaMannna, rrft Karo gbIrIeBpeMeHHo HaMaJrrBa H npoBoAllMocrra G5.

Arruruoro cbnporl.IBneHue -R ua Har"rorKara,qorrbnHilTeJrHo rroHr,rKaBa croftnoctnaHA MATHI{THIS NOTOK

JA' _TW(3.118)

(3.1 1e)

Orn :4,44f u

B. BlnsHue Ha KoncyMnpaqara HaMorKa ?rrrc npn 3arBap.flHero ir naxrco(KJloqbrK ee nonoxenr.re 1).

flpr'l npeue6pernaHe Ha BrntHrlero Ha croManara n r{a pascefinauero B HaMorKaraw1, CO HHAyKTI{pa e.A.H.

doeu: -wk dt

Aro HauoTKara wk ce3aTBopH HaKbco, B Hef npoTlrrla Tor ik, onpeAeneH oT e.A.H.ek A oT co6crneHux il nunegilHC Z1x : rk + jrk

(3.120)

MoueHrHara croftHocr Ha M.A.H. u : ,itl Ha 3axpaHBarqara HaMorKa Ha MB e

(3.r21) u :2QRt - it wt : EliroQ - ikuk,

.ekaK

- z1t

,rxk dA wn(rn - jn;) d,A

-:rh * jrk dt r2u + n| dt

KbAeTo &"o - 2R5 e MaTHHTHoTo cbnpoTnBJreHHe Ha BepnraTa. (3.128) xm: "0# (no" 1t)t$: L, x^: fr)

3. EJIEKTPOM Af H HTHI4 CI4CTEMH 203ir

ll

I

ti1i

{ijl

CneA 3aMecrBaHe Ha roKa i6 or $opu.(3.120) ce nonyqaBa

(3.122)

YpanH. (3.122) e aHarrornqHo Ha ypaBueHr.rero Epu BKrrcqFaHe ua RL BepLIra KbM

H3TOqHr,rK Ha npOMeHTHBO Hanpe)KelrHe

u : iw: R-oo I cTk - jtn dQ-uEFqE

u: Ri * t#,

V:Rnol+ir*7ffi6= (*-o +.,.d#u)o* i-,*##aoe: R nQ + jXrnO.

&nL:-Tffi,

xm:.3#!o,rE + r-k

(3.123)

riiill

Koero B KoMnreKcna Qoprvra ce 3anucBa BbB BI,IAa

(3.124) u:Ri+jxi (x:wL).

flo aHarorus.3a M.A.H. V sa MB Moxe Aa ce 3aflruue

(3.12s)

Or Qopr"r. (3.125) creABa, qe 3arnopenara rraKbco HaMorKa ?o6 B6a€r(Aa B 3aMe-

crBaulara cxeMa xa MB cJreAnrrre MarHr{THrr cbnporrrBJlen[.fl:

- aKmueHo .twaeHumHo canpomueneHue

\i

li

\1

il(3.126)

KOeTO Ce CyMnpa CbC Cb[poTr,rBrreHneTo Rrno : 2Rt Ha Bb3AyruHI,rTe Me)r(NrHn 9t

CboTBeTsrBa Ha IHAyKTHBHOTO eteKTpHqecKO cbnpoTHBneHfie tk Ha HaMoTKaTa wk.crnpornsreHr,rsTa Rm}v R21 onpefieJrrT aKTHBHus, na{,Ha HanpexeHne n MB;

- undyrcmuaHo JilaeHumHo c6npomu*neHue

(3.r27)

o6ycaoneHo or aKTrrBHoro eJreKTpnqecKo cbnporr,rBneHr{e Ha HaMorKara ?rrs (cborBer-crBa Ha aKTHBHnre i:ary6n).

Aro HauorKara uk uMa caMo aKT![BHo eneKTp[qecKo cbflporprBreHr.re (arrunnusany6n) n MB rr{ ce 3aMeHs caMo or nHAyKTHBHo Marnr,rrno cbnpornBreHne

Page 103: EA - u4ebnik

204 EJ]EKTPHYECKI4 ANAPATI4. qAgT 1

flpu rp -+ co (Har"rotxara e orBopeH'a, r.e.'KJrroqbr K e s rroJroxeHfie 0), roXrn - 0. Aro rn I 0, clegna, ,4e X^ -) oo, T.e. HaMorKara oKa3Ba 6esxpafilrorontMo MarIIaTHo cbnpoTr4BneHue lr rroToKbT He Moxe Aa npeMr{He rrpe3 Hen.

BrnexrgaHeTo Ha aKTr.rBHo MaTHHTHo sbrrpoTHBnenr,re ,R21 H HHAyKTr,rBHo MarHr,rTHO

.cb[porI{BJIeHI{e Xroe B cborBercrBr,re c eneKTpoMarnr{THara ananorus. Te ce u3noJr-

3Bar 3a ll3qucrtBaHe Ha MB c [poMeHnuB rroroK npu orqnTaHe Ha Qa:onr.re bFblrMe)KAy M.A.H. fl nOTOKa.

. BertopHara trgrarpaMa Ha BeJruarr,rHlrre 3a MB e noKa3aHa na Qnr. 3.34a, KbAero:OR"n e aKTLrBHr4{T naA Ha MarHurHo Hanpe)KeHr.re; QXr" - r{H.ryKTr{BHusr naA Ha

MaTHHTHo Hanpe)KeHue; QZ* - nbnHufrT traA Ha Hanpe)<eur{e B MarnlrrHuq HMneAaHc

Z*, paneu no roJreMI,IHa Ha M.A.H. Ha'HaMorKara.MarunrHutr uuneganc Zrn e

(3.12e) zm:JWT4,a @aaonnxr brbr g ce onpeAeJrs or r.Bpa3a

(3.130)

Ha Qur. 3.346 e noKa3ana BeKTopHara AuarpaMa Ha ereKTpnqecKnre BenutrrlHr.t

Ha HaMOTKATA W. TOrrr -[6 B HaMOTKaTa Uk ]t3OCtaBa CnprrMO e.A.H. E Ua brbra : arctg(rn/rn). Hanpexermero U e cyMa or uporr.TBo e.A.H. - E, fr aKTHBHr,r{ naA

Ha Hanpexenne .I-R B HaMorKara.

. xrnrg9: R, '

EXrA

ORm:O(n,o+&.r)

(Dur. 3.34. Berropuu AnarpaMu: a - Ha MarHr{THara Bepnra; 6 - na eneKTpr{qecKara Bepura

3. EJTEKTPOM A THI4THV CITC-TEMV

B. Bln.anne Ha roBapa BbB Beprrrara Ha KoncyMrrpaulara HaMorKa r.r.rp (xmounr Ke B noroxeuue?)

flpn clqr,rre ycnoBur, KaKTo B cnyqafi E (npeue6perBa ce BJII,ttHI{ero Ha croMaHara

nnapa:cefinanero), Ho npllBKnK)r{eHToBapeHI4MneAaHc 4 : Tr*ifrr BHaMoTKaT?'tD1i,

HepoBoro Btrl,IrrHlre e aHarorgqgo Ha co6grnernrx ir llunegaHc, rrpu Koero KoMnoHeHTHTe

uM Ce CyMHpar.

Pesymatnusr HMneAaHc BbB Bepurara Ha HaMorKara e

205

(3.131)

Tortt sbTbJI

(3.132)

z : zk * z, :("n + rr) * j(rn + nr).

HaMOTKaTI't0lr t43OCTaBa CnprIMo HHAyKTI4paHeTo B Het HanpexeHHe Ha

. I,1a * I.r(ll : argt$._-'T1s * Tr

oaeexda 6 3a*tecmean4ama cxerta ua MB cnednumeTotrem a HaLMomrcanta wnjila e HumHu c6np o muen e Hu ai

- aKmueHo ,raeHumHo c6npomuaneHue

(3.133) R nz a r')2 * (rn I ,,)''

- undyrcrnuaHo utazHumHo canp o rnuen eHue

w(ry * rr)(3.134) Xm2: -?Fr 1r,)2 *(tr *r,)z'

3ar,recrsaulara cxeMa B To3r,r clyuafi e aHarorur{Ha Ha noKa3aHara Ha QHr. 3.34,

rrpr4 Koero MarHnrHurrr HMrreAaHC Zrnu Qasonnrr bFbJr g cen3ru4cnflBar IIo QoptuyltE(3.131) u (3.132) cneA orquraHe Ha yqacruero Ha I'IMIIeAaHca 4.

I. Bmranue Ha croManaraB pa:uegaHr,rre no-rope cnyqalr A-B ce npeHe6perBa yqacrnero Ha croMaHara,

npu Koero B 3aMec"rBarrlara cxeMa na MB yqacrBar HMneAaHcH c nocrottrnu (neranu-

ceu1n or noroKa) artrnrm n peaKTl{Bnr'r (rnr4yrtunnu) cbcraBKI'I.

Oeporrranrr4THr,rre yqacrbrryr ua MB c,qbnxl,IHa I u ceuettne s ce xapaKTepn3l'Ipar c

aKTHBeH naA Ha MarHr4THO HanpexeHl{e, T.e. c aKTHBHO MaTHI4THO CbnpoTHBneH}Ie

--??u

(3.13s)

KbAero /, e cboTBeTHara MarHI4THa npoHl4qaeMocT Ha yqacTbKa.

Tlfi xato p(B), To cbnporlrBreHr,rero R^ e seauHefrno, T.e. 3aBI'IctI or pa6ornurpe)KHM.

R**: h,

Page 104: EA - u4ebnik

206 EIIEKTPI4TIECKI4 ATIAPATT,I. YACT I

AxrusHoro MaTHLITHo cbnporr,rBreHne na MB (na nrsgyruHflTe Me)<Ar,rHI,r, na $e-poMarHI{THnre yqacrblll,I }I Ha pa:ceftnaHe) crornetcrBa Ha eHeprnsra Ha MarHHTHoronore Ha EMC.

BaurHnero Ha aKTHBHnre :ary6u P n gageu yqacrbr( Ha MarHuTorrpoBoAa MoxeAa ce 3aMeHH c geftcrnnero Ha QuxrunHa K.c. HaBHBra (tap - 1).

At<o HeqncJleHltTe (Iranp. uo r.1 .2.2) zary6n n yuacrbKa or MarHrronpoBoAa ca p,To roKbr ern QururBHara HaBHBKa e

(3.136) tu : P^ : f' ,E LoQ*'

KbAero E e uupyKTl,IpaHero e.A.H.; Orr, - MaKcr{MaJlnara crofiHocr Ha MarHurHHcnoToK.

ErerrpnuecKoro cbnpornBneHr,re Ha emrnnuara HaBr{BKa e

(3.137) ,2Q1n

2PP

rtc-ii-tk

n Karo ce uMa npeABrrA oopu. (3.128) 3a nHAyKTr.rBHoro MaTHHTHO

cboTBeTcTBarr{o Ha yqacTbKa oT MaTHHTOnpOBOAa, Ce nonyrraBacbnpoTr,rBneHyle,

(3.138)

flo cnqnx HaqHH Morar Aa ce onpeAencr aKT[BHr.{Te Lr lrHAyKTHBHr,rre ManHlrrHncTrnpoTltBneHns.' cboTBeTcTBaIItrH Ha npeMI,IHaBaHeTo Ha noTOKa u Ha lary6uTe B oT-AenHrITe yqacrbllpr ot QeporuarHuTnr.rfl MarHuronpoBoA. Or Qopr"r. (3.135) u (3.138)cJIeABa' qe Te 3aBI'IccT or roJIeMHHaTa Ha noToKa, t.e. MB e c HetrllHeeH xapaKTep.

Or Hanpanenng' anann3 cne[Ba, qe B 3aMecrBarqnTe cxeMrr na MB c [poMeHnr{BnoroK yr{acrBar cbnporHBne:F.lr4s. c aKTuBeH r,r l{HAyKTr{BeH XapaKTep, Kor.rro cb3AaBarnaAoBe Ha MarHI'ITHo HanpexeHr{e, nnn Qa:a nrrnr KBaAparypa c [oroKa (u:npenapnarBbB BpeMero noroKa Ha brbrl 7r /2). flpn peruaBaHe Ha 3agaqure sa MB Moxe Aa ceH3non3Ba MeroA c KoMnJreKcHlI Marnrrrrrrr cbnpornBrennr (npu cr,rHycou.qanHo r.r3-MeHeHI{e Ha noroKa u u.g.H.)*. Ttft raro HJIKoH or yqacrBarrlr4Te BernrrnHtr canunelttllz(tre :anucar or rloroKa), a 4pyril ca HentrHefinu (eanacrr or noroKa), nparruuecKoronpuno)KeHl4e Ha MeroAa e cbr{eraHo c MeroAa c nocneAoBareJrHn npr.r6anureHnx. flpunbpBo npn6ar:reHlre yqacrBar caMo He3aBr,rcr,IMHTe cbflpornBnetufl' c Kor.tro ce on-peAenq noroKa n MB, a rrpe3 Hero - ctofisocrare Ha 3aBHcHMnre cb11porgB Jrelktunpu BTopo npu6au>cenux. VrepaqrronHusr npoqec npo4bnxaBa AoKaro pa3n[Kara B

crofiuocrure Ha BeJInqI,IHI,ITe Me)KAy ABe nocneAoBarennfi npu6lrxeHn.f, craHe Aoc-Tarbr{Ho MarrKa (nx. upr.rrvrepa n [4]).

"[pn HecHHyco]tAzlJIHtt BerHqLrHI{ Te Morar Aa ce npnBeAar KbM eKBlrBzureHTHH cHHycoEAaJrHr;t raKa,KaKTo roBa e noKa3ano nanp. n [83].

tl 2P,,rrnFc:

,A?^

lril1l

3. ENEKTPOMA|HI,ITHI4 CTICTEMPI

3.2.5. Marnurnrr Bepfirn c nocrorrren H npoMeHJrIrB noroK

Ha Snr. 3.35a e raso6paseH rlApeH MarnrrronpoBoA c ABe HaMorKH, or KoHTo eAHara

e 3axpaHeHa c npoMeHJrHBo, a Apyrara c flocroffHuo HanpexeHl,Ie. flpeHe6perBar ce

co6srseHr,rre cbnporr{BJrerfl,rrr Ha HaMorKrrre. Ha Qnr. 3.356 e norasana Kp}IBara Ha

HaMarHI,ITBaHe Ha MaTepnana Ha MarHnTonpoBoAa, Ko.rITo e onPocTeHa KaTo e npeA-

sraBena no qacrr,r rnHefma sbqroqu.(a ce or cr{MerpllqHure KlroHose OAC n OAtCt.Aro noctorHHoroKoBara HaMorKa He

e 3axpaHeHa, a upoMeHnHBoToKoBaTa e

3axpaHeHa c Hanpexenne f/-, TaKa ue

MaKCr,rMyMbT Ha CAHyCOLAaTHO r,I3MeHq-

ulara ce HHAyKrfl.s Brn A He npeBu-ulaBa .rrHuefinus yqacrbK Ha Kpr,rBara na

HaMarHurBaue (rpuna 1), ro Marur.rrrroroflone e cHHycoHAaJrHo u cne.qoBaTenHo B

HaMOTKaTa npoTl{qa Cr,rHyconAaneH ToK

(rpuna 3).

Aro noctoflHHoroKoBara HaMorKa ce'3axpaHr,r c nocrosHHo Ha[pexerue (untror) rara, qe r.rHAyKqH'tTa Bs Ha cb3-

AaAeHIrg nocTo.rrHeH MarHr{TeH noToK sb-orBercrBa Hanp. Ha r. A or KpnBaraHa HaMarHr.rTBaHe, To npfl elsroBpeMeH-

HOTO 3aXpaHBaHe Ha npOMeHTHBOTOKO-

BaTa HaMOTKa gbc CbTTIOTO HanpexeHue. U-, pesyJrrarHara MarnnrHa I{HAyKrs,If

B MarHr,rronpoBoAa (npn e.qronpeMeHHoroyqacTae Ha rrocTosHeH r{ npoMeHnnB no-ror) cenpeAcraBrr BbBBpeMerocKplrBara2or Qnr.3.356,r.e. B - Bo* Brnsincr.rt.Aro pesynrarHara lrnAyKr.wr ce npoeKTnpa Bbpxy Kpr,rBara Ha rraMarHlrrBaHe, BcneA-erBne Ha pa3nnKara B HaKrroHHTe Ha yrracrbwrre OAa AC ce flonyqaBa clrJrno acnMer-pl,Iqnara KpHBa 4 Ha npovreHJrr,rBoroKoBoro rrore (pecnercrr.rBHo roKbr i- n npovren-JIHBoroKoBara HaMorxa) c yqacruero Ha qerHlr r.r HeqerHI4 xapMoHnrrna. Asaaornquvpe3ynrarfi ce ua6.ruogaBaT ]r, aKo r{HAyKru,rsTa Bg He cr,oTBeTsrBa Ha r. .4., uo npn yc-JIOBr4e, qe MaKcEMyMbT Ha pe3ynTaTHaTa lrHAyKr$,rf, e B- * B*- ] Bo, a TaKa cbrqo

I npfi cMsHa Ha nocoKaTa Ha nocTorHHaTa r4HAyKrIr{t B MarHr,ITonpoBoAa. Hecnuer-pltrrHn.ar xapaKTep Ha KplrBara4na roKa B rrpoMennr,rBoroKoBara HaMorKa e ronKoBano--cl4rlHo H3pa3eH, KonKoro no-rorgMa e pa3rurKara B HaKtroHnre Ha yr{acrbqr4Te OA14 AQ Ha onpocreuara KpHBa Ha HaManHr{rBaHe, T.e. KorrKoro no-ronqMa e npoMfiHara

-FB . rr. .

ua gnnaunqndta nponr{r{aeMocr lr! : LB lLH. 3a pearHara KpriBa Ha HaMaTHHT-

207

il

(Dnr. 3.35. Marsnrna Bepr.rra c nocrorHeHr{ nIDMeHn}rB [oToK: a - KoHcTpyKTr{BHa

cxeMa; 6 - r.rslvreHeHne Ha r{HAyKrlr{sra u no-JreTo BbB BPeMeTO

r

litlI

il

1il

Page 105: EA - u4ebnik

208 EJIEKTPI4qECKH AIIAPATI4. qACT I

BaHe Ha Marepltana ce nonyrraBa uaBHoHaManrIBaHe Ha A[HaM[rIHaTa flpoHl,Iqae-

MOCT npr4 yBenI.IqaBaHe Ha [ocTorIHHaTa

r,rHAyKISr-fl (none) - Qrnr. 3.36. floayue-HH'T pe3yITaT MO)t(e QOprvralHo Aa ce

o6o6ntlr raKa: nprl Hanlrq[e Ha lrocrot-HeH rroToK B MaTHUTOnpOBOAa MarIrIrT-

Hara npoHHrlaeMocT 3a npoMeHJrrlBrf.fl

noroK HaMarflBa. -flereHlrero e c qe-

TeH XapaKTep, T.e. He3aBLICIIMO OT nOCO-

Kara Ha rrocrosHHl'Is noroK (r.rugyrqlu),

TOKbr B [poMeHnI,IBOTOKOBara HaMOTKa

r{Ma eAHa LI cbula @opua E roneMl'fiIa.

flparravecKr.r{T pe3ynrar or sa6ruoAaBaHoro gBreHlte e, qe c npoM.tHara Ha Han-

pe)KeHr,rero. (unu .roxa) Ha nocroJrrrHoroKoBara HaMorKa ce npoMeHt roKa B npoMeH-

NI,IBOTOKOBATA H MOTKA.

Taxgsa EMC, B MarHuTonpoBoAr,rre Ha Kor4To cbqecrByBa eAHoBpeMeHHo nocro-

rr11eH s npoMeHJrr,rB noroK, ce Hapuqar Apocenn c noAMaFHnrBaHe. Te ca cbcraBHll

eJreMeHTH Ha peAr,rqa craruqHu EMC Karo MaTHETHH ycl,InBarenr'r (nx. :r. 3.5.1.3)'

nocro fl HHoroK oB I{ I,I3M epBarenHu rpaHcQoprvraropu I'I Ap.

E$errnr Ha noAlvrarHr,rTBaHe Ha MarHlrnpoBoAa Mo)Ke Aa ce rlorytlH ra 6es u3noJl-

3BaHe Ha nocroqHgoroKoBa HaMorKa. Aro ungyKqutra B^, cnzgaAeHa or npoMeH-

Jlr{BoroKoBora HaMorra (rprana 1 ua Qnr.3.356), e no-roJltMa ot 86, To, KaKToe

or6erssauo n B T. 3.2.5, cbrrlo ce ronyqana eQert Ha geSoprttaqux Ha tora (noleto),

roftro nporr,rqa B HeJr. Yersnre cbcraBKr{ Ha roKa Morar Aa ce pa3rne)KAar Karo eK-

BHBaneHTeH nocTo'IHeH ToK, ilpoTuqaul B [poMeHJrI{BOTOKOBaTa HaMoTKa, Ko{To noA-

MarHr{TBa MarHr,rronpoBoAa r,r nrs6yxcAa nocro{HHo nore ([nqyrqnr). [eficrnuero Ha

ToBa fiocrorrHHo none (raHgyrqrar) e aHaroruIqHo Ha Aefic'rnnero Ha nocrosHHoroKoBo

noJre (rangyrqzx), nrs6yAeHo or orAenna HaMorKa c nocrotHeH ToK. Tegra MB, n KoI{To

prHAyKqurra Aocrr,rra o6aacrra Ha Hacurr{aHe, ce Haplrqar ApoceJru cbc caMonoAMar'

HnrBaHe. Te cnu1o ce r,BnoJr3Bar B H{Korr crarldqnl,I EMC Karo MaTHIITHII ycnnBarerll

l.r Ap.

3.2.6. Marnntru{ Bepfiru c rrocro-flHurl MarHrITrr

MarHu,rHn're Bepr{ru c nocrosHHra MarHur}r ca cbcraBna qacr or KoHcrpyKqI'IrITa Ha

MHoro Br.rAoBe EA: nonlpr,BnpaHn penera, ceu3opl{, Abroracurerult yctpofictnau AP'

Te ce cbcrosr or rrocrosHeH MaTHHT r.r eBeHTyaJrHo or apMarypa or MarHurHo MeK

MaTepl,ran, KogTo HacoqBa MarHr,rTHr,rrI noToK KbM noAXoAtIIIa Bb3,qyIIIHa MeXAI',IHa.

flocroslrunTe MarHr,rru ce nspaiorBar or MarHurno rBbpALr Mareptraltn, xapaKTe'

prBHparqH ce c rrrHpoK xllcTepe3rrceH IItrKbJI.

Our. 3.36. 3anncnr"roct Ha MarHI{THara npo-Hr.IqaeMocr p, on roxa i - or nocro.sHHoro [oJIeII- unuror i-

2093. EJIEKTPOMATHI4THI4 CIISTEMI4

Ha Qnr. 3.37 enoKa3aH TOpOI{A lr3pa6(rreH oT MaTHI',TTHO TBbp,4 MaTepI'Ian c MaJIKa

Bb3ryuHa Mex4{Ha d, rara .r" *o*" Aa ce npene6perEe IIoToKbT ua pascefrnaue'

Aro d' : 0 U MaTepHanbT c9 HaMaTHI4TI{ (nanpra"rep qpe3 nocTaBeHa Bbpxy TopoI'IAa

EaMOTKa c tor) Ao lrHAyKIInflTa Ha HacIdIIaHe 8", ro cneA npeMaxBaHe Ha IIaMaTHI;fT-

BaTIIgTO tIOIe B TopOHAa Ce nonyqaBa OCTaTbqeH 11STOK lI OcTaT:bqHa uIIAyKIIHn B' npu

H :0.3a HaualfiBaHe Ha [OToKa I'I Ha I{HAyKrU4flTa Ao HyJIa tpn6na Aa ce np1,1noa1}I

o6pafiro pa3MarHnTBaUtrO none. PagvarnutBaHeTo CTaBa IIO KpI4Ba JtutHvts' HapeqeHa

KpI{Ba Ha pa3MarHHTBaHeTo' Ko'To npeAcTaBn,IBa qacTTa oT xI|cTepe3I{cHI4' IsrKbn

Ha MaTepr4ana BbB BTOpU.fi KBaApaHT - Q*. 3.38- KoepLurTI'IBHIt',sT HHTeH3I',ITeT H" ua

pa3MaruurBauroro none gborBercrBa Ha I{HAyKIII'II B : 0'

@nr. 3.3?. TopougaleH MarHI{T C Br,3AyrrHa (Dur' 3.38. Xucrepe3l{ceH qI{KbJI c Kpt'IBa Ha

Me)KAI,IHapa3MarHI{TBaHeToHaMaTepI,IaI3anocTosHeHMATHHT

Maeuumno modpdume .lilamepu&nu ce xapawnepusupam c omHocutnenHo eone^4u

cmOtinOCmLHctOcmAm6qHAmaUnTyrc4UA B, Urcoepvumuettt'tgUHmeH3hmetnHAnonemo

Hc.Aro s Topor.rAa ce cb3AaAe pa3MarHLITBaIqo none lf/ol < lH"l - Qnr' 3'39a' to

r.rHAyKqnrrTa ce HaManrBa oT Br AO Bp ( Br.flpu [peMaxBaHe Ha pa3MaTHI',ITBaUIOTO

none (f{ : 0) us,qyKqr4.r{Ta ce yBenl,Iqu"u go.toifuocrra B" <-8, no Jtrruus', HapeqeHa

nuHus Ha 6p6t4aue*.\rsnbr p - ur.t*ffi, KofiTo ra3vt Jtt'rts cKJIroqBa c

a6cqucuara Oc, ce Hap6qa 6e6n Ha sp6l4aue- HarnogbT Ha IHHI'IITa Ha BpbIIIaHe

npaKTgqecKlr He 3aBIdcH oT ToqKaTa P (nonero 16), " KOsTo Ce onpeAeIfl' T'e' e

nocTorrHeH 3a KpI,IBaTa Ha pa3MarH[TBaHe Ha MaTepnana' flpt't H3MeHI4e Ha no'neTo

B rpaHnqr,rTe 0 < H < lHp[ uHgyKqusTa Ha MarHuTa ce u3MeH{ no nI'IHHtTa Ha

xucTepe3HceHrII{KbJlBTogKaTaP(-Hp,Bp)orKpI{BaTaHa

pur*Uotitane. flpu MH9TOKpaTHO nOBTapflHe Ha np6qega Ha pa3MaFHI{TBaHe OTHocI{TeIHo TecH1IfT

xncrepe3nceH quKbn Moxe Aa ce 3aMeHH C [PaBa nvlJt fl'

\,Hdr56 \ \

ri#,F.6, H6, S6

BrHrl, S

Page 106: EA - u4ebnik

210 E.IEKTPPTqECKKI ATIAPATII. qACT I

lB(-rDl-*

a6Or'rr. 3.39. Kpuna Ha pa:lMarHnrBaHero E Ha cnequQuuxara eHepnrrr Ha uocrosHeH Mar-HHT: a- gel"rctrne Ha pa3MaFnnrBarqo none;6 - lefibmue Ha Bb3AylrrHa Me)KAr{Ha

BpbIrIaHe B rpaHHII[Te Bp ( B 1 8". Axo ce nprano)Kr,r no-rorsMo pa3MarnurBarqonone lHql > lHpl, ce ycraHoBtBa HoBa nnuns. Ha Bpbrr{aHe, ycnopeAHa Ha rpaBaraBOBI, Ha KosTo cboTBeTcTBaT[o-Maaru crofiHocTn Ha HHAyKqHrra. flpn np[naraHeHa pa3MarHnTBarr{o none H - H" creA orcrpaHsBaHeTo My ce nonyrraBa HHAyKTIHq8". - Qnr. 3.39a. Caruo 3a HflKoIt nAeanHH Qoprvru Ha nobro.flHHrl MarHurn, KaKBnroca c@epata u eJll{ncon4a e Bb3MoxHo nbrHo pa3MarHnrBaHe Ha Marepr.rana.

Ha scsxa roqKa or KpLIBara Ha pa3Marr{rrrBaHe Ha Marepuara cborBercrBa on-peAeneHa cneryQnvna (aa e,ryIHlqa o6eu vltv vrac ) sanacena ,taeHumHa eHepeua'u)u: Lan. Ha Qur. 3.396 e uao6paseHa 3aBr{cr,rMocrra u)6 : f(B),Ko.sro e cMaKcI,rMyM npri onpeAeneHa HHAyKrryrr. B roqxHr:e c HHAyK!i//.g^ B : 0 u B : Br,Uv:0.

HnDyrc4uama Ha Hacut4aHe 8", ocmam64Hama undyrc4ua Br, rcoep4umueHuem uH-meHsumem Ha nonemo H., cnequQuuHama -tvaeHumHa eHepeu-r'trril, 6e6n6m Ha ep6-I4AHe B Ca ea>rcmu xbpaKmepucmuKu Ha JvaeHumuo meopdulne Jvtamepuanu u cadadenue cnpaeoqHarna numepnmypa.

3a uoseqero Marepnanr3anocrorHHr,r MarHnrH Kpr.rBara Ha pa3MarHHTBaHe Mox(eAa ce anpoKcr.tMupa AocrarbqHo roqHo c xnnep6oaara

H^-H"

(3.13e) A:nrffi,KbAero roeQnqraerrr:br o : H./H" : Br/8" o6mHoseHo ce ofipeAeilfl, 3a rorrKara,cborBeTcrBalrla Ha MaKCUMaJTHaTa eHeptus. n cbrqo e AaAeH B cnpaBoqHara nffe-parypa.

Toqrara C or rpnnara Ha pa3MarHr{TBaHe, cborBercrBarqaHa MaKcuMarHara Mar-HI'ITHa eHeprns ce nonyqaBa npu npecuqaHeto ir c AuaroHana OK na npaBobFbnHr.rKacbc crpaHn H" u B, - SH". 3.396.

3. EJIEKTPOM A TH I4THIL C1IC'I EMII

ilocto.nnnnTe Marurrrrr ce uspaOornar or MaTHHTHo rBbp,rpr MarepnaJrr,r, KoI{To

rnaBno B 3aBl,rcr{Mocr or cbcraBa r{ TexnonoruflTa Ha npou3BoAcrBo (a rara cblqo llnporBBexAaHH B pa3ruqnu ucropnqecKn uepno4.r) ce pruAeJrrr Ha nflKoJrKo rpynncboTBeTHo c pa3nHqHn ocHoBrrII MarRr{THR KaqecTBa.

l. Koeanu eoenepodnu u neeupaHu crnonaHu (rorr$parvrona, xo6altona,ro6arroso-uoru6geHoBa, xpoMoBa lr Ap.) c pa3nnqur,r npoqeHTHr.r qacrr,r Ha JreFLr-

paulnre sbcraBKn. OcHosHHre MarHlrrrl xapaKTepr{crrrKu ca:

- ocrarbrrHa r,rrrAyKrus (0,75- l, 1 ) T;

- KoepqlrrnnHo none (4-20) kA/m;

- cnequQuqHa eHeprrar (0,8-5,2) kJ/m3.

2. Jlnmu ,cen.flso-tNuKen-clnyutuHueau cruTaeu (c rnprorcKr.r Har,rMeHoBaH[.n aJtHvt,

itlrHl,lKo, MarHr,IKo r,t AP., c pa3n[qHo npoueHTHo cbAbpxaHue Ha aayr"ruHufi, HI{Kelr,

ro6artt, Manne3r,rn rd Ap.). OcHosHnre MarHnrHH xapaKTepncrnKn ca:

- ocrarbtrHa uHrryr(wr (0,5-1 ,4)T;

- KoepqrrlrBHo norre (40-90) kA/m;

- cneqn@uuHa dneprur- (6-26) kJ/m3.

3. Memattoorccuduu *raeHumu(6apnerr,r MarHnrr.r BaO n Fe2O3, oKcHIUro ro6arrosaMarHI{TI,I Fe2O3, FezOa n CoO). OcHosHfiTe MarrilrrHr.r xapaKTepucrsKn ca:

- ocrarbqHa HHAyKrgrr (0,2-0,4) T;

- KoepLU.rrHBHo noae (120-150) kA/m;

- cuergaQnqna eHeprrax (3-13) kJ/m3.

4. Pedrcosetwu rtaeHumu (nanp. caMapneBr4 SmCoOg, HeoAr4M-xearao-6opNd2FelaB I,I Ap.). OcHosHnre MaTHHTHI xapaKTepprcrr{Kr,r ca:

- ocrar"bqna r.rHAyr(qnx (0,9-1,25)T;

- Koeprlurr.rBHo nore (1000-2000) kAim;

- cnerryrQmna eHeprur (80-160) kJ/m3.

PegroreuHl,rre MaTHLITH 3a cera ca orHocI,ITerHo cKbnn H ce [3non3Bar BbB Bo-

eHHaTa r.r KocMr{qecKa ur{Aycrpr,rs, B MeAr{quHcKr,r, H3MepBaTeJtHfi n paAr4oeneKTpoHHrlyctpoficrnn u Ap. HeognuonuTe MarHr{Tu vuar HncKa ror{Ka na KrcpH (100- 150"C).

Pa6ota Ha nocro.flHnrr.fl MarH[T B crarnr{eH pe)Kr.rM

fIpH HarHqr{e Ha BT,3AyuHa MexAr,rHa d a ropouga - Our. 3.37, uugyKrlrrrrra MyHaMarsBa Ao croftHocr B < Br,T.e. npr4cbcrBrlero Ha Bb3AyrrrHara MexAlrna e eKBn-

BaneHTHo na geficrnuero Ha pa3MarHurBarqo nore.flpn nnrerpnpane Ha noJrero no Korrrypa l23l or 3aKoHa 3a nbrHu.s roK cJre.qBa

2tl

(3.140) Htd * Hl :0,

--)

Ji

il

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212 EMKTPNIIECKI{ ATIAPATI,I. qACT I

KbAero I e cpe4nara AbDKr{Ha Ha cr{JroBara Jtutnus. B nocro.flHHus MarHI,rr.

Or uspasa (3.140) cne,Fa

(3.r4r)

T.e. norero BbB Bb3gyrrrHara Mex(Ar{Ha e c [ocora o6parua Ha nocoKara Ha noJrero B

nocToflHHHtr Mafilrr r,r ce onpeAeJrr or M.A.H. c roJreMr{Hlvy -- -Hl.HH;lyxqux. a B B MarHr{Ta ir ere Bb3l{yruHara Mex(Ar{na (npn npene6perBaHe Ha

paecefinaueroB:Ba)e

H6: -HI:+,

KbAeTO: ,s e CeqeHHeTO rra ManHr,rTa; G6 - MarnuTHaTa [poBoAr{MocT Ha Bb3AyIIIHaTa

MexcALrHa.

Or Qopvr. (3.142) crre,rya, se

(3.143)

KOeTO e ypaBHeHHe Ha npaB a JtHFoIs. BbB BTOpr{,r KBaApaHT, [peMHrIaBaIqa npe3

Haqaroro Ha KoopAnxarHara cucreMa n r. O r,r cKJrrorrBarqa c a6curcnara oc brbJla, onpeAeJleH oT 3aBr,rcHMogrTa

(3.142)

(3.145)

(3.146)

CaeA 3aMecrBaHe ua H6 c r.r3pa3a (3.141) npn 86 : B ce nonyrlaBa

B:poHtt-ro#g:-nCo*,

ffia., I*"ttt tt

w5: blrr: "u{o tu.

w6:Yt,:ryvu:w*,

B ,1 I-d s'

Btgo: H :(3.144)

KbAero rn,,n'LB.ca rvraqa6r,rre 3a nonero H nHAyKrlrnflTa npn HaqepraBaHe Ha KpHBara

Ha pa3MarHr,rTBaHe.

Ha Qur. 3.396 e HaqepraHa pa6orHara nvnufl, Ha MarHr.rra OA, snrro npecerrHa

ToqKa ,4 c rpunara Ha pa3MarHr4TBaHe e pa6ourara roqKa Ha nocroflHrrrr-fl MarHrIT,orrpeAeJr.rru{a r{HgyKt-utra B o n nolero I/r.

flpn eateopeH Marur,rronpoBoA d : 0, tga + oo, c : 90" u B : Br.BaxcHa xapaKTepncruKa Ha flocrosHHr.rre MaTHHTH e eHeprusra W5 s o6elvla Vt ga

Bb3AyllHara Me)K.qr,rHa (r.e. eHeprnsra Ha BbHrrrHoto nole):

KbAero V*:,91 e o6erubT Ha MarHHTa.

3. EMKTPOM ATHTITH'I C14 CTEMT' 2t3

CnedoeamenHo utaeHumHama eHeP-

eut e6e easbyunama nexduHa e PaeHa

fla eHepeustna Ha ^4aeHurna.flpu usuucJr{BaHe sa MB c rrocro-

sHHu Maruurn e qerecbo6pasno pa6ot-

Hara rorrKa A.qa crsnaAa utllr Aa e 6ln:raAo roqKara C c MaKcI{MarHa MaTHHTHa

eHeprut Sm. 3.396, 3a Aa ce ro-ny.tr{ nafi-go6po u3nor3BaHe Ha Mareplt-

a.na (rpnteprd na EuePrueg).

Marnutno rBbPtr['ITe Marepuanv 3a

rIocTorIHHU MaTHUTII Morar Aa ce pa3Ae-

rsr Ha Ipe rpylm - Qnr. 3.40:

a) rpyna I - c rolsMa ocTarbqHa nHAyK]qJ1lfl H OTHOCI,ITeJIHO MarbK KoepIryITI{BeH

I,TITTCH3I{TCT;

6) rpyua II - c oTHocr,rrerHo MaJrKa ocTarbqHa I{HAyKIIIT' t I'oJrsM Koeplprr}IBeH

UHTCH3IITCT.

Or Qr,rr. 3.40 ce BI.IxAa, qe ycnoBnflTa 3a nonyrlaBaue Ha MaKcHManHa eHeprn't

(pa6orna rorrKa C) zapere rpyrH Mareprianll ca sbulecrBeHo pa3nl4qHll. flpu egna u

cbrr{a Bb3AyruHa Mex(Ar,rHa (Ga : const) Te3I4 yCnoBH{ MOraT Aa ce yAoBneTBoptT c

npoMsHa Ha orHolrleHl4ero IIS ua MarHI'ITa:

a) uarmmgTe c Marepr.ran or rpyna I tpr6na Aa I{Mar ronlMa crofinoct Ha orHo-

ureHllero l/^9 (gbrru MarHI{TI'I c MaJIKo ceuenue);

6) uarHnrr.rre c Marepnan or rpyua II rpx6ra Aa llMar MaJIKa c'roftsoct Ha orHo-

luenuero If S (rrcu MarHnrll c rorsMo ceueHue)'

Pa6ota Ha nocrotnnrrfl MaTHHT B ArrHaMuqen pex(rlM

IfpOrvrnnaTa Ha CtcTOflHIIeTO Ha IIoCTO.flIIHIIfl Marurrt (pa6ornaTa ToqKa

MOX(e Aa CTaHe:

- c npo-t tsHaHe eone]iluHamaHa eosdyunama.mexduna 6 (npoeodu*tocmmaGil,

npu Koemo ce npoJvteHL nono)KeHuemo na pa6omnama' npaeai

- c oasdeticmeue Ha e,HraHo ,taeHumHo none, canocoqHo unu npomugonocowtto

HA pQ3]ilAeHumeAApmoi

- c ednooperteHHo deficmeue Ha eopHurne dea Qarctnopa.

HaMarHursaHero Ha nocrorrHHuTe MarHr4TtI ra MB c trocrotHHH MarHurlr craBa nppl

3aAaAeHa roJIeMnHa Ha Bb3AyIIIHaTa MeXAuna d, KosTo onpeAeJlx pa6otHata Totlra A

- Sur. 3.396.

(Dur. 3.40. Kpunu Ha pa3MarHI{TBaHe Ha Mar-

HnrHo rBbPAI{ MarepHaJrlr

A)

ir;J

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214 ENEKTPI4TIECKH ANAPATU. qACT I

ffiffi=,

M

tw

GDffi

@nr. 3.41. KoncrpyrruBnu Qopun Ha nocro-.flHHII MANHUTU

@ffi

Axo nr:gyrrrHara Mex(Ar,rHa ce HaMarugo ctoftnocr d't < d, r.trg5rKr+lqra B noc-TorHHHs MarHI,rr HapacrBa go croftuocr.B1 oupetreJleHa oT nPeceqsara toqra DMe)KAy npaBara OD (q > o) r,r KnoHaAM D Ha qacrHtrq xncrepe3r{ceH r[,rKbnHa Marepuanaar. A. flpn cnelparqo yBe-nr{qaBaHe Ha Bb3AytrrHaTa MexAr.rHa .qod'nngyxqr,rrra ce HaM:usBa qo c'rofinocrBono KroHa DNAHa qacrHns xr,rc'Tepe-

3rrceH rlr,rKbn. Illupranara Ha qacrHur xr,tc-

Tepe3r.rceH rlr{Kbn AMDNA e ManKa r{

tofi uoxe Aa ce 3aMeHH c JrIrHHsra Ha

Bpbn{aHe AD, rcotro ce xapaKTepr,r3r{pa cbrbra p ua uaxnoHa cll cnptrMo a6cqncnara oc. Tona o3HaqaBa, qe npri rlr,rKngqganpoMtrHa Ha Bb3AylxHara Me)K,4,rHa or dr Ao d'nH4yrqn.rrra ce H3MeHs rro Jrr.rgnrra Ha

BpbrrlaHe yr. A, T.e. no nn:austa AD.Axo nt:gylrrHara MexAtlHa ce yBernrrn go crofiHocr d2 ) d, uH4yKqr{sra B noc-

To{HHlIfl Ma|HI'IT HaMartBa tro Kp[Bara Ha pa3MarHr,rrBaHe go ctofinocr,'oflpeAetlenaor npeceqHara fi ToqKa c npaBa oE c bFbrr dz 1a1 - Qur.3.396. cnepauloroHaMarsBaHe Ha Bb3AyuHara Me)KAr{Ha Ao croftHocr d ne srscraHoBsBa rrbpBoHaqan-Hata crofiHocr Ha HHAyKII,IJITa, Tbfi Karo rff ce yBernqaBa no qacreH xgcrepe3nceHrlr.rKbrl, xofiro Jte)KH flo-Hr,rcKo or KpHBara Ha pa3MarHr,rrBaHe.

L[urruvHr'l npoMeHH Ha roreMunara Ha Bb3AyruHara Me)KIulHa B orrpeAeneHr.rrpaHIdIII{ ce nonyqaBar npn HopManrara pa6ora Ha HsKoH EA, npr,r Koero nHAyKrryrqraHa nocrocHHr,rs MarH[r ce npoMeHr no cborBerHara nt4nus. Ha BpbrqaHe.

flpr'r uontax u AeMoHTax( Ha ycrpoficrBa c nocro{HHri Marrr{Tr,r Morar Aa ce [ony-qaT cT,IqecTBeHLI npOMeHI{ Ha MarHr.rTHaTa npoBoAItMocT Ha Bb3AyrXHaTa Me)KAnHa. orH3roxeHoro cneABa, r{e BcJIeAcrBr,Ie ua neo6parr4Mocrra Ha MarHltrHure npoqecu npnT€3I'I onepaqlla ce I,I3MeHt rlbpBonaqanHata crofigocr Ha MarHr,ITIrara EHAyKqnr, KoeroMox(e Aa HapymI'I HopManHara pa6ora Ha cborBerHr.rre ycrpoficrBa. 3a srscraHoBs-BaHe Ha nbpBoHaqarHara ctofiHocr Ha nHAyKr{,rfrTa e neo6xogHrvro HoBo HaMarHnrBaHenpn 3aAaAeHara crofiuocr Ha d 4o Aocrr4raHe Ha r.rHAyKrlr.rsra Ha HacnulaHe.

floloxcenllero Ha pa6orua'ra roqKa H FoneMuHara Ha r4HAyKrtrr,rrra Ha nocrosHHnsMarHI4T ce npoMeHtr H or geftcrnnero Ha BbHruHo MaTHHTHo noJre, Koero Moxe Aa6r'Ae ctnocotrHo HnH nporliBonocor{Ho Ha pa3MarrurrBarrloro flore Ha Bb3AyruHaraMex<AI4Ha. Peryararure ca aHaJIoFvqHI4 KaKTo nplr npoMsHa Ha roneMl{Hara Ha Bb3-AyuHara MexAI4Ha. Axo snHruHoro rone lAfll < lflpl, ro pe3ynrarHoro nore e

H - I/p + A'H, na Koero cborBercrBar Ju4:nvu Ha Bpbrr{aHe, onpeAenil\n rpaHu-IIHTe Ha H3MeHeHue Ha MarHlrrnara HHAyKrInr trpn Te3u ycnoBus. Crrqecrnynar MB c

ii3. EJIEKTPOMA|HI4THI4 CI,ICTEMTI 215

@ur.3.42. Manrnrm BepHrH c nocrosuHlr MarHrrH

nocrosnuu MarHHTr{, npn Korro geficrna roJrgMo HMnyncHo Marxr,rrHo noJre c HHTeH-

3r{Ter A}f, rara ue Ho + AI/ : H* u ce nonyrraBa 3uaqr,rretrHo pa3MarHHTBane (go

nHAyrug.rr 8". - Qnr. 3.39a), a caeg roBa ce npeHaManHnrBa Marepl{tua Bx. t. 3.4.8.KoxcrpyrrlrBHuTe Qopuu Ha nocrosHnrrre MarHrirr.r ce xapaKTepl{3npar c roJItMo

pasnoo6pa 3ve - Qur. 3.4 I . Ha Qnr. 3 .42 ca noKa3auu HrKorr MB c nosrotHrilt MarHI4Tr{.

lls.ilrcrsnane Ha MB c rrocro.arrnu Maniltrrr

Vzqucnssaneio Ha [ocroffHHr{ Marnnrr,r wtuna MB c rtxno yqacrl{e e 3HagldrerHo

no-Tpylgro or roBa na MB c MarHr{THo MeKH Marepnan[. Tosa ce l[bnx<H Ha MHoro rro-

MaJrKaTa oTHochTerHa MaFHr{THa [poHr{qaeMocT Ha MaTepHaJra, BcJIeAcTBrIe Ha KoeToMarHnrHoro cbnporr{BreHrre H noroKbr na pasceilaaHe ca roneMn.

Ha Qnr. 3.43 ca noKa3aHr'r KplrBnre Ha r.r3MeHerrue Ha r'rHAyKruqra (notora) na

nocroqHHr,rMarrurn:a-npbqKoBHAeHcnprcMaruuHaQoprvra;6-noA5oBoo6paaeu.florortr (D*r* B cpeAara Ha Marnura (HeyrpanHoro ceueHue) ce pa3nlrqaBa or

rIoToKa BbB Bb3AytrrHaTa Me)KAr.rHa o5 BcJIe.{cTBue HaJrr{ql{eTo Ha noToKa na pa:ceft-BaHe no Itbnx(IrHara Ha Marnura (Do. r,r rroroK oKono Kpar4rqara Ha Me;KAI,IHata O*n -

B,T

B,T 0,5

0,4

0r3

0,2

0,1

0

ffiB

l

0,3

0,2

0,1

0A 10 20 30 40 s,mm

a

20 40 60 80 lm o, rnm

o

Onr. 3.43. llsrueHenue Ha r{HAyKrlr{.sra [o AbrxuHara Ha nocro.{HeH MarH}rr: a - npbr{KoBr{Aeu;6 - noAxosoo6pasen

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216

I

EMKTPI,IqECK'I ANAPATI,I. qACT I

Qur.3.42. KoeQurgreHTbr Ha pa3ceitBaHe o e

(3.147) --O*u*-r,6o*O*pv---rt iD5 Oa

0 : arcrs G6*.

flpu naanul{e Ha apMarypa s MB n o6rqur noroK na paacefiBaue yqacrBa r{ noro-Kbr oKoJlo qacrnre h. KoeQu4ueHmam Ha pascerteaHe Ha MB c nocmoaHHu JilaeHumu

e eonatil I{ Aocrl,Ira 2 + 5. Toil ruoxe Aa ce vyqucr]c, rrpe3 orrpeAensHe Ha Maffrr{T-

HHTe npoBoAHMocrH sa clborseiHr.rre rroror{a, Ho qecro 3a H3[on3BaHe ce npeAnoqnraTonLrTHo nonyqeHr,r pe3ynTaTlr.

IlocmoauHugm.tvaeHum cosdaea 6 oKonHomo npocmpaHcmeo .wtaeHurnHo none u a

mosu c.t tuc6n uepae pon-nma Ha HartomKa c morc c onpeDeneno u.D.n., pasnpedenenono lan>rcuHama -uy. flpu npeABapI{TenH[ H3qr,rcntewr4s. na MB c nocrosHHu Marnr,rrn

o6lr HoseHo ce npueMa ruueeH 3aKoH Ha n3Meueur.re Ha M.A.H. no ltbnxtlnara Ha

MAFHI,fTA.

flpn usuucJrf,BaHe sa MB c nocro.f,Hnlr MarHr.rrn ce nocraBflT r4 perxaBar ABa BHAa

3aAaqII.1. 3a 3aAaAeHa MB c nosrorHen MarHr,rr r.rJrr{ caMo nocrolrHeH MaTHHT (@oprnra,

pa3Mepl{, Marepr{aJu{ r,r Ap.) Aa ce onpeAenu [oroKa BbB Bb3Ayruuara Me:rc;{HHa.

2.TIpu 3aga.qeH noroK BbB Bb3AyruHara MexAr,rHa r.r pa3Meprrre ir Aa ce onpeAenrrpa3MePr{Te Ha nocTonHHl,rr ManHr,tT.

Peurenueto 14 Ha Fara Br.rAa 3aAaqr,r e cBbp3auo c onpeAenrHero Ha KpuBara Ha

pa3MarHI{TBaHe, pa6ornara roqKa, nnnaflTa Ha BpbrrlaHe, MarHI,rrH[Te [poBoAr{Mocrl{r.r xoeQuqr.reHTa Ha pa:cefrnaue. OcseH rona tpx6Ba Aa ce HMa npeABr{A, qe MarHHTHure

MarepnaJlpl ca cKbru4 u H3ru4cJrenuero rpx6na Aa ce oruact u Ao onrlrMarHoro HM

[3noJr3BaHe.

flpn npegn apHTeJtHu Ltgqatcilelils perueHr4ero Ha rrbpBara 3aAaqa r{3r,rcKBa oflpeAe-

r.f,Hero ua pa6onrara rorrKa Ha MarHrnra A(HrnrB-) upes npecurraHe Ha KpHBara Ha

pa3MarunrBaHe r.r npaBara OA, cxntoqBarqa c a6cqucsara oc brbr*

(3.148)

OnpeqentHero Ha npoBoAr{Mocrra G6 zaMB c apMarypa He BoEl 4o oco6enn TpyA-

Hocrtl. 3a npturoBI,IAHH MarHr.rrn (npnsuaruqHlr, qunuHApuunu) ce H3rron3Ba npoHI,I-

IlaeMocrra na Qopuara Ha MarHr,rra, npr.r Koero

(3.149) d,: atctgporm.

"Bnn Qopr'l. (3.148) ra (3.149) rpr6na Aa ce Abpxn cMerKa ga rraqa6nr.e no KoopAr.rHarHnre ocu.

3. EIIEKTPOM ATT{I'ITHI4 CI'ICTEMI4 217

flponrqaeMosrra na Qopltara n'L Ha

npb!TKOBI{AIIU MarHHTll ce oTqI'ITa OT

5w.3.44 B 3aBltcl{Mosr or oruollreul{eroHa Abnx(HH ara I :anepllMerbpa Ha cerIeHI'I-

Eto p Ha MarIrI{Ta. Marcurraartnusr noroK

B HeyTpanHoro ceqeHHe e

(3.150) (D*'* : B*S

g ctreAoBaTeJrHo tIoToKbT BbB Bb3AyIIr-

HaTa MexAI{Ha e

(3.151) o6 : o"',.o

flpu peuraBaHe Ha BTopI,In BI,IA 3aAaqu

ce [pr{eMa, lle 3a MaKCI'IMaIHO OnOJr-

3OTBOptBaHe Ha eHeprunra Ha MarHl'rra

pa6orxata My roqKa (B*, H*\ cborBer-cTBa Ha MaKcLIMyMaHa MaFHHTHaTa eHep-

lufl.,{ra;rnnara Ha nocrosHu}Ifl Maruur ce

onpeAenfl oT yCIOBI'I?TO HmIm : H65,

oT KOeTO CJle,ma, qe

Ilpoxa IlrrrmlBp

l6

l4

7

t0

8

6

4

2

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0

@ur.3.44. flpouuqaeuocr Ha Qopuara m na

rrpbtIKoBI{AHn MarHnr{

32

30

28

26

24

,"

20

(3.1s2)

Ceqenueto Ha nocrofrHnvrs, MarIrHT e

.H$Oadltrl - Hrn - post H*

n dOpvna - t)

l)91(3.1s3)

flo-ro.rHu pe3ynrarn or rmqucJreHne Ha MB c nocrosHHll MarHI'ITI'I I{JII'I Ha nocro-

rHHr,r MarHltTH MOraT Aa Ce nonyqaT aKo ce [ocTpou 3aMecTBaIIIa CXeMa CbC pa3npeAe-

rreHr{ lro yqaqrbrlfi napaMerpu, aHaJroruqHa Ha noKa3aHara na Qrr. 3.32. 3a qerrra

Abnxr.rHaTa Ha [ocTosHHr,rs MarH]rT ce pa3Aen.u Ha HSKOIIKO CHMeTpHqHU CnpgMo

HeyrpanHoro cer{eHne yqacrbKa BceKr.r or Konro BKJIIoTTBa qacr or o6utroto M.A.H.,

Mar.HuTHoTO My CbnpoTrrBneHhe r,r cbcpe.qoToqel{aTa B Kpanu{aTa My rIpoBoAI'lMocT Ha

pa3cefiBaHe. 3aAaqara ce peuaBa HTeparuBHo Karo nppl nbpBoto npu6auxeul'Ie ce

[pr.reMa ruHeeH 3aKoH Ha pa3fipeAeneHr,re Ha M.A.H. Ha MarHI,ITa. fIo4po6HI{ yKa3aHI4{

3a [3non3BaHero Ha To3H BepI,I)KeH MeroA ca AaAeHH Hanp. s U1,72]. Metogrr e

TpyAoeMbK n He BoAI,I AO MHOrO TOqHI'I pe3ynTaTH.

Page 110: EA - u4ebnik

218 ENEKTPHTIECKI4 ANAPATI4. qACT I

@es@(Dur. 3.45. flpunqunuu KoHcrpyKTrrBHr{

Qoprvru ua ycqroficrBa 3a HaMarHrrrtsaHe

-./F\-m

-rw_%

--V7777 nocrg,qJ{ie*MarElfT

l---lr,rera groMana

ffinrumIT

Jm=I nomocexnaxpaf,nnr' na EaManur|tsaqorlo

ycrpoficrro

6

Onr. 3.46. B:anrvrHo rroro)KeHue Ha HaMar-HI,ITBAHATA IIACT N NONNCI{TE HA HAMATH}IT-Benloro ycrpoficrno: a - npaBnaHo; 6 _ ne_npaBIIJTHO

r{unHr4 KoHcTpyKTnBHn CXeMn Ha TaK}rBa eneKrpoMarHr.rTH;

- HcrJltomrcu' 6 KOUmO Ce nponycaa eonail u-turnynceH nocmoaHeH UJ\U npoltetuuemoK n B KOT,ITO Ce noMecTBaT npbqKoBH/qHlr MarHnTu;

* MB c eone.Mu nocmoaHHu JvtaeHumrr, Kor{ro ce I,I3tIoJI3Bar 3a HaMarHI{TB aHe HaNO-MAJIKH MATHI,ITT4.

Or saxno 3HaqeHHe npn HaMarwrrBaHero e:

- cna3BaHe Ha ql4crorara Ha npoqeca, TaKa qe Aa ce ns6erHe npnrernflHero Ha

clyvafiun Qepouarnr.nHr.r qacrr4r[.t;

- npaBHnHa [ocoKa Ha HaMarHr{TBarrloro trore, oQoprvrxulo nonrcc]rre Ha rrocro-frHHIIfr MAI'HI,IT.

Ha Qrar.3.46 ca noKa3arx{BaHe Ha MB c nocrosHHn

Hafi-roqnH pe3yrrarr,r 3a u:trrncr{-BaHe Ha Marr{HTHr,r Bepnr[ c nocTosHl{r.lMarHHTtr ce nonyqaBa flpn r{3nor3BaHeHa sbBpeMeHHr.rTe lrr{cJreH}r MeTOAtr 3a

AH!UII,I3 HA MATHHTHE NOJIETA.

flpousno4crnoro H nocrr4ranero Ha

go6pra rexHrrtrecKu H eKcrrJroarars.IoHnr{xapaKTepHcTr{Ktl Ha nocTotHHr{Te MaF-HrdTm KaTo ce uMaT npeFnA TexHr,rTe oco_

6euocrr.r, r,I3HcKBar cneqfiaxHr! ycroBus r.t

o6pa6oma.B [67,90] ca r.BnoxeHr.r MeroAgre H

TexHonorusTa Ha npon3BoAcTBO Ha HtKOr.r

MaTepr.Ianr.r 3a nocTosnHr.I Uarguta. 3ara.recrseHo HaMafHI,ITBaHe Ha IOCTOSH-

lrr{Te MarHr{TI,I ce H3non3Bar ycrpoficrna,KOHTO Cb3AaBaT HaMarHr,tTBaIqo [oJIe, Ko-ero npeBuuraBa 5-10 nbrr,r KoepqzraB-Horo none Ha uarepuala*. Tosa os-HarIaBa, qe 3a J].gTnTe xellt3o-HwKeJll-anyMr.IHHeBU CIIJIaBIT I{HTeH3LrTeTa Ha

HaMarHHTBarrIoro nore rpa6na Aa e ornopr4bKa Ha 200-300kA/m. Ycrpofi-crBara 3a HaMarH[TBaHe (uarHeru:aro-pnre) 6usar:

enennpo.t taeHumu c nocfnoaHeHmorc. Ha Qnr. 3.45 ca [oKa3aHfi npr.rH-

HSKOJTKO Cnyqar Ha [paBr,rnHo I{ HenpaBnJrHo HaMarHLrT-MaTHHTHT{ nocraBeHr.I Me)KAy nonrocn}rre Harpafrnuqr,r Ha

*3a pegroseMHlrre MaTHHTI{ T4ur KparHocr Ha HaMaFHHTBarqoro flone e no-M:lJrKa.

3. ENEKTPOMATH}ITHI,I CI4CTEMH 219

eJreKTpoMarHr4Trn c nocrorHeu ToK. flpu uaarulre Ha napanenHa Ha flocrosHHus Mar-

HrrT apMaTypa oT MarHr,rTHo r,rer @epoMarHr{TeH MaTepHan, HaMaTHnTBaIIIOTO nOJIe

rpr6na Aa e AocrarbqHo r.rureH3r{Brro 3a AocrltraHe Ha LIHA)rKISttra lra Hacur{aue. flpnHaMarHlrrBaHe Ha nocro.snHn MaFHurH c MHoxecrBo noffocra (nx<. Qm. 3.al) ce cpe-

ular 3Ha qHTenHI{ Tpy/4{Osrr,I.

C reqenHe na npeueio cneA npou3BoAcrBoro r{ HaMaruurBaHero Ha MarHI4Ta no-

ToKbr My HaManflBa, Koero ce Abn)r(r,r Ha pa3nnqnn neo6parl{Ml{ npoqecn, quero

qeftcrnue o6qo ce o3HarraBa Karo crapeeHe Ha ManHrrra. B 3aBI{cI,IMocr or xapaKTepa

rn npoH3xoAa Ha Te3r{ npoqecH Te ce pa3AensT Ha TpH rpym u ce B3eMaT cboTBeTHIr

MepKlr 3a HaManrBaHe Ha BnnrHuero HM r,r 3a sradunngupaHe Ha xapaKTepncrlrKnTe Ha

MATHHTA.

CmpyrcrnypHo cmapeene. !nn>rr{ ce Ha no{Ba Ha BbrpeuHI,I MexaHIrqHI{ Ha[pexeHl,Is

n HeeAHopo4ra crpyKTypa npr flpou3Bo.qcrBoro Ha MarurilTa. C teqesne Ha BpeMero

BbTpe[rHHTe Hanpe)N(eH.ug n Hee,4{opoAHogrTa Ha MarHIfTa HaMaJItlBaT, a 3aeAHO C

TOBa HaMan9{BA r,I MarHr.rTHItrT My rroToK. oco6ego gbrrlecTBeHo e HaMan.qBaHeTo Ha

MarHr,rrH[f; noToK npr{ yBenHqaBaHe Ha reMnepaTypaTa cnpnMo Ta3n, npI,I Kotro e

r,r3BbpureHo HaMarHr{TBaHero. 3a nar"rarlsBaHe Ha crpyKTypnoro crapeene I,I cra6unu-3npaHe Ha xapaKTepr{cTHKnTe Ha MarHr{Ta npn npo[:rBoAcTBoTo My rofi ce ilol+nara Ha

onpeAeneHa reprvroo6pa6otra. Jlgrr,rre Marnr,rrrd or rurra Ha aJrHIr, anHI,IKo H Ap. He ce

Hy)<Aarr or crpyKTyplra cra6illlrv3aws,.Mexauuqno cmapeeHe. lnn>xu ce Ha MexaHlrqHr,r Qartopra Karo yAapu, nu6patgm

u 4p. 3a cradunnznpane Ha xapaKTepncrrrKrrre npn npon3BoAcrBo Ha MarHI{Tnre re ce

noAJ-rarar Ha lr3KycrBeHo MexaHnqHo crapeeHe rrpe3 yAapa u nn6paryIl{ B cneqnanH}r

yctpoftcrna.Maenumno cmapeeHe. lrnxu ce Ha BJTHTTHI{ero Ha BrHTITHI,I MarH}ITHI{ noJlera,

KoHTo BoArrr go neo6parr,rMo rl:lMeHeHue Ha MarHr4THara rrHAyKI{r{. flpn nponeBoAcrBoHa MarnuTr.rre re ce noAJ-rarar Ha 4eftcmnero Ha npoMeHJrHBo nolle c MaKcI,IMareH

I{IrreH3urer, npeBu[IaBaul arrren3uTera Ha oqaKBaHoro B eKc[noaralu,Ls [one. Toslrpexr{M cta6unuzvtpa xapaKTep}rcrr'rKara H BoA{ go ruaHeftHo H3MeHeHLIe Ha IrH,qyKI1lrlITa

oT lroJreTo no ruHu.flTa Ha BpbulaHe.

I,IsnorssanuTe rexHoJrorlrqHlr MeroArr za cra6nnngvpame Ha noroKa Ha MarHnra

ocnryprBaT He3HaquTerHaTa My npoMJrHa B npoAbrr(eHr,re Ha AeceTK[ roAI,tHI,L

flponrnogurernTe Ha nocroflHHr'r MarHr,rrr,r Fr{ AocraBqr Ha notpe6nrelnte Hafi-qecro B pa3ManHrrreHo cbcTorHl,Ie, 3a KoeTo ce r,F[or3Bar cneqnanHl,I ycrpofictea- AeMarHnru3aropn. Bcern notpe6rareJr orHoBo HaMaTHHTBa nocrosHHflq MarHI,tr B

cuo6euo cbcrorHr,re Ha MB cro6parno c norpe6nosrr.rre crr.

iil

"-lrlll

I

i.j)

I

ti

Page 111: EA - u4ebnik

220 EJIEKTPVqECKI,I ANAPATI4. qACT I

3.3. HAMOTKH

3.3.1, O6utu cBeAeHu.fl

Hanomrcama Ha EMC cny)Ku Da cas\ade neofxoDu.rilorno -tut.D.n. 6es da ce npesuwaeadonycmunomo sa rconauuama il npeepsnaHe. B Hsrou EMC HaMorKara ocuryprrBaonpeAeneHa HHAyKTT,TBHOCT Ha Bepr.rraTa npn sboTBeTHr4 ycnoBr{n.

Hauorrnre na EA ca noAnoxenlr Ha cneAglrre Br,rAoBe nrsAeftcrnRr:a) *texauultuu -m gefictnngro Ha eneKTpolu,rHaMr{rlHnr e cwtaHa fiporr,Iqaqur roK;

6) mep-tvtuqHu - or noBHIueHo fiperpflnase oco6eHo rrpu yBen[qeH ToK r{JrH Hanpexe-ur're. flpn BcLITIKII Bb3MoxHI{ pe)K}rMH flperprBaHero Ha HaMorKara ne rpx6na ganpeBl'[uaBa AonysrllMmo. B [porr{BeH crryuaft ce HaMansBa eKcrrJroararlnoHuusir cpor;

a) enercrnpuqHu. - or Bb3Hr{KHarH rrpeHanpexewms; .

r) na orconHama cpeDa- nn:geftcrnr{e Ha BJrara, TeMneparypa, cnbnrreBa pa4{ar-u{s,xnMlrqHlr Qarropu.

Hauorxnte tpr6na Aa ca npoeKTnpanu TaKa, qe Aa llsAbpxar Ha re3r,r srgAefi-crBHq. Te rpx6na Aa lmAbpxar KparKorpafiHo'ro geftcrnne Ha roKa Ha K.c., T.e. AaI'IMar ueo6xo4tmara eneKTpoALrHaMnqHa H TepMuqHa ycrofi.runocr. Hrr,rnpennrapanerolI KoMnayH4.rpaHetci Ha HaMorKme nogo6prrBa yc"rofiuuaocrra r{M cnpr{Mo geficrnu-ero Ha us6poennre Sarropra. HrvrnperHupaulrare JraKoBe lr KoMnayHgu rpx6na Ea ca

$raerauecr[ n xuMr.IqecKr{ cltBMecrHMLI c r,r3onaqu frTa Ha HaMorKHTe.Cnopeg Soptrara HaMorKr.rre ca:

a) 4unundpl't4Hu.I-luarangpruuara Qopua e no-HKoHoMrrtrHa H no-TexHoJrorrrqga 3auspa6oxa. Macoso ce H3non3Ba B nocrorHHoroKonr,r EMC;

6) npusnamuvHu(Hafi-neve c KBaAparHo ceqeHile). I4:nor3Bar ce npu rrrnxroBaHnTeMarHnronpoBoAr4 Ha npoMeuJruBoroKoBu EMC.

@ur. 3.47 . Cuupamra HaMorKa

Ha Qur. 3.47 e noKa3aHa crnpanHaHaMOTKa Ha IpOMeHJII{BOTOKOB eneKTpO-

MATHUT.

B sasncuMocr or KoHcrpyKTHBHoroH3NbJIHEIIHE HAMOTKI,ITC CA:

a) crcenemnu. Creaersr e npecoBaH ornJlacrMacawnr e crro6seM or Apyrfl r,l3o-

narlHoHHlr MaTepHanH: eneKTpoKapToH,rCT'IHAKC, TCKCTONI,IT. MArAP H P'IKO CE I,BNOI3BAT METANIilN CKENCTI,I;

descrcenemHu, Kovrro ce Aensr ua He6aHga)Kr4paHu n 6angaxcupaHn;

HAgUmu o6pry uacm otm aorrrmonoeoda.

6)

a)

3. EJIEKTPOMATT{I'ITHI4 C?ICTEMT{ 221

Hauotrure Ha HanpexurenHr4Te EMC ce HaBIiBar or Kpbrbn MeAeH nPoBoArlHK

cbc gborBereH Knac H3oraqu{. B EMC 3a roJIeMI,t roKoBe It cborBerHo IIpH ronsMo

cerreHr,re ce r,r3noJr3BaT MeAHH r,BOnUpaHI,I npoBoAHlIIII4 C npaBobrbnHo ceqeHfie. B npo-

MeHJTI4BOTOKOBI,I ClICTeMr4 rrpH roneMr{ ToKoBe 3a HaMa/IflBaHe Ha AOn'bnHIrrerHHTe

sary6u oT Br,rxpoBtr r,r r{HpKynaqnoHHH ToKoBe ce u3non3Bar npoBoAH[IrIH, cbcrof,Il$I

ce or HrKonKo fiapanenHu rpaHcno3l,IpaHlr KnoHa. B Hsron EMC na EA ce Ia3noJBBar

MHOrO)KI,IIHI,I H JTeHTOBI',I npOBOII{HIII{-

3.3.2. Koe$uqnenT rra 3anbJIBaHe

EQerrnnnocrra or pa6orara Ha HaMorKara 3aBvrct4 or Korl,IqecrBoro npoBoAHI'IKoB

Marepgar, roitro ce noMecrea e o6eMa ir. Toea KoruqecrBo ce onpeAeJrl c roeQrarg-

EHTA HA 3AilbJIBAHE.

Ha Qr,lr, 3.48 ca noKa3aHr,r HanpeqHure ceqeHHrl Ha UI,InHHApHqHa H npI'I3MarHqHa

HaMorKa I,I Ca o3HaqeHu pa3MepI'ITe I'IM.

KoeQu4ueHm Ha 3an6neaHe Ha npo3ope\a leno e OTHOTIJeHHeTO

(3.1s4) 'Q"rcnp : Onp'

nd2KbAero Q* : +* e ceqeHr,rero Ha MeAHr,rfi rrpoBoAHI{K (npra xpnrbrt rlpoBoArur) c

,eraMeTbp d r,r 6pOrl HaBI{BKI4 wi Qnp : lnhn - cetleHue Ha npo3opeqa Ha MarHI'ITonpo-

BoAa c pa3Mepn In, hn.

Kato ce r{Mar npeIFHA pa3MepuTe Ha rlanperrHllTe ceqeHl,tt{ ot Qr'rr. 3.48, ce nony-IIABA:

- 3a qI,InnrApI,MHa HaMoTKa

rd2 w(3.1s5) t^_

n,np T t"1n; - o^'

a

(Dr,rn. 3.48. Hanpe.un cerleHus Ha HaMorKI{: a - qr{nnHApHqna;6 - npH3MarHqHa

Page 112: EA - u4ebnik

EJIEKTPHTIECKI,I ATIAPATI4. TIACT I

- 3a npn3MaTr{qHa HaMoTKa

(3.156)

KoeQuqHeuttr kno BKnrcqBa n 3aBuctt or pa3Mepr{Te Ha cKenera n 6angaxa naHAMOTKATA.

KoeQu4ueHm Ha sanlneaHe Ha H(uvtomKama (ua HauomqHoro npocrpaHcrso) &"E OTHOUICHI,IETO

rdz ?t),^-n'nP 2 4@=6.

,QU*" : er,

(3.rs7)

KbAero Qn : lrh, e cerreHuero Ha HaMor"bqHoro npocrpaHcrBo.Karo ce r{Ma npeA BrA, qe Ae6enuHara Ha HaMorKara e (enr. 3.496) h, : (As -

oo) /2 : (-Bo - bo) /2,ce nonyqaBa

(3. r58)

KoeQr'rryIeHTbr Ha 3anbnBaHe Ha HaMorK ara 3aBncn or H3onaqr flTa H eopr"rara nanpoBoAglrKa I,I or Haqr.rHa Ha HaBnBauero il ra'ro

(3.1se) kr: kqknkn,

]vtama na npoeodHuKa.3a nporognu4.l c

Kpbrno ceuenne k6 : r/4 : 0,785;3a npoBoAHr,rr*r c npaBobrbnHo celreHfieke : L; kn - rcoeQupueHmlrn Ha uso-naquama ua npoeodHurca; kn - rcoeQw4u-eHmatn na nodpexdaHe Ha HaJyrotnKama,

roftro 3aBtzrcu or Ar,raMerbpa Ha npoBoA-HuKa u or rexHorrornsra ua nspa6orra

(tranunavnu MaIrrnHI,I, rnaausuKaws Ha nepcoHana u Ap.). B 3aBncgMocr or HaqHHaHA HABI,IBAHC CbIITECTBYBAT CICAHI{TE BIIAOBC HAMOTKII _ SNr. 3.49:

a) pedooa Ha.IvtomKa, B Kogro HaBr,rBKLne Ha cJroeBere ce noApe)<Aar eAHa HaA

Apyra - Our. 3.49a.Texrilqecru e H3rrbJrrrnMa npn Ar{aMerbp Ha npoBoIFHKa HaA

onpeAeneHa crofiuocr (npr.rrr.repHo d ) 0, 3 mm). Teopemuunxr roeeuqxeHT Ha

noApexAaue e kn : 1, Ho npaKTnrrecru (ecnegcrBr4e Ha BnnqHr,rero Ha r,rgBo4treHa HaMorKara) kn :0,9 . 0,95;

le, h, I^

knP hn /n - ^'

a6@nr. 3.49. Bugone HaMorKr,l: a - pegona; 6 -IIIAXMATI{A

3. E'IEKTPOMA|HI4THI4 CHCTEMII x23

6) uaxnamHa Hcr.tvtomKa, B Kotro HaBrlrBKHTe Ha no-ropHus. cnoft ce pa3nonarar B

npoMe)KAyrbqnre MexAy HaBnBKnre Ha no-Aonunn crroft - Qur. 3.496. Pascro-

tHIdeTo Mex.ry cpeAlfre Ha IFa cbceIHI'I cJloll ce HaMaIsB ata t : ,/@+a', :or867d4, npr'r Koero reoperprlrHuxr roeQplql{e}rr Ha noApexAaHe e kn : 1, 15,

a npaKTl,Iqecrua (npn aBToMarI,ItIHo HaBI,IBaHe) kn : 0,85 + 11 05. IllaxuarHaHaMorKa Moxe Aa ce nspa6orn nprn orHocnreJrHo noneMn AI,IaMerpI{ Ha npoBoA-

nrla (npnrvrepHo d ) 0, 8mm);

n) nepaenoivtepHa (duea) HcttilomKa, B Ko.flTo HaBnBKHTe He ce noApe)I(Aar, a ce

KpbcrocBar u ce nonyqaBa pa:lcrorHne Mex(Ay rex. KoeQru$reHTbr Ha [oA-pexAaHe ekn:0,7+0,9.

B ra6rt. 3.3 ca AaAeHn onr,rrHo [onyqenn crofiHocrn Ha roeSnryreuTa Ha noApe)K-gaue kn B 3aBr,rcuMocr or BbHurHHs Ar{aMerbp d1 na npoBolFlr4r c euaftl raKoBa

n3onar{wfl.

Ta6nHqa 3.3. Koe$uquenT Ha noApe)Kgane kn 3a npoBoAHLIqr{ c euafil JraKoBa l{3onaqnt c

BlrH[IeH guartremp d1

dr mm 0,06 0,09 0,r r 0,13 0,15 0,18 o,2l 0,28

k, 0,70 o,74 o,76 0,78 0,80 0,83 0,86 0,89

KoeQu4reHTbr Ha 3anbJrBane Ha HaMorKara npu Kpbrbn npoBolslrlK c AlraMerbpd u gvauersp Ha r,r3onr,rpaHlrs npoBoAII,{K d,1 ce n3qr{cJrrrBa no QoprvtyJlHTe:

'l"l

l',

Iii1iii

-)iit

)

i

)

--t.

I

t,

]ll. I

I

t'

(3.160)

(3.161)

tr:trffi;rd2kr: k"

Adr(d, + N'Koraro ce flocraBsr H3onalu.roHH]r B.rro)Kru c Ae6eanna A Mex,qy BceKn clofi.

B ra6rr. 3.4 ca AaAeHr,r croftnoctnre Ha roe@uqlreHTa Ha 3arrbJlBane Ha HaMorKa c

IIpoBoAr{r.rK c euafianaKoBa r.r3orraqran ([IEJI) B 3aBHcHMocr or Ar,raMerbpa d sa FonutIIpoBo4{nK.

Ta6-rrnqa 3.4. Crofinocm na roeQnlnenTa Ha 3anbJrBaHe k" na nartaorKa c npoBo.qHr{K or euafirraKoBa n3onaqilr OED B 3aBucr{Mocr or A}raMerbpa d Ha roms npoBoAHnK

d, mm 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 0,1 0,2 0,3

k, 0,45 0,476 0,5 0,525 0,543 0,56 0,688 0,73

d, mm 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0

kn o,'152 0,768 0,782 0,796 0,806 0,82 0,83

;t'{i

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iI

I

l

I

224 EJIEKTPI4'IECKI4 ANAPATLI. qACT I

3.3.3. Crnporrureure Ha HaMorKa

CupornnJreHuero e Ba)KeH napaMetbp Ha HaMorKara, ruft rato B MHoro BI,IAoBe EMConpeAens:

- M.A.H., nOTOKa H eneKTpOMarHr{THaTA C}JJIa;

- aKTHBT{rrre sary6r.r u nperprrBanero;

- BpeMeKoHcraHTara n 6rpsogeftcrnzero.

CrnporuBrreHuero R ua HarvrorKara e

^: o+_,

KbAero p e cneqrQurrHoro cbnporr{BneHr{e Ha Marepnana Ha [poBoArIHKa nprt cbor-BerHara reMneparypa; q - ceqeHuero Ha [poBoAHHra; l.o - Abn)r(rruara Ha cpeAllara

HABHBKA.

,\anxunama Ha cpednama HaeueKa Ha HaMorKara 3aBI,IcH ot Qoprvrata il.3a qnnnngpnrrHa HaMoxa - Qur. 3.48a

Du.., * Ds.o"l"p : nDcp: n--Z:

3a npnsvarr,rqHa rraMorKa - Sur. 3.496

(3.164) /cp 2(oo +bo) + [feo - oo).

Cneqra$nuHoro cbnpornBneHue p Ha Me,qr a 3aBucu 3HaqnrerHo or reMneparypara,BcneAcrBne Ha Koero ctofisosma ta R, H3qr.rcnena no Qopr"r. (3.162), ce yroqHfiBa

no r,rHTeparrrBeu nbr, Karo o6urnoeeHo 2-3 HTepaquu ca Aocrarb.rH[. 3a qenra e

neo6xoqnMo onpeAer.ffHe Ha reMneparypara Ha HaMorKara - BX. T. 1,.2.1.

3.3.4. Hnryx'rnBnocrrr

?IngyxrunHoctra .L sa uauorKara e eneKTpoMarHHTeH flapaMerbp, rofiro cborBercrBaHa MarHHTHara eHepruxW. Ha norero npu onpeAeJreH ToK

L:zw.!:L IEfrav.'Lz ?," J

(3.162)

(3.r 63)

(3.16s)

Cnopeg pe3ynrarrre or r.BHAa ''

(3.166)

3.2.2.2 LIHAyKTIlBHocrra Mox(e Aa ce npeAcraBn BbB

L : u)2Gnn,

3. EJIEKTPOMATHI4THI4 CHCTEMI,I

KbAero Gnn o Mar5urHara rrpoBoAnMogr Ha MB npune.qena lro [oroKocqenneH]Iero

(Gd.B o6rq cnyvafi ITHAyKTHBHoCTTa 3aBucr{ oT pa3Mepl{Te Ha cscTeMaTa H or HacH-

IIIaHero Ha MarHrrronpoBoAa. 3a 4a ce HaMaJrI{ unu sz6erHe BJrH{HI'Iero My ce I{3noJI-

3Bar cncreMr{ c rorreMr{ Bb3ryrlrHtr MexAlTHI4 unu 6es QepouarHlaTeH MarHI'ITonpoBoA.

3.3.4.1. klndyrcrnueHocm Ha Hcuttomrca 6es QeponaenumeH naenumonpoeod

flpu nocrorHen ToK H npn HprcKa rrecrora undynnueHocmma L na rcpazoea HaauaKa -Sr.rr. 3.50, ce onPeAeilfr. ct43pa3a

(3.167) L: FoRLTT -!n* #t'T * *)],KbAero ,R e cpe$tufrr pary4yc Ha HaBUB-

Kara; r - paAl,rycbT Ha npoBoAI{HKa.

Ilpra R > r

(3.168) r: pol(* T-l)Karo rpeuKara Ha @opr"r. (3.168) e oKolol7o npv R:5r.

Bsau*tnama undyrcrnueHocm MMexAy ABe KOaKCI{aIHLi KpbroBH

HaBITBKH OT HI.TIUKOBI,IAeH npOBOSII{K

(c unoro ManKo Ha[peqHo ceuerue) cpaAr,rycn a,bnapa3crosHlte c - Qun. 3.51

e

(3.r6e)

M -'f,m[(t - *orr,r- a(rr)],

KbAero K(kt), E(kt) ca nbrHu e/Inn-Tr.rqHH HHTerpanu ot l-nu u 2-pu Pog c

(Dur. 3.50. Kpuona HaBilBKa

iIr(Dun. 3.51. Koaxcua.nH[ KpbroBll HaBI{BKn

MOAyrr

*?:G#n; k:HnDyrcmueHocmma na 4unundpuqHa HaJilomrcasaft-roqHo ce onpeAent qpe3 Qop-

Mynr u rpaQuru AaAeHLI s [a8] vutt4 c IBnon3BaHe Ha @optr'tynara

- k7.

(3.170) L: pow2#r",

Page 114: EA - u4ebnik

226 EMKTPTTqECKH ANAPATH. YACT I

lr0

Os

0,8

o,'l

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

o,2

0,1]

I+

tttlhtD:*l-La

*qt-.1 g{H0.4-l-0.1*q3\/D:o.1

1 "to0 4,2 o,4 0,6 0,9 1,0 0,2 0,3

6a

@nr.3'-52- Koe$nqneHT 3a IBtIncrsBaHe Ha nHAyKTr{BHocrra Ha qr{mrHApr{qrra HaMorKa:a - nplr rlroHsBonHu crofinocru na af D n h/ D;6 _ npn a/ D < O,J n h/ D > L

KbACTO: D C CPEgrrU',,T I01'AM.ETbP HA HAMOTKATAi h - AKCI,I:IJIHATA AbNXrurA HA HAMOT-Kara; k" - xoeQnryIeHT, rofito ce orqLITa or Qrr. 3.52s3aBr{ctrMocr or h/D n a/D.

ooprvryaa (3.170) He orqura roeQnqr-reHTa Ha 3anbJrBaHe Ha HaMorKarauxeJrr{Ko-I'IAanHoro pa3nonoxeHl{e Ha HaBr{BKr{Te ir, roero o6rucnoneHo He Bo}q,r go:a6eae)orMr,rrperuxll. flpu neo6xoAllMocr or [c,-TorrHn pe3yrraru Morar Aa ce r.1311oJ13Bar KopeK-rllrrdre AaAeHn s [48].

HgneclHa ca MHoxecrno npu6 nil3au:eJtwlr @oprvrylu 3a rl:qncJr{BaHe Ha r{HAyKTr{B-Hocrra Ha IS'InfiIrApI{qHa HaMorKa, or Kouro naft-pasnpocrpaHeHa e Qopnynama HaHaeaorca*.

(3.171) - ,rD2 1I: N U.nln'r-v- 4 h+0,44D'

B anrepatypara rl,IncBar @oplryrtl,t 3a r.Bqr{c"nsBaHe na unDyrcrnueHocmma L nanpusrvamuwta HortomKa - Qur. 3.486. IIpn npene6perBane Ha 3aKpbrnegusra B br-ante ir rs Mo)Ke Aa ce /qrcKperu3rlpa Ha e: rnrrnpaBobrbnHr{ KoHTypa (parrmr.r), npu

*oopuyrara na Hanaora n'Ma HsKonKo BapnaHTa, or'acflrl,r ce 3a coJreHo'A]r, .ql,cKoBn HaMorKl{ r{

HaMorKr{ c orpaH[qena ge6elnua.

3. ENEKTPOMA|HI{THVI C]I,dCIEMVT

)

KOETO

(3.r72)

(3. r7s)

(3.r76)

(3.r77)

Bnn Qopr.,r. (3.172) nr, e 6po^r Ha eneMeHTrrre Ha ru,IcKperfl3atryts. no Aebeffma Ha

HaMorKara; n - 6poxr Ha eneMeHTr{Te Ha AItcKperI{3aIUt rto Abn)(HHa Ha HaMorKara;

Iilri - B3ailMoaHAyKTtrBHocTTa Me)KAy npaBobrbnHrlTe paMKIt c HoMepa i s i, Kosro

ce lrrrr{cJr.flBa no H3ptur AaAeH s [a8].I4gqIrcIeHLItTa no Qopu. (3.172) ce rutBbpluBaT c ELIM u roKa3BaT' !Ie:

- .qgcKpervsaps. or nopsAbKa Ha 200-300 etIeMeHTa BoAtr Ao Aocrarbrllra roq-

HOCT Ha pe3ynTaTI,ITe;

- npene6perBaHero Ha 3aKpbrneHr{ero B brJrlme Ha HaMorKara He BOIPI Ao cblrle-

cTtseHa rpeurKa B pe3yJrraTa 3a nHAyKTI,IBHocrra Ha HaMorKara. OrnmHlnre I{3-

cnel$aHufl IIoKa3BaT, qe B noBeqeTo cnytlaH Ta3H rpelxKaHe qpeBl,ilIasa 1. +2%.

3.3.4.2. HndyrcmueHocm Ha HaJvnmrca c Qepo.ntazHumHo 4unundpuvno adpo

Marnnrsoro rrore Ha HaMorKa c r$nfir{Apr,Irlno ffApo - Qnr. 3.53, mvra crox(Ha ro[oJlo-

rr{r, BcJreAcTBHe Ha KoeTo onpeAenffHeTo Ha I{Hro/KTI{BHocrTa i e tpy.4to I{ HeTolIHo.

Cnopeg pe3yrrarure or oru{THr{Te }€cneAFaHttt Ha Kroxnep [102] I'I Aonbnnl4Ten-

Hara uM o6pa6orra [54]Hngyrrr{BHocrra LrnaHaMorKaracu HaBIIBKT{ upll acl{Mer-

putrgo rrolor(e5ge t Ha sApoTo Mo)Ke Aa ce npeAcraBl,I cbc cneAnata upu6al3nrerHa

Qoprvryla

,:#Ln*,,

L, - Lo * [t, u (f )' - o, 8 (fr)",,r** - tro),

Lo:trow2l#m

L^^*: psr'2L ftfr*r.

t,: (1 .1)(r+o, t**o,of);k2 = | - r,u|+ o, 15 (t)'

1

(3.173)

KbAero: h: I upra l" : I; h x 0,71+ 0,31" upr'r l" > l.Co6crseHaTa HHA)rKTr{BHocT Ha HaMoTKara Lg ce onpe,qers lro npn6nnureJrHaTa

Qoprvryna sa Haraora, npeo6pa3yBaHa BbB BuAa

I,lI

ilI

r1

til!

(3.r74)

MarcuualHara HHAyKTnBHocr tr,,'u* Ha cr{creMara ce nonyqaBa npr cI'IMerpI'ItIHo

noroxeHr{e Ha tAporo B HaMorrara (r : h), trpll Koero

Er,rnupn"rnnre xoeQnr4.reutu k1 u k2 vroraT Aa ce onpeAen.ET oT I,Bpa3I{Te

I

ri

I

Page 115: EA - u4ebnik

22E EJIEKTPI4YECKI.{ ANAPATI4. qACT I

I": I

+=1'5o,2

0 o,2 o,4 0,6 0,8 1,0I : a/d"

(Dur. 3.53. Hauorxa c qrnr{HApuuno Sepo- (Dnr. 3.54.3anucuMocr ua roeQnqueara k2

MarHHrHo.lApo orP:a1il.

KoeQraqnenrrrr k2 Moxe Aa ce oTqeTe ot Qnr. 3.54 s 3aBr{csMocT or napaMerbpa

0: aldc-B uapaeure (3.176), (3.177) o,eparyanHr,rsr pa3Mepua HaMorKara 3ae,Slo cKaHarIa

MexAy HaMoTKaTa r,r r[ApoTo.(Doprvryaa (3.173) e npu6maauTerrna, rlfi rato n geficruuteJluocr:

- npu tr :0, L, # Lo;

- npn r : h, L" * L^u*.H:cae;paur,rsra sa Krox-nep rroKa3Bar, se ropHr{Te HeroqHocrlr He BoAsr Ao

3Haqr{Mrt rpeuKr{ Ha pe3ynrarnre 3a r4rrg)rKTuBuocrra. flo-toqHu pe3ynrarlr Morar

Aa ce non) raT c u3noJr3BaHeTo Ha rrr{cJreH}r MeTo4r 3a onpeAelrflHe Ha MaTHI,ITHOTO

nore Ha cucreMata (n:r. Harrp. t11]).HanpaneHure n [9] r,BcneAsaHr,rfi noKa3Bar, qe aro QepoMarnnrHoro {Apo Ha ctaic-

TeMaTa e npLBMaTI,lrIHO C KBaApaTHO HanpeqHo CerIeHLIe, To np[I OnpeAenfiHeTo Ha

HHAyKTT{BHOCma TO MOXe Aa Ce 3aMeHH C rIUnUHApr,rrrHO CbC CbU{I,IS nePLIMeT',bp Ha

ceqeHI{eTo

3.4. EJIEKTPOMAIHUT}I

3.4.1, O6qlr cBeAenu.fl

Enertporrarurrrbr e ycrpoficrBo cbcroflrqo ce or rraMorxa (egna nrrn noneue) n

QeporvrarH[Terr MarHuTorrpoBo.q (n n.rxou cnJruau rl [ocro.flnen Maruut), n xoeroce cb3AaBa Marnaruo noJre n eJreKTpoMarHrrrna crura. O6namra Ha npnnox(eHue

u xlacuQuKars,rrra Ha eneKTpoMarHlrrr,rre e B 3aBHcHMocr or HaqaHa ua geftctrfie Ha

cnnara. Te 6uear:

- 3aABrrx(Barqn. Csnara qefictua Bbpxy rroABrDKHa qacr (roma) ot Qepouar-

1,0

0,8

0,6

o,4

T:0,5

3. EJIEKTPOM ATHI4THI,I CPICTEM}i 229

HlTHus MarHHTonpoBoA, KoflTo rr3BbprrrBa nocmanamenHo (mpancna4uonno) unu 66p-

menu1o (poma4uonno) beu>reHue Ir ce npeMecrBa Ha H3BecrHo pa3crosHue (xog) otHaqatrgoro 4o rpalinoro cr,r nonoxeHr{e. Baxrsa xapaKTepucrl'IKa e 3aBHcltMocrra

MexAy eneKpoMarHr{THara curra (uouern) u npeMecrBaHero Ha KorBara. B gasncll-

MOC*f OT rrOCOKaTa Ha CrrJraTa 3amr'DKBaullrTe eneKTpoMarHnTI4 Ce [OApa3AensT Ha:

- ednonosutluoHHu(egnonocoqHr,r, eArrocta1umtn, HeyrpaJrHlr), rouro I{Mar eAHo

cra6nmro nonoxenne. flpu llaKrttoqBaHe Ha 3axpalrBaulus l,I3TotII{I'rK KorBara

ce Bpbrqa B HaqaJrHoro cu [onoxeHlle nafi-.Iecro nog geftctnue Ha Bpblrlaqa

npyxllHa;

- Deynosutluonttu (AnynocouHrr, Apycra6IarHn), B KoI,ITo nocoKara Ha cuJlara ce

npoMeHl qpe3 BKnrcrIBaHe Ha e.qra snI,I Apyra Bb36y,4'ITenHa HaMoTKa;

- ,tHoeonosutluorrHr,t, Kor{To r{MaT noBeqe oT IFe cta6unsn gbcTotHl'It (noloxe-nul) ua KorBara.

3a.Fllxcsau${Te eneKTpoMarHr{ru qecro ce H3non3Bar 3a KoMyraqlrn (nx-rllotrnane,

g3KJrroqBane) na nopuxHa KoHTaKTHa cl,IcreMa. Tunu.mn npeAcraBHTenv ca^3aABH)K-

BalI{uTe crrcTeMH Ha eneKTpoMarHlITHr,r peneTa, KoHTaKTOpU, 3aIqI'ITHI'I ISKffOqBaTenIl

t{ Ap. Baxen Qarrop, onpeAenfirl pa6o'rara I4M, e BpeMero 3a BKJrIoqBaHe lrnu I'I3-

KffOqBaHe 3aBI{Ceqo oT eneKTpoMarHuTHHTe [I MexaHI'{lIHI4Te npoqecu;

- ToBaponoAeMHH rr 3aAbpx(au$t. ErerrpouarHl,ITHara clrrta AefisrBa Bbpxy

Qeporvrarymteu ToBap unu AetafrJrn, KoHTo 3arBaptr MarHHTHara Bepl'Ira u Morar Aa

6rAatnoeAr{rHarr.r 14 npeHeceHr,rHa r,lsBesrHopa3srottHlz,ennu 3aAbp)I(aHI'I B onpeAeneHo

fiono)KeHr,re rnaBHo c qen MexaHurrnoro r{M o6pa6omaHe or I{HcrpWeHTaJIHa MaIrrI{Ha.

Tnft raro pa6orara r,rM e cBbp3aHa c r,r3r{cKBalreTo 3a rorrlMa cvna Ir HaAeXAHocT nplr

MaJrbK pa3xoA Ha eneKTpr,rqecKa eHeprus Bce noBerle 3a qenTa ce u3noJI3BaT CnCTeMI'I

c LrMnyncHo npeHaMarIrI4TBaHH nocrosHHH MarHI{TH;

-eneKTpoMarIIItTHIt [3nbJIItIITeJtII[ MexaIIu3MU, B KOI,ITO CUaTa ce I',I3noI3Ba

ra aageftcrBaHe H ynpaBneHl,re Ha MexaHlrqHu, eneKTPHrrecKH, XEApaBnI'IqHI'I' nHeB-

Marr{rrHu }r Apyru ycrpoftcrna. ZgnorsBar ce B pa3nI,ItIHH o6lasru u HaMl'rpar HOBH

cQepu Ha npnnox(erl{e, Mex(Ay Kollro:

- aBToMarrIKa ra 6ropotexul'IKa (nepnQepxu yctpoficrna

MaIITI{HI{, eneKTpoAoMaKHHcKLI H Apyru yperu); .

- lrHAycrplar (rvretaloo6pa6otBalqu MaIUI{HH, xnaAHJrHIa

KOMyraI$,IOIrHIl CI{CTeMI{ I,I Ap.);

- 6egonacHocr (no;rapo6e3onacHosr, eJreKTpI.{qecKI4 KJIIoqaJrKI,I, aJIapMeHH cl4c-

reMI{ tI Ap.);

- xr.rApaBJrHKa (sa;pr.rxcnane Ha pa3npeAerureJrHx KpaHoBe, perynllpaHe Ha HaJIs-

raHe, Ae6nt I,I Ap.);

- eKr,rnfipoBKa Ha rpaHcfloprHr,r cpe,qcrBa (anrorvro1unu, caMoJrerl{, ropa6n, xcn

tpaHcnopr).

ua EI,IM, KarrqenapcKn

arperaTll, eIeMeHTpI Ha

Page 116: EA - u4ebnik

230 ENEKTPI4gECKH ATIAPATTI. TIACT I

foaguata o6aacr Ha npanoxegl,re Ha eaexrporvrarHuTHrrre [3nbnHr{TenHu Mexaurd3Muce Abn r(ll Ha rlpocrorarau HaAex4rogrra Ha KoHcrpyKrgulre, Bb3MoxHOCTTa 3a Ar.rc-TaHLUTOHHO ynpaBneHHe, MaJrKH.fi ptulxoA Ha eHeprur, rorrMoro 6npsogeftcuue n 4;1.ocseH o6muoseHlrre eneKTpoMarur,rrr,r ocHoBHr{ npegcraBnrerr,r B rpynara ca ereK-TpoMarHarHn cbeAl{Hl|Teiln, eilupaqKn, Berrft{Jln, nn6paropH, cenaparoprr H Ap.

B :anncnlvrocr or HaqnHa Ha 3axpaHBane Ha HaMoTKara H cb3gaBaHe Ha noreToH CAilATA eneKTpoMarHrTr{Te ce pa3AenaT Ha:

- enercmpo,taeHutnu 34 nocmoaHeH moK u HanpnKeHue;

- enercmpolt0eHhmu Sa npo.rvtetutue morc U HanpaKe$ue;

- nonapu3upaHu eneKmpoJvtaeHumu.

Brn nprara cbc 3axpaHBaHero H xapaKTepr{crr,rKr4Te r{M orAenuo Molar Aa ce m6eae-

- eneKTpoMarHI'ITl'I3A npOMeHiII{B TOK U HanpexeHue, Ho c BrpaAeHr{ TOKOT4:}npaBr{-TenI|;

- eneKrpoMarHI{TH C HMnyncEo npeHaMarllnrBaHu nocTosHlil,I MarH}IT}r.

3.4.2. E.irexrpouaruflTHa crrJra

3.4.2.1. Euepeuen fiananc Ha eneKtnpohtaeHuma

Enennpo.,vaeuumnama cuna, dertcmeat4a 66pry Korneama Ha eneKmpoJilaeHuma ceonpeDena om dananca *te>rcdy eHepeu.flma nocmlnuJra otn usmouHuKa u qtJwarna orneHepeuama' u3pctsxodeana 3a npeJvecmeaHemo Ha rcotnlama u eHepeuama Ha Jilae-HUmHOmO none.

N2 Ngl

a68

Onn. 3.55. Ktu eneprnen 6a.nanc Ha eteKTpoMarHur: a - KoHcrpyKrfiBHa cxeMa; 6 - rpunnV(i) npn HaqiurHa 6* u xpafiHa d* nnsgyurHu MexAr{Hrr; B - nHHeapr{3npaHa 3aB[cHMoct,fr(i)

Ha Qr'rr. 3.55a e noKa3aH fl-o6paaeH eneKTpoManHHT or KJra[aHeH THn c Bpbrrdaulanpy)KltHa' Kotro [porl'IBoAefictna Ha eneKTpoMarHHTHara cufla MexAy noJrroca u

3. ENEKTPOMATHHTHH CHCTEMI,I

KorBara. flpu nrmorrBaHe Ha HaMorKara KbM n3TorrHLrK Ha Hanpe)KeHlre u ro ce ypaB-

HoBectBa or nar{a Ha Ha[pexeHne Bbpxy aKTnBHoro ir crnporuBrenue r u nporHBoe.A.H. e: dV ldt

(3.178)

it,![sVz

CaeA yMnox(aBaHe Ha Ipere rracrr{ Ha ypaBHeurdero c idt n r,rHTerpnpaHe ce nony-qaBa

(3.t79)

B ypanneHae Q.179):

- rIflBaTa qacT e eHepFLItTa, KoflTo nocTbnBa oT ISTOqHI{Ka;

- IrbpBHffT qren Ha AscHara r{acr e eHeprn.f,ra, npeo6pa3yBaua B TonJr}rHa, B sbn-porl{BJlelilrero r. Tr e pauxa Ha aKTr.TBHr,rre 3ary6[ s HaruorKara ]r B MarHr.{To-

npoBoAa;

- BTOpI4ffT tIIeH Ha /qrCHaTa qaCI e CyMa OT eHeprrurTa Ha MarHr{THOTO none Ha

eneKTpoMarHuTa Ir eHeprltrTa 3a rrDKeHI{e Ha KoTBaTa.

flrrHnsr IIoroK (nororocqeueunero) ua nar'rmrara B o6rq cnyuafizanncnor roKai w w Bb3AyrlrHara Mexqu{Ha d - !F : ![(i, d). Ha Srr. 3.556 ca noragaHr,r KprrBrrre

iF(i) npu Haqarua d" n rpafina d. roaer"rr{Ha Ha Bb3AyuHara Me)qu.rHa.flpr,r maroqBalle HaHaMorKara KbM n3ToqHr{Ka Ha Hanpe)Kenr{eroKbr ce yBenr4qaBa

n noroKocqeluleHlnero HapacrBa rro KpHBara d'" go AocruraHe ua crofinocma V1 n r. 1,B Ko{To eneKrpoMaru[irrara cnra craBa no-rbrrtMa'or HaqaJruara nporl{Bo4efi crnarqaclula Ha npyrQlHaTa r{ 3arrorrBa.rynxeHrreTo Ha KoTBaTa.

Eneprnxta W1, Kotr.to noqfbnBa oT H3ToqHr,IKa n ce npeo6pasyna B eHeprns Ha

MarHHTHoro none (rotnara e HenoFnxna), e

(3.180)

KbAeTo: ,9orv, e nnou{ra Ha Kpr{BonrurefrHara Qrrypa Merqqy TorrKnTe OIV; k :mim$ - IIpoIBBeAeHnte or MaI{aOI{Te no ocl{Te (rA - Maulao no ocra Ha roKa, A/mrn;rng - Marrla6 no ocra Ha noroKocqeureHneto, Wb/mm).

flpr,l lprnx<eHlre Ha KorBara ce cqura, qe rr 3aeMa Me)qu.rHnu rroJroxeHux or d'" god*. flotorocqenneHr,rero HapacrBa or Vr Ro V2 no Kpr,rBofl,rHefisus yqacrbK l-2, aToKbr ce H3MeHt (uapacrna vlrnHauanrxna) or ir Ao i2. flocrlnnarrlara or r.r3ToqxnKa

dv?..t: Ti * ---

dt

ttiv

| "nar: f ,Pat+ | mv.000

!Frf

Wr: I raV:kSow,J0

![r-t

llI

,l

li

il

Ai

LL N2 x'

iIt

It'*i&.

Page 117: EA - u4ebnik

ENEKTPI,IYECKII ATTAPATI4. IIACT I

C.neg Aocrr4raHe na xpafrnoro noJro)KeHne d* KorBara cnnpa, ToKbr B HaMorKara

ce I,l:MeHrr Ao ycraHoBeHara crofiHocr iu : i3 B T. 3, a noroKocqeureHr,rero - AoycranoBeHara crolisom Vy - Vs. Exeprnara, Kosro rrogrblrBa or H3ToqHHKa, e

eHeprfir{ e

(3.181)

(3.182)

(3.184)

$tzfW2: lidV -/cSvrrzvz.J

ilr r

![gfWs: I idV:lcSvzzzvs.

JVz

VsfW*- I id{t:kSozzvs.

J0

flrrrnara eueprn{, Ko{To flocrbnBa or u3TorrHr{Ka flpn HapaqrBaHe Ha roKa or 0 Ao

iU : ie,I,I Ha [oToKocqeflneHl,IeTo oT 0 go V, : Vg, e '

![rvf

(3.183) Wn", - I idV : k(Sorv, *,9vrrzv"*,SErzlv.) : kSot23vs.t,

Eueprurra Ha Marr{r.rrnoro noJre, cborBersrBarrla Ha r. 3 (i3, ![r3), e

l

Aro npequ BKJIIoqBaHero Ha HaMorKara Ha eneKTpoMarHrrra KbM H3To.IHI,IKa Ha

HanpexeHlre KoTBaTa My ce nocraBH B KpaltHo flono)KeHr,re d6, B MarHHTHoro none ce

HarpynBa sbrrloro KoJrr,rqecrBo eHeprl{s tvM.Or saroHa 3a cbxpaHeuue Ha eHeprnflTa creAna, qe MexaHlrqHara eueprnq, noc-

TbIIU'A OT II3TOtIHWKAH I,I3PA3XOTAHA3A ABUXCHHC HA KOTBATA, E

(3.185) W"* : Wn'r - W* : k(Son3vs - Sozrv.) : lcSono,

T.e. Tx ce r,Bpa3rBa cbc 3arqpuxoBauara nnotq Ha Kpr{Bonr,rHeftnflr{ TpnbrbnnnK OL2O.3a onpegersHe Ha MexaHr,rqHara r.r 3anaceHara Marxr,rrna eHeprus. rps1Ba Aa ce

OTqCTAT HCftgUrC KOMflOHeHTI,I BbB BCI,IT{KT,I eJIeMeHTu Ha eIeKTpOMATHHTA: pA6OTHI,I TT

nepa6otHn Me)KAI{HI,I, MarHl,rroflpoBo.q, KaKTo H B oKoJrHoro npocTpaHcTBo.I4squcnsaaHero Ha eHeprfisra B o6rq cnyqaft e rpygHo. 3a nunefinu MB ce npeHe6-

peeoa Hacut4aHemo u 3aeuculvtocmume V(i) npu 6 : 5r, d : d" u npu deuxenue na

Komeama ce nuHeapusupam (Orar. 3.55n). Mexaruaqsara eHepru{, sborBercrBaqa Ha

nnou{Ta Ha npaBonrneifurns rpr,rbrbnHriK, e

(3.186) W., : ksono : |nerVz - izV t). (3.192) F - -|u#: -|{o-)'#: -*r'*,

3. E/IEKTPOMATHHTHI4 C?I TEMI4 233

3.4.2.2. Cuna Ha nocmotHHomoKoa enercmpo'IvtaeHum

flpn e.nerrteHTapHo IIpeMeC'rBaHe Ha KoTBaTa dr eneprUnTa, nOJIyqeHa OT II3TO[IHI{Ka

i4V, e paBHa Ha cyMaTa oT MexaHI{rrHaTa pa6ota dA : Fdr sa eneKTpOMarHnTHaTa

cuaa F Ii H3MeHeHLIero Ha MarHurHara eHeprufl dW*:

(3.187)

oTKbAero

(3.188)

I{srdeneHuero lra MaI'HI'ITHara eHeprulWu : liV zanucl{ or rlpoMtHara Ha roKa

r.r Ha Bb3AyIUHaTa MeXtr[,IHa

1

(3.r89) dwu : ](tav+vail.Karo ce uMa 'n"i"o, \e d,r: -dd, otQopu. (3.188) crIeIFa

dv t tub t-di(3.190) F : -i6*ri aA+tu/t.

id,V:Fdx*dWu,

.dv dw"-b' :'L--=-

dr d,r

ipV.

(Dur. 3.5 6. 3anucurvrocr Ha nomKocIIe[JIeHI{-

eTo oT TOKa Ha nocrosHHOTOKOB eneKTpoMar-

IIHT

flpu craruqHl,I ycnonnx (npr,r HeroABnxua rotna) ToKbT Ha eneKpoMarHHTaTe'

rrr.rsro HaMorKa e 3axpaHeHa c nocrotlleH ToK I,IIIH Hanpex(eHue u cepufrtil'ITe npo-

MeHJrltBoToKoBH eneKTpoMarHHTH He 3aBHcI{ oT [olIo)KeH]IeTO Ha KOTBaTA (i, : const,

diy: - 0). Hsvrenenr,rero Ha noroKocqeueHnero or Vn Ao {r. e no Beprl{KanHara or-

aoCeqra 1-2 (Qur. 3.56). Or Qopr"r. (3.187) cJreABa, qe nonoBnllara or nocrbnl'Inara or

n3Tor{HHKa enepru{ ce H3pa3xoABa 3a MexagallHa pa6ota, a ocraHaJlara no-noBnHa e

3a[aceHa KaTo MaTHLITHa eHeprlEfi Ha noneTo Ha eneKTpoMarHllTa.

Or @opr'r. (3.190) ce noryqaBa

(3.1e1)

Enerrpor"rarHlrrHara cuna trefrcrBa B nocoKa Ha HaMaJrxBaHe Ha Bb3AylrrHara Me)K-

.ryIHa, T.e. npl{Bnurra KorBaTa KbM noJrloca, npu KoeTo ce yBerur{aBa MarHI'ITHaTa

eHeprHc.

flpu e.rrer"reHTapHo npeMecrBaHe Ha KorBara dd rasl"IeHeHl,Iero Ha noroKocqenneHl'I-

ero e d,V : idL : iw2dG u Sopv. (3.188) Mox(e,qa ce 3anl{ue BbB BHAa

dw l.d!tr,h'-- d,6:-r'd6'

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234

(3.1e3)

(3.1e4)

(3.1e5)

(3.1e7)

EIEKTPT4CECKH ANAPATT4. TIACT 1

KbAero: v : ita e M.A.H. Ha HaMOTK ara; G * - nbrrHara tlpoBoAnMocr Ha MB (npnne_AeHa no noroKocqenaexnero).

3a elertpoMarnnT, qnsro pa6otHa Bb3Ayrrrna Me)Klufia e BbH or HaMorKaTa -Hanp. eneKTpoMafHr.rrbr c MB or Qur. 3.5a, nponoAr.rMocrra G* e:

3. EMKTPOMATH}ITHLI cyTCTEi0{fI,4

Cnnara, qb3AaAeHa or KpaeBr,rs noroK e caMo 2-5Vo or o6lqara cnila.itl

Toft raro -- : /*, Oopr*. (3.197) rlecno ce npeo6pa3yBa nrn Qoprvrynarad

235

Gp _gI. dG* _LdGp2 d6 2d6

(3.1e8)A? B2S

E] _ P Y' - zltos - ztto'

F: L I l(*il)E -|a,nla,,(s)

F: # lr"Z+ p,,B!)ds,(s)

F: + | aza''(s)

il

I'I cneAoBarerHo rloroKbr Ha pascefinaHe He cb3AaBa cnrra (goronKoro cborBer-crBaqara My npoBoAr,rMocr gI/B He sanncn or d'.

flotornr Ha pasceftBaHe I{ cborBercrBarrlara My flpoBolgrMocr Ha conegor4rynreeneKTpoMarHI{TI{ (sarry. MB ot Qnr. 3.5e):anncxr or H3MeHeHr.rero Ha Bb3AyuHaraMexAI{Ha. flotorrt na pa:cefroaHe Ha re3n erreKTpoMarHr.nr,r B HsKoH cnyqan cb3AaBa3HaqI4TeJIHa qacr or cltJlara Lr re ce l,Bnon3Bar npn ronsM xoA Ha KOTBara. caego-BareJrHo s o6rq cnyuafr eneKTpoMarHrrrHara cma e

F:FpyF",KbAero: Fo e cnnara' cb3AaAena n pa6otHara Bb3AyuHa Mex(ErH ai Fc -coneHor4lg{aracI'JIa.

3a enercrnpo*tae\um c HeHacumena MB Jvtouce da ce npenedpeene naOom Ha Jytae-HumHo HanpnrceHue e cmo.iltaHama u Da ce npuelte, qe

'u.D.n. Ha Ha.tutornKama e c6c-pedomoueHo 66pry pafiomnama easDywna .uexduua (uex4nrn), r.e. (Jd : v, npuKOETO

F--|rno,ff3a enerpoMarul'IT c HacureHa MB rpx6na Aa ce onpegenu na4br Ha Margr.rrHo

Hanpe)KeHue urnt ua pa60rHara Bb3AyluHa Mex N4HA, Karo ce I{Mar flpemr,rA gbnpo-TuBneHl{ero Ha croMaHara a [aAoBere Bbpxy uepa6oruure Bb3AytuHr,r MexAuH[1 npfiKOCTO

(3.1e6) F - -*uZ,#flpono.qrrvrocrra na pa6ornara Bb3,qyruHa Mextr[ma e cyMa or npoBo4{Mocr.Ta

G9 Ha noroKa !Do, npeunuaBau{ npe3 qenoro Ha trofioca [r flpoBorur{oqrra G*n ua

KpaeBHs noroK O*p (Our. 3.25).Karo ce r{Ma npetprA, "" #9 r 0 (nx. r.3.2.2.1)

u Go -rof {nu""oMepHo none Me)K.qy qenara Ha norK)cure), ce ronyqaBa

r:|u.f #.

HapeqeHa Qopnryna na MarcyeJr 3a eneKTpoManruruara clrJra. Brn Qoprvr. (3.198)c Q, u Bo ca o3HatIeHlI pa6mnuxt rloroK n pa6oruara HH,ryKrryrJr sa paBnoMepHoronoJle, qlII{To cIuIoBI{ Jlt{ErrI4 npeMr,[HaBaT nepneHAl,rKynspHo Ha qenoTo Ha flonrcca r,I3aKoero ce npueMa, qe e eArurcrBeHoro noJre, Koero r{:rBbprrrBa pa6ora (cn:gana cuaa).

Or Qopu. (3.198) cJreABa, qe cunarna saeucu orn rceadpama Ha nomoKa unu uH-0yn4uama

I,Issecrnlr ca u Apyru Qopr"rn Ha Qopr"ryJrara Ha Marcyer, BaJrulgrr,r trpn no-cnoxHlrcnyqat4. Cunata, Kotro gefic'rna Bbpxy r,r3orponno rr HeHacnreno Qepouarnr.rrrro rsnoB MaTHLITHo nore, ce oflpeAeils cbc creArrara uo-o6qa Qoprrryna Ha Marcsea [113]

il

(3.1ee)

KbAero B- e r"rarnnrHara I,II{qyKI$t Ha eJreMeHTa ds or rroBbpxHosrra Ha rrrroro; fi,-BbHruHaTa HOpMiUra.

flogrunerpanHara Qynrlgax rnn Qoprvr. (3.199) ce Haputra Marnr.rrHo roBbpxHocrHoHanpe)KeHr,re.

B [103] e roKa3aHo, lre Qopr"r. (3.199) e eKBr.rBareHTHa na Qoprvrynara

(3.200)

KbAeTo Fr : plpo e oTHocr,rTerHaTa MarHuTHa npoHr.rqaeMocr; Bn, -B1 - HoprvraJrHaTalI TaHreHrptaJrHaTa KoMnoHeHTa Ha MarHr,tTHaTa r{HAyKrrytg.

flpw 1", ) 1, 81 = 0 Qopr"rynara Ha Marcsea go6nna nuga

(3.201)

Koxro npu Bn = const (pannorvrepno uoae) ce npeBpbrrla BbB Qopu. (3.198).3asncl.rMocrra Ha cwrara or roKa (Hnu nanpexeHr{ero) npn nocrosHHa rorreMrrna

Ha Bb3AytxHaTa MexI[rHa ce HapHqa ToBapHa xapaKTepncTnKa rra eJreKTpoMar-Hnra. 3a eaertpoMarHl{rl{ c HeHacHTeHa MB rr npeAcraBJrffBa KBaAparHa napa6ona(Qopr"r. (3.197)). Ha Qur. 3.57 can:o6paseun $avrw:rl's roBapHr.r xapaKrepucrrrKr.r Ha

Page 119: EA - u4ebnik

!

I

236 EJIEKTPI,IqECKI,I ANAPATT4. qACT I

t

Onr. 3.5?. Oaunmrg roBapHH xapaKTepnc- 9"": 3,'58 Craruqna eneKrpoMexaHrrqna

Tr{Krr Ha eneKrpoMan[,IT (TtroBa) xapaKTepucrHKa Ha eneKTpoMaI'HIIT

eneKTpoMarHHT rrpn pa3JrruHl{ roneM}rwn66 : const, rlonyqeHll 6esu cbc orqrraHe Ha

KpaeBr,rn floroK O*p tr noroKa na paacefuaue tDo,.

3anucruosrra Ha cvnrara or Bb3ryilHara Me)K,q,IHa rrpn rlocroxuHa c:rofisoct na

tora (nauper(eHr,rero) ce napuua crarnrrna eneKTpoMexanurrna (t.srona) xapaKTe-

prrcruKa lra eneKTpoMarnlrra (Qur. 3.58), r:nft xato ce onpeAens.npu orAenHH Qur-cr{paHr,r flolro)r(eH}rfl Ha KorBara. 3a eneKpoMarHur c HeHacI{TeHa MB rfi npeAcraBnsBa

xlffi;;fr:',1'llJtilT 5?; il};lil iTi H:ffi:lTfuTiooiT:T i':(rpnna 1 or Qnn. 3.58). B geficrnr,neJrHocr cmara nprr 3arBaprne Ha KorBara Ha

eneKTpoMarHura Br,rHarE e orpaHr.fireHa - KpIrBa 2 ra Qr.rr. 3.58, mfi Karo:

a) upu HaMarsBaHe Ha Bb3.ryurHara Me)qq{Ha (nprn I/ : const) norornr B MarHI'I-

TorpoBoAa ce yBenr,rtraBa r{ ro Hacnu{a, npn Koero BMeqto no Qopv. (3.197) ctrntara

rpr6na Aa ce onpeAen{ no Sopr"r. (3.196) r{rrr{ no Qoprrty.rrara ira Marcyea (3.198);

6) npu 3arBapflHe rra KorBara Ha eneKrpoMarHr{Ta 5 + 0, rtfi Karo sblJ{ecrByBar

HepaBHocrr.r (rpananr.trr) na nonroca u KorBara, neQepoMarur,rrnl,I aHT[IKopo3I{oHHIt

noKpr.rrr.rs, uepa6ourn (nrmounrenHo rexHoJroFHsHrI II aHTnpeManeurHra) Mexl[,IHIlno rrbrfi Ha noroKa l'r Ap. AHulpervraueHTHr4Te Me)KAHrrr,I ca nrracruull or neQepouar-Hr{TeH Marepr{an (rvrecnnr, 6pous r{ Ap.), cneqr{iuruo nosraBeu}I B MB, 3a Aa orpaul,IqaT

OCTATbTIHI,I'T NOTOK NPil U3KNTqBAHC HA 3AXPAHBAHETO H NO TO3II HAIII4H AA qPEAOTB'

parrrr BpeAHmo "3aJre[BaHe" Ha KorBara.

3.4.2.3. Cuna Ha eneKmpo^4aeHurn 3a nporteHJluoo Hanpe)rceHue

Axo nar"roxara rra eneKTpoMaFH[Ta e 3axpaneHa c npoMeHJrHBo HanpexeHl{e u, :U*sinwt To nptr upene6perBaue Ha [a,qa Ha HanpexeHr.re B aKTr{Bnoro ir cbnporuB-

rdd; -\reHl{e, noroKocqerurerr.rero t[ ne ganucs or Bb3AyruHara MexAI{H. ( aa

: 0) uwaMaKclrMrurna croifuocr

(6.:0,6n:O

O'*o,O' +O)

3. ENEKTPOMATHI4THI'I CI4CTEMII

(3.202) Ut'',

Toxtt B HaMorKara Ha eneKTpoMar-

nura (npr,r Heno,ryuxua rotna) ce npo-

MeHt or i1 : [I/uLt Ao iz : U/wLz(OHr. 3.59), KbAero Lru Lz ca c'roltnoc-

TnTe Ha UHAyKTIBHOCITa npH OTBOpeHa I',I

npn 3aTBOpeIra K0TBa-

flpu eleueHTaPHo nPeMecrBaue Ha

KorBara d6 or Qopr"r. (3.190) 3a erreK-

TpoMarHI,ITHara cvtra F ce noayvana

oiziti

@nr. 3.59. 3anncnr,aocr Ha noroKocqefiJren]I-

ero or TOKa Ha eJreKTpoMarHI{T 3a npoMeH-

IIIBO Ha[pe)KeHHe

u

(3203) F:f,v#:+#*(il:+##(*),KbAeTo G* e ITbJIHaTa UpoBoAI'IMocT Ha MB, npuneAeHa no IIOTOKocqe[JIeHI'IeTo; ?I) -6poar Ha HaBIIBKHTe Ha HaMorKara.

Or Sopr,r. (3.203) cre;4aa, qe upr Jrr{nca Ha HacI,IuIaHe s MB (anHeftua 3aBucltMocr

sa V ot i), cvJIaTa 3aBlIcH oT KBaApaTa Ha Ha[pex(eH]IeTo' T'e' ToBapHaTa xapaKTe-

prlcrl{Ka F(U)t:"onst e KBaAparHa napa6ola.3a onpe4entHe Ha CTaTI,IqHaTa eneKTPoMexaHI'ItlHa (trrona) xapartepl4cTHKa Ha

eneKrpoMarHrra rpxdna Aa ce aHanIBI'Ipa llapa3br ; (4) nnn Qopr'r' (3'203)' Axo

ce npeue6perHaT cbnpoTI,IBneIIIdeTo Ha HaMoTKaTa' cbrlpotnnaemaeTo H 3ary6ure e

CTOMaHaTa, noTOKbT Ha paaCefinl4e V KpaeBI'IqT nOToK' Ce [OJIyqaBa

(3.2O4)

T.e. eneKTpOMarHHTHaTa CUJIa He 3aBI'ICU OT Bb3AylIIHaTa Me)KAI',rHa' KoeTo sBHo e

HeBrrpHo.

flp14 coleuonArrirre eneKTpoMarHlrrr,r e neAonycrlrMo npeHe6perBaHe Ha BJIHtHuero

d, r 1rHa noroKa Ha pasceftBaHe.

flo-eHr.rMarerHr.rrr amanvs Ha r,r3pa3a a; (u'/ c oTql{raHe Ha B-nl4sHltero Ha

rOpHI{Te QartOpra noKa3Ba, qe npn yBenuqaBaue Ha Bb3AyuHaTa MexAI{I{a cunaTa

HaMaJrtBa, T.e. cmamuqHama enewnpo]ilexhHutlHT xapAKtttep^CmuKa F(6)p:rons na

eneKrnpo.iltaeHurn 3a npo.l4etutueo HanpexeHue e Ha.Mrnteat4a Qynrc4ua - rpuna 3 Ha

Qur. 3.58.

n__rt u2 | Eo-'/2 u' 1r -- 2;rw,AAi--;Ae tos: const'

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238 EJIEKTPI4YECKH ANAPATI4. IIACT I

Cpannrnanero Ha rtroBnre xapaKTepr,rsruKr,r Ha Apara Br{Aa eneKTpoMarH}rrg(/ : const r,r ![ : const) noKa3Ba, rre npu (J* : const crutara HaMaJr{Ba no-ruraBHonpn yBenHlIaBaHe Ha Bb3AyrIIHara MexAr,rHa, Koero ce Abnxu Ha no-6aBHoro HaMarr-BaHe Ha pa6otHux noroK, mft raro M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara Hapacrna. Bclegcrnpre Ha

TOBa ereKTpoMarHI{TI,me 3a npoMeHrumo Hanpe)KeHne MoraT Aa ce rB[on3BaT npltno-roreMu Bb3AyrrrHr{ MexAI.rHr{.

Pa6orHH-{r noroK Ha eneKTpoMarHr.rra Moxe Aa ce npneMe cr,rnycol{A:rneH

(3.20s) O : O*sinc.,rt.

CneA 3aMecrBaHero My nrn Qoplrynara na Marcyen (3.198) 3a eneKTpoMarHr.rr-

Hara c'na ce nonyqaru (" : #)

F :ce2 : ceksir] wt : + - + cos2utt

F* Frn:t-tcos2wt-Ii'_+trL,(3.206)

KbAero f'- - tF^: *.O\"e flocrosHnara cbcraBKa Ha cnilara, qr,trro MaKcxMannactofiHoct e Frni fl- : -F- cos 2wt- [poMeurrdBara cbcraBKa Ha cuJrara c aMnnnryAaF* n qecrora paBHa Ha ypoeHara qecrora Ha [oroKa (Hanpe;renuero).

Ha Qur. 3.60 e noKa3aHo u3MeHeHr{ero Ha noroKa O n cn-nara F. BnxAa ce, qe

cuJrara ce H3MeHfi or 0 go Fm : 2F_.

Or Qoprvr. (3.206) cne4na. ri,. ,.,

HAmA CUJIA HA npO.MetUlUeOntCK(lt, .

mpo.waeHum e dea n6mu no--ri!!,:..:. t,

cunama Ha noctnoaHHomoKog eneKmpo-

.iltaeHum (npu paonu no eonertuHa no-moqu).

Harvrar.flBaHero Ha eneKTpoMarHr,rr-

HATA CUnA AO Hyna npn 3aTBOpeHa KOTBa

(6.r,i") BoAr4 Ao nn6paqux (nyacaqufl, oc-qllnaqnx) Ha KorBara c y.(noenara qec-

TOTa Ha 3aXpaHBaIqOTO Hanpe)I(eHne,rtfi rato rs. ce orAens or norloca ll

3anorlBa Aa ce Bpbula KbM Haqa.nHoro cH nonoxeHr.re (d."*) or nporlrBoAeftcrBau{aranpyxl'IHHa cuna. B cae.rpaqns MoMeHT KorBara orHoBo ce npl,rBnutta KbM rloffoca oT

HapacHanaTa eneKTpoMarHLITHa Cvna.Bu6paryrrra Ha KorBara Ha 3amr{xBarqrrre eneKTpoMarHr{Tr.r e BpeAHo sBneHHe

mfi raro BoAI,t Ao nosBa Ha He[prisren cHJreH uyM, MexaHHqHo r,r3HocBaHe Ha KorBaraI,I nonrcca or yAapHTe, HecnrypHocr B pa6o'rara r.l gp.

<Dnr. 3.60. HgueHerue BbB BpeMero Ha rro-TOKa r{ cHJraTa Ha IIpoMeHIIHBOTOKOB eJreK-TpoMarHr.rT

3. ENEKTPOMATHI'ITHPI C'|,TCTEMP!

3a sar,raarBaHe (ruru orcrpanrnane) na nu6pa4rqra Ha KorBara e Heo6xoIu{Mo

Bbpxy Hes Aa gefic-rnar eAIroBpeMeHHo cuJrrr, cb3AaAeHr.r or Qa:oBo H3MecreHu no-

Mex,r0/ cH nororu{, TaKa qe pe3ynTaHTHaTa cr{Jla BbB BceKI{ MoMeHT or BpeMeTo Aa He

e Hyna.3a na*tanaaaHe na eudpa4uama Ha rcomlama ua eduoQasen npoJvtewJluoomoKoo

eneKmpoltaeHum a padomnama .tty .uex\uua ce cosdaeam dea nomoKa Q1 u 62,Koumo ca deQasupaHu Ha 6e6n a:

li

1i

li

239

cuaure F1 u.F2, Korrro ce cb3AaBar or ABara noroKa u geficruar e4{oBpeMeHHo

Bbpxy KoTBaTa, ca:

(3.2o7)

(3.208)

(3.aoe)

(3.210)

a pe3yflraHTHaTa cufia e

Ol : 1D1msinc.rt;

Oz : iD2- sin(ot - o).

Fr : clLl: Fr- * Fr-;Fz: c2Q| : Fz- * Fz-,

li

li

(3.211) F:Fr*F2: Fr_+ Fz_*Jt-+ F2*:F_+F*.

flocrogHHara cbcraBKa Ha pe3yJTranTHara cHJIa e F- - Fcp - Ft- * Fz-, a

aMrrJrrryAlrara c"rofinocr Ha npoMeuJrr.rBara cbcraBKa c y{noeHa qecrora e

rq,,).12\ lF-l :

liI

i/.1

iHa Qnr. 3.61 e noKa3aHo r,BMeHe-

HI,reTO BbB BpeMeTO Ha pe3ynTaHmaTacwla MexAy MaKcnManuara crofrsocr4."* - F- + lF-l u MHHrManHara crofi-nocr .Flo;n - P- - lf:,| ), 0. Axo rvrn-

HlrMa[HaTa eneKTpoMarHr{THa cr{Jra e no-rorsMa or MaKcr,rMaJTHara npornaogefi-cTBarqa cu.na nprl 3aTBopeHa KoTBa Ha

eneKTpoMarHuTa, pe3ynTaHTHaTa cl,J''a

BtIHaru npnTHcKa KoTBaTa KbM noJftocaI{ Jrr,rncBa nu6paqnx.

B ugealnnfi. cnty\ fi nporueuarlBaracbsraBKa Ha pe3yJTranTHara eneKTpoMarHr{Tna cuna ule 6rge nyaa, aKo npoMeH-

JttlBnre cbcraBHn Ha cnrr{Te ca paBHr{ H B nporr{BoQa:a (Fr- : F2- n 2a : zr), r.e.npu eAHaKBr.I no roneMuHa noror.pr (Dr, Oz, geQa:rapaHu Ha brbr a : r /2.

Fpo,

(Dur. 3.61. Hsr"reneHue BbB BpeMero Ha pe-

3ynranTfl ara cilna ot 4eft crnuero Bbpxy Kor-Bara Ha qna geSaer.rpaun MarHlrrHr{ noroKa

Iri

I'

lF1-12 * lFz-12 + 2lFr-llI'r-l cos 2a

: @+ Ft-+2Fr-Fz-cos2a < F-.

Page 121: EA - u4ebnik

240 EJTEKTPI4qECKI4 ANAPATT4. TIAST I

Paspes no A- B

(Dur. 3.62. Krr"r Aefisrnr{ero ua eKpaHrra HaB[BKa: a - flono)Kelrue Bbpxy noJIK)ca Ha eneKTpo-

MarHr{Ta; 6 - nexropka guarpaua Ha nororlr{Te rr roKa; B - BeKTopHa AI{anPaMa Ha npoMeHJr}I-

BI,ITC KOMIOHEHT}I HA CI{JIITTE

Bu6paqrnxra Ha KorBara ce oqeHtBa c KoefuuqueHm na eudpa4ua

o

(3.213) tI:,lP: F-

Axo s noJrloca uMa caMo eAHH floroK p : 1, a n vF.eanHnfl clyvafi npI'I AFa paBHn

no roneMllna n geQa3lrpaHl4 na r f2eAI'IH cnp{Mo Apyr norol4{ - P : 0'

flolyuanaHero Ha ge@a:upaHr{ Ha H3BecreH brbJr norolln npHHqHmro Mo)Ke Aa

ce nocrlrrHe no pa3nr,rqn[ rraqfiHr,r. flparuuecKl{ B egnoQasm'Ite eneKTpoMaFHI'ITH

Qaaona pa3nLIKa MexAy noToIII{Te Or u Oz ce nonyqaBa KaTo Btpxy qacT oT ceqenll'

sro Ha rrorx)ca ce uocraB.r HaKbco cbeAnHena (xrco cbeAlrueHa' eKpaHHa) nannnxa

or MeAeH (n nnxon cJryqatl or anyMrrnuen) npoBoAHHr. ExpauHara HaBHBKa ce IIoc-

TaBs B KaHan Ha ttoffoca e4rocrpanno, KaKTo e noKa3aHo na Qur. 3.62a, unu s 2

KaHa.na* - ABycrpaHHo u pa3AeJrr floroKa Ha norroca Ha ABe qacrll: noroK O1 n He-

eKpaHIIpaHaTa qacT (ceuenne) 51 Ha nortroca H noToK Oz - s eKpaHHpaHaTa qacT Ha

notK)ca Sz. Ta\eticmea Kamo undyrcmueHo ,taeHumHo clnpomueneHue Xrn" - BX' T'

3.2.4.

'K"rHnTonpoBoAacenonyqaBaTcneAct6npanero(ufixroeaHero)r'ry or QepoMaFHLITHH n.lrlasTltnn, B KoHTO e n3pt3aHa sacT c nPaBobrbnl{a Qopua-

2413. EMKI?OMATHI,{THII CHCTEMI4

Maruurrnnte cbnporHBJrel{H{ Ha Fere rlagrH Ha noJrroca ca:

fr,rmlnH6t: -- ^ iPoDl

zdz:4 * jx*":PoD2

rtgeto: X-" : ufr" e I{HAyKTI{BHoro MarHI4THo

HaBr.rBKa, queTo eneKTPnqecKo cbnporllBJreHue e re'

flororlt o2 IaH.$KTI',Ipa Hanpe)x(eHue n. : *\/2rporgqa ror -I" : + u3ocraBau{ Ha brbn r f 2 cnprrvro HarIpe)KeHI'Iero E" (npr'r npe-

Ts

He6perBaHe Ha ITHAyKTI,IBHoTo sbnpoTl{BneHHe Ha K.c. HaBHFra) - Qnr' 3'626'Torrt -I'

e OTHOCnTe;IHO roflgM, rnft fatO aKTI{BHOTO Cb[pOTI{BneHVe re Ha eKpaHHaTa HaBHBKa

e MHoro M'JrKo (10-e - 10-5 O). To*r -I1 B HeMorKara Ha eneKTpoMarHura e

(3.216) ir:irr+iLOc

KbAsTo: /p2 : J t .' e HaMarH[TBaIrIaTa KoMnoHeHTa Ha ToKa '[r nrn Qasa c

,/zwGz[oToKa (D2, KoIITo O6yc]ranx npeM]IHaBaHeTo My BbB Bb3ryIxHaTa Me)KMHa; I'" -I" wQz-..r :

-

- TOKbT B eKpanHaTa HaB[BKa, npI'IBeAeH KbM 6pox na HaBI'IBKI',ITe Ha

w ,f2r"tu " -'-r--"'- ' L

HAMOTKATA.

Toxtt .I1 cb3traBa [oToKa 1[1, rofito H3[peBapBa Ha brbJl1r rIOTOKa O2' [trunt a

ce onpeAeJl.r or QoPvYlam

(3.2r4)

(3.zrs)

(3.2r7)Ltga:;: :

Itt2

uGz powSz

; : r"d*r'

6*ir, .@--l- 4

-FoSz ' t r.'

cbrrpoTl{BneHlre Ha eKpalrHara

B eKpaHHaTa HaBI4BKa, B KOTITO

KbAeTo GZ e MaTHHTHaTa npoBo4.IMocT Ha Bb3AygIHaTa Mexgl'lna d'*i. Ha eKpaHI'I-

paHara qacT Ha noJrloca.

,{nata noToKa Or n OZ ca geQasrnpaHll Ha bF},Jt CI I'I onpeAelrt o6u1us notor <D Ha

IIoJrloca

(3.218) O:Or*iDz.

CngAaAeHHTe or rrx eneKTpoMarHfiTuvr ctvwtBoAsr Ao HaManqBane Ha BLI6Pa4{sra

Ha KOTBaTa. KOeQnqI{eHTbT Ha Bl46paqufl p e TOJIK6Ba no-ManbK' KOJIK6T6 brb;1bT

Ha geQa:upaHe 0 e nO-rOJIgM, T.e. KOIIKOTO nO-MaIKI't Ca Bb3.qyUHaTa MeXAI{Ha

dmin H gbflporuBneHuero Ha eKpanHara HaBr,rBKa. Mfiul.tr\4annara Bb3AylIIHa Me)I(.u{Ha

3ABHCH OT TCXHOJIOFI,ITIHHTE Bb3MOXHOCTI{ HA NPOI'I3BOAC"TBOTO H E O,O1O-O'O5O MM'

Page 122: EA - u4ebnik

u2 EJIEKTPI,IqECKI4 ANAPATII. qACT I

Or Qopr"r. (3.217) cJre;pa, qe c ru|ror3BaHero Ha eKpaHHa HaBr.rBKa He Mox(e Aa cenonyqu uAeanHoTo ycnoBr{e a: r/2 (tgo: oo), rrfi raro d6o * 0ur, l0.BnpaKTuqecKrrTe peaJrr{:}a4il,r o : 50" + 80".

Ha Qnr. 3.62s e noKa3aHa BeKTopHara ArrarpaMa Ha npoMeHnr{BHTe KoMnoHeHTnHa crurure c brnoBa qeqrma 2w, geftasr{paHr{ :aasrnn2o'

Btoporo ycnoBne 3a nonyqaBane Ha Mr{Hr{MarHa ar'r6parg,rs Ha KorBara e paBeH-

crBoro Ha npoMeruIIrBHTe cbcraBKr{ Ha cwfirre l'F'i-l n lFz*l cnsAaAenr.r or nororsrreO1 n O2, T.€.

(3.2r9) Q2wt4

-:!Dr

AnaJfnslt Ha BJrI{sHrIeTo Ha oTHorueHHerc S2f 51 oT eKpaHHpaHaTa }r HeeKpaHH-paHara qacrll Ha noJrK)ca, HanpaBen r [30] npu npeuedpernaHe Ha MarHr,rrHoro cbtrpo-TIIBTeHIIe Ha croMauaranHa pa:ceiiraHero Bo/ryrAo cneAHt,tTe IBBo?iU4 tr KoffrrtecrBenrrp€ynTaTn:

- Hanu\uemo Ha eKpaHHa Ha6u6rca Hartanaea omHotueHuemo Frrf Fg na cped-HAmA CUnA F* npU HCLnWtUe U Cpednama cuJra Fg npu nunca Ha K.c. Haou?Ka -Kpu6a I naQue.3.63;

- ilAKCurlyJV6m HA JilUnilJvtAJrHAmA CunA F111i1 C€ nonyv\eA npL eIqAHUpAHe HA

2/3 om ceqeHaemo Ha nonocct - Kpu6a 2 na Que. 3.63. Bcaegcrure Ha roBa rrprr

I,r:qlrcanlBaHe Ha npoMennnBoroKoBr{ ereKTpoMarHr4Tr{ o6mnoseHo ce npfieMa,qe 213 or ceqenuero Ha [orroca ce o6xnarqa or eKparrHara HaBHBKa, npu Ko-ero cpe.qrara cllJla Ha eneKTpoMarHura ce HaMaJrrBa Ha 4OVo, B cpaBHeHne cbccr{JraTa npn ntmca Ha eKpaHHa HaMoTKa.

o?:032rc& 2poSz

1,0

o,75

0,50

0,25

- ^92

Sr +&I012 55@nr. 3.63. 3asncnMocr Ha cpeAHara rr Mr{-HUMaJIHa Clrna Ha eneKlpoMarHnT c eK-pauHa HaBr{BKa or ornorxennero Sz/ (& +Sz)

@nr. 3.64. Hguenenue Ha noroqHTe BbB BpeMeTo

npl{ orqnTaHe Ha Hacurqanero B HeeKpanr{pal{aTaIIACT HA IIO'IOCA

Sz

St

3. ENEKTPOMATHHTHTi CJ,TCIEMU

flo-snlftrateJrxr{ u rorurl,r IBcneI{BaHlIrI lroKa3Bar, rre BcneAcrBl{e Ha l"rarHnTHoro

nportrBoAeftcrsEe (rqq5KurHoro cbnpornBJreHHe) Ha r.c. HaBlrBKa, roJuMa qacr oro6rqns noroK npeMr{HaBa [pe3 qasrra Ha noJlroca c [o-MturKo ceqetme ,51 Ia ro Hacl{qa.

Bcnegcrue Ha roBa rrororu,rre Or u Qz (a cneAoBareJrHo r{ ToKbr I") ca HecllHycon-

EAJtHtl, uO O6rqu't IIOTOK 6 : .itr + tbz e Crurycol{A'lrlen - Qnr. 3.64.

Ipyeu Hauuntl sa casdaeave Ha Qasoea pasnuva tvexDy nornoqutne.

1. EaerrpoMarHrrrHara cma npn 3arBopeHa KoJBa Ha coneHor,IArrlrre eneKTpo-

MarHrrur ce Qoprvrnpa or noroKa B norroca (uomocnre) n norora Ha pascefmane -Bx. Q-na (3.194). Trfi raro re3[ nororur r.rMar pa3nuqnn nbrr,flqa, a cneAoBarerrHo [r

lary6u B MarHHTonpoBoAa, MexAy rrrx rto ecrecrBeH rrbr ce nonyrlaBa Qasona pa:-rrnKa. flocrosrrHara cbcraBKa Ha pe3ynraHTrnra crura e [o-rorr.f,Ma or npoMeHJrrlBara,

T.e. MI{HtIMarHaTa CVJTA e nOJrO)KIITenHa, HO e HeAOCTaTbqHO rOJrtMa, BCJTeACTBI{e

Ha KOeTO nPOMeIUrI{BOTOKOBT{Te COneHOr|J[Ir{ eneKTpOMarHLrTHH CbUIO TBnOJBBaT eK-

paHHa HaBnBKa.

2. MarwvrrorrpoBolgrre Ha npoMerrJnrBoroKoBn eneKTpoMarHurr{ 3a M:urKH clrnu(nafi-vecro 3a noMorr{Hn ycrpoftcrna) nonxrora ce uspa6ornar or nrtbren Qeporvrar-Hureu Marepnan- Hanp. or croManena rrnacrr,rna c ge6erts:aa l-2mm, Te ce xapaKTepr,r-

3lrpar c roJIsMo pascefrnane, sary6n u Qasona prunrrKa MexAy noror-u,rre, Bc.[eAsrBr,re

Ha KOeTO He Ce HyXAaJTT OT eKpaHHa HaBHBKa.

3. CIasosa pa3nuKa MexAy nororlnre, Kor{To npeMnrranar ttpe3 norroca Moxe Aace nonyrrH 14 qpe3lr3KycrBeHrme cxeM[ Ha 3axpaHBaHe, noKa3aHr,r ua Qnr. 3.65:

- c n3noJBBaHe Ha lpe e.qraKBr,r HaMoTKr,r, BKrrK)qeHn KbM elsro rr gbrrlo Hanpexe-Hne elu{ara lU{peKTHo, a ApyFara npe3 KoHAeu3arop c Kaflalu.rrer C - Qur. 3.65a.C nog6npaHe Ha noAxoAsula croftnocr Ha Kaflarlrrera Ha KoHAeH3aropa Moxe

lr

nit

l

i

I

u3

iil)

';"1

iilr

1i

li

a

Qnr. 3.65. H:rycrnenr cxeMn 3a 3axpanBaHe6 - c Qaino u nuxefino Hanpe)KeHr{e

-l\ilij

Il'

li

Ha eneKTpoMarHlrT: a - c KoHAeH3aTop;

Page 123: EA - u4ebnik

244 EJIEKTPNqECKH AIAPATI4. qACT I

Aa ce nonyqu xeJraH brbJr Ha,qeQa3HpaHe MexAy noTors.rTe Qt u Oz;

- c [3nor3Baue Ha .Fe HaMorKH c pa3nuqeH 6pofi HaBr{BKI{, or Kolrro eArrara e 3ax-paueHa or Qarnoto nanpexceuue Ha rpnsaaxa cr{qreMa, a Apyrara - or lrueit-Horo Hanpexeuue Mextrry Apyrure gne Sasn Ha cbrrlara cucreMa - @ur. 3.656.C rasu cxeMa Mo)Ke Aa ce peaJrr,r3npa ycnoBlrero 3a Hynupane Ha npoMeHJrr,rBaragbcraBKa IIa eneKTpoMarHlrrHara cwna - paBrrr{ ctoiisosna Ha lloroqprre 01 ra O2

n Qason brbJr a - T lzyexry rrx.Bnuperu orreBlrl[ilrre uM npe,qr]dcrBa rro ornorueur{e Ha rryncarryrfrTa Ha c*utara,

cxeMldre m Qur. 3.65 ca cpaBnlrrenno crroxHlr H cKbrru tl npaKTrrrrecK]r He ce H3non-3BAT.

TpnQaurnre eneKrpoManrrrrrr ce H3non3Bar 3a cb3AaBaue Ha roJreMH eneKTpo-MATHI.ITHII CVIJIJi A MOMCHTH.

Hafi-qecro MarHlrronpoBoAbrHarpnQasnua eneKrpoMarHrdr e crpneA{aKBr{ rApa,pa3nonoxeHl,I B e.4la paBHHHa, Bbpxy KOr,rrO Ca nOCTaBeHr{ IpI| elslaKBr{ HaMOTKr,r -Qur. 3.66a. flpn 3axpauBaHero r.rM or cr{Merpr,runa rpuSa3Ha cr.rcreMa Hanpexenr{f,, B

Ttx fiporl,Iqar roKoBe, Kol(ro ne6yrcgar MarHr.rrrru nororu{ geQasrapaHrr troMexAy c]r

Ha brbJr 2r /3. Bcexu noroK cb3AaBa eneKTpoMarHr,rrna cv,Jta, cb4rpxrarqa nocro.fiHnalI npoMeufl.IBa sbcraBKa c yIFoeHa qecrora. Ilpontennuaurne c6cmaeKuna cwrume o6-pa3yeam cu.tuempuvna mpuQasua cucmeJyta, wuarno pe3ynmaHmHa a6e ecenu rto.t teHm

orn epertemo e paeHa Ha Hyna, ecneDcmeue Ha rcoetno mpuQasnurne eneKrnportaeHufttuHa-Mam ercpaHHa Ha6ueaa. Ha Qnr. 3.666 e noKa3aHo r,r3MeHeuuero BbB BpeMero Ha

cuJrHTe ra tpu{iaaeH eneKTpoMarHr.rr. flpunoxcHara roqKa Ha pe3ynrarrrHara nocro-slP(Pla cvra -l?.p ce [poMeHrI rro crrHyco[rAaneH 3aKoH c yfoeHa rrecrora IIo lfbn)ffiHaraHa KOTBara MeX(Iry TorrKure A n B, pa3nonox(eHr,r cpeqy cperqfre Ha npo3opr&Te Ha

MarHI-Tro[poBoAa - @nn. 3.66a.Tnfi xaro flpuno)KHara rorrKa Ha npornBoAeftcrnaularacma e HeI.BMeHHa, Bb3MoxHa e Ha&rlbxna nn6parryrr Ha KorBara. flo-rorsMa cwMer-

7( 3r/2 2tr wt

a

Onr. 3.66. TpnQasen eneKrpoMarrrnr:IIA CI{JII{TC B IIOJIIOCI{TE

6

a - npr.rHrlr{flHa KoHcTpyKTnBHa cxeMa; 6 - fisrvreueHHe

3. EJIEKTPOM Af HI'ITHH CIICTEM II u5

a6@w. 3.67.r{nyQaaen eneKrpoMarunT: a - upr{HIIIrnHa KoHcrP)rKTIrBHa cxeMa; 6 - nertopua

AlrarpaMa Ha noTollure

pHt IIa CHCTeMaTa, BKJIIOqI{TeJIHO I{ IIO OTHOIUeH]Ie [poMsHaTa Ha npnnoxHaTa TorIKa

HacrdnaTa,Mo)KeAaceflonyqnaKoTpt'ITetApaHaeneKTpoMal'HuTaHecaBeAHapaBHuHa, a ca npocTpaHsrBeno pa3ronoxeHl'I Ha brbJl 2tr l3 [oMexAy cu' Tosa roH-

cTpyKTTBHO peueHue O6aqe e cpaBHI{TenHO cnoxHo I{ pu.qKo ce IBIIon3Ba'

flosrosHcirBo rra cvnaTaBbB BpeMeTO MOX(e Aa ce fionyqH H npH pyQaaxnt eJIeK-

TpoMaTHIIT ot Qr,rr. 3.67 , wtfrco IIaMoTKH ca 3axpaneHl{ oT fe ot Qasrume Hanpe:KeHltff

Ha cr,rMerpnuHa rpu$a3Ha cucrervra. flpe4arvrcrBo Ha cxeMara e u3[oJr3BaHero caMo Ha

,@e HaMoTKLI n CneAOBaTenHO Ha no-MaJIKO Kotlnqecf,Bo [poBosluKoB MaTepl{an'

flototryne n rpafirnte sApa Ha MarHHTonpoBoAa ca

OrRos

lr];t'JC)

{::221)

Or : O- sin a.rt;

Og: O-sin(art -2trl3),

B- noToKbT B cpeAIIoTo tApo O2 e reoMeTpI'IqHaTa lIM cyMa' uso6pasena Ha BeKTopHaTa

Ar,rarpaMa or Qrr. 3.676

(3.222) Qz : iD* sin(c,;t - 7r 13).

flporrlenru{Br{Te cbcTaBKr,r Ha eneKTpoMarH}ITIIHTe CIi.JlVt, gb3AaAeHI{ OT Te3I',I nOTOIn',I

ca c paBHIr roJreMI{HrI n ca geQa3upaHl{ noMexAy cll Ha brnll 2t f 3,TaKa qe pe3ynraH-

THaTa npoMeHnr{Ba ctLrla e Hyna. 14 s toel{ cayuafi npIrJIOXIraTa TOqKa Ce IIpOMeH{ nO

Abn)KI{HaTa Ha KoTBaTa c yfoegaTa qecroTa Ha Hanpe)r(eHl'IeTo Mexgy Tor{KltTe A u

B.

3.4.3. Craruqna xapaKTepucTr{Ka Ha eJIeKTpOMarHuT

Cmamu,auama enewnporvexaHuqHa. xaparcmepucmuKa F(6) wtu M(") (sa enercrnpo-

utaeHurn c 66pmtula ce Kornea) ce onpedena npu nenodeutrcno nonorKeHue Ha Komeama

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246 EIEKTPI4TIECKT4 ANAPATLI. YACT I

r3o(d)

milm@ur' 3.68' CtarnqHn eneKTpoMexaHlrsnu xapaKTepnclr{Ku Ha puunnqnn Br{AoBe eneKTpoMar-HtlTt4

u 3a c6omoemHa cmoilnocm Ha moKa unu HanpelKeHuemo Ha Hartomrcama. Ts e gaxcnxapaKTepHcrllKa Ha eneKTpoMarnnrd, rrft xaro trpe3 Her ce sbrnacyna pafiorara My cxapaKTepncrllKara Ha nporrBo4efictnarqoro ycrpoficrso - nafi-qecro cr,rJruTe Ha upy-)Kl'lHH, B HqKou cnyqafl H Teuoro Ha KorBara. Heirnnxr BrrA gaBucn or MB, @oprvraraHa norrccnre (n:rueHeHllero Ha npon3BoAlrara dcp/d5), Hacr.rqaHero Ha yqacrbr-pr orMarHHTonpoBoAa, or coJleHonAHara cnna H gp. Hu Qur. 3.68 ca rco6pa3eur.r r[nr.rqHr,rcrarl'Ir{Hl,I T{roBH (eaerrporvrexannqnn) xapaKTepr.rcruKr.r Ha eneKTpoMarHnrl{ c pa3-rrnqHa Qoprvra Ha MB.

A. IIoctonHHoroKoBH eneKTpoMarnrrn.Or Qopru. (3.197) u Qur. 3..i i ,.:,r,;^iiiii. ,i.i

fitlpl{ HeHaCHTeH MaTHUTOnpOBOA CUnATA 3ABvCl'l OT KBaApaTa Ha TOKa. Iiirri ri,.i'ii:ri,i,ir,*rfHa HaMorKara Ha eneKTpoMarHura ce noBnuaBa cbnporuBteHnero il, roert !:r_.r_ir1 ,; ,

3HaqlITeIHO HaMaIcBaHe Ha c}IJIaTa Ha eneKTpOMarHIrTHTe 3a EOCTO9HHO H&[pe)K€Hhw.C o ne no uD Hu enercmpoltae HumuB nafi-npocrl4ff cnyqaft eaexrpoManHr.rrbr ce cbcrou or HartomKa u Kom6a, nped-

cmaena6au4a qunuHdpuvno Qepo.uaanumHo adpo - eur. 3.53.Ta:n cncreMa ce lnnon3Ba prAKo, rrft ra'ro currara 3a AaAeHo M.A.H. e orHocn-

TerHo MarKa, Ho rffroBara xapaKTepr4crnKa r.rMa cne{uQr.ruen xapaKTep, rofiro sece cpeu{a rpu Apyr[Te BI{AoBe eneKTpoMarr{r,rrr,r. flpu car"retpnqHo noJrox(eHl{e Ha

KorBara cfip.lMo HaMorKara cfinara e Hyna. flpu orraoHenr,re Ha KorBara or cr.rMeT-pHqHoro noro)KeHlle culara ce yBennqana (c o6parHrn nocoru), Aocrr,rra MaKcr.rMarnacrofiuocr, cneA Koero HaMarsBa I{ KJIoHI{ KbM Hyna.

Cuctevara or ro3lt BHA e o6err Ha MHo)KecrBo eKcnepr.rMeHTairHn Lt3cre ABaHktu.Cnopeg Kroxnep cHJIara Mo)Ke Aa ce n3qacflrl upes guQepenqr.rpaue Ha HrrtryKTlrB-

Eb2n

EH

rhD

5

@6

=O=7

E8

li3. EJIEKTPOM ATHI,ITHV CT"'CI EMH

(3.223)

BeruquHnre, yqacrBaq{ BbB Qopt't.(3.223) ca onucaHr.r sr.3.3.4.2.

Ha Qnr. 3.69 e nora3ano u3MeHeHuero

HA CnnATA B 3aBItCI{MOCT OT nOnOt(eHneTO

xI : t / hga KorBara 3a eneKTpoMarulrrac pa3fl{qHl,I oTHOCI,rrenHU r{3MeHeHfis. HA

T.THAyKTnBHOCTTa Ha HaMOTKa

A_ L^ *- Lo-L-L^*

flo-roqnn pe3ynrarlr 3a eneKTpoMar-

HI{THaTa CUIa MOraT Aa Ce nonyrraT npnil3nOI3BaHe Ha IIECJIeHI{g MeTOA, OII}ICaH

tr I111.

Conenoudnu eneKmpo.*taeHumu c6ct. :t!on. Tgrosata xapaKTepr{crr{Ka Ha re3I.I

uneKTpoMarHnTn Mo)Ke Aa ce npoMeHfl:

- trpe3 rBMeHeHrre Ha oTItoueHI{eToHa rtbn)<flHara Ha crona u o6qara Au-xl,rHa Ha cHcTeMaTa, T.e. qpe3 npoMr{Ha

Ha MrcToro Ha Bb3AyruHara Me)KIu,rHa;qpe3 H3noJI3BaHe Ha pa3rHtrHn

Qopr*lra Ha rreJrHr,rre noBbpxHr{Hrr Ha Kor-Bara n crona. TunuqHu Qoprvru ca:

urocKa, KoHyc, npeceqeH Konyc cTeneH-qaTa r{ Ap.;

- qpe3 Hacru{aHe Ha yrlacTblryl oT

KOTBATA }I CTONA;

- IIPC3 NOCTABffHE HA CANH HJII,I H'KONTO QEPOTVTATHHTHI{ AI,ICKA (TUAft6U) B HAMOT-

KATA;

- qpe3 npoMrlHa Ha roneMr{Hara Ha MarHaruoro cbnporr{BneHlre sa uHfucara.

247

Hocrra Ha cucreMara onpeAeneHa no Qoprvr. (3.173), npn Koero

p : !P!!2dr

CnegErQepeHrs.rpaHe na Qytrlursra L(r) u3aMecrBarre B ropHLIfl H3pas 3a cHrlara

ce nonyrlaBa

- o,8e(;)'](tr*,* - Lo)., _"!.,gi2 7r!- h l"n

1l]J

ilrlli

ll

Lo

tr-"-li

li.--

1IIilt!It

ll

ji

i

J

0,4 0,6o' : r/h

Onr. 3.69. 3anuclrrvrocr Ha cuJlara or rlono-x(eHlreTo Ha KorBara IIa HaMorKa c III'IHHA-

pnqHo Qepor'rarnurno ;{Apo

jr

1,00,80,2

lr

ir

Page 125: EA - u4ebnik

24924E EMKTPLIqECKI'I ANAPATII. qACT I

6

(Dur. 3.70. 3anucurvrogr Ha cvilala oT Bb3AyurHara Me)KAr{Ha Ha co'IeHol4qeH eJreKTpoMarHIrT

c pa3JrlrqHa AbnxfiIra h na grona

Bruasnnero Bbpxy r{roBara xapaKTepncrl,IKa Ha Abnxunara h Ha crona (iurctoto

Ha Bb3AygIHaTa MexAeIa) 3a KoHKpeTeH eneKTpoMarnrT' roKa3an na Qnr. 3.74a,

ce Hrrlocrpupa oT KpHBnTe Ha Qrr. 3.706. Br.urga ce, qe [pI4 ManKa I{bn)<I{Ha h ua

cTona cvnaTa e 3HaqrrTenHo no-fo ilfrvla, KOeTO Ce l{bn)IQI Ha IIO-TOI'MOTO yqacTue Ha

cr{Jrara, cb3AaAeHa or floroKa Ha pa3ceftBaHe.

flpu rraa;1a Bb3gytuua MexAnHa 6 MexAy KorBara Ir crorla clriJlara ce onpeAcJt,I

rnaBHo oT npI,IBnI,IqaHeTo MexAy TrIx.

Kato ce I{MaT npe,ryI{A Qopr'r. (3.192) r'r Qopr'ryan'ne 3a MaTHHTHaTa npoBoAIrMocT

Me)KAy KoTBaTa r,r crona npu pa3nuqHl,rTe Hrrn QoprvrH, ce [oJryrlaBaT cne.4luTe v3paStt

3a eneKTpoMarHITTHATa CVUIA1pI,I ManKa Bb3AytrrHa Me)K,ryIHa d:

- npr qHnuHAplItIHlI noJTIOCA C 41la;vreTbp d

3. E JIEKTPOM A THI4THV CVICIEMI,/'

- npE npeceqeHH KoHI'Iqril flonlocll c A[IaMerbp dlglbrbJr npH Bbpxa 2CI

(3.226)

Or rOpnate I{3pa3I{ CJISIFa, qe 3aB[ICt{MOsrTa Ha CILnaTa OT Bb3AyIxHaTa Me)KA}IHa

npeAcTaBnsBa KBaApaTHa xHnep6ona. (Dopruyau (3.225), (3.226) noKa3BaT, qe flpn

HaManlBaHe Ha brbr1a o npn Bbpxa Ha Kogyca cun1Tace yBenIHaBa' Te o6aqe ca BepHIr

CaMO B I,BBeCTHI{ rpaHl'rqH Ha I{3MeHeHI{e Ha brtJla' T'bil KaTO IIpI'I ManKI4 CTofiHOCTI'I Ha

a ce uonyqaBa HacHuIaHe Ha cToMaHaTa B o6lacn:a Ha Bbpxa lra KOHyCa'

Bn{gnuero Ha HacruqaHeTo ce l{nrccTpupa oT Qrnr. 3.71, Ha KO{TO Ca nOKa3aHH

Tpu QopMu Ha qeJrHaTa noBbpxrrlrHa Ha KOTBaTa I{ cTgna, KaKTO H CbOTBeTH}ITe 3aBH-

Our. 3.71. BnlasHlre Ha SopMaTa Ha cTona Bbpxy noToKa V ciltl.aTai a - q[n[HApl{qHa KoTtsa I'I

nJrocbK crOn; 6 - qnnl{HAPI{qHH KOTBa I{ cmn; B - qIInHHApI{qHa KOTBa H cKOceH KoH11qeH CTO1

r:Lrtt Yroffil, - /(o,d,d)]'

loo80604020

(3.224)

- npH KoHI4I{HI,I nonrccl4 C r4'IaMeTbp d u brbJr npI',I Bbpxa 20

r:|U,-),uoffi;

r:f,{r,.)'uoffi;

II

ia

t

iH

dd$flbi

da{ds

Ioi

(3.22s)

Page 126: EA - u4ebnik

250 EJIEKTPI4qECKI4 ATIAPATH. qACT I

cnMocrlt Ha noroKa or roKa (npn pa:rurrnr{ MexAHHr.r d) n enerrpoMexaHfiqHaraxapaKrepucrnKa F'(d).

Ilpr.r rmprara Qoprvra (Our. 3.71a) H{Ma HaclilqaHe r{ xapaKrepr.rcruKara e KBaA-

parHa xunep6oaa. [Ipn Bropara Qopr"ra (Qnr. 3.716) ce nonyqaBa Hacr,rulane Ha qacrr{

ot QeporvrarHnTHfis Marepr{an npn go6an;KaBane Ha KorBara Ao orBopa Ha crona u np}t

AOCTuraHe Ha I{6HOTO rray. XaparTepncTrKara cbAbpx(a cnerryr$nrrHa ceMonrura. flpuTperara Qopr'ra (Qur. 3.71r), BcneAcrBne Ha cKocsBaHe Ha BbHuruara [oBbpxHr.rHa rra

cTofla cTeneHTa Ha HacHrrlaHe He 3aBucu oT nonox(eHHeTo Ha KoTBaTa H cnJraTa e ilorrTnflocroqHHa

Ha $ur. 3.72a e noKa3aH coneHougeu eneKTpoMarHr4T cbc cron H QepouarnrmeHgucx (urafi6a) n HaMorKara [66], a Ha Qr.rr. 3.726 - eneKTpoMexaH]rsHara xapaKTepnc-Tr{Ka Ha cr,rcreMara 6eg n c QeporvrarHuTua ruafi6a.

TeopemuHrlTe Ir eKcnepnMeHTaJrH[Te H3creAnaHnfiHa eneKTpoMarr{r{Ta noKa3Bar,qe:

npn 6 ) d* cnrara npn Harr{qne ua nafi6a e no-ron-fiMa or re3u rrpn n}rnca Ha

ruafi6a BcneAcrBrre Ha AottbnHnrerHns MaTHHTeH noroK, npeMnrraBaq npe3 He{;

- npn d ( d, cnrara npr,r Hanurrue Ha ruaft6a e ilo-MaJrKa or ra3u npr,r Jrnnca Ha

uraft6a BcneAcrBue Ha ruyHTnpaqoro ir geficrnne. 3a orpaHuqaBaHero My ceqeHnerosa mafi6ata tpa6ra Aa e AocrarbqHo MaJrKo, TaKa r{e rs Aa ce Hacun{a or noroKa nplt

d ( dru.

Buxcga ce, qe Halllrqnero na QeporvrarHrirHa urafi6a Mo;Ke (upe: Mrsroro, ceqe-Hnero n Marepuana cu) no noAxoArrrl HaqHH Aa npoMeHr.r BuAa Ha rffroBara xapaKTe-plrcrl,IKa Ha eneKTpoMarnura. Cncreuara Mo;Ke Aa ce peant43vpa H c floBeqe or e.q{a

Qepor'rarrurrHra ruaft6n, KoHTo npoMeHcr eneKTpoMexaHuqHara xanpaKTepr{crr{Ka.

@nr. 3.72. CoreHougeH eneKTpoMaFrrr{T c Seportaarnnrua urafi6a: a - KoHcrpyKTHBrra cxeMa;6 - enertpoMexaHrqHa xapaKTepr{crr{Ka (1 - 6e: uraft6a; 2 - c unii6a)

3. EJIEKTPOM ATH}ITHVT CKIC:IEMIA 251

[email protected]. Elerrpor"rarlt/rTf. c eArro 4{fi{HApr.rqHo sApo n BbHIrrHa npuTernslqa ce KoTBa: a

-cf-o6paseHMarnrrronpoBoA;6-cItr-o6pa3euMarnnronpoBoA;B-cHerlbllenIll-o6paeenMarHrlT0npoBoA

Enercmpo-n'taeHumu c Komea a6H omHaltomKama

KoncrpyxrrlBnoro pasHoo6pasfie u or raM TrlroBt{Te xapaKTepucrl.lKl{ Ha re3lt eJreK-

TpoMarHnrg e lpKJrroqureJrgo ForsMo. Hafi-o6tqo re Morar Aa ce pa3AeJltr Ha cne,q-

HHTE.FA BHAA:

il

ll

Fo/F"o

\\

*

2

\\S|\ \ : -

3 6/6o 4

Onr. 3.75. Otnocate-rrHu rqroBn xapaKTepnc-

TrrK[ Ha KranaHHI{ eneKTpoMarHI{TI{: I - c fI-o6pasen MaFHI{TonpoBoA; 2 - c Ill-o6p-asen

MarHHTo[poBo.q; 3 - c HenbJreH lll-o6pasenManrnronpoBoA; 4 - c noAronoo6pasen r"rar-

HHTOnpOBOA

rl

ll

16

t4

L2

10

li

lit'

t;lr1lI

lr

ffim6

@ur.3.74. Enerrpor.larHl'ITlt c ABe tApa: a -c nocneAoBareJrHl{ pa6ornu Bb3AytffIl'r Mex-AHHr.r; 6 - c napaJrenHu pa6ontu Bb3AyIuIrH

Me)KArtHrr

Page 127: EA - u4ebnik

(Dur. 3.76. EnerrporvrarHrrr c Bbprsrqa ce

KOTBA

252 ENEKTPI4TIECKI4 ATIAPATH. qACT I

- eneKmporlaeHumu c eaHlr,tHa npu-

meentt4a ce Kotnea. Hsrou raKI,IBa KoH-

crpyKr+{E ca noKa3aHH Ha $ur. 3.73 -c eAno sgpo u na Qnr. 3.74 - c ABe

{Apa. Tyr rpr6na Aa ce orHecar H ereK-TpoMarHr,rrHTe c MB tpm "r6pHe" I,|ltu

"KaM6aHa" (s)K. Qur. 3.98). TxronaraxapaKTepr{crr{Ka Ha ro3l{ BI4A eJIeKlpO-

MATHI,ITI'I NPN NUIICA HA HACI{TqAHC C KBAA-

parrra xrnep6ona. Ha Qur. 3.75 ca ro-Ka3aHr{ KpIrBH, npeAcTaBtrqn eneKTpoMe-

XAH}IIIH}ITC XAPAKTCPUCTITKI,I HA Hf,KOI{ OT BHAOBETC CNEKTPOMATHUTI{ B OTHOCI,ITCIHU

eAlrHr,rr{n (:a 6asa e B3era cvJtara Fo sa eneKTpoMarHHT c fl-o6pasna Qopua npu

5/5s:41;

- enennportaeHumu c 66HwHa eapmsula ce Kornea - Snr. 3.76. C nop(oAsIr{ iloA-

6op na npoQrn.rra Ha [onK)ca H KorBara Morar Aa ce nonyqar pa3nuqru 3aBucHMocrI,I

Mex(Ay eneKTpoMarHuTHItt MoMeHT E brbna Ha 3aBblvraHe.

B. EnexrpoMaru[Ttr 3a [poMenJrrrBo rraupex(enne.ElerrpoMarnnTure 3a npoMeH-

.lurBo Hanpe)KeHr,re (tlr : const) ce xapaKTepr{3r,rpar c flo-ruraBHa crarlltlHa eneKTpoMe-

xaHHqHa xapaKTepr{qrlrKa B cpaBHeH}re c eneKrpoMarHHTI,ITe 3a IIOCTO{HeH I,I npoMeH-

JIHB ToK H noc:tosnHo Hanpexewre (V : const) - Qrr. 3.58.Kompetrusr BH.q Ha xapaKTepr.rcrlrKara 3aBr,rcu or Qopuara n pa3Meplrre Ha Mar-

Hr.rronpoBoAa, yqacrr,rero rla floroK ua pa:ceitnane Ir Ap.

Ha Qnr. 3.77 ca [oKa3aHH ocnoBH]rre H3rron3BaHr{ Qoprun Ha eneKTpoMarHrITIr

3a npoMeHrrrBo Harrpex(eHne. Baxga ce, qe npeo6aa4aBar coJrenol{trs{I{Te eJIeKTpo-

@ur.3.77. KoncrpyrnrnHr{ cxeMu Ha [poMeHJr]rBoroKoBIr eJreKTpoMarHI,IT[I: a - f[-o6paseu;

6-gsofiHofl-o6pa:en;n-III-o6pa3eH;r-gnoftHoIll-o6pasen;A-cIll-o6pasnaKorBa;e-C-o6pa:eu; x - C-o6pa3en MarHrronpoBoA n T-o6paana Kortsa; r - T-o6paaen

ffir

M3

MB

ffi)K

ffi6

rffie

Ma

WA

3. EnEKTPOM AI-HI,ITHU &IC.IEIvIV'! 253

MarHlrTH, npr{ Kor{To Bb3AyuHaTa MexAr{Ha Me)KAy KOTBaTa I{ HenolBI'I)I(HaTa rlagl Ha

MarHHTonpoBoAa e B HaMorKar:a. B ro3u cnyqafice uonyEraBa 3HaqHTenHa coJreHoHAHa

cvrafi ce yBenuqana eQextlrBHocrra Ha eneKTpoMarHllra.

Oco6eHo ronrlMo rrpuno)KeHue B npaKTnKara I,IMar eneKTpoMarHI'ITHTe c,FofinoIll-o6paana Qopva Ha MarHr{TorpoBoAa c nocr"bnareJrHo - Qmr. 3.77t u BbprerrllBo

ABrrxegne Ha KorBara r{ Tesr{ c T-o6pasna Qopr"ra Ha KorBara - Qur- 3-77g. Ha

Qrar. 3.786 e gagena eneKTpoMexaHuqHara xapaKTepficrlrKa Ha KoHKpereH eneKTpo-

MarHrm c gpofiuo Ill-o6pasna Qoprua Ha MarHLITonpoBoAa, qI{HTo pa3Mepl{ ca [oKa3aHu

na Qr,rr. 3.TSa.EaerrporvrarHr,ITHara cnJra 3aBucl{ cbu{ecrBeHo orAbnx(I{Hara Ha eJreK-

TpoMarHr4Ta. fonsrvrara My Abnxurra BoAH Ao yBenI,IqaBaHe Ha pa3cefiHl{s 3a cMerKa

na pa6otrug noroK Me)KAy qenara Ha [onroca, a cleAoBareJlHo Ao HaMansBaHe Ha cu-

nara npH 3arBopeHa KorBa, Koero B [oBeqero cnyqan e se6laronpn'Tllo. Ha Qur. 3.78

Ca npeggTaBeHlr oule cneqr,rQnvHaTa cHJIa F13a eAHHlIqa Maca H MOITIHO9ITa uh Har"ror-

xara Q B 3aBxcllMocr or Bb3AytuHata uexguna d.

0,3

o,2

0,1

Onr. 3.?8. rfinofino Ill-o6pasen eJreKTpoMarHur: a - cKHIla Ha MarHI{TonpoBoAa; 6 - xapaKre-

pllcruKn: F - rtrona; Fl - cnequQr.rvua cw1p;i Q - r"rorqnocr Ha HaMorKat:a

3,4.4. Padora u padornu napaMerpn lra eJIeKrpoMarHHT

Ilpr,r gnra;reHr,re or HaqaJrHoro 6s Ao rpaf,rnoro d* noaoxeHl,Ie Ha KorBara ereKTpo-

Margr,rrlbr tr3BbpruBa nore3Ha pa6ora, rrfi rato npeoAon{Ba cnrara Ha npornBoAeft-

crBarrloro ycrpoftctno, c Koero roft pa6otH. floreguata pa6ota A, uznnpilrBaHa oreneKTpoMarrr[ITa, e

o120

80

40

zr.;50

40

30

20

10

bo{z(0,6

0,5

0,4

o: Io'

(F

.Ft

6

(3.227) Fd6.

Page 128: EA - u4ebnik

254 ENEKTPTIYECKH ANAPATI'T. IIACT I

flporHrogeficrnatqnte cwrr npeoAonsBaufl flpu rFr,DKeHre Ha KorBara nafi-qecro ca:

- MACATA HA KOTBATA;

- cHJraTa Ha Bpbr.r{ail{aTa npyx(HHa;

- cutu.ITe Ha KoITTaKTHI{ npyxunn (n KoMyrarlnouHu EA: peJrera, KoHTaKToprr }t

Ap.);

- cuJuate Ha pa3nnqHr{ MexanrrrrHn ycrpoficrna.

flpyxHHrmre curlr ce onpeAensr cbc crurara Ha rrbpBonaq:urHoro HarsraHe (roeroHafi-qecro Moxe Aa ce peryrupa B r.r3BecrHn rpannrq{) }t curara nponopuroHarHana 4eQopMaIIH.flTa Ha npyxnuara, Kosro 3aBr4cr.r or uefiHara rBbpAocr H onpeAencHaKIOHa Ha XapaKTepHCTnKaTa.

Ha @nr. 3.79 ca r:odpaeexu erreK-

TpoMarHnruara cuna F. H npy)Kr{Hrraracnna Fn.3a ygo6crno npyl<llHHara cw:o;F| e Hauepraua naA a6crucHara oc, Bbrr-

peKH qe rr e nporunogeiicrnaqa u 6ucneFano Aa ce Harreprae noA nes. B

r. d'1 nporHnoAeficrBarqaTa cHJra ce n3-

MeHs croroo6pa3no, rrfi raro KbM cH-

Jrara Ha Bpbularqara npyxnua ce go6anx

cnrrara Ha KoHTaKTHara ttpyxrdua. B o6u{

cryuafi no AbrxnHara rra xoAa Ha Kor-Bara Ha eneKTpoMarHr.rra npmnnogefi-crBarqara xapaKTepr{cr}rKa Fn rvroxe Aa

HMa noBerre oT eAIrH cKoKa.

Hafi-npocruflT HaqnH Ha caenacyeaHeHa enercmpoltaeHumHama u npomueod eficmaat4ama xapawnepucmuKa npu cmarnuqHuycnogun, 3a Aa ce ug6erne cnHpaHero npH npor43BoneH xoA Ha KorRara,

't3ucKBaF. ) lF"l npn BKnK)qBaHe n F" < l,F;l rprr H3KnrcqBaHe Ha eneKTpo*raruurra. Te-lrtn:ncrsdHux rpx6na.qa ce c[a3Bar:

- flpn AonycTHMHTe rpaHr.rqu Ha r,BMeHeHue Ha 3axpaHBarr{[{ ToK r{ HanpexeHldeHa HaMorKara I{ uefinata reM[eparypa, Konro npoMeHsr croifoiocma Ha ereKTpoMar-HI4THATA CVNA;

- npn Ao[ycTttMrTe rpaHHlryr Ha H3MeHeHHe Ha XapaKTepr{CTnKr4Te Ha npyx<r,rHHTe

cneA rl:BecreH nepnoA Ha eKcnnoara4lx na EA.Ha Qur. 3.80 e noKa3aHo cbrnacyBaHero Ha craruqHara eneKTpoMexaunqHa (rt-

rona) xapaKTepltcrtaKa Ha eneKTpoMarHr,rra Ha KoHTaKTop npu BKJrroqBaHe r{ r,r3Krlloq-BaHe npu pa3nLIqHIn Hanpe)Kenntr c xapaKTepr,rcrr{Kara Ha nporrrBoAeficrnaqnre npy->KvtHu (nptulaulvr I4 KoHTaKTTuE). HauepraHa ca 3aBucnMocrnre Ha crrtrHTe F (n 7o orcurara npu HoMI,IHanHo Hanpe;reuHe) or xoAa d Ha ro'rnara Ha eneKTpoMarHr4Ta.

F

@ur. 3.79. Tgrona n npornBoAeficrnynaqaxapaKTepr.rcTr{Ka Ha eneKTpoMarHuT

I1*I

t.

3. ENEKTPOMA| HI4THT4 CI4CTEMI,I 255

l,ItIJ

ljl\

-)

ii

ir

E-nertpor"rarHurHnre cvllla fipn BKnK)tI-

Baue ca*:I - cuna npn l,I Un;

fI - cuna npw Un;

m - cllna npn 0,85 Lirr;

IV - cwl,a npn O,85 Un n npu 3arpflraB ycraHoBerr pexr{M HaMoTKa Ha

eneKTpoMarHrrTa npH HanpexeHl{e

l,l un.

ErerrpouarHr.lrnr.rre cunu npn I,BKnK)rr-

BaHe ca:

V - cvna fipn 0,6 Un r,I HoBH KoH-

TAKTI,I;

VI - cvnailpv O,55 Unu cI,IJrIIo IBHo-

CCHI,I KOHTAKTH.

flporurno4eficrsaIql,t cnJl ca:

- KOHTaKTHa C'-',nA npfi rroBr,r KOH-

TAKTH;

- KOHTaKTHa CrrJra npt{ CItnHO LI3HO-

CCHI,I KOHTAKTII;

- cvna Ha Bpbrrlau{a npyxilaHa.

Cuaaia Ha eneKTpoMarnrrra fipuBKJrroqBaHe H n3KJrroqBaHe (ocnen cuaIV) e orpe.qeneHa npn reMneparypa}O"CHa HaMOTKara. c dg I O3HaUeH XOAIbT Ha

KOTBaTa npn AOnHpaHe Ha HOBH KOHTaKTIT

Ha KOHTaKTOpa.

Or Qur. 3.80 ce BrrxAa, ue ceyAoBneTBOprBaT BCr4qKr.r n3r,rcKBaHHrr 3a

cbrnacyBaHe Ha eneKTpoMexarrnqHaTa

I,I nporr{BoAeficrnaqara xapaKTepr,rcrnKa

nPH cbOTBeTHHTe rpaHm$.r rla lI3MeHe-

HLIe Ha Hanper(eHr,reTo, TeMuepaTypaTa

HA HAMOTKATA I,I I{3HOCBAHETO HA KOHTAK-

TUTC.

F,yo

F^o l2l

110

Ir" 100

90

800%

60

50

N(36)

30

(Dur. 3.80. Crraacynane lra rtnoBnTe Ir rpo-mnogeficrnyBallll{Te cfiruzi Ha KoHTaKTop

(Dnn. 3.81. Crr.nacynane Ha rqroBara nnpoflrBo,qeficrnynaqara xapaKTepncrflKa Ha

eneKTpoMarHI{T npH BKJrrcqBaHe I{ npH lI3-

K'IK)qBAHC

{1tt,t,

--t){{ill

J

)

I

d''d.

*Curnre upfi pa3JII{qHr.I HanpexeHnf, ca oflpeAenenrl B cbmBercrBlre c n3ncKBaHlI.ETa Ha craHAapra 3a

eneKTpOMarHr{THr{ KOHTaKTOpn.

l

Page 129: EA - u4ebnik

\r

I

l

l

'-'

I

256 EIEKTPI4qECKI4 AIIAPATI4. IIACT I

Ha Qur. 3.81 e noKa3aHo cbrnacyBanero Ha eneKTpoMexalrnqnara xapaKTep[IcrtrKa

Ha eneKTpoMarHLrTrrpr,r BKnrcqBaHe Fett4npE r.3KffoqBaHe FezcnpoTlrBoAefic-rnaqamxapaKTepr4crr,rKa, cbcroflrla ce or cnilara Ha Bpbrrlaulara npyxl,IHa F1H Ha KoHTaKT-

Hara npy)Kuua F2.Haft-r"ranrara roreMuua Ha roKa, npu roilro eneKTpoMaFHHTHara cl{na e rlo:

rortMa or cr{Jrara Ha npyxr.rHara (npu d : d"), ce HapHrIa moc Ha mpaeaaue Ir.O6aKuoueuo rofi Mox(e Aa ce rBMeHr (nampoitna) s usnecrHll rpaHulg.r rrpe3 pery-

Jrr.rpaHe (naanuo uru vL creneu[) Ha cr.rJrara Ha npe,qBapuTenHoro HarsraHe Ha Bpb-

qarrlara rrpy)KnHa H Ha MaKcr.rMaJrHH.fl xoA Ha KorBara Ha eneKTpoMaFHI{Ta. 3a curypnogaAeftctsaHe Ha eneKTpoMarHr,rrnre npr,r BK.[rcqBaHe ce npneMa rcoeQu4ueHrn Ha sanac

lc" : Ip/ I, : 1, 3 + 1,4 (Io - pa1oreg ToK B HaMorKara Ha ereKTpoMarHnra). Ilony-qaBa ce 3HaqnreJreH 3anac or eneKTpoMaruurHa cilfia, trfi rato rg.3aBvcn or KBaApara

Ha roKa (sa uenacurena MB).

[au;renuero Ha KorBara Ha eneKTpoMarHnra cneA rBKJIIoqBaHe Ha llaMorKara or3axparrBarqufl r,r3ToqH[K 3anoqBa cneA Karo eJIeKTpoMarHHTHara cuna rlpn d : d'*

cTaHe lro-ManKa oT cunaTa Ha npyxLrHaTa, T.e. creA HaMarqBaHe Ha noToKa B MaFHI4-

TonpoBoAa noA onpeAeneHa roreMuua. Crofrnogrra Ha roKa, npu rolito eneKTpoMar-

HHTHaTa CUilA e nO-MaJrKa OT CIrnaTa Ha npyxr,rHaTa r{ KOTBaTa ce oTAent oT noJrloca,

ce Hapnqa morc Ha omnycrcane Ig.KoeQu4ueHm Ha ep6u4aHe Ha eJreKTpoMarHHTa e orHoIIIeHI4ero

(3.228)

flo analoruqeH Haqr,rH ce ge@rnrr,rpa roeQnqr{euTbr Ha Bpblr{alre 3a HanpexnTen-

Hr{Te eneKTpoMarHurr,t cborBerHo qpe3 Hanpe)KeHuero Ha ornycKaHe [/g n Hanpexe-

lrnero Ha rpbrBaneUr.3a usrou Br,rAoBe eneKTpoMaFHHTH (Hanp. H3[on3BaHr,r B penerara Ha aBToMarI'I-

rara roeQur4,reHTbr Ha Bpbu1aue rpx6na ga 6nge Bb3Mo)KIro 6rngrr .qo eAI,IITHIIa

(npnr'repHo 0,95-0,99), r.e. Is x lr.3a uesacurena MB flr(d") : c(, .F'g(d-) = cI20

(c e roncrpyKTrrBna KoHcraHTa) roe@uqneHTbr Ha BpblqaHe e

*":f.t.

(3.229) *": ';:

KbAero A^F e pa3nrrKara Me)qqy eneKTpoMarHrirnara lr npyx(HHHara cuna npu rpafinonorloxeHr.re Ha KorBam (Sur. 3.81).

forsr'{a ctofinocr na roeQrqraeHTa Ha Bpblr{aHe ce nonyqaBa:a) vpes go6po cbrnacyBaHe Ha r.rrroBara xapaKTepucrr{Ka Ha eneKTpoMaFHHTa

(nanp. qpe3 MoAn$raxaqua na Qopr"rara Ha [onrocnnre narpafinulg{ I,I KorBara, u3-

MeHeHlre Ha Hacr.rqaHero [r Ap.) r.r Ha npy)Kr,rHuara xapaKTep[crrrKa, npu Koero ce

r'o(6'.)ft,(d'')

AF- F,(dJ',

3. ENEKTPOMATHLITHH CI,ICTEMI,,I 257

@ur. 3.82. ElerrpouarHnTllo pene cbc Z'o6pasua KorBa

HaMaJrrrBa pa3nr,rKara AF rvrexuy cvtntvre npr.r d'*. Taxosa cbrnacyBaHe ce noryqaBa

Hanp. npr eneKTpoMarHHTHoTo pene c Z-o6patua KoTBa - Qur'. 3,82. 3a qenTa ce

u3noJBBar r.r eJreKTpoMarHr{TH c MaJrbK xoA Ha KorBara, orHocHTenHo roJIsMa rpafiuaBb3AyrlHa Me)KAHHa H c no-roJrrrMa rBbpAocr Ha [pyxl,IHara. EnertpoMarHnr]rre 3a

npoMeHJrnBo HanpexeHne lrMar no-rorrsM xoeQrqr,reHT Ha BpblrtraHe, r'rft rato rxro-BaTa r,rM xapaKTepl,IgrHKa e no-noneraTa;

6) vpes HaMarrrBane Ha rpneHero Ha noApux(Hara clicreMa, Koero yBenur{aBa roKa

Ha rpbrBaHe r,r HaManrIBa roKa Ha ornycKane. 3a HaMaJrsBaHe Ha B.nnffHl{ero Ha rpne-Hero cr4nara Ha Bpbulaulara rlpy)KI,IHa tpx6na Aa e flo-rontMa;

n) upe: u3[oJI3BaHe Ha Marepuail 3a MarHuronpoBoAa Ha eJreKTpoMarnnra c no-

TeceH xr,rc"Tepe3ucen rlrfKbn, rnfi Karo rraMarur,rrBaHero npu BKJItoqBaHe e flo Bb3xo-

Atruluq KJroH Ha KpHBara Ha HaManHHTBaHe (yneruvanaHe Ha roKa Ha tptrnaHe), a

pa3MarHHTBaHero trp]r tcKnrcrrBaHe - no HH3xoprtrr\r fl KIIoH (naualxnaHe Ha roKa Ha

ornycraue).Or Qur. 3.79 cre4ea, ve geficrBr,rrerHara pa6ora Ha eneKTpoMarHI,ITa, onpeAeneHa

no $opr'r, (3.227), e flo-roJrffMa or pa6orara 3a npeoAonqBaHe I{a nporuBoAefictsaularaxapaKTepr4crl4Ka Frr, r"rarqa6Ho npeAcraBeHa c ntolqra Oadcf gO.

Yecro nntu geftcrBr{ero Ha eneKTpoMarHr.rra ce oqeHqBa r{pe3 HeroBara ycnoeHapadoma A, nnu.Ba6orocuoco6Hocr npu F : const. Br"recto gefictnuteJlHara pa6ota,onpeAeneHa c Qopr"r. (3.227), ce npr{eMa

(3.230) Ay: F(d" - d*) = Fd".

Page 130: EA - u4ebnik

.dododOnr. 3.83. Tsronu xapaKTepucrnKrr lr KpHBHHa ycnoBHam pa6ora Ha eJreKTpoMarHr{Tlr ctr/:constnE:const

258 EJIEKTPI4qECKI4 ANAPATI4. TIAC| I

Ha Qur. 3.83 ca AaAerur rrroBnrexapaKTepr,rcTHKH Ha eneKTpoMarHr{r npHV : const u npn !f : const u cb-oTBeTCTBarqr,rTe r4M Kpr.rBr.r Ha ycnoBHaTapa6ora, r.r3rrr{creHu no OopM. (3.230).Bnxrqa ce, qe KpHBHTe AoQ) rrMarMaKcr,rMannn crofrnocru npr{ Btb3Ayluu[neMex4{Hr.I dg, CbOTBeTCTBaUdId HA onmu-,lculHomO u3nons6aHe HA eneKmpo.Ivtae-

Huma. Or rpnnure c4elpa, qe eneKT.po-MarHHTnre c V : const ocuryprrBar on-TI{MaIHO I,BnOJI3BaHe npfi oTHocI,rTerIHo

MarKn HaqaJIHr,r Bb3AyrrrHrr MexlutHr{.Ycaonnara pa6ora (pa6orocnoco6-

Hocr) Ha eneKTpoMarHI,ITa 3aBuclr or HeroBara Qoprvra l,t ce r.Bnon3Ba [pr4 npoeK-TrrpaHeTo My.

3a cpanrulteJrHa oqeul(a na eQerrnBHocrra or pa6orara Ha eneKTpoMarHrrra cea3nor3BaT orr.(e cneAHr,rTe napaMeTpn:

- cneqraQnqeH pa3xoA Ha vrarepnan n-L

(3.231)

- cner:u4oHqeH pa3xoA Ha gHeprns. p

(3.232)

KbAero M e uacara Ha eneKTpoMarHura; P - vorqHocrra Ha HaMorKara.

3.4.5. r{nnalrnunn xapaKTepucrrrK[ rra eJreKTpoManrr.rr

3.4.5J. O6qu nonorceHua

Cramqnprre xapaKTepI,IcrI,IKLI Ha eneKTpoMarHr{Ta ce onpeAenfiT npn HenognnxHaKOTBa, a 4,IHaM[qHI,ITe - B peiIJrHHn npexoAen npoqec npu,rpnx{enue Ha roraara (npnBKJIK)qBaHe H npI,I I,I3KJIIoqBaHe) - npoqec, rofiro o6mnoseno npogbnx(ana nog I s

BpeMe (Hrromo AecerKu Ao HrrKonKo crorun ms).B nafi-o6rq cMI,IcbtI duna'vuqnume xapaKmepucmuKu Ha enercmportaeHuma npei'

cmaon.flaam saeucuJytocmurne ne>rcly eenwhuqama ,ty no operte Ha mogu npexoAevnpollec. Tarnsa ca Hanpr{Mep:

- 3aBr{clrMocr MexAy cnnara F n rora i - F(i);

Mm: l itty

PP: no'

const

3. ENEKTPOM ATHPITH 14 cl4CTEIffi 259

- 3aBl,IcuMocr Mex(Ay cKopocrra u Ha Apnx(eHne Ha KorBara u nefinoro npeMe-crBaHe r -u(n);

- 3aBncnMocr MexAy rora'i r.r BpeMero t - i(t) u MHoFo Apyrr.Tnfi rato BcHqKI4 Beruqr,rHn ce r43Meurr BbB BpeMero, To B uo-qacren cMflcbn

dunailu,anume xapaKmepucmuKu cd saBucu*tocmume urt otn npeJilemo, Hanp.: tr'(t);i(t); a(t) n pp.

B uafi-rcceu cMHcbJr AEHaMT{qHrre xapaKTeprdcrr{Klr ce cBbp3Bar caMo c QarropaGpe*te: BpeMe 3a BKruoqBaHe, BpeMe 3a r{3KJrrolrBaHe, BpeMe 3a ARmKeHne. B 3aBH-

ctlMocr or crofiHocrra Ha BpeMero Ha npexolurnr npoqec eneKTpoMarHHTLrre ca: co6mnoneuo BpeMe ua aageftctBane, 6rp:ogeftmBarrtrn, 6aruopefictBarqu, cnc ga6aseno

geficrrne n gp.Bcexu eneKTpoMarHr,rrrrpu onpeAeneHr.r ycnoButs,uwa eAr,rHcrBeHa crarr{rrHa xapaK-

TepItcTI'rKa. B:anncnMocT oT BHAa I{ roneMr,rHaTa Ha cHJrr.rTe Ha nporr,rBoAeficrnaulotoycrpoficrno, c Koero pa6orl,I B peanHn ycnoBr.rJr rofi naoxe Ea wva .wr{orcecrnoo 0u-ttctJ\tuqHu Xap Anne p uC rnuKW.

Ilpo4ecom Ha ercnto46aHe Ha eneKmportaeHuma colopxca cnednume emanu:

- l-su eran (HauaJrHo HenoltrBr.rx(Ho noro)KeHue Ha KorBara) - yBenntraBaHe Ha

TOKa, nOTOKa fi CVJTATA AO HarIanOTO Ha ,F[;reHneTO Ha KOTBaTa;

- 2-pu erafl - lFrI)KeHue Ha KorBara or HalraJ-rno Ao rpafino nono)r(eHne;

- 3-rueran (rpailHo HenoABlI)KHo nono)Keune Ha KorBara) - yrenr,rrraBaHe Ha roKa,noroKa v cuJtara Ao Aocrr{raHe Ha ycraHoBenr,rre EM crofinobtn.

Bpene sa etauoltaaHe Ha enewnpotvtaeHuma e uHmepecutatn orn epeJve 3a n*peumedoa emana: or MoMeHTa Ha noAaBaHe Ha HarrpexeHr,re KbM HaMorKara Ao AocrnraneHa rpafiuoro noJro)KeHue (aarsapxue) Ha KorBara,.

AHaaoruqHo Moxe Aa ce pa3rneAa npoqecbr r,r BpeMero 3a H3KnroqBaHe Ha eneK-TpoMarH[Ta.

3.4.5.2. Enennpo'vaevum sa nocmoaHHo Hanpe)KeHue

flpu nxltoqBaHe Ha HaMorKara Ha eneKTpoMarHHT KbM I,r3TorrHnK Ha nocrosHHo Harrpe-xeHl4e [/ ro ce ypaBHoBecsBa or naAa Ha Hanpe)KeHue iRB aKTHBHoro cbnporr.rBJreHr.re

dvR r,r or r4HAyKTrrpaHoro nporr,rBo e.A.H. B HaMorKara fi:

l1

f)

(J: Ril-# :Ri*t**o#

t,'i1

I'

1i

1j(3.233)

Tlfi raro prHAyKTnBHocrra ,L Ha uaprorKara s o6q cay.rafi 3aBucr,r or noro)<eHr{eroc Ha KorBara H or roKa i, r.e. L : L(r,i), ypann. (3.233) Mo)Ke Aa ce 3anuure BbB

Page 131: EA - u4ebnik

EIEKTPI4TIECKI4 ANAPATA. qACT I

BI,IAA:

(3.234)

(3.23s)

(3.237)

(r : Ri*o(#X *X# *'#,{unxemaero Ha .KorBara Ha eneKTpoMarHr{ra ce onpeAeJlfl or ypaBHeHl{ero

paBHoBecue Ha cuJrlrre, KoI{To ir gefictnat (ypanueHl,Ie Ha g'Arrarvr6ep):

d2x*wd2r

KbAero m np e r.rHepqHoHHara cuna (m e npnBeAeHaTa Maca Ha KorBara LI ApyrHTe

noABr.D(Hn qacru Ha nporr'TBoAefisrsaqoro ycrpoficrno); kr# - cluraraxa tpuene (,k1

e roeQu4,reHr Ha rpr{eHe, roirro n o6q cryuafrsasrcu ot cKopocrra ff>, n * - c*uulra

Ha nporuBogeficrnarqara npyx(lrsa (kz - roeQnrryaeHT Ha rBbpAocr na npyxcrnara).ErempouarHr{Tuara cr{na B o6u1 cayuaft ce onpeAenq c u3pa3a

(3.236) F_

Crnuecrnoro peuaBaHe Ha cr,rcreMara nennreihrn ypaBHeHutt (3.233), (3.235) u

(3.236) onpeAens AnHaMuqHr.rre xapaKTepr.rcrr{Krr Ha eneKTpoMarHI{Ta. Tosa Moxe.qa

cTaHe c n3non3BaHero Ha floAxoArrrla KoMrrroTbpHa nporpaMa.IlpudnusumenHo petaeHue Hacuctnettamaypaar{eHu.nuonpebengHeHa3aeucuJvtoc-

mume i(t), x(t) u epeilemo sa oKJuoqoaHe (uttu usrctttoueane) Ha enerctnpo.tvtaevuma

Jvto)Ke da ce Hanpaeu npu eoeexDaHe Ha HaKou onpocmteaHua.flpu uaua-rrHo noJroxerrae Ha KorBara Bb3AyuHara Mex(Ar{na d" e bntocatenHo ro-

ilfllaa, MB e HeHacr,meHa fi r{HAyKTr,rBuoctra Ha HaMorKara e nocrosHHa (L : w2Gt :const). Ypaen. (3.233) Moxe.qa ce 3anr.rrrre BbB BuAa

dr* lttE

*Uidur)0

* kzt : F",

(J: Ri+ LY.dt

PerueHueT o Ha ypaBn. (3.237) rpu HyneBo HaqanHo ycnoBl{e (t : 0, i : 0) e

(3.238) i: Iu(r - "-t/'),KbAero: Ia : U I Re ycraHoBeHara ctofinocr Ha roKa; T : Ll R- BpeMeKoHcraHrara

Ha HaMOTKaTa Ha eneKTpoMarrurTa.

Ha Qur. 3.84 e [oKa3aH npexoAnr{rrr rrpoqec Ha roKa. flpn navanHo HenoABI{xHo

noJloxenue rra KorBara roKbr ce yBenr,rqaBa rro eKc[oneHTata (3.238).

3. EJIEKTPOMA|HI'ITHI,I CI4CTEM}I

flpu yneruqaBaue Ha roKa eneKTPo-

Margargara cma Fe: ci2 clu{o ce yBe-

JrHqaBa n B T. O Ts gfaBa paBHa u no-

ronlMa or flporuBoAefi crnalq ara cvrfia Ha

npyxl,IHara Fn (nx. t. b : d, na Qur.3.79), cneA Koero 3anorrBa mu)Keunsro(rprnnaneto) na KorBara.

Totrem Ha mpaeaaHe e

(3.239)

a gborBerHoro BpeMe 3a rpbrBane trn ce

oqpeAentt m Qoprrr. (3.238).

(Dnr. 3.84. flpexo.qen npoqec Ha roKa nput BKJIIoqBaHe HaHaMorKara HaeneKTpoMarIrI{T

3a uocrosHH0 Hanpe)KeHne

Or Qopr"r . (3.241) e rrcHo, qe epe.Memo 3a mp6eeaile saeucu orn eperteKowcmaH-

mama T u om ornHoweHuemo t* f Ir.flpu gnnxeHne Ha KorBara noroKocqelrJleHl,Iero V : Li ce u3MeHs u or ypaBH.

(3.233) cre.@a, qe roKbr

(3.24o)

u cneAoBaTe.[HO

(3.241)'

(3.242)

irp: Io$ - e-Lw/r1

1t.p: rl*T_Gn

,-u-t#a- **#

d2r* at, - !o: coilst'

HAMAI'IBA.

3a urnerplrpaHe Ha ypaBu. (3.235) 3a,mrDKeHl4ero Ha KorBara ce BbBe)KAar cJreA-

HrrTe onpocTtBaHnJt:

- npene6perBa ce cnrara Ha rpneHe (kr : 0);

- nplreMa ce, tle cTaTr,rrIHaTa H Ar,rHaMnqHa eneKTpoMaI'HIITHU CLutVrCa paBHI'I n FO :Fs - k2n: Colstr npH Koero ABr,rx(eHflero Ha KorBara e paBHoycKopnrenHo.

CaeA HanpaBeHLIre o[pocr sBaEMs, ypaBu. (3 .23 5).qo6I'IBa BI'IAa

(3.243)

Page 132: EA - u4ebnik

262 EJIEKTPI4IIECKI4 ATIAPATI,I. TIACT I

9r"nAByKparHo HHrerpupaue Ha ypaBH. (3.243) rrpn HyreBn HaqarHlr ycnoBr.rs (t : 0,drE :0, tr : 0) ce nolyvana

(3.2M)

T .e. npeJilecmeaHemo fr HA KOm6AmA, 3ABUCU Om rcOaDpama Ha SpeJvtemo.flpr'I goctnrane ua rpafinoro cr{ rroJro)KeHne, T.e. npr r : d, KorBara cnupa H

BpeMero 3a ABr{xeHHe Ha KorBara fo" e:

(3.24s)

or Qopr"r. (3.245) crIeABa, qe rrpr HanpaBeHr.rre onpocr s*au:r,s. lperuemo sa deuttce-Hue Ha Komaama 3aeucu om neilnomo npeJilecmeaHe u Jvaca, Kanno u om pa3JtuKamanetrcdy enercmp oJvraeHumHama u npo mueo d e rtcmear4ama c una.

flpn gocrnraHe Ha rpafiHara Bb3AymHa Me)KErHa 6* rornara cnnpa, Ho ToKbr Hapa-crna cro6pa3Ho ypaBH. (3.233) ot ctofiuocrra B r. b go ycraHoBeH ara cw crofrnocr Iu- Onr. 3.84. Trfi raro d* ( d", nHgyru.rBnocrra H BpeMeKoHcraHTara Ha HaMorKaraTl npn 3aTBopeHa KoTBa ca 3HaqrrelHo no-ForeMu ot ctoftHocTnTe r,rM npr{ oTBopeHaKorBa I'I creAoBare,rlHo HapacrBaHero Ha roKa e no-6aeHo. B 4eficrnnrenHocr yBeJrr,r-qeHHero Ha roKa He e no eKcrtoHenluaneH 3aKou, Tlft Karo npn 3arBopeHa rorsa MBce Hacr.ilqa H HHAyKTITBHOCTTa 3aBr{CH OT TOKa.

Bpe'vemo 3a *wrroqeane t, Ha eJreKTpoMarHlrra e

(3.246) f":f"p*fo".

3a ycropxBane HILI :a6ansHe Ha BKrroqBaHero Ha eneKTpoMarHr,rra o6prruoser{oce npoMeHfltrp, mft raro trp ) fur.

AnaaoruqHo Moxe ga 6rge pa3rneAaH npoqecbr Ha E3KlrorrBane Ha eneKrpoMar-HHTa. Bpetuemo ga u3KJuot4eaHe c6t4o ce c6cmou om dee KoJilnoHeHmu:

- BpeMe 3a TPbrBaHe ftP, npH KO9TO TOKbT, nOTOKbT H eneKTpOMarHI,ITHaTa Ct4JIa

HaMaJrsBa go ctofiHocrra Ha flporuBoAeficrnaqara cuna n rpafino norro)KeHr.teKaro KorBara rpbrBau ce "orrenq" or norrcca;

- BpeMe 3a ABHXeHI,Ie Ha KorBara f,'n, rrpn Koero rt ce npnABH)rGa Ao orBopeHorocu nofloxeHlle.

I,I:cae4naHurra noKa3Bar, rre npl,t ?BKnroqBaHe Ha eneKTpoMarHHTa o6urHoseHotgo ) trp.

flpn u:r<nroqBaHe Ha [ocrorHHoroKoBr,rre eneKTpoMaruurlr e Bb3Mo)KHo Aa cenoqBr'I "SaJlen?aHe Ha Komeama", T.e. npn H3KJIIoqBaHe Ha 3axpaHBalrdvrfl yI3ToqHnKKorBara He ce Bpbqa B HaqarHoro clr noJlo)KeHue, a ocraBa "3areneHa" KbM noJrroca.

,: #r',

2md

fb

i,{j

3. EJIEKTPOMA| HHTH U CUC-f EMK: 263

Toea ce Abn)clt Ha ocrarbtrr{ara (pervraxenrna) Marur.rrHa HHA/Krryls n rroroK, Konro npud : d*i., cb3AaBar eneKTpoMarHr{rHa cwta, no-roJrffMa or nporr{Bogeficrrarqara. 3a[g6.flrsaHe HaroBa Bpe4ro.rrBreH]re ce H3noJr3BarAonbnHrrrenur{ Hepa6orsn Bb3ltyrrrHn

MexAI{HLr r.r HeMarHnrHr.r BJroxKu n MB (or uecuur, 6pou: tr Ap.) 3a HaMar.flBaHe Ha

ocrarbqHl,Ig noroK, a raKa cbIIIo H tro-KaqecrBeHn MarHr,rrHI{ Mareplftuln (c no-naalraocrarbqHa nxgyKr[rr) Tesu BJrox(Kr,r or neQepoMarHr,rreH Marepuanue rpx6na Aa ce

nocraBrlT a pa6omara Bb34yruHa Me)KAHHa, a Ha Apyro Mllcro n MB, 3a Aa ce ug6ersegeQopuaryrsra r,rM or yAapnre Ha KorBara B noJlroca Ha eneKTpoMarHHTa.

3.4.5.3. Bpene sa sadeficm*aHe Ha nocmosHHomoKol enewnportaeHum

HsucxsaHl,Isra KbM BpeMero 3a BKrK)qBaHe rurn r{3KrroqBaHe Ha enerffpoMaruaraMorar ga 6ngat pa3nurrHn. IIpn 6npsogeficrBarqr.rre eneKTpoMarHr,rtr ce qenn [ony-rraBaHero Ha MaJIKo, a npn GarnogeficrBar{r.rre - ronsMo BpeMe 3a BKnroqBane wftrI,FKNIOqBAHE.

Ha.Intil{te 3a nonyqaBaHe Ha uo-MaJrKr{ nnu no-roJreMn BpeMeHa 3a BKJrroqBaHe

I,Inr,r r8K.nK)qBaHe Ha eneKTpoMarHHTa ce AenrT Ha ABa BHAa:

- [poeKTHr{ perueHr.rr;

- cxeMu Ha cBbp3BaHe Ha eneKTpoMarHr4T B eneKTpHqecKa Bepr.rra cbAbpxau{anacr,rBHu eneMerTr.r (peaucroplt, HHAyKTr.rBHocrH, KoHAeH3aropH).

A. IfpoerrHn pemennn.Bpeuero 3a rpbrnane tro npu BKnroqBaHe Ha eneKTpoMarHurace npoMeHr:

a) upes npo*ttHa Ha Ha4clnHama npomueoDeficmear4a cwta (namaeaHe unu omnyc-KaHe Ha6p6t4at4amanry)Kuva), npuKoemo,irp: \/W(Qnr. 3.84). flpranperarrenoHarsraHe Ha npy)KlrHara KorBara He rpbrBa, rtft raro irp ) Ir. b Qopr"r. (3.241)creIIBa, r{e npu irp Iy, trp -+ m. flpn uperaJreHo ornycKaHe Ha npy)Kt4Hara rfl He

BpbIIIa KOTBaTa B HaqarHO nOJrO)KeHr.{e npr4 H3KJTK)!IBaHe rra HaMoTKaTa oT Hanpe)Ke-HI{E;

6) vpqs npoil-nHaHa zpeJileKoHcmaHmarnaT na eneKmpo.rvtaeHuma. Trfi raro ? :L u2GvE

: R npI,I npoeKTupaHe Ha eneKTpoMarHHTa npoMsHa Ha BpeMeKoHcTaHTaTa

Moxe Aa ce nocrurHe qpe3 lrrMeHenue Ha KoHcrpyKTr,rBHr.rre napaMerpn (6pofi HaBr{BKH

Ita HaMorKara, pa3Mepn Ha MB n gp.) .f,cHo e Harrpr{Mep, qe npn no-ro.n.rrMo ceqennesa MB npoBogaMocrra I{ BpeMeKoncraHTara na MB ce yBenr4qaBar, Koero BoI[,] AoyBeru.rqeHue Ha trp;

a) upes Qopcupane Ha moKa npu nKJttoqeaHe..flpn armoqBaHe Ha HaMorKara Ha

eneKTpoMarHuT KbM Hanpex(eHHe LI, cropoctra Ha l,I3MeHeHne Ha roKa dildt ce on-peAenr or Qopr"r. (3.238)

di U ltn^_LI I

dt- L"

i

lrI'

i

{'

(3.247)

Page 133: EA - u4ebnik

II

I

I

I

i

264 EMKTPI,IqECKH AIIAPATH. qACT I

U B HAIIAIHNS MOMEHT INMA CTOiIHOCT

(3.248)dit Ut_dtlt:o L'

Or Qopu. (3.248) cJregBa, qe cKopocrra Ha lBMeHeHr,Ie HaroKa B Har{arHnt MoMeHT

Ha BKJIIOqBaHe IIe 3aBHCI{ OT aKTI{BHOTO CbnpOTnBneHIne Ha BepI,IraTa, a oT Hanpexe-HUeTO H IIHAyKTr{BHOCTTa.

Rr) Rz

' , H? Qnr. 3.85 e u3o6pa3eH npexoA-

Hr.rflT npoqec Ha a3MeHeHI{e Ha ToKa 3a

,pa cnyqa.fl c eAHo I,I cblrlo 3axpaHBau{o

Hanpe)rceHr{e lI I{HAyKTKBHocr Ha BepI,IraTa

L, c paznlIrIHLI aKTI,IBHII cbnporuBlleHutJ?r ) Rz, KoHTo onpeAensT pa3nlrtIHlr

ycraHoBeHrrsfoiiHocrr'rHaroKa I4 1 IyZ,

v pa3nt4Lfrit4 BpeMeKoHcraIrrI,I Tt 1 Tz, so

HMaT eryll fiCblqa cKopocT Ha HapacTBaHe

Ha roKa B HaqanHutt MoMeHT. Or Qrry-para ce BuxAa, ve try1 7 trpz (npu iro :const) He3aBI{cI,IMo or no-MaJrKara ctofi-Hocr Ha BpeMeKoncrarrara fi cnprvoT2.Toaa ee Abnxu Ha yBenuqaBaHero Ha

ctofiHosma na Qyurrut{Ta f" , I:_ 1 _ i,pllv

(n;r. Qopu. (3.241)) npu HaMalnBaHe Ha

/gr, KO€TO e nO-lOItMO OT BJII'IfHH9TO Ha

HaManeHata croftsosr Ha BpeMeKoHcraH-

rara T.Oopcupanero Ha toxa (rvr.4.u.) npu

BKrroqBaHe Ha ereKTpoMarHI{T ce noc-

TUPA U qpe3 CeKI{nOHI{paHe Ha HaMoTKaTa

Ha ABe ceKI{HIl c pa3ruueu 6pofi HaBIIBKI'I.

flpu nrnrcqBaHe e 3axpauena rycKoBam (@opcupautra) ceKI[,It fI, xoxto I{Ma MaJrbK

6poft HannBKr{ or npoBoAlrnK c FonsMo ceqeur4e r{ cb3AaBa rornMo M.A.H., Ho Moxega pa6ou,r 3a KparKo BpeMe, rrfi raro ce 3arpsBa or nporrrau\tis. tor. Cleg rat-BapsHe Ha KorBara ce BKnK)qBa 3al{bpxaqara ceKrlr{r 3 c no-rorrmu 6pofi HaBUBKI'I'

Ho c rro-MarbK ToK, rofiro e AocrarbqeH Aa cb3AaAe Aocrarbqno rorqMa cvra. r{nereceKr-Iuu Morar ga 6rgar nocreAoBoreJrHo Hnr{ napanenHo cBibp3aHrr noMexcgy cu. Ko-Myrar.prnra HM qraBa c IIoMoUIeH KoHTaKT 3a.@r4xBaII oT KorBaTa Ha eneKTpoMarHETa'

cro6paauo cxeMure or Qur. 3.86;r) upe: E3MeHeHHe Ha 3axpar{Bauloro Ha[pe)Keune. Hgr"reueHuero Ha ycraHoBewfl

1Tor .In Brr{se cbr.r{ecrBeHo Bbpxy BpeMero 3a rpbrBaHe qpe3 Qynruluxtaln 7 _ffi

(Dur. 3.85. HsMeHenue Ha roKa B HaMorKaraHa eneKTpoMaFHrrT npr{ piulnr{qHH aKTrrBHr,r

cbllPoTuBneHrrr Ha Bep[raTa

Our. 3.86. Cxeua Ha QoporpaHe Ha roKa rpnBKJuoqBaHe c nycKoBa (fI) u sagrpxcarqa (3)ceKrlr{rr Ha HaMoTKaTa: a - [ocneAoBaTeJrHocBbp3BaHe Ha ceKr{r{HTe; 6 - napaneffro cBbp-3BaHe Ha CeKUI,rr{Te

Lrpz Lrpt

3. EJIEKTPOM ATHPITHV C]r'.C-IEMVI 265

- Qur. 3.87. flpu U --) Umin, t'n -.> oo.

flpn ynelnrraBaHe lra Hanpe)KeHl'Iero Bpe-

MeTo 3a BKJrroqBaHe HaMarflBa, Ho cb-

rrIeBpeMeHHo ce )rBenl{qaBar u sany6ure

B HaMorKara Ha eneKTpoMarHI'ITa. 3a or-pan[qaBane na sarydnre npn troBllruaBaHe

Ha HanpexeHLIeTO nocreAoBaTenHo BbB

Bepnrara ce BKnrcqBa Ao6aBbqHo cbnpo- .

TnBJreHUe, npH KOeTO Ce 3ana3Ba ycraHo-

Beur,rt tor. Har'raJrrBalrero ua trp B cny-qar ce Abn)(u Ha HaManfrBaHe Ha BpeMe-

U

@un. 3.87. 3anucnr"rocr Ha BpeMero 3a rpbr-naue t* or 3axpaHBalrloro Hanpexeulle

KOHCTaHTaTa Ha BepHraTa.Bpeveto 3a TpbrBaHe npH BKJrK)qBaHe n IsKJlIOqBaHe ce HaMaIsBa qpe3 HctJvana-

eaHe Ha aKtnueHurne saeydu B MarIIHTonpoBoAa B npexoAnnfl Irpoqec npu HapaclBaHe

aJrl,r HaManrIBaHe Ha noroKa. Tosa ce nocrura c u3noJr3BaHe Ha lu[xroBaH MarHlrronpo-

BoA ung npope3r,r, orpar{riqaBarrlr{ Br{xpoBure roKoBe B rurbreH MarHltronpoBoA (nanp.

paAnanHI,I npope3n B Is.InHHApI{qHaTa KoTBa IIa coJIeHoI',IAHHTe eneKTpoManrutu)'

3a yeenuuaaar{e Ha epe.Metno 3a mpaeaaHe Ha eneKmpo.IvtaeHum npu glultoqeaHe

u npu u3tcJyoueaHe o6pry qacm om.MaeHumonpoooda ce nocmae'n *teden qunundop

(eunsa).I,Iguesenuero Ha noToKa B flpexoAHl,Ifl pexl{M I{HAyKTI'Ipa B r}IJI3ara e.A.H.

tr nporgqa BHxpoB ror, rofrro cbrrracHo 3aKoHa Ha Jlenq sa6ass I'I3MeHeHI{ero Ha

noroKa. B nqron KoHcrpyKrlr.rH or ro3r{ BuA BpeMero 3a rpbFBaHe Aocrura Ao HsKoxKo

ceKyHAI{.

trfgr"reHenue B l,r3BecrHrc rpaHr4rlr{ Ha BpeMero 3a BKrloqBaHe n H3KJIIoqBaHe Ha

eneKTpoMarHHT Ce noqtEra I,I qpe3 npoMflHa Ha BpeMeTo 3a A,BHXeHI'Ie Ha KoTBaTa'

Or Qoplur. (3.245) ce Br4xAa, qe BpeMero 3a ABHXeHI,Ie 3aBI{cH or Macara I{ xoAa Ha

KorBara, KaKTo rz or pa3nr{Kara Mex(Ay eneKTpoMarHHTHara u nporl'IBoAefictsaqara

cvJwt.

B. Cxervru Ha cBbp3Bane.Ha Qnr. 3.88 ca noKa3aHn cxeMLI Ha cBbp3BaHe Ha eneKTpo-

MaFHHT C nacHBHH eJleMeHTr,r BOAeuu Ao yBenI'IqaBaHeTo Ha BpeMeTo 3a BKJIKXIBaHe

I4JIH I'3KIITOqBAHE.

l. ,{ononHumenHo eKJTtoqeHa unDyrcrnueHocm -Lo rrru HaMOTKaTa Ha eneKTpO-

MarHr.rra - Qur. 3.88a yBen[qaBa BpeMeKoHcraHTara T ua Bep]Irara Ic BpeMero 3a

TpbrBage. Ha $nr. 3.89 e noKa3aHo H3MeHeHr,rero Ha roKa B npexoAHl'Iq pexl{M npI'I

3ana3BaHe Ha ycTaHOBeHLIfi TOK LI TOKa Ha TpbrBaHe Ha KOTBaTa.

2. lo6aea4Ho c\npomuaneHue Rtr, LulHrnupaHo om nolvtoulen (6norc) KoHmaKnn -

Qnr.3.886.flo-ualra,ra crofisoc-r Ha cbrrporr,fBreHueTo Ha HaMoTKaTa B [IpexoAHl{t npoqec

yBenr.rqaBa (Qopcr.rpa) ToKa ri Borur Ao 6rpao HapacrBaHe Ha eJIeKTpoMarHHTHara cvna

n HaManrrBaHe Ha BpeMero 3a rpbrBaue. Cr'ulenpeMeHHo ce yBenxqaBar 3ary6ure n

U-io : ?tpE

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266 EJ]EKTPI4I{ECKI4 AIAPATH. TIACT I

@ur. 3.88. Cxeuu ga yBen[qaBaue Ha BpeMero ga BKJrrorrBaHe wn4 3a H3KJrrcqBaHe Ha eJIeK-TpoMarHHT: a - c AotrbJrHrrreJrHa [HAyKTnBuocr .to; 6 - c gonrJrruTe.neH pe3rcrop Ro wuKoHAeH3arop C, utyurttpann or noMorrlen KoHTaKT EK; n - c [ryHTnparq pe3rrcrop I?u,; r - c

IuyHTr{paq BeHTuJr B;.q - c uyHrrrpaq pe3rcrop -R* n roHAeusarop C,,,

HaMorKara, Koero Mo)Ke Aa AoBe.qe Ao HeAonycrlrMoro ir npenpenaHe B ycranoBeHpexHM. Eto eaulo roKbr B ycraHoBeH pexuM ce orpaHr4qaBa or Ao6aBbqHoro cbnpo-TItBreHHe Rg, Koero ce BKJIK)rIBa nocneAoBarerHo BbB Beprirara oT 6aor-ronraxraEK npu 3arBapsHe Ha KorBara Ao croftHocr, trpu Kosro nperpsBaHero Ha HaMorKarae B AOnycTnMr,ITe rpaHr{ryr H cbrqeBpeMe}rHo eneKTpoMarHaTHaTa cwta e AocTarbrrHo

Buecro 6rror-ronraKT no BpeMe Ha

npexoAlrnrr npoqec cbrrporr{Bneruero .Ro

Moxe.qa ce mynrnpa or rcondeusamop -Qur. 3.886 (c nperncnara rrnunr), vnfiroKanaru,rrer C ce H3qr.rcnsBa or Qopuy-JlATA

(3.24s) , : &106, 1r.rF, "'

KbAero: L eungyrruBHocrra Ha HaMor-

Kara Ha eneKTpoMarHr,rra, H; r? - aKTuB-

Iroro cbnporlrBJleHue Ha HaMorKara, f,);

RA - aKTr{BHoro cbnporuBneHr.re Ha Ao-6anr.rHr.rs pesucrop, O.

3. ENEKTPOMATHUTHI4 C?ICTEMH 267

3. IlapanenHo ercntoq^aHe E6ut HaJvtornKatna Ha enewnpo.MaeHurna Ha p$ucrnop

c6c c6npornu*neHue R - Que.3.88o, aeHtnu-n B - Que. 3.88e u rcondensamop c Kanaqu-

memC - Que.3.88A, npuKoumo lpeJaemo sausKruoqeaHe ceyeenuqaea ecnedcmeue

Ha npornuqaulus e Hzur4otnKama tnoK. Cxeuata m Qur. 3.88s ce xapaKTepll3[Ipa c

noBr{rueHr{ o6qu sary6u. Benrzlrr B s cxeMara ot Qnr. 3.88rrpr6na Aa e BKffor{eH

TaKa, qe npfi HopMiurHa padora Ha eneKTpoMarHnra Aa e 3anyrueH I'I Aa ce ornyruBa

caMo npll H3KJrrcrrBaHe Ha 3axparrBaHero Ha HaMorKara. ,{eftc"ral{ero Ha cxeMara or

Qrar. 3.88A B 3aBlrcr{Mocr or crofinocrra Ha KanaqpTera C }I xapaKTepa Ha npexol${ur{

npoqec Ha 3aTHXBaIIe Ha TOKa B HaMOTKaTa MO)KS Aa 6nAe pa3nHtIHO:

- npu anepuoAl{qeH pex0lM -N3KffOqBAHE;

- upn nceBAoreplroAr.rqe' pexnM - @\!rf)' . f-'.-roKbr Lt c*ara6rpao

HaMarJrBaT Ao Hyna, npH KoeTo KoTBaTa TpbrBa H BpeMeTo 3a H3KJIIOTIBaHe

HAMAISBA

Bpervrero 3a u3KlrrorrBaHe Ha eneKTpoMarHlIT Mo)Ke cbu{ecrBeHo Aa ce yBefl{qll

npr,r H3non3BaHe Ha pa3;rurrH u d e.nnQepnu y crnpo ilcmoa (uexanurrHll, ITHeBMarHqHn,

xr{ApaBnnquu H 4p.), c"r:gaBaulu nporr{BoAefictsaqu caru. B ttsKota cnyqan npH fi3-

KJrtorIBaHe lra eneKTpoMaruur ce saAeficrBa qacoBHLIKoB MexaHIr3bM, roitro Mo)Ke Aa

ocurypfi TotIHo fi xeJlaHo BpeMe.

Ha Qur. 3.90 e roKa3aH xrApoMarnnrrurr npI,IHI$fi ua 4eficuue Ha eneKTpo-

MarHflTa Ha pene cbc 3aKbcHr,rrelno Aeftcnnr,re. (DepoMarHI{THoro sApo A ce nar'rrpa n

rpr6ara .E or neQepoMarHr,rren Marepr,raJl, ITbJrHa cbc cunuKoHoBo Macro u [oMecreHa

B HaMorKara D Ea penero (Qur. 3,90a). flpra uonuuraBaHe Ha roKa HaA HoMI,IHarHnt

noToKbT HapacTBa u npnBnl{qa tApoTo BbB BbTpeuHocTIa Ha HaMoTKaTa, BCIe.qCTBEe

Ha KOeTO MaTHWIHOTO ebnpoTHBneHr{e HaMaIsBa I{ rcIreH3HTeTbT Ha IIOIeTO Ce yBe-

rr11qaBa (Qur. 3.906). flpn 4ocrfiraHe Ha onpegereHa crofiHocr Ha noroKa I,I cl{Jrara

(caeg u3BecrHo BpeMe3aKrcHenne) KorBara B ce npuurl{qa KbM noJlroca C u penero

a6B

Qun. 3.90. Pele c.xlrgpaBrr{rrno 3aKbcur,rrerHo yctpoficrBo: a - yctpofictno; 6 -:arncnnTeJrHo

Aeftc'rsne npu nperoBapBaHe; B - MoMeHTHo geftcrnue flplr K.c.

(R**R)2 \ J4L2 ' LC; "t YBeII'IqaBa BPeMero 3a

l,ill)

it1ili

A

DCB

@nr. 3.89. I4sr"reueHue Ha roKa B HaMorKara B

rrpexoAHur pe)KHM npr{ 3arra3BaHe Ha ycTaHo-BEHHq TOK

lri

i'

t"p, Lrpt

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I

I

268 EIEKTPUqECKI'I ATIAPATI4. qACT I

3aAeficrBa. flpn roK Ha K.c. noroKbr e AocrarbrleH 3a MoMelrruoro npHBnI'IqaHe Ha

KorBara, He3aBr,rclrMo or [oro:KeH[Iero Ha ,rAporo (Qur. 3.90n).

3.4,5.4. EnennportaeHutn 3a npoiletutueo Hanpe)KeHue

Onpegenxuero Ha ;[{HaMnqHr,tre xapaKTepr,rcrrrKl,I Ha eneKTpoMarHI{T 3a nPoMeHnrBo

HarpexeHue e 3HaqmenHo flo-TpyArro oT Te3u Ha eneKTpoMarHr,IT 3a rlocrosHHo Hanpe-

)r(euue. flpu nralorrBaue Ha HaMorKara KbM rranpex(eHlre npl{ orBopeHa KorBa roKbr e

MHorono-FonsM (10-15 nmu) orroKa npu3arBopenaKorBa - Qopr"r. (3.117). Ocneuot

roreMr,rHara Ha Bb3lryrrrnara Mex.q{Ha roKbr 3aB}Icu ot ctoituocrra Ha 3axpaHBau{oro

Hanpe)Kegrie, or aKTr{Btrr,rre eary6r,r (n npono4tuKa Ha HaMorKara, B croMaHara I{ B

eKpaHHLITe Uannnru), OT HaCuu[aHeTO I,I oT MOMeHTa Ha BKIK)qBaHe.

Ypaunenuero 3a paBHoBecHe Ha HanpexeHHero llplt BKnIoqBaHe Ha HaMorKara B

MOMeHTa Ha npeMHHaBaHgrO My IIpe3 HynaTa uMa BI{Aa

3. EMKTPOM A I- HI,TTHId C'I/ICIEINH 269

Ha Qur. 3.92e unrccrpllpaHa AI{HaMII- iKaTa Ha gnuxeHue Ha KoTBaTa Ha eJreK-

TpoMarHnT 3a npoMeHnuBo HanpexeHl{e

- roJIeMnHaTa Ha Bb3AyluHata r'rex$ana d

B 3aBlrcl{Mocr orBpeMero t npu pa3rlilqnu

Qasonr,r brJrlt o (uoueutl{ Ha BKJIIoq-

BaHe) or cLHycoI'IAara Ha 3axPaHBautroro

Hanpexenue. Bnxga ce, qe 3a KoHKper-

Hrls ereKrpouanrri nPu o : 70" ce

nonyqaBar He3arl{xBaulu rore6arills Ha

KOTBaTa, KolITo [peAIr3BI',IKBaT ISraprIHe

Ha HaMOTKaTa BcJIeACTBIIe Ha yBennqe- (Dur. 3'91. flpexogeu npoqec Ha roKa nprBKJrnqBaHe lra HaMorKara Ha eneKrpoMarHHT

3a npoMeHnI{BO Hanpe)KeHlle

(3.250)

flpu npene6pernaue ua

H3pa3r.r upes norora o

(3.2sr)

(3.2s2)

qHero pe[reHHe HMa BI.IAa

(3.2s3)

R_ dQU-sinut:T*A*u6t

RaO:O-(e-Tt' - cosc.rl),

Clreg 3aMecrBaHe Ha Qoprvr. (3.251) B ypaBH. (3.250) ce nonyqaBa ypaBHeHuero 3a

noToKa

sara c"rofiHoqr Ha roKa. B ta6rruqa KbM

Qw.3.92 ca AaAeHI{: BpeMero 3a BKJrIoq-

BaHe t", KoucyMupaHara or HaMorKara Ha

eneKTpoMarHnTa eHeprnt A, to6t I, cunara F n cropocTTa Ha IFI4x(eHue ?,l B Mo-

MeHTa Ha yAapa Ha KorBara B norroca.

a - $aror rma (rrorrernnaBgrK)qBaHe CUprIMo rynata)

a (")

ao

t"ms

AmJ

ImA

FN

um/s

0 8,5 ll8 l8 260 1,25

30 7,1 il4 l7 232 l,l860 7,3 l0l 7 29 0,45

70 He3arl{xBalqn rore6aHns

80 l3,l 167 22 397 1,51

90 l2,o r35 23 435 1,56

100 13,0 r65 t7 260 l,3l

120 l 1,9 137 l7 260 l,3l

r50 10,2 109 t7 262 1,30

l1 12 13

t, ms

@ur. 3 .92.,{nlrxcerne Ha KoTBaTa Ha Ip0MeHIHBOTOKOB eneKTpoMarHLIT

3.4.6. Cpannenne Ha eJreKTpoMafnrrrrrre 3a rIOCTO.flHeIr rl [poMeHJrrrB TOK

cpannerueTo Ha eneKTpoMarHI,rTnTe 3a [ocTotIHQH I,I npoMeHnI'IB TOK nOKa3Ba npe-

.rytMcrBara H HeAocrarbr$,rre r,rM n o[peAens rexHnre cnerryEQrauHl'I o6nacrl4 Ha npll-

u- sin utt: Ri +.#.HacuulaHero LI pa3ceftsaHero na MB roKbr Mo)Ke Aa ce

2:uQL

1,5r,4

d, rtm0

o,7

0,5

0

KbAero O,,,, e aMnnr{TyAHara c"rofiHocr Ha fleprloAutlHara cbcraBKa Ha noroKa.

Analugrt Ha H3pa3a (3.253) rroKa3Ba, qe MaKcLIMarHara crofinocr Ha noroKa ce

noryqaBa cJreARpeMet : r /u, npu Koero ce cyMt'tpar anepuoAl{qHara cbcraBKa I{ aM-

nrtrry.qrrara ctoftlroct Ha nepuoAnqHara gbcraBKa. Trfi rato anepuoAtlqHara cbcraBKa

Ha noroKa 3arr,rxBa, MaKcllMaJrnara My crofinoct nocrerteHHo HaMarnaa Ao Or,..

ElerrpouarHlrrHara ct na 3aBttcrr or KBaApara Ha [oroKa. MarcuuaJrHara ctoft-

Hocr Ha cunara ce [oryqaBa B Haqaroro Ha npexoAnnt pe)KI,IM cJreA 10ms or MoMeHTa

Ha BKnroqBaHe rra HaMorKara (npr,r qecrora 50 Hz), Koero o6yclanx MaJIKo BpeMe 3a

TpbrBaHe Ha KorBara. Bper"rero 3a BKnnqBaHe Ha eJreKTpoMarHHTI,ITe 3a npoMeHtIlIBo

Hanpex(eHHe e 3Haqr.rTeJrHo no-MaIKo oT ToBa Ha eneKTpoMarHI4TI,ITe 3a nOcTotHHO

Hanpe)KeHr,re, Koero ce onpeAetrrr or cnequQuvHoro H3MeHeHIte BbB BpeMero Ha nyc-

KoBr.r{ roK - Qur. 3.91.

10

Imr:(10-15)I*y''

Wbr.\\ sN\ \ ) \]N

\ rzo'*\l N\

6o

II

o:60" \.-).-30[*i"\ =l'\'\

Page 136: EA - u4ebnik

n0 EIEKTPHqECKI,I ATIAPATH. qACT I

roxeHl'Ie. CpanneHreto ce Ll3BbprrrBa no pa3nnqHlr rr{uuqHn 3a eneKTpoMarHr.rrgrenoKa3aTenr{.

l. EnercrnpoJvaeHutnHa cuna. flpr.r panr*r ApyrnycnoBrrr (ceuenue Ha Marunronpo-Bo.qa, noror) cI{JIara Ha rrpoMerurnBoroKoBrime ereKTpoMarH[rrr,r e lpa rrbru no-ManKaor cHrara Ha rocrosnHoroKoBrrre (cpanHu Q-.trn (3.198) n (3.206)). Tsrosara xapaK-Tepncrl,IKa Ha npoMeIUIItBoroKoBIlTe eJreKrporuarHr,rr'r.r e no-noJlerara, Koero, or e.rsracrpaHa, e 6lanonpnqrHo, rsft xaro re Morar 4a pa6orxr npn roreMu Bb3AyruHr{ Me)K-NtHvI, npu Kotrro e MaKcLIMyMbr Ha ycJroBHara pa6ora, Ho, or Apyra crpaHa, curaranpH 3arBopeHa KorBa Moxe ga 6rge HeAocrarbrrHo roJrqva. EaerrpoMarHgTgaracl{ra Ha npoMeHn}IBoroKOBHTe eneKTpOMarHr{TH e npoMeHJrfiBa BbB BpeMero u.3aHaMarsBaHe Ha nu6paqr.rma Ha KorBara Bbpxy nonK)ca (nonrccnre) ce noctaBrr K.c.(erpaHHa) HaBHBKa, Koero ycno)ffirBa KoHcrpyKr.u{Jrra. Brs ncu.mn cny.uavpa$oraraHa npoMeHJrHBoroKoBI,ITe eJleKTpoMarunru (e.rgro r.r rpnQasnu) e cnrp:aHa c norBa HaIxyM.

2. Maca u rcoHcmpyn4u-n. 3a nonyqaBaHe Ha orpeAeneHa cilna npr,r AaAeH xoA HaKorBara npoMeHnnBoroKoBlrre eneKTpoMarHHTH H3r,rcKBar no-ron{Ma Maca (npax-THqecKH gna mttn) or nocroflHHoroKoBute. 3a HaMarcBane Ha aKTr.rBgure sary6n rMaTHHTOnpOBOAa re ceIEnbrHqBaT IrrnxToBaHH c[paBobrbJrHo HanpeqHo ceqeHr,re, Ko-ero ycno)KHJ{Ba rexHororplcra Ha nspa6orKara nM, a raKa cbudo BoEr Ao yneruuananeHA MACATA HA HAMOTKATA.

3. Saeydu. AxtusHnte rany6u B rrpoMeHnHBoroKoBHTe eneKTpoMaFHr4Tr{ ca no-ForeMIl or re3n B nocrotHHoroKoBuTe BcneAcrBr,re Ha sary6rate B Mar-HlrronpoBoAaI{ B eKpaHHI,ITe HaBnnru. Pa6orara Ha npoMeHnnBoroKoBt4Jr eneKTpoMarHr{T e-cBbp-3aHa c I(oHcyMal+tt or l{3roqHr{Ka Ha peaKTuBHa eHeprurr, oco6euo roJrsMa B MoMeHTaHa BKrIoqBaHero MY, npn Koero ce nonyqaBar 3Haqr4TeJrHr,r nycKoBr.r torone. He-3aTBaprHeTo Ha KoTBaTa Ha npoMeHInBoToKoB eneKTpoMarHr,rT cJreA BKruorrBaHe Ha

HAMOTKATA MY KbM I,I3TOqHI,IKA HA HAIPE)KCHHE BOAI{ AO I,BTAPflNCTO il.flonnrueunte sary6u B npoMeHJrr.rBoroKoBuTe eneKTpoMaFHr{rn H3r.rcKBar no-

rorsMa oxnDKAalqa noBbpxHHHa Ha HaMorKara, BoAsr Ao noqBa Ha no-Br,rcoKa reM-nepaTypa Ha HaMoTKaTa Lr Ha eKpaHHr,rTe HaBr,rBKu.

4. EopsoDeficmeue. flpoueHannoroKoBnre eneKTpoMarHrrrr.r o6aruoneHo ca flo-6tprogeficrBalrl[ or [ocrosHHoroKoBl,rre, Karo BpeMero lrM Ha sagefictnaHe e Ht-KolIKo noJlyflepnoga. C l{3nor3BaHero Ha cborBernr,r npoeKTHr.r HtrH cxeMHV petneaLtsMorarAa ce nonyqar ManKH BpeMeHa Ha:ageficrBaHe u Ha [ocrosHnoroKoBr{Te ereK-TpoMarHlrrr4, Koero o6aqe e cBbp3aHo c AonbnHr,rreJIHH sar.y6ra.

Hanpaaeuoro cpaBHeHue no pa3nr.rqHr.r floKa3arerr,r noKa3Ba, qe B noBeqero cflyqafinocrosHHoroKoBuTe eneKTpoMarHr{Tlr npeBb3xox(Aar npoMeHnuBoroKosure. Btn-peKH ToBa ot6ersgaunTe HeAocrarbrln Ha npoMeHnnBoToKoBHTe eneKTpoMarHurtr He

ca npeqKa 3a lrrupoKoro t4M n3nor3BaHe B uHAycrpr,ranuara npaKTr4Ka. flocrosrrHoro-KOBI{Te eneKTpoMarHnTu ce ll3nor3BaT: 3a nonyqaBaHe Ha MHoro ro-[eMl4 cr4nrn, 3a

3. EJIEKTPOMA|HHTHI4 CI,ICTEMI{

6eauryuna pa6ora, B aBToHoMHr,t cncreMr,r c nocrosHHoroKoBo 3axpaxBaHe, B cugreMll

c orpaH[r{eHa MorrIHocT Ha n:}ToqHI,IKa E Ap.Bce noneqe ce H3non3Bar nportetutueomoKoeu eneKmpo-tvazHumu c nToKousnpaeu-

menu (eepadenu a KoHcmryKqutma uu omdenHo om nea), uuumo xapaKmepuctnuKu

ca dnusrcu do nocmoaHHotnoKoctume.

Cxeuure c egnono-nyflepuoArro r.BnpaBsHe Ha roKa ce ltsnon3Bar pxAKo, rbfi ratoBOA-gT AO 3HaqI,ITenHa nynCaIpII{ Ha eneKTpOMarHI{THaTa cl'l'Ia.

Ha Qrr. 3.93 ca [oKa3aHr{ ABe rrcnon3BaH}r cxeMr.r c ABynony[epuo.q{o LBnpaBsHe

HA TOKA.

B cxeuata or Qnr. 3.93a HaMorKara

Ha eneKTpoMarrrl{Ta ce cbgtou oT AFe e.q-

HaKBr{ ceKrlrfl,r c o6rqa rolrKa, Kor,ITo B

MB geftmBar cbnocorruo. flpu ncrra no-nyBbnHa Ha rranpexeHnero roKa npeMl{-

HaBa caMo npe3 eAuHlt.f, oT BeHTI{.rIIITe l{

cborBerHara ceKts{s Ha HaMorKara. flpllnpeMrrHaBaHe rra Hanpex(eFrlreTo IIpe3 Hy-

rara ToKbT He e HyJra, a nporllqa nPe3

lFaTa nocneAoBaTerHo cBbp3aHH BeH-.

Tuna H ceKlu,ru Ha HaMorKara. Tona nogn

AO HaMaJrflBaHe Ha flyncalu{sTa Ha ToKa,

noroKa u eneKTpoMarHlITHarL ct,'Jla.

Hafi-rorsruo npnno)KeHr.re B [paKTHKara HaMr,rpa MocroBara cxeMa ot Qnr. 3.936,Ko{To e nafi-npocra (:a roncrpyKrtrr.sra Ha eneKTpouarHura) In ocllrypsna saf,-rvraara

nyncaqHq Ha ToKa, a cneAoBarenHo n Ha eJreKTpoMarHI,ITHara cLIJIa.

Bperuero 3a H3KnoqBaHe Ha npoMeuJrr,rBoroKoBprre eneKTpoMarunr[ c I€npaBI,I-

Tenr{ ce yBeJrrrqaBa, Tbfi Karo npfi u:]KmoqBane Ha 3axparBallero npornqa roK B

HaMorKara Ha eJreKTpoMarHlrra [pe3 rBnpaBHTeJrr{Te. Tona BpeMe 3aBHcI,I or Qa:ataHa TOKa B HaMOTKaTa Ha eneKTpOMarHI'ITa B MOMeHTa Ha n3KIIOr{SaHerO fi.

Yecro cpeuaHa n peant43upaua B npaKTr,rKara 3aAaqa e npucnoco6ssaHe Ha KoH-

cTpyKr$.rqTa Ha erreKTpoMarr{HT 3a npoMeHnrBo HanpexeHue KbM 3axpaHBaHe c nocTo-

rrHHo Hanpexeur{e. Karo ce nMar rtpefr{A oco6eHocrr{Te B TsroBrre xapaKTepl{crl,IKn

Ha Fara BHAa eneKTpoMarHr,rrv ra3u 3aAarra ce peuraBa upes @opcnpaHe Ha roKa B

HaMorKara B MoMeETa Ha BKrrroqBaHero ir vpes H3non3BaHe Ha cxeMara or Qur. 3.886(c 4o6anruHo cbnporr.ruenue).

3.4.7. Ilpoerrupane Ha e[eKTpoMarHIrrI{

flpoerrupanero Ha eneKTpoMarHrdrr,rre 3a rrocro-lHeH r{ [poMenJrr,rB ToK e rpyrora3aAaqa, rrfi raro re ca cpaBHlrrerlHo cJro)KHr{ I{nHaM}IqHn HelmreftH}I crlcreMu. Tyr ce

pa3Fne)KAaT caMo HsKor,r llpnHrll,rnHr,r noroxeHr,rc r.r HacoKH, Kacae[pl npoeKTHpaHeTo

2711t

I

]I

I

li

II

I

rijl

(Dnr. 3.93. Cxeun 3a lpynoJryflepno.qHo Ir3-

npaBsHe rra ToKa: a - c ABa BeHuna H ABe

HaMorKr{; 6 - c qerl{pn BeHTrtra u eAHa

HAMOTKA

ii):

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Page 137: EA - u4ebnik

{

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ii

272 EJIEKTPI4TIECKH ANAPATI'I. TIACT I

I.r r{3qr,rcJreHr4eTo r,rM. noBeqe CBeAeHI,I{ B TOBa OTHOIITeHHe MOraT Aa ce rbpCrIT B [4,37 , 39, 40, 56, 76,77, 1021. B cbBpeMeuuu ycnoBu{ onTuMaJIHoTo npoeKTLIpaHe Ha

eneKTpoMarHuTHTe ce cBbp3Ba c r,I3noJr3BaHe Ha KoMIIIOrbpHa TeXIIITKa.

llaxognu.qaHHu 3a npoeKTr.rpaHero ca croftHocruTe Ha 3axpaHBauloro HanPe)KeHI4e

(unr ror) u rpaHuqure Ha rBMeHeHHero My, KaKTo I{ eneKTpoMarHI{THara cuaa, gefi-

crBarqa Bbpxy KorBara flpu onpeAeneaa Bb3AyrrrHa MexAI,Ina. Tegu AaHHH 3aBucflT ornpeAHa3HaqeHr,rero Ha eneKTpoMarHHTa n pa6orara, Kolro toft tpx6na Aa lr:Bbplxn.

flpoernEpaHero u cBbp3aHrme c Hero H3gr{cJren}rfl ce l,r:BbplrrBar B ABa ocHoBHIl

erana: npeABapr,rrentuvr tt npoBepotrn[. Ttft Karo npoeKTHI{Te IBsI,IcJreIil{x ce 6aenpat

ua npn6an3lrreruu Qopr"rynra, eMnuputrHra roeSuIryIeHTI,I, pelueHl4e Ha HeJrl{Hefmfisanu-

clrMocTr{ rn Ap., To 14 AFaTa eTana trMaT HTepaTIcBeH xapaKTep H I43}ICKBaT HenpeKbCHaTa

H MHoroKparHa npoBepKa Ha reKyrqr.rre perleHlltr. flpu tona BI{HarI{ rpr6na Aa ce I{Mar

npe[BHA CTaHAapTu3aIII{OHHIITe H3I,ICKBaHH' KbM eneKTpoMarHI'ITLITe' XapaKTepI'ICTH-

KHTe Ha r€non3BaHnTe MaTepwalfi4, TexHoJrorHr{HI,ITe Bb3MOXHOCTH 3a npOI,I3BOACTBO

H Ap.

3-4.7.1. Enercrnpo*taeHutnu sa nocmoaHeH moK

Elertpor'rarHltrl4Te 3a nogrotHeH ToK ca cnocrorlHHo M.,q.H. He3aBucHMo Aarll HaMor-

Kara e cBbp3aHa KbMra3ToqHHKa nocreAoBarenno (toronn) r,r-rrr,r napateJruo (Hanpexn-

rennr.r). Te ce H3qucrrrBa'r safi-qecto Ha ocHoBa Ha craruqHure IrM xapaKTepl,Icrl{Kll.

II peD eapume nHomo npo ennupaHe cmaea o cneDnama nocned o eamenHo cm.

1. Cneq npoyqBaHe Ha nr{Teparypara, HnAycrpuanuu o6paall4, [areHTI{ H Ap. ce

npneMa Qopnram Ha eJreKTpoMarunra. Oco6eno trote3eH 3a qenra e rqumepufi K,Hapeqen KoHcrpyKTr.meu Qarrop. Tofi ce onpeAenc or cneIUrI{Te cr'o6paxeult.e:

a) gtaxuHara Ha eneKTpoMarHnra e nponopqraoHa.[Ha Ha xoAa Ha KorBara My;

6) nanpevHoro cerreHvte Ha MarHr'rronpoBoAa 3aBucl{ ot ueo6xoArrutara eJIeKTpo-

MarlII4THa cwna F" rtplt HaqanHara Bb3AyuHa ue;nAusa d.

KoHcrpyrrnBHrrsr Qartop K ce LI3sLIcrcBa o'r @opuynara

(3.2s4) K- kgo'5cm-1

fpaHuqrare Ha r,t:MeHeHue Ha KoHcrpyKTr,rBHrrr Qartop Ha runuqHfi sa pa3nvqHl4Te

BlrAoBe eJreKTpoMarHHTH H TSXHOTO Cna3BaHe BOAr4 AO Mr{HrIMaJlHa Maca npl{ cboTBeTHa

pa6ora (nx. Q-la (3.231)). B ra6n. 3.5 ca AaAeHn rpaHur+Ire Ha u3MeHesne sa I{ za

pa3nHqHtl BHAOBe eneKTpOMarHI,ITH, nOJryqeHI,I nO OnLITeH IIbr.

2. Onpegeilfl ce HH,qyKqr,nra B pa6orHara Bb3AyrrrHa Mex.erua Br tt orHouIeHI'IeTo

llh wa AbJr)KnHara I u AeienlrHara h sa uavrorKara B 3aBI,lcI,IMocr or KoHcrpyKTI{B-

Hur Qartop K .3a qel.ra ce r{3noJr3Bar Kpr4BHTe or Qun. 3.94, noctpoeHll 3a HflKolI

3. ENEKTPOMA|H}ITHII CIICTEMI,I 273

Ta6ruqa 3.5. KoucrpyKTI{BeH Sarmp A

Bu.q sa eneKTpoMaruHTa l-panraqa Ha H3MeHeHrne sa I{

l. Krananen 2'6-262. Co.rlenongen c nnocbK sron 90-16

3. CoaeHon4en c KoHHqeH c'ron l4-44. Coaesou,qen 6es crou noA 0,2

TungqHr,r Br.rAoBe eneKTpoMarHr,rrr,r. Orsoruewtero llh onpeAent B 3HaqLTerHa creleH

KoHcrpyKqurrra Ha Marnr,rruara cr{creMa u odI4KHoBeHo e B I'paHlrqute 4 + 8, flo-

MarKI,{Te ctoftnoqru ce orHac.flT 3a cI,IcreMI,I c roJItMa cl4lra H ManbK xoA Ha KorBara'

a no-ro.[eMl4Te - c ro,fltM xoA Ha KoTBaTa I{ ManKa cana.

3. I/rzrmcnrlBa ce cerreHueTo IIa noJtK)ca KaTo ce H3nor3Ba 3aBHcHMocT MexAy

3aAaAeHara eneKTpoMaFHurHa cvna H pa6orHara ItHAyKIrutr (naft-vec'ro Qopruyla'rana Marcyen).

4. flpUervra Ce LIHAyKI{,Iff B groMaHata Bg" TaKa' qe npE 3aTBopeHa KOTBa cl'lcTeMaTa

Aa He e cunHo HacHTeHa (n sanucuuoiT or BIiAa Ha I,I3tloJBBaHul QeporuarHl'ITeH Mare-

praaa). O6ursoneno 8., : 1,2-I,4 T. Onpegenfr ce ceqeHl4ero Ha MarHI{TonpoBoAa

BP, Tt,2

4 5 6 7 8910

'/F;'

(Dnr. 3.94. Kpr.rnu 3a orlpeAencHe Ha pa6o'ruata uugyrqul Bo

Page 138: EA - u4ebnik

274 EIEKTPI4qECKI4 ANAPATI4. qACT 1

Ha ocHoBa Ha npr4er Koe+Hr$eHT Ha pa3cetrrBaHe npn orBopeHa KorBa o : L,2-1,6.5.l4gravcanBa ce Heo6xolgrr"roro M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara Karo cyMa or naAoBere Ha

MaTHHTHo Hanpe)Kenlie B orAenHHTe yqacrbrlr,r Ha MarHrlTo[poBoAa. OpueHrupoBbqHoce npneMa, qe cyMara or [aAoBere Ha Marnr.rrHr-r HanpexeHr,rrr 3a uepa6otHltre Bb3-

AyurHr,r Me)KAuHr.r r{ croMaHara e 15-35Vo or o6u\oro M.A.H.

6. Ceqenr.rero q Ha npoBoAHrrKa Ha HaMorKara Ha eneKTpoMarHr.rr c HoMarranHoHanpex(eHne U, ce onpeAenr o'r seo6xoAnMoro rvr.q.n. V:

v:ffw: UminQ(3.zss)

Hnn

(3.2s6)

PI"p

KbAero p e cneqr.rQnqHoro cbnporr,rBneHHe Ha Marepr{ana Ha npoBotru{nxa;1., - Abn-xnHara Ha cpeAHara HaBnBKsi [/min : kUn - Mr4nr,rMaruoro 3axpaHBarrlo Ha[pe)KeHr.rg

Ha HaMorKara. O6uxnoBeHo ce nplreMa f/min : 0,85 Un.MoqHoc'rra (:ary6rare) na HavorKara 3aBvcn or KBaApara Ha rora (r"r.4.H.):

V PI.oY rr t

Umin

,,2 PI"P, K,Q,

(3.2s7)

KbAero Q e nauortqHoro npocrpaHcrBo; &H - KoeQlrr$neuTbr Ha 3arrbtrBarre Ha HaMor-Kara (Q-na 3.160).

Or Qopu. (3.257) Karo ce nMa rpe[Br{A AonycrrrMoro nperpsBaHe r^Ha. rB6paHH{BI4A H3onaI{Ht Ha npoBoAI{I{Ka, 3a 6pos u) Ha HaBt BKr,rre Ha HaMorKara ce uonyqaBa

(3.258) UnV- :

.,*r*go*n'

KbAero: k e roeQHI-U.IeHTbr Ha ro[roorAaBane ntn Qopuyr:mrra Ha Hrcron (1.41).flpu Hoprr,rrurHu ycnosnx o6nKnoBeuo ce npneMa ler : (10 + L2) Wtmz"C; So*, -oxna)KAaxla noBbpxHocr Ha HaMorKara, Kosro ce r.r3qncnsBa no Qopu. (1.94).

CeqeHneto Ha npoBoArrr.rKa qn6poxr Ha HaBHBKnreluu Ha HaMorKara ce u3qncilflBaTLITeparHBHo no Qoprvr. (3.256)u Qoprrr. (3.258), lrsfi raro npe.ryapnTenHo He cavt3Bec-tupt ctoiiuocrure Ha l"o n p(r). CrofiHocrvreHaAr,raMerbpa Ha npoBoAHrrKa (nrrpeureuu nturueH) ce cno6pa3rrBar cbc craHAaprHo Aonycrr.rM[Te.

Epom Ha HaBr.rBKHTe Ha cepneH eneKTpoMarHr,rr 3a nocrosHeH ToK e

(3.2s9) w : V/In.

Ceqernreto Ha npoBoAHHKa ce onpeAerc or npenopbqr,rreJrHn crofinocra 3a trJIbT-HOCTTA HA TOKA:

- _u3

lt/l

3. EJIEKTPOMA|HI4TH'I C?ICTEMI4 275

- 2 + 4 Almm2 npu npo4uDx(rrrenen pexil,rM na pa6ota;

- 5 + L2A/mm2 npu noBTopHo - KparKoBpeMeHeH pe)KHM c pa3nrrqHa rrecrora Ha

BKffOqBAHE;

- L3 + 30 fumm2 npr.r KparKoBpeMeHeH pexlrM c pa3nr.rqHa npoAbDl(I{rerrHocr.

IIpo oepouHomo us4ucneHue Ha nocmoaHHomoKo eume eneKmportaeHumu u3ucKaaa

- ort[rrarre Ha noTor{4Te Ha pa3ceitBaHe npll cb3AaBaHe Ha cuJliarai

- no-TorrHo r{:}qucnenr,re Ha MB u onpeAencne Ha KoeOruueHTI{Te na pasceiinaue,

ManHflTHOTO Cb[pOTr{BneHr{e Ha CTOMaHaTa H Ha Hepa6oTrrr.rTe Bb3AyrIrHIt MeX-

AI,'HU;

_ OTTIIITAHE BJII,I'HI,ICTO HA 3ATPSBAHETO HA HAMOTKATA ilPUPA3JIJdIIHIiTC TOIIJII4HHI,I

pe)Kr,rMH r,r flpu Ao[ycTr,rMr.rTe rpaHHr.[LI Ha H3MeHeHr,re Ha 3axpaHBaII{oTo Hanpe-

)KEHIIC HNI{ TOK;

- onpeAenrHe Ha Ar.rHaMnqHr{Te xapaKTepHcrnKu Ha eneKTpoMarHr,rra qpe3 pe-

ruaBaHe Ha ypaBHeHlreTo 3a paBHoBecue Ha Harrpe)KeHneTo Ha HaMoTKaTa v 3a

paBHoBecne Ha crrrlHTe, AefigtBalrlr{ Bbpxy KorBaTa.

Vecmo cpet4aHa I np.aKmuKama saAaqa e npo-tor.nHa Ha saxpaHaat4omo HanpexeHue

npu sanaglaHe Ha eneKmportaeHumHama cuJta, a cnedoeatnenHo u na n.D.u.Or Qopr"r. (3.255) cJrelpa, qe npn 3ana3BaHe Ha M.A.H. npolmBe.qeHllero U q : const,

rrfi raro pl"p : const. flpz ynenuqaBaHe Ha 3axpaHBarrloro Haflpex(eHr{e ceqeHltero,

Ar4aMerbpbr Ha npoBoAHnKa u roeQr,rryreHT"br Ha 3anbnBaHe HaMan{Bar, 3alr{oro ce

yBen[qaBa orHocr{TerrHara roneMflHa Ha r,r3onaqusra. Or Ooprr. (3.257) crellBa, qe,

rrft xaro Pl+" : const, yBenuqaBaHero Ha 3axpaHBarrloro Hanpe)KeHne BoALI Ao yBe-

JruqaBaHe Ha aary6r,rre n Ha nperpfiBaHero Ha HaMorKr{Te. CreAonarellHo npoMtHaraHa 3axpanBarrloro Hanpe)KeHue 6eg [poMcHa Ha M.A.H. e Bb3MoxHa caMo B I,I3BecrHr.I

FpaHLrqn, [pr,r KoeTo cneABa Aa ce lIMa npeABnA AonycTr,rMoTo nperp.sBaHe Ha HaMoT-

KATA.

3.4.7,2. Enercrnpo*taeHum 3a nporteHJtuao Hanpe)tceHue

IlpoerrHnre AaHHr,r Ha eneKTpoMarHr,IT 3a npoMeHJurB ToK ce onpeAeJlsr KaKTo Ha

eneKTpoMaFHr,rr 3a nocroeHeH ToK, Ho KoHcrpyKTr.rBnn-sr Qaxrop K ce yBenl{rraBa c

tfi cnpnvo rlnqncrenlrs no @opr"r. (3.254).LlzqucnsnaHero Ha eneKTpoMarHHT 3a npoMeHJmBo Hanpe)KeHne tpx6na Aa orrrura

peAnqa oco6enocrn, or Kor4To ocHoBHHTe ca cneAHnre:l. [IomorcocqenneHuemo Ha Ha.htomKama e nocmoaHHo npr,I HeIa3MeHHa eOeKTI,IBHa

ctofiHocr [/ u .recrora f ua 3axpaHBarr{oro Harpex(eHr,re. BcreAcrsue Ha roBa npri3aAaAeH MarHHTonpoBoA H r,rHAyKrLrJr 6poxr ?r/ Ha HaBT4BKHTe Ha HaMorKara e rorrHo

-t

rllr

li

)

liI

I

il

{'I

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I

276 EMKTPI4qECKI,I ANAPATH. IIACT 1

onpeAeneH r{ ce r,BqHcrffBa no QopMynaTa

(3.260) KU4,44f QIr.'

KbAero O- e MaKcLIMaJrHara (aMIUIrITyAHara) crofiHocr Ha fioroKa, npHBeAeH no no-TOKOcqerureHueTo.

KoeQqraeHT'br rt - 0,7-0,95 orqura naAa Ha Harrpexeurle Bbpxy aKTHBHoro cbr-porl{Btenne Ha HaMorKara npr,r 3arBopeHa KorBa. flo-r"ralrurre croftHocrn na k ceorHacrlT 3a ManKI{ eneKTpoMarHHTH, a no-roneMl,ITe - 3a roJIeMI,I eneKTpOMarHuTI,I.

2. MarnfiTnpttrr noroK cb3AaBa enewnpo-rvrazHumHa cuna, Kogmo cr,bop>rca nocmo-aHHa u npo-tveHntuaa KoJnnoHeHma c ydeoena 4ecmoma (cnpelro qecrorara Ha 3ax-paHBaulns uerovruuc), BcJreAsrBHe Ha Koero ce nonyqana nu6paqrnq Ha KorBara. Tsce HaMar{Ba c nocraBrlHe Ha KbcocbeAr{Her{a (erpanna) HaBr,BKa Bbpxy qacr or ce-lIeHI'Iero Ha nonrcca (noarocnte) na Marnr,rro[poBoAa. Vz\ucnenfiero Ha eKpaHHaraHaBI'IBKa IIeJTH nonyqaBane Ha roeSr.qneHT Ha nr.r6pa4.rx noA onpeAeaesa croifuoc"T r,r

MaKcI,IMyM IIa MLrHlrMaJrHara cuna flpn 3arBopeHa KorBa Ha eneKTpoMarHura.3. flpu paBHI.I roJIeMI{HI{ Ha nororlraTe eneKmpo.rilaeHumam 3a npo.MeHnue morc

cvsdaea no-*tcutKa cuJla om enewnpo-Maevum ga nocmoaHeH morc u lIMa no-IUraBHaeneKTpoMexaHnqHa xapaKTepr.rerr,rKa (npr,r saxpaHBaHe Ha HaMorKara c npoMeHJrHBouanpe>rceuuE).

4. BcaeqctnHe Ha aKTHBI{Itre sary6u B MarHHTonpoBoAa H B eKpaHHr,rre HaBlnrtKr no-moVurne u.m.D.n. cadeQasupanu nonexcdy cuvce yBenuqaBa KoJruqegrBoro orAereHaTonnI4Ha B eneKTpoMarHI.ITa, Koero rpa6na Aa ce B3eMe npe[BHA npu r.r3rrucnrBane Ha

HAMOTKATA.

' 5. Torcam Ha Hcltetomrcama Ha enewnpo.iltaeHum 3a npoiletutulo HanpoKeHue ceonpedena enaeHo om uniyrcrnuaHomo il canpomu*neHue, BcneAcrBr,re Ha Koero moft-HOCTr,rre My npE orBopeHa Ir 3arBopeHa KorBa ce pa3nr4qaBar 3Haqr,rrerHo.

Torrr B HaMorKaTa Ha eneKTpoMarHrara rrplr 3arBopeHa KorBa e

(3.26t)

KbAeTO: .16 e KOMTIOHeHTaTa Ha TOKa 3a npeMr,rHaBaHe Ha noToKa npe3 Bb3AyrrrHlrTeMex(AIlHlI (pa6otun n uepa6otuu); Iu - KoMnoHeHTara Ha roKa, Abn)Karrla ce Ha aK-

TuBHus naA Ha V.g.H. n MB; .[u - xor"rnoHeHTara Ha roKa Abn)r(aqa ce Ha aKTt{BHrrTesary6u n MB; IL : I./u - ToKbr B eKpaHHr.rre HaBnBKr{, lrpHBeAeH KbM 6pot. na

HABI,TBKHTC HA HAMOTKATA.

Ceqenueto qw Auawerbpbr d ua nponoAHr,rKa (cro6paseHu cbc craHAaprHo Aonyc-n'rvure) ce H3rrl,IcnfiBar, Karo ce r.rMa rrpeIpr,rA Aonycrr.rMara roKoBa nnbrHocr rrpu

npl4erHq pe)KlrM Ha pa6ota (nenpexrcHar, noBTopHo-KpaTKoBpeMeHeH, KparKoBpeMe-neu).

(/o+ Ir)'+(1,+I'")2

E.

.=.'€

3. EMKTPOMA|HHTHI4 CI4CTEMI,'' 277

C onpegelenlra 6pofi HaBr{BKtr u ceqeuue Ha npoBolFI,IKa ce I,BqpIcrrIBa aKTnBHoro

cbnporr,rBJresne R I,I HanpexeHuero Ha HaMorKara

(3.262)

Aro pasru{Kara Mex(Ay U n Un e IIo-FoJrtMa or lOVo, ce Hanara flpelt3qHcnflBaHe

Ha 6pol Ha HaBuBKHTe ro Qopr"r. (3.260) qpe3 rrpueMaue Ha HoBa qrofinoct sa ,k.

6. Hsuucn-eea ce npeepaeaHemo Ha HLMomKama, Karo 3a qenra ce non3Ba Qop-Mynara Ha Hroros (1.41) lrJrv TornruHa 3aMecrBalrla cxeMa (nx. uanp. @ur. 1.29).

flpu npen3qucJr{BaHe Ha HaMorKara Ha eneKTpoMarH[T or eAHo 3axpaHBau{o

HanpexeHue Ut 3a Apyro HanpexeHl{e U2 nntHaTa MoIqHocT He ce npoMeHfr, T.e.

(J1f1 : UzIz. Epoxr Ha HaBr{BKr,rre, ceqerruero Ha npoBoAIrLIKa u xoeQn4lenTbr Ha

3anbrBaHe ce onpeAeJlsr or paBeHcrBara:

(3.263) * : Y, flrqt : [JzeziUz u2Qrka : Qzk,z,

KbAero Q e xarvroruqHoro npocrpaHcrno; ,hn - roe$uqueHTbr Ha 3anbJrBaHe Ha HaMor-

KATA.

3.4.8. lfpruox<enne Ha eneKTpoMarHHTHTe

Eaertporrrarnr,rrr{Te 3a flocroflHen H [poMeunr{B ToK HaMI,Ipar IIIlIpoKo npHJro)KeHHe

B KoMyrarlraouHure EA ga HH u BH ga AupeKTHo prJn4 wrp;rrpeKTHo 3aABI4x(BaHe Ha

KOHTaKTHIITe ]IM CI4CTeMH, KaKTO LI B eneKTpoMarHI4THHTe I{3IIbJIHIITeJIHI{ MeXaHI{3MI'I

(cregragr.r'reJrl{, cwlpaqKu, BeHTI,IIH I,I Ap. ).flpuro;rcenl,Ie B KoMyraqItoHHLI anaparl4

7, EnercrnpoJvtaeHumHu KoHmaKmopu. KotlnaKTopbr e AByno3I,IquoHeH anapar c

gne ycroitvlrBn cbcroflHt4s. Ha KoHTaKTHara cncreMa (mnroueHo, I,I3KJIrcveHo), uu-

CTO BKIIIOI.IBAHC CE H3BbPIUBA OT CNCKTPOMATHI|IT, A H3KJIK)TIBAHCTO - OT BPbIIIAUA

npy)Kr4Ha r.r eBeHTyanno or Macara Ha noABr,rxHI,ITe qacru. B ganucuMocr or BHAa Ha

TOKa B KOHTaKTHaTa Cr{CTeMa KOHTaKTOpT4Te Ca 3a nOCTOUHeH }InU npOMeHJrlIB TOK.

Har'rorrata Ha 3aABu)i(Barqur eneKTpoMarHHT ce 3axpaHBa c Hanpe)KeHlle, Koero

no Br4A (nocrorHno, npoMeHnueo) u no crofrnocr o6uruoBeHo e cblqoro KaKTo BHAa Ha

TOKa B KOHTaKTHaTa CnCTeMa, HO Ce CpeUIaT H Apyrn BHAoBe I,I HaqHHI,I Ha 3aXpaHBaHe.

Ha Qnr. 3.95 u Qur. 3.96 ca noKa3aHr4 npr.rHrlnmrlr KoHcrpyKTI4BHIl cxeMu cbor-BerHo Ha rrocrosHHoroKoB LI [poMeHnHBoroKoB r(oHTaKTop Karo c -E e osHa.IeH 3aA-

Br,rxBaulnrrr eneKTpoMarHr,tr. BraxAa ce, qe rofi npegctaBJltBa Ba)KHa cbcraBHa qacr

rra KoHTaKTopa H or HeroBara pa6ota cbrrlecrBeno 3aBl4ctr rexHuqecKllTe I,I eKc[JIo-

ararllroHHr,rre My xapaKTepncrlrKr,r. 3a Har'rarsBaHe HHBoro Ha lxyMa u KoHcyMaqHrITa

npu 3aTBopeHa KoTBa B HrrKoH Br,rAoBe npoMeHnHBoToKoBI,I KOHTaKTOpIA Ce H3nOJr3Ba

nocTorHHoToKoBo 3axpaHBaHe Ha HaMorKaTa Ha 3aABr,r)KBauII{fl eneKTpoMaFHHT.

Page 140: EA - u4ebnik

278 EJIEKTPI,IqECKH ANAPATI4. IIACT I

@ur. 3.95. KoHc'rpyxrnnua cxeMaHa nocTocHHoTOKOB KOHTaKTOp C

KrananeH eneKl'poMar tlnr E

Our. 3.96. Koncrpyxrr{BHa cxeMa Ha npoMeHruBo-ToKoB KoHTaKTop c truofiso III-o6paseH eleKTpoMar-wtr E

2. Enercmpo.tvaeHumHu penema. Elex-rpoMarHr.rrHoro pene Qm. 3.97 ce

xapaKTepn3npa c ToBa, qe ruraBr{oTo H3-

MeHeHHe Ha TOKa r{JIr{ Hanpex(eHl{eTo Ha

3aABaxBa[IH.n eneKTpoMarHr,rr E sorya

AO BHe3anHO (CrOxOo6pa3HO) rEMeHe-Hrre Ha nono)KeHr,reTo Ha 3aABr,DKBaHaTa

KoHTaKTHa cncreMa .K (nrlroqeHo, H3-

rnrcveHo). KouraxrHr.rre cr.rcreMr4 MorarAa 6bAar noBeqe or eltra c pa3nr,rrruo cbc-TosHue Ha KoHTaKTHHTe relra (nopualHoorBopeHu Hnr,r HopMaJrHo 3arBopenn).

B sanucnMocr or r,n4 Lt crofiHocrtaHa TOKa nnr.r Hanpe;KeHr{eTo Ha 3a4Bn)K'Barqns eneKTpoMarHHT, KaKTo w 6pox u

BI,IAa Ha KoMyrI,IpaHI,ITe KoHTaKTHr,r clrcreMl,I, pa3Hoo6pa3r4ero Ha eneKTpoMarHr,rrHriTepenera e H3KnIoqItreJTHo ronsMo. B sasucnMocr or cnequQrausnre o6lacru Ha npu-rox(eHile re 6unar:

- penera sa o6rqa ynotpe6a (ynrEnepcanHn). Tyr caegna Aa ce orHecar npeileraTa

@nr. 3.97. KoHcrpyrmBHa cxeMa Ha eJreK-TpoMarHuTHO pene cbc 3aABn)KBarrI eneKTpo-frlafHr.ft E

Itr,*

*rt&

il3. EJIEKTPOMATHI,TTHI'I CLICTEMT: 279

3a ynpaBneHl{e u 3alqr4Ta B eneKTpoeHepreTI{KaTI u eneKTpo3a,FIDrBaHeTO,

KoLrro ce xapaKTepr€upar c BncoKa HaAex.Urost, M:uIKo BPeMe 3a 3aAeficrBaHe,

BHCOK rOeQUrgeHT Ha BpblqaHe Lr MaJrKa co6crBeHa KoHcyMal$fl;

- penera cbc cnerryrQHuna ynorpe6a. Tyr ce orHacsr releQor*nme penera, pe-

nera 3a 6rarosa ynorpe6a (u xna4anHurg{, nepanHl{ v vrnsqmrl MaITTI,IHI'I n Ap.),

asrovo6rnHu penera n Ap.

3. Ilpercacaat4u. flperrcnaqbr e EA, rofrro Mo)Ke Aa KoMyr[pa BcnqK]I ToKoBe

Ha BeplrraTa, B KoflTo e BKJttoqeH, BKJrK)qI{TenHo roKbr Ha K.c. BrctuouoaHelno Ha

KoHmaKmHama cucmertaHaHaKoueudoee npeKaceatlu sa HH u CH (cno-MaJrbK xoA l4

If3HcKBarqn no-ManKa eHeprur 3a BKrK)rrBaHe KaTo BaKyyMHI{Te n eJrera3oBHTe) cmaaa

c .rvtot4Hu nocmoaHHomoKoauenennpo.t taeHumu.3a ugrarOqBaHe Ha [peKbcBaqI'ITe He

ce r611on3Bar ereKTpoMarnnrfi, Tbfi Karo rexnlrre npoqecn ca orHocltreJlHo 6anru,

noryqaBaHilTeBpeMerra 3a r,BKruolIBaHe ca roJIeMHItHe gboTBeTcTBaTHa 'BHCKBaHUSTa

KbM npeKbcBarIIITe.

B nperrcnaqr,me sa HH ce Brpax(Ear enercmpo,taeHumHu sat4umHu u3tcJuo'lt-

aamenu. Tona ca eneKTpoMarHr{ru, Kor{To rrpl4 o[peAenenn ue6laronpn.trHn pexcllMll

ce BKJIloqBaTvfiu H3KrroqBaT, npH KoeTo HHAr.IpeKTHo qpe3 MexaHLIqHa cI{cTeMa (noc-

ToBe r{ npy)K}rHa cbc 3anacena eHeprus) ocmypsBar u3KtlloqBaHero Ha npeKbcBalta.

flo raros HaqHH Bepurara n BKrroqeHlrre KbM Het ycrpofictea ce SaIqI,ITaBar or cbor-BerHr.rTe ne6aaronp nxftrr4 pexfl{Mtl.

?Isnoagsar ce.qpa BuAa eJreKTpoMarHr4THu 3au{r,ITHfi I,BKnIoqBarerH, Kollro ocltry-prrBaT:

- MIIHI{MaIHO Hanpexr.rTelHa 3arquTa npll [otildcaBaHe Ha Ha[pe)I(eHI,IeTO nOA

onpeAeneHa crofiHocr. flpegcraBr.sBa HalpexotreJreu eneKTpoMarHI'IT, tllltroKorBa e 3arBopeHa npn HoMr{HarHo Ha[pe)Kenue Un. Bprqarqara npyxfiHa Ha

ereKTpoMarHllTa Moxe Aa ce perynnpa TaKa, qe npH noHI,I)KaBaHe Ha Hanpe)Ke-

Hr.rero nog orpeAeneHa croiisocr (35 +7070 LIrr) rornara ce orBapq u ocnryptrBa

rr3KJrrOqBaHeTO Ha npeKbcBaqa;

- MaKcuMaJrHo roKoBa 3arrlr4Ta or Aefictsr.reto (repr'rrtHo H eneKTpo.qtluar*uuuo)

Ha roKa Ha K.c. flpeAcranilflBa eneKTpoMarHI'IT' trnsro HaMorKa e cBbp3aHa noc-

neAoBaTenHo B ToKoBaTa Bepr{ra unM.a rorrrMa TepMuqHa I{ eneKTpoAI4HaMUqHa

ycroftunnocr. ElerrpoMarHrlTbr e c roJr.rrM xoA Ha KorBara. flpn nporplqaHe Ha

TOK Ha K.C. B HaMOTKaTa H ABr,r)KeHne Ha KoTBaTa B Hes ce HaTpynBa roJIsMo

KonuqecrBo Kr.rHeruqHa eHeprus, KoflTo nplr yAapa sagefictna MexaHuqHara cuc-

TeMa 3a rmKnrcqBaHe Ha npeKbcBaqa. Tornr ua:agefictBaHe ce perynfipa rrpe3

u3MeHeHHe Ha nbpBoHaqarHoTo HaT.rrraHe Ha BpbrrlaqaTa npyxufta wrn lra 6poq

Ha HaBnBKI{re Ha HaMorKara Ha ereKTpoMarHr.Ita. MarcmnarHoroKoBnre I,I3-

KJrroqBareru MorarAa ce Hasrpofiear B ur,rpoKr{ rpaHl,Iqu sa crotrnocrra Ha roKa

Ha 3aAeficrBaHe B 3aBrrctrMocr or 3arqr{TaBaHufi o6ert. flpu raqlrra Ha eneK-

)l,{),

-ltlltllli

iiiItlit'"

l1jr

i

I

lri)

Page 141: EA - u4ebnik

)

280 ENEKTPIAqECKH ATIAPATI4. qACT I

Tpt{qecKn Mpe)KI{ Te3I,I rpaHuqlr ca (2 + 4) fn, a npw 3arr{nra Ha eneKTpoMoroptr

- (8 + 16) 4?. ,{eftcrnneto Ha MaKcuManHoroKoBara 3arrIHTa e npaKTnqecK1a

Ml{rHoBeHo. IIpn HyxAa ot sa6assHe Ha geftcrnuero ce H3[on3Ba qacoBnr,rKoB

MexaHH3bM MeX(Ay eneKTpoMarHI,ITa r{ MeXaHfi3Ma 3a }BKtIK)rtBaHe Ha rrpeKbc-Baqa. BpevelarbcHeHl,Iero Ha qacoBHHKoBr.r{ MexaHI,I3bM Mo)KeAa ce peryJrnpa,Ho To He 3aBHcH or roKa ua rageftcrnaHe Ha 3aulnTara. IIpn Muoro roneMlr Ho-MHHaJIHLI ToKoBe Ha npeKbcnava (u cborBerHo MHoFo roneMu ToKoBe Ha x.c.)HaMOTKara Ha etIeKTpoMarHHTa Ha MaKCI,IMUUTHO TOKOBaTa 3aUIHTa Ce BKJTIOqBa

BbB BTopr,rrrHara Bepura Ha roKoB rpancQopMarop.

EnerrporrrarlrnTHl,I lnnbnHnrenHr,I Mexaul,r3Mr,r

1 . To e apo nod ennu u saxe at4at4u ene wnpo JvaeHurnu. TonaponoAeMHvre eneKTpo-MaTHI4TI,I cny)Kar 3a JrecHo, y.qo6Ho r.r AHcraHrIr,roHHo 3axBarrlaHe, npenacrHe H ocBo-6o>rganaue na @epoMarHurHn ToBapu 6e: ynorpe6a na r{oBeruKa cunra.I4gnoa:sarce npu ToBapo-pa3ToBapHrl pa6orn Ha rexKrr u e4trloia6apr4THr,r roBapu (crorvrauenafinJloqn, orJrtIBKH, percu, rraKerllpaHu geraflmw rd Ap.) B rilrAycrpnlra, crpor.rrencrBoro,TpaHcnopra Id Ap. Oraqear ce qpe3 croMaHeHH Bept,rrn Ha noAeMHn vtu nopranHuKpaHoBe, or ra6usara Ha Kor,tro re ce ynpaBJrrlBar.

13 t2 1l 10

(Dur". 3.98. TonaponogeMeH eJreKTpoMarHHT

To eaponob eivtHusm eneKmpo.wtaeHum

e c Kpbrna unv npaBobrbJrua Qopua u

I,IMa npocTa lr HaAex(AHa KoHcTpyKr{us

- Szr. 3.98. HavorKara 1 e HanuHo3arqr,rTeua oT yAapu, BoAa H npax, rrfiKaTO Ce HaMr.rpa B 3aTBOpeHOTO npOCTpaH-

ctBo Ha MarHnro[poBoAa 2 u zaulurnaraflroqa or HeMaTHHTHa croMaHa. Tonaptte B npocrpancrBoro MexAy noarccure 10

r 1 1. Hauoxara e or Kpbrbr, npaBob-rbneH r4rrl,r JreHToB npoBoAHwK t clfiAaBa

rorf,Mo M.A.H. 3a nogo6psBaHe Ha ycJroBr{frTa Ha oxna)KAaHe Ha HaMorKara rr e

3AilflTA C nOAXOATTTI KOMnayHA.

Yxo'ro 7 n qu$rrrt 8, upe: KoHTo roBaponoAeMHusr eneKTpoMaFHr4T ce oKaqa Ha

Bepl4rara 9 na rpaHa, rpa6na Aa l,rMar Heo6xognMara Mexanr,rrrHa sKocr, r:sfi raro tenoHactr rernoro Ha roBapa u co6crnenoro rerJro Ha eneKTpoMarHr.rra, Koero B HtKor,IcnyqaH e 3Har{r.rTelHo.

TonaponoAeMHltre eneKTpoMarHHTH ce npor€Bex(Aar 3a roBapn, Aocrnrau{v Ee-cerKrl ToHoBe. ,{eftmnnteJluara [oAeMHa clrJra 3aBr,rcn or KoncrpyKrlwfrTa Ha eneK-TpoMarHHTa (ra6aputl4, M.A.H. Ha HaMorKara r{ HeroBoro LBMeHeHr.re BcreAcrBrie Ha

npoMsHa Ha HanpexeHuero, cbnporr,rBneHnero r,I Ap.) pI or MarHnrHoro cbnporlrBlreHfieHa TOBapa u fio-cner{HarrHo:

3. ENEKTPOM ATHI4THI4 CI4CTEMI'T 2E1

a) or ra$apn'rnre Ha roBapa. flpn noBAr,rrane Ha rlo-Ape6nr'r tonapn (ua-nru or-

JrlrBKlr, 4etafilu I{ Ap.) MarHHTHoro cbnporl{BneHue e flo-ronrlMo It cuilara

HaMaJrtBa B cpaBHeHl,re gbc cnJrara npl{ eAEH MoHoJrHTen getafil. OcHosHata

rracr or MaTHHTHII{ noroK npeMr,rHaBa npe3 getafilute, KoI'ITo ca pa3noJro)KeHH

no-6nagro Ao nomocr{Te, n rro-ManKa rlacr - upo3 [o;orAareqeHl'ITe Aetaftru.

flpurerareJrHaTa cr,rtra 3a resn geraftrr.r Moxe Aa e HeAocrarbtlHa I'I Te Aa na$Iar

IIpH npeHacqHe;

6) ot MaFHHTIIaTa npoHl{qaeMocT Ha TOBapa. TonaponOAeMHI'ITe eneKTpOMarH}ITH

ce r,Fnon3BaT 3a [peHacsHe r,r Ha ropeu1u cToMaHeHI,I H qyryHeHI'I oTJll{BKr'1. Axo

TeMneparypara uM e HaA TorrKara na Kropra (nxc. t. 3.1), uatepxanuTe ry6rt

QepouaruI,ITHI{Te cI,I KaqecrBa.

HarUOr:raTa Ha TOBapOnOAeMHHt{ eIeKTpOMarHI'IT Ce 3axpaHBa C nOCTo'IHHo HaII-

pexeHlre or roKoH3npaBHTeJr. Ynpan.rrenuero Ha eneKTpoMarHllTa e cBbp3aHo cbc

cnelu{I,ITe oco6enocu,l :

a) napanerHo Ha u3ToqHuKa Ha nocTorrHHo HanpexeHl'Ie e BKJIKIqeHa aKyMy-

naropHa 6arepax, Konro npeAorBpar.flBa l,B[ycKaHero Ha roBapa upI'I BHe3anHo

lpeKbcBaHe Ha npoMeuJrr.rBoroKoBoro 3axpanBaHe. TexH[tIecKI'ITe noKa3arenu

na 6arepuma rpt6na BlrHarr{ ga c'a ua ueo6xoAllMoro Ht{Bo. Hegasnculvro or roBa

crporo e ra6paneno xopa Aa ce HaM[par rIoA lrJrn B 3onara na pa6ota Ha

KpaH c ToBaponoAeMerr eneKTpoMarHrrT;

6) ner-rrroqBaHero Ha 3axpaHBaHero Ha eJIeKTpoMarHlITa He BHIranu e Aocrar"btlHo

ga ocso6oxAaBaHe Ha roBapa rropalg ro.neMufl ocrarbqeH noroK. 3a naMa-nq-

Bagero My B HaMorKara ce nponycKa n o6patna nocoKa roK c no-MaJrKa ctoft-

Hocr or HoMI{HaJrHug,. Tasu oco6eHocr BHac.fi l{3Becrrm ycno)KHeHI'tJt B cxeMara

3a 3axpaHBaHe Ha eJreKTpoMarHI{Ta;

n) rangyrruBHocrra Ha HaMorKara e MHoro rorrlMa. I{gxruotrsanero Ha Bepl'Irara

e cbnpoBoAeHo c rolreMr{ npenarrpe)K elufl, KoHTo 3acrpaluaBar I8onaqnsra iI.

forsMoro ronJrr.rHHo n eneKTpr,rqecKo HaToBapBaHe Ha HaMoTKara e u3TorrHI'IK

Ha qecTll noBpelu Ha ToBaponoAeMHHTe eJreKTpoMarHI4TH'

KnM roeaponoAeMHHTe eneKTpoMarHr.rrl{ B H3BecTeH cMucbr MoraT Aa ce orHe-

car cucme*tume c JilaeHumHo oKaqaaHe (neeuma4ua). 3a cera roRa ca orHocI{TeJIHo

MarKr.r crrcreMu - MarHnrHH JraFepH, sr.rcoroo6oporHl{ Moropu, qenrpo$ynll LI Ap.

flepcnerrr,rBHo e HanpaBnenlrero 3a cb3AaBaHe ua cnplx6bp3u BJraKoBe Ha MarHpITHo

oKaqBaHe, Koero o6aqe flocraBt MHoro npo6leruu or rexHurrecKld' HKoHoMI'IqecKlI'

eKcnroarar$.roHeH H AI). xapaKTep. Ocsonsusr [po6neM e cb3AaBaHero Ha orpoMHa

eneKTpoMarHI4THa cvJta, r,BIncKBarrIa KoJrocanHo KoJrI{qecTBo eHeprus. PeruanaHeTo Ha

npo6neua ce cBbp3Ba c u3trorr3BaHero Ha cBpbxflpoBoAslqu MaIHI'ITHI{ c[creMH.

Saxeau4aq,urne eneKntpo-MaeHumu ca c no-ManKI{ pa3Mep}r oT ToBaponoAeMHHTe I'I

cnyxar 3a 3axBarrlaHe n npeMecrBaHe Ha Sepor"tarunTHu Aerafilu, la 3aKpenBaHe Ha

t+

."&

Page 142: EA - u4ebnik

282 EIEKTPI4qECKH ANAPATPI. qACT I

6oplaaurr.rua I{ Apyrn o6pa6otnaq}r r.rHcrpyMeHTu. ?Isnorgsar ce cbqo 3a oKoMrreKTo-BaHe Ha MaHlrnynaropure na po6orure. OepouarHr.rrHure gerafinu ce pa3MarHurBar,Karo npeMuHaBar npes o6aacr c npoMeHJrr{Bo MarHurHo rroJre c onpeAeneH mrren3r{-TCT.

Enennpo.*taeHumHume (ww rtaeHumHu) npumaeat4u ^tacu

ca pasHoaudnocmHA 3AX6At4AUlUme eneKmp1.tvtaeHufnu. Te ce MoHTnpar xnu ueraaoo6pa6oTBarrlnTeMaIITHHTI (IuaaftQuatunna, Qpesa r,r Ap.) r cnyxar 3a eneKTpoMarHr.rrHo 3axBarr{aHe

Ha o6pa6orBaHn croMaHeHLI gerafiru. Macara no3BonsBa eAr{oBpeMeHHo 3axBaulaHeHa rortM 6pofi o6pa6ornasu Aeraftru 6ez AorrbnHnTeJrHr,r MexaHuqHu ycrpoftcrna,KoI{To Aa BoAsr go geQopMar$sra uu. 3a qeJrra rr npeAcraBrsBa 3axBarr{aq eneK-TpoMarHnr c roJrtM 6poft nonrocrn. Bpoxr Ha 3axBarr{aur,rre Aerafiru n roqHocrra Ha

o6pa6oxara HM 3aBr,rcsr or 6pox Ha noJrlocuTe Ha Macara.

flpran4nnHa KoHcrpyr(qnrr Ha eJreK-

TpoMarHI,ITHa MaCa e [oKa3aHa Ha

Qar. 3.99. Crcror,r ce or ronrla 6pofiHaMOTKT{ H anTepHaTnBHO peAyBarrlH

ce MaTHHTHU IIOJIIOCH, nOMeCTeH[ B

o6q QepoMarHlrreH Kopnyc, Kofiroce MoHTHpa Bbpxy rrJroTa Ha MeTaJro-

o6pa6ornau-(ara Marur,rHa. Me;rgy no-nrocltre e nocraBeH KanaK or HeQe-

poMarHrreH Marepr4aa, rofito 3aulu-TaBa HaMOTKaTa OT npOHr,IKBaHe Ha

npax, QepovrarHnTHr{ qacr?rqn r{ Teq-

HOCT, I,BnOJBBaHa 3a OXJra)KAaHe Ha

o6pa6otnaur{Te Aerafiau. HaruorKl{Teca cBbp3aHr4 B napaner. 3axpaHBaHerovycnoBwflTa 3a pa6ora u ynpaBneHl{e

f:___I

t aaxnaxarnerafur

Ha eneKTpoMarHnTHI,ITe MaCU Ca aHarornqHlr Ha re3r,r Ha ToBaponoAeMHtrTe eileK-TpoMarHnru. ,{omaHHTeJIeH }r3ToqHnK Ha noBpe[H e npoHfiKBaHero B HaMorKrrre Ha

oxnaxAaula reqHocr H 3aMbpcrBanflfl or QeporvrarHr,rrHr,r qacrntur.

3a pasuaruuTBane na o6pa6orBaHr.rre Aerafrnn ce npoMeur nocoKara Ha roKa B

HAMOTKI,ITE.

O cno enume ued o cmamaqu Ha mo 6 apo no 0 ennume u saxe at4ar4ume ene Krnp o Nae -

HUmU CA:

a) eona*tpasxod HaeHepeus, cBbp3aH c HenpeKbcHarur roK B HaMorKara;

6) necueypnocm B padomama npv BHe3anHo HaMaJrrBaHe wnt4 orna.qaHe Ha Hanpe-

)KEHHETO.

Tesu HeAocrar"bl+I ce r,B6ffrBar or eneKtnpo.twaeHumume c u]ilnyncHo npeHaJvae'

Maca Ha uuafiQrrauurHara

@nr. 3.99. EnerrporrlarHr{rrra Maca

3. EMKTPOMA|HI,ITTII,{ CI4CTEMI,T

HumeaHe Ha nocmoaHHu *taeHumu. Tonap'br vrnn4 o6pa6orsaunr getafin ce 3axBalqa

or cr4rrara Ha nocrorrueH MarHr,rr. Tosa cbgrorHlre Moxe Aa rpae HeorpaHltqeno AbnroBpeMe r{ He e cBbp3ano c pa3xoA Ha eHeprus,.3a ocso6o)KgaBane Ha roBapa ultril Ae-

rafina 3a KparKo BpeMe (or nopr.rpKa Ao 1 s) ce nponycKa HMtryncen ToK B HaMorKara

Ha KoHcrpyKrs{tra, rofrro pa3MarnlrrBa nocrotl{Hl,rt MaTHLIT.

3a cJrepauloro My HaMaTIII{TBaHe

(npu raxnarr{ane Ha roBap unu getafi.rt)

ce nponycKa HoB I,IMnync. Pasxo4tt sa

eHeprus e wmloxHo MiuIbK B cpaBHeHHe

c pa3xoAa npn o6umoBenllTe roBapono-

AeMHn WM 3AXBAIqaIT{H eneKTpOM aTHI,ITIA,

a HaAe)qq{ocrra ua pa6otara e MHoro no-

roJrtMa.Ha Qrar. 3.100 e noKa3aHo eAHo or

MHOTOTO Bb3MOXHII KOHCTpyKTI{BHU pe-

ureHr,rs Ha n3ro)KeHns npLIHIII{n ga Aefi-crBl,Ie Ha eneKTpoMarHHTI{ c lrMnyncHo

npeHaMarHHTBaHe Ha nocTosHHI{ Mar-HHTr{. flpn napanenHo cBbp3BaHe Ha

HaMOTKr,rTe Lr npo[ycKaHe B Tsx Ha IdM-

nynceH ToK nocTosHHr.ITe MaTHI,ITI,I Ce

HaMarHr,rrBaT eAHononspHo H ocHrypsBarHeo6xo,qrMr{fl noroK n cnrra npe3 ToBapa

(urtr.r getafiaa). IlpnnporycKaHe B HaMor-

Krdre Ha r{MnynceH ToK c o6patna nonfip-HOCT MaTHI,ITIIIe Ce pa3MarHHTBaT I,I TO-

napa (r.urra gerafina) ce ocno6oxAaBa.2. Enercrnpo*taeHumHu caedunumenu. Cayxar 3a npeHacsHe Ha MexaHHqeH MoMeHT

or eAnH HeqpeKbcnaro Bbprrrrq ce c o6oporn ??1 Bo.(e{ BaJI KbM Apyr BoAI{M BaJI, rrH[ITo

odoponr nz 3arlncsr or cbcror{Hnero Ha cbeAnaureJl.r:

- npu II3KJITOqeH cbeAI{HHTefl TL2 - Q'

- npfi BKlIlOqeH CbeAnHuTeJl TL2: n1.

Ygo6uoro,q{crarru,roHHo r{ 6npso eneKTpoMarnrdrHo cBbp3BaHe }InH orAentHe Ha

ARara naaa 6es cmpaHe Ha BoAerqlt^aBar, u3ncKBaqo cnnpaHe Ha eneKTpoMoropa, ce

H3nOr3Ba B aBTOMaTr,r3r.rpaHOTO eneKTPO3aF[Dr(BaHe Ha pa3nnqHr,I arperaTr,I, MeTaIo-o6pa6ornau{r,r Marrrr{Hrr, Tpancnoprnrr cpeAcrBa u trp.

OcHonsure BHAoBe eneKTpoMarHr4THn cbeAr.rHureJtH ca: QpmqnouHll, c Qepouar-tMTeH npax r,r xucTePe3ncHH.

ll

il

283

lilrli

ll')\ltl

(Dur. 3.100. ErerrpouarnuT c uMnyncuonpeHaMaFHuTBarre Ha nocToJlnHu MaTHHTH

Ii)

Page 143: EA - u4ebnik

284 EIEKTPHIIECKI4 ANAPATH. qACT I

9

10

Ha Qur. 3.101 e noKa3aua upHH-

rIr{[HaTa KoHcTpyKrlr,rs Ha ereKTpoMarHH-ren QpmrrgaoHeu cbeAr{Hr.rrer, vue'ro qefi-

cTBr,re ce ocHoBaBa rla TpHerrlaTa cl4ila *t

MoMeHT Me)KAy plcKoBere 4 ot uate-pvan (Qepogo) c rorr{M roeQnryeHr Ha

Tpr.reHe.

Brs nKffoqetto noJro)Kelrue Ha cbe-

N4r{nrefls. cwnara Ha [pr{THcKaHe Me)KAy

Tpr.rerqure ce McKoBe 4 (za ocnryps-BaHe Ha Heo6xo4aMara cwra w MoMeHT

Ha rpr,reue) ce crgAaBa or eJreKTpoMar-

Hlm, unfi:ro Marrr,rronpoBoA c noruoc 3 u

HaMorKa 2 cauenognnxHo cBbp3aHH c Bo-

AeuIHs saa 11, a rornara 5 e 3aKpeneHa

@ur. 3. 101. E nexrpouarxnreH cbeAnur.rrer

KbM BoAprvlr.s. Bail 10. Illnomsre 6, HaMupaq{ ce B Ha4rrbxHare KaHaJII,r 8 ua ro'r-BaTa, cnyx(aT 3a [peHacqHe Ha BbpTtrltrut MoMeHT oT BoAerq]rff KbM BoAr{MInt BaJI.

Harraotxara Ha eneKTpoMarHr,rra ce 3axpanBa c Hanpe)KeHue qpe3 KoHTaKTT{I,rre npbc-TeHI{ c qerKr,r 1. Cneg H3KJTroqBaHe Ha 3axpanBaHero npyxuHara 9, rosro ce omrpa

Ha HanpaBntBarrlara BTynKa 7, ulgrpnBa noARH)KHara qacr lr rpr{errlnTe noBbpxuuHu

ce oTAen{T eAHa oT Apyra, TaKa qe BoAerr{I,rflT H BolutMl{.fiT BaJr ca MexaHr,rttHo oTAe-

neHI{. 3a r,re6srgaHe Ha 3atrenBaHero Ha KorBara KbM MaruuronpoBoAa BbB BKrIoqeHo

[onoxeHr,re MexAy rax rpa6na Aa r,rMa ManKa Bb3,qyuHa MexlurHa.3agnnxnaqr{sr eneKTpoMarsur saft-secro e 3a nocronr{Ho rranpexeHue, npI,I Koero

MarrruTonpoBoAbr rI,I[ "rbpHe" ce nspa6otna or IIrIbrHa eneKTporexHr,rqecKa croMaHa

apMKo LtJwt or KoHcrpyKTr.rBHa croMaua. flpz 3axpauBaHe c [poMeurr{Bo HanpexeHne

ao(Dnr. 3.102. ErrerrpoMarHr{rrrn cnnpaqKrr: a - qenrocrua;6 - neHToBa

rA'

,

3. EJIEKTPOMAT'I{I4THI'I CTICTEI{I{ 285

MaFHuTonpOBoAbT e oT JIIIC"TOBa eneKTpoTexH[tlecKa cToMaHalanv Or Qepnt'flone.re nogpo6nocr[ 3a eneKTpoMarHHTH]ITe QprrIlt'ronHlt, a raKa cbIIIo c Sepo-

Marr{uTeH npax u xtrcTepe3rrcH}r cbeAHHr.rTeflc ca AaAeHH Ha[p. B [1].3. EnercmportaeuumHu cnupa4Ku. Te clyxcaT 3a 6rpeo LI ToqHo cnnpaHe Ha

noAeMHO-TpaHc[opTHn MaIIIHHH (rpanone, telQepu, acaHcbopl'l), rutcTpy]teHTartgl{

Marrrultlt, nepuQepnn yctpoficrna na EHM' ayAI'IoBlI3yanHa TexHuKa H Ap' flpuHtlu-

nbT Ha .qeftcTBr4e Ha eneKrpoMarHHTHlr CnUpaqKI{ c roJItM CIIHparIeH MoMeHT I'BnOn3Ba

TpHeHe BbB BbpTsrq ce 6apa6as sa rreJrrocTn uJrlr JIeHTa * QUr. 3.102. Ynpan-neuueto

Ha cmrpaqKaTa e c eneKTpoMarHI{T.

cnr,rpaunuflT eneKTpoMarHrrT e 3a nocTotHHo HJIII IIpOMeHIHBO HarlpexeHl',Ie' eA-

HoQa3eH rarm tpuQa3eH H pa6otlt B peiKI'IM Ha noBTOpHo BKnrctIBaHe flpu orpaHuqeH

6pofi rorryraIIHoHHH IprKnH B qac.

4. Enercmpo-n4aeHumHuKnanaHu (eenmunu) sa xugpaBJIHt{HI'I c}IcreMI'I - Qrar. 3.103.

Brrro.rBaHero fiJtu tr3KJrror{BaHero Ha 3aABmKBauIn{ eneKTpoMarH}IT cJryxu 3a nyc-

KaHe I,Irut cruIpaHe (r.rnu o6parno) na Sayufg (rrlaclo, BoAa it gp')' Cnequaneu BI'IA ca

[ponopqEoHaJrHr{Te ereKTpoMarHHTH, npr{ KoI,ITO npeMecrBaHero Ha KorBara e npo-

nopquoHanHo Ha foneMl{Hara Ha ToKa B

HaMorKara. Tona [o3BonsBa re Aa ce H3-

non3Bar 3a nJIaBHo perynllpaHe Ha Ae6utana Qlynga.

5. Enercrnpo.ntaeHumHu eudpamopu-

Cnyxat 3a Bb36yx.uaHe Ha MexaHIcqHIt

nu6paqr.Iu B TeqHosr vnu B 6YmeP c

ManKI,I Aeraft.nu unu Kpenex(Hll eJreMeHTI{

(nnmone, raitru, HItroBe n Ap.), Koero

ce lr3nor3Ba B HffKOI{ TeXHOTOTHqHI'I npo-qecu. Elertpotr,tarHl{Tbr e 6es eKpaIIHI'I

HaBr,rBKI{ LI KOTBara r"ry nu6pupa c yABoe-

HaTa qecTora Ha 3axpaHBarqHf I'I3TOIIHI'IK.

Ts ce cBbp3Ba c Mexauuueu nu6patop,qusro co6ctaeHa rlecrora Ha rpenrene e

paBHa (nnu 6nnsra) ua qecrora Ha sI'I6-

Paryrs Ha KoTBaTa.

6. EnercrnpohtaeHumHu (*taenumnu) cenapamopu- Cny:rat 3a oTAeItHe Ha Qepo-

MarHurHr.r qacr[qr{ Hnu napqera or neQepor'rarHurHara Maca. I'Ianorgear ce B PYgHo-

o6oratnreJrHara r,rHAycrpr,rs, AbpBoAeJrcKn I{ neflpcKn npeAnplltrl{s., 3a orAen.flHe Ha

QepOr"ranu,ITHI{ qacTI,IqI4 oT KnI,IHKepa npll npoH3BoAcTBo Ha nopqenaH H Ap.

3.4.9. Ilon.apurnpaHn eneKrpoMarnnrn

IlonapusupaHunne eneKmpo.t raeHumu oc6ev eosfydumenHaHauromrca, Kotmo ctsdaoa

paflomuua (ynpaenaeat4ua) .MaeHumeH nomoK, u*tam u nocmoaHeH *taeH.um, rcotimo

Heno,Furcro

. ,AIro

npyXIIEa

@ur. 3. 103. Elextpor"ranHlrr€H KJraraH

L*rt*"

Page 144: EA - u4ebnik

286 EJIEKTPI4TIECKIT ATIAPATI4. qACT I

eas6y>rc0 a non tpu3up au4,taeHumeH no mo K.

Ha Qur. 3.104 ca noKa3aufi npHHqI,InHLI KoHcrpyKTrrBHrr cxeMu Ha Fara BnAa rro-n flpn3vp aHr,r en eKTp oM ar HHTr,r :

a) c DuQepeHquclnHa,taeHumHa cucmeJila - Qrar. 3.104a. flornpn:npaulrarr noroKOrr, cr:gagen or nocroflHnufl. Marnnr NS, ce pa3npeAenr Mer(Ay nolrccnre I n2 (6.r.: Onl * Orrz) B 3aBncl-rMocr or noJro;KeHuero r Ha KorBara. flpu cpe4ronono)ceHlle Ha KorBara BbB Bb3Ay[rHara Mex(Ar{Ha (d'1 : 6z) Qa : Qn2,KoeronoJroxeHlle o6a.Ie e necra6unro. Pa6ornusr noror iDo ce rns6yxcga or roKaB Anere nocneAoBaretlHn ceKr-u.tx Ha HaMorKara. Tofi npeMr{HaBa npe3 Marnr,r-

. TonPoBoAa npaKTnqecKn 6es ga npeMr{HaBa npe3 nocrosHnr{s MaFHr,rr, mft raronocnel[iltttr I,IMa MHoro rorrMo MaTHHTHo cbnpornBneHr.re. B ue;r.qxnata d1

noflspu3upaquflT H pa6ornurr noroK ce cr6upar - Or : (Dnt * Op, a B Mex-tr0.IHaTa 6z re ce H3Ba)KAar - Q2 : Qn2 - Op. PesyarauruaTa ereKTpoMarHaTHacuna F,4efictuaqa Bbpxy KorBara Ha eneKTpouarrurra, e pa3rnKara or cvurvtre,cb3AaAeHH oT noTolS,ITe 1D1 n QZ,u e HacoqeHa KbM noruOca 1. Ilpr.l npoMtHa Ha

fiocoKara Ha roKa B HaMorKara Ha eneKTpoMarH]rra pa6orunxr noroK tDo cueru[ocoKaTa cH B MaI'H]rTonpoBoAa, BcneAcTB]re Ha KoeTo ce npoMeHs [ocoKaTa Ha

, CI/JIATA I{ IIONOXEHqSTO HA KOTBATA;

6) c nocmoea .waeHumHa cucme*ta - Qnr. 3.1046.llonxpusnpaqrrr MarHureHtloroK B ABere Bb3Ayrrrnr. Me)KAr,rHn r,rMa elpra n cbtr1a flocoKa. PesylranurnrenoToII{ B .@eTe Me;KI[tHr{ npoMeHflT roneMHHnTe cu, a KorBaTa - noroxeHl{eroCN B 3ABVCI,IMOCT OT NOCOKATA HA TOKA B HAMOTKATA.

Pesyatanruara eJIeKTpoManHrrrHa crrra F, 4eficrnarqa Bbpxy KorBara Ha 4lQe-

a6@ur. 3.104. flo-nxpH:upanu eneKTpoMarHr{r}r: a - c alrQepeHquaJrna MarHr{THa cucreMa;6 - c

MOCTOBA MATIINTHA CUCTEMA

,r6,

3. EITEKTPOM A TH'ITHU &I CTEMI4 2E7

peHrryranHara cr{creMa or Qnr. 3.104a, e

(3.264) F : Fr-Fz: #rr?-o3l -- #[{o,,*oo )',-(Qn -on)',] ,

KbAeTO ,5 e Ceqennero Ha lloJrloca Ha eneKTpoMarHura.

3aAeficrsanero Ha eneKTpoMarHnra (curuata Ha noroxenuero Ha KorBara) e npn

Ft : F2,T.a. npn (Orr2 * Oo)' : (O"rr - Qo)', orKbAero cneA HectoxHa npepa6otrara pa6ornnrl noroK ce noryqaBa

irl

iI

(3.26s)

(3.267\ en2:o"+.

Pa6orunsr noroK ce onpeAers or M.A.H. V sa naumrara Ha eneKTpoMarHHTa

op:ry

Op: VG:V#,(3.266)

a nonrpn3upaulnre noToqu Qnt u Qn2 ca pa3flpe.qenff o6patHo nponopl[4oHaJlHo Ha

Bb3AyrrrHr{Te MexluHH 5t u 6z

lr1]

I

I

1r

On1 : O^!;

CneA 3aMecrBaue na Qopr"r . (3.267) nrs Qoprvr . (3.265) 3a MHHI{MarHara roreMuHarmin, npH Kosro sa.qeficrsa eneKTpoMarHI,ITa, ce nonyqaBa

(3.268)

T.e. enewnpo.MaeHunl6m e monKoeano-qy*cmeumeneH, KonKomo pagnuKama 5z - 6te 0O-JVCL4KA.

OcHonnata qasr or cuJrara ce cb3AaBa or norcpr{3ilpaulll.l noroK Ha nocrotH-Hr,rrr Maruur, a pa6muurr noroK cMens nocoKara il. BcneAmBHe Ha roea .M.d,H. uaHctJvomKama Ha non-npu3upaHume enercrnpo^vtaeHumu e JvrHoeo no-utclJtKo om *t. d.n.

Ha HaJilo mKama ua o durcuo o eHume HeympclnHu enewnpo ^4aeHumu.

flo.nxpuenpaHr.rre eneKTpoMarHrrrrl ce ra3non3Bar rJraBHo B non-npu3upaHume pe-nema. Te uruar MarKn Bb3AyruHH Me)KArrHH, MaJrKa Maca Ha KorBara u ra6apwu(ur,rHHua-nHo Ao 1 cm3). Bcregcraue Ha roBa re npnTe)KaBar BI,IcoKa qyBcrBltreJlHocr

lt rorsMo 6rpao4efictsne. tlecrora Ha KoMyrar+.rr 3a HrKor.r nonspu3lrpaHl{ penera

Aocrnra crorprr{r{ Hz.Te AonycKar ro.rr{Mo nperoBapBaHe Ha roKa B HaMorKara (20 n

floBeqe nbrn no-rorqM or roKa Ha 3aAeftcrnane) H Morar qpe3 KoHTaKTnre cn Aa yfipaB-

rsBar 3HaqrrreJrHa Morqnocr. Tegu KatrecrBa Ha nonrpu3upaHure penera onpeAenrrodaacrta r,rM Ha npnnor(eHne - B ManoMorr{Hr.r eneKTpoHur,r cxeM}I, B aBToMarnKara, B

r/min : ffifor- dr),

ti

1itl1i

li

1iI

r;

iiI

Page 145: EA - u4ebnik

288 EIEKTPI4IIECKI AIAPATI4. TIACT 1

(Dnr. 3. I 05. Hac'rpoftru Ha KoHTaKTHara cr.rcreMa Ha noJrrpu3r{pano pene: a - eArlono3l{qr{ouna;6 - 4nynosurllrouna; B - HeyrpanHa

TeneKoMyHr.rKarIHoHHara rexHr.rKa, B cxeMHTe 3a cr4tnaru3alltas, 3aqnra z 6aoruponran Ap.

O6lasma Ha npunox(eHue Ha nonqpr.r3r{paHr{Te penera ce pa3rur4psBa MHoro orKOHCTpyKTT.TBHOTO H3rrbnHeHr.re r,r Bb3MOXHOCTT,T 3a rracTpofira na KOHTaKTHaTa I'rM

cucreMa, noKa3aHH Ha Qur. 3.105:

a) eDnonosu7uoHuauacmpofrrca - Qnr. 3.105a. CnegilpeKbcBaHe Ha roKa n pa6ot-Ham (ynpaBnflBarqara) Hauo'rKa KorBara 3acraBa n xpaftHo nrlBo nonoxe-HEe, rtfi xarb'rs HrMa Bpbulau-(a flpy)il{Ha. flo crqfis HaqnH ce rBnbJIHtBau Hac'rpoftKa 3a AccHo noJro)KeHue Ha KorBara;

6) daynosu,quoHHa nacmporirca - Qnn. 3.1056. Crre4 H3KnK)r{BaHe Ha roKa B yn-

paBnsBalrlara HaMoTKa KorBaTa ocTaBa B cboTBeTHoro nonoxeHue I{ petlero"3anoMHq" norlpurera Ha trocneAHurl curuar. Kornata [poMeHJI nonoxeul,Ierocn caMo aKo ce noAaAe cr4rnan c o6parra nonspHocr Ha [ocneAril,rr;

n) neympattHa Hacrnpofirca - Qur. 3. I 05s. Creg u:urorrBaHe Ha roKa nog geficrnneHa npyxr.rHHTe KoTBaTa 3acTaBa B cpeAHo HeyTpaJrHo noJrox(eHr,re.

3.5. CTATUqHrI EJIEKTPOMATHHTHH CHCTEMH

Cratuqmrre EMC u3[bJrHsBar pa3nurrHr{ Qynrquu B npaKTrlKara:

- HHAyKTTIBHI{ cbnporr.rBJreHuff (gpoceau, peaKTopr,r, MarHr,rrHlr ycr{nBarenu);

- cuequanHl{ TpaHcQopuaropr,r (urrvrepnarerHu, c rroBnrrreHo pasceftnaHe I,I Ap.);

- eneKTpolrarHuTlr :a nt:6yxAaHe Ha HHTeH3r{BHt4 urru paBHoMepHH nonera;

- sta6sntn3aropr{ Ha roK H Hanpe)KeHue;

- ceH3o pu (ran4yKTr,rBHH, rpancooprvr aropur.r).

3.5.1. HH4yrtnnHlr cbnporrrBJreurr.tr

I,Ingyrrr.rnHl,ITe cbnpor?rBreHufl Hrparr orrpeAeneHa ponfi B eneKTpltqecKuTe Bepuru:orpaHHqaBaT ToKa Ha K.C., HaMarqBaT nyncaqafTa Ha ToKa B ToKou3npaB[Tent4Te,

3. E'IEKTPOMATHHTHI4 CHCTEMI,I

Olrn. 3.106. Hngyrrr.rnHu cbnporr,rBreHr{s: ar6 - 6es $epolvranHureH MarulrronpoBoA; B - )l( -c MarHr,tTO[poBoA c Bb3AytxHLI Me)KAI{HII; 3, II - CbC 3aTBOpeH MarHuTonPoBoA

orpaHgqaBar role6aHr{ero Ha HanpexeHr,rero n enepruftIrara cucreMa a Ap. B 3aBI'I-

cr,rMocr ot QyrxquuTe HM Te tlMar pa3nr,rqm MarHuronpoBols,I. Hsron KoHcrpyKIIHI{

Ha r,rHAyKTHBHr,r cb[porr,rBlreHr,rr ca noKa3aHu Ha Qur. 3.106. B ganucl'IMocr or BI4Aa Ha

MarHlrro[poBoAa HHAyKTI{BHI,ITe cbnporuBtleHlls 6t,tsat :

a) 6ee Q6porvranrureH MarHI{TorpoBoA - Qur. 3.106a,6;

6) c rr,rarnnronpoBoA c Bb3AytrrHI{ Me)KAItHu - Qr'rr. 3.106n-x;

n) cnc 3arBopeH MarHI{TonpoBoA - Qer. 3.106g,r'r.

3.5.1.1. Pearcrnopu e eneKnxpoeHepeemuKama

L. ToxoorpaHnqaBatq[ peaKTopn.Pearcrnopam e HcuytomKa c nocmosHHa undyrcrnue-

Hocm, rcosmb cny)Ku ba oepanuqu moKa u Da noDdap)Ka HanpnrceHuemo Ha utuHHama

cucme.tva npu noaea Ha K.c.

3a o6scHsBaue Ha Aeftcrnueto Ha peaKTopa Ha Qnr. 3.lO7ae noKa3aHa cxeMa Ha

trrrrHHa cucreMa 2,zaxpauena or reHeparopal. Ilu*tuure 3 cleAnpeKbcBaqllre 4 r"rorat

Aa HcMar lalt4 Aa HMar BKJrK)seH peaKTop 5. C Inr, X, ca o3Haqeupl HoMI'IHaJIHI'lsr

TOK I,I I4HAyKTHBHOTO cbnpoTI,IBIeHue Ha reHepaTopa' a c fr.l, Xp - HOMI'IHaJIHH{T

ToK H r{HAyKTHBHoro sbnporr,rBJrenr,re Ha peaKTopa. ArturHilTe cbnporuBreHus He ce

orrruTar, rrfi rato ca npene6pexuMo MaJIKII.

Axo s JtvnnflTa Jrr,rrrcBa peaKTop, To npt,t Bb3HuKBaHe Ha K.c. cJIeA npeKbcBaqa

TOKbT C

2E9

ffimffi@ffia6BrA

@@@m3s

(3.26e) _unt--rKr - JSxr'KbAeTO un e UOUUHaIHOTO nAUefisO Ha[peXeHI,Ie Ha reHepaTopa.

Hanpe;rcenuero Ha qtnara ruHHHa cncreMa e HyJra H BcI,I.IKLI KoHcyMaropn ry6m3axpaHBaHe.

Iri+

.=$

Page 146: EA - u4ebnik

EIEKTPI,IqECKI4 ANAPAT}I. qACT I

Inp, Xp

I.z

a6Bonr. 3.107- Krv o6scxgnane ua gefictnuero Ha roKoorpauxrraBarrl peaKTop: a - cxeMa HacBbP3BaHe; 6 - paenpegeaenne Ha lraflpe)Kerlrero trpll K.c.; B - pa3[peAerenr{e Ha Harpe;KeHu-em npfi HopManeH peiK[M

flpn Haauvlle Ha peaKTop, qllero HHAyKTT{BHo cbnporr{BneHne o6nrsoneHo e MHorouo-rollsMo oT ToBa Ha reHepaTopa, cTofmocT:Ta Ha ToKa Ha K.C. e

un......:

,/g

(3.27o)

-flcso e' qe /xz ( 1*1. 3a xapaKTepu3lrpage Ha Bb3MoxHosrra Ha peaKTopa AaorpaHI'ItIH ToKa Ha K.c. ce BbBex(Aa noHtruero omHocumenno uudynnueHo c6npomuo-neHue (o npo4enmu)

(3.27t)

Torrr Ha K.c. .I*2 (npu ycnoB[e fipYo: nrTo) e

,UnUn

'/s1xo + x.) Jix,

rpvo:WLoo%.

-Un-1001r2 N @:

lnpipyo ( ,1r1.(3.272)

Or Qopr"r. (3.272) cJle.rya,.{e crofiHocrra Ha roKa Ha K.c. ce oflpeAenrr caMo orHOMnHaJlHnTe napaMerpn Inr, roTo na peaKTopa.

flpr'r r.c. cneA peaKTopa npaKTHqecKH rlrrJroro HanpexeHne ilaAa Bbpxy HeroBoroI{HAyKTHBHO cbnporHBneHne u, Tbfi rato Xo > X., Hanpe)KeHnero Ha ryrHHara cr{c-reMa noqru ce 3ana3Ba (Our. 3.1076).

IIpu nopnaJteH peKurt na pafioma 66pry peawnopa ce nonyqaaa u3eecmeu naiHa HanpaKenue, rcoilmo ce Hapu4a saeyda Ha HanpaKeHue - Onr. 3.i07s. Heronata

zr

U- x'U'lE.

3. EJIEKTPOMA|HIITHII CI4CTEMI4

roJreMr{Ha 3aBr{cu or mr.ryKTuBnoro cbnporfiBneHrre Ha peaKTopa H or Qartopa Ha

Morr1nosrra Ha roBapa zt. OrHoc[TeJIHLrsr naA Ha Hanpexenl{e LU (n npoqenrH) e

(3.273)

Tnfi raro o6rrHoseHo trYo < l\Yo, ro aary6ara Ha lranpexeHl.Ie npl4 HopMaJreH

pexlrM e MarKa. Tara Harp. npr cos g:0,8, AUTo:0r6rpTo.Caegorarenno QynKrlrurre Ha peaKTopa ca:

a) da oepaHu.ru moKa Ha K.c. r,r ro rorrKoBa noBeqe, KoJrKoro c'rofuioctra Ha rpTo

e no-ronsrvra. Tnft raro ns6opbr rra npeKbcBarra n ocraHannTe cbopbt(eHnrl B

Jlrztur4frTa, ce onpeAers or crofinoctra Ha roKa Ha K.c., 3gaql,IMocrra Ha ra3I,I

Qyrrqux Ha peaKTopa e orreBngHa;

6) da gana3u noumu HeusJvteHHo HanpaKeHuemo Ha auHHama cucmeJila npu K.c. 6

Aadena nunua, npu Koerno ocmaHanurne KoHcylvtamopu nparcmwteccu He npo.Iile-

H.nm percuJyta cu.fhpuHopManeH pe)Kr{M na4br Ha Hanpe)KeHlre Bbpxy peaKTopa

e nponop4,roHaJreH Ha r4rrAyKTr{BHoro My cb[porI{BJIeHI,Ie.

3a npeogongBaHe Ha nporr.rBopeqrn[Te H3ncKBaHr,r.rr 3a orpaHuqaBaHe na crofi-Hocrra Ha roKa Ha K.c. r,r 3a HaMaJrsBaHe'Ha sary6ute Ha Ha[pe)KeHr,Ie npu HopManeH

pexlrM, croffuocrra wa rpYo ce us6upa B rparuilIl{Te 5 + 10%.

3a HaMa-[.sBaHe Ha naga Ha Ha[pexeHr.re npu HopMateH pexru ocBeH omtcaultreedunuqnu(Qur. 3.108a) ce H3non3Bardeofinuwwrcdeoenz - (Qur. 3.1086) peaKropn, B

KoHTo Me)KAy ABara KJroHa r,rMa cnrrna Marur,rrHa Bpb3Ka. Te cnyxcar 3a 3axpaHBaHe Ha

lpe pa3nnqHn Jrr.rHr{r,r, Koero onpocrsBa, IraMarrrBa ra6apmfiTe u rIoeBTnHflBa IlsnaracncTeMa.

Marrunrurre nonera Ha Fara KJroHa Ha cIFoeHurI peaKTop ca HacoqeHn eAlro cpeqyApyro u HaMaJrsBaT r.rH.qyKTr,rBHoTo cbflpoTr{BneHr{e BcJreAcTBI.Ie Ha pa3MarH}ITBauIoTo

cu qeficruue.

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292 ENEKTPI4qECKH AIAPATI4. I{ACT I

fla.qrr Ha Hanpexenr.re Bbpxy BceKr,r KJroH Ha peaKTopa npu HoMI,IHareH pexI,IM e

(3.274) A.U,- : I"(Xp- X r) : InXp(l- X * / Xp) : I"Xp(l - k),

KbAero Xp : wL, e uHAyKTEBHoro cbnporr,rBreHne Ha KnoHa (Lp e ITHAyKTT{BHocma);

X, : wM - B3aHMHor{HAyKTrrBHoro cb[porr{BJreHr{e (M e B3al{MollnAyrtunuocrra);k : M/Lo - roeQurprelrrbr Ha MaTHHTHa Bpb3Ka Me;K,qy.qBara KJIoHa.

Or Ooprrt. (3.274) cJreflBa,.qe 3a HaMaJUrBaHe Ha rraAa Ha HanpexeHl,Ie npn Ho-

MlrHaJreH pe;Kr,rM rpx6na Aa ce yBennqr,r roeQn4reHrbr Ha MarHurHa Bpb3Ka Me)K.qy

ABara KJroHa Ha peaKTopa. .f,cHo e, qe, aKo eAI{a or nl,rHul'tre e u3KJrIolIeHa, Tt He r,JvllcBbpxy naAa Ha Ha[pexeHr{e B Apynus KJroH Ha peaKTopa.

flpn x.c. B eAna or JurHr,rure r.rHA)rr(THBHoro c'rnporrrBneHlle ce oflpeAent rJIaBHo

or co6crneHoro r,rHA)rKTr.rBHo cbnporriBrenue Ha KJroHa Ha peaKTopa, B xofito t.s eBKnroqeHa, r.sfi Karo BJrr,IflHHero Ha pa3MarHnTBarqoro Aefictsue Ha HoMHHarHlts ?oK

BApyr'lrs KrroH eHe3nar{r,rrenHo. Kpaftno He6raronpnrrreH e cnyqatrHa eAHoBpeMeHHo

K.c. creA gnara KnoHa Ha peaKTopa, mfi Karo ce nonyqaBa foJlrMo HaManrIBaHe Ha

r{HAyKTr,rBHlrre r,rM cbnporr{BJreunr. B pesyrtar roKbr Ha K.c. H eJreKTpoAdHaM[IqHI4Te

cvnfi ca roneMl{.Aro egua or nr{rrnr{Te e r,r3KJrK)qeHa, B Her ce nHAyKTHpa Ha[pe)KeHI,Ie E : IkXp

or roKa "I e gpyrara Jtoainrrfl, Koero ce cyMnpa c Hanpe)KeHr{ero Ha I,BToqHI,IKa, H ce

norBsBa npeuanpeXeHre. flpu r.c. npeHanpe)(eHr,rero Mo)Ke Aa 6nge rorsMo Go Xsa

nbrfi HanpexeHuero Ha r,r3TorrHuKa). 3a HaMansBaHe Ha npeHanpe)KeHnrra LI eneK-

Tpo;1ranaMr.rrrnr,rre cnnn B clpoeHrlTe peaKTopn, roeQr,ngneu'rbr Ha MarIrHTHa Bpb3Ka

MexAy ABara KJroHa e B rpanr{qlrre or 0,3 go 0,5.Onucasme eAlrHrqnr{ H cgpoeun peaKTop[ ca BKJIIoqeHU B Jrrrmt4r4 I{ 3aroBa ce

Hapmar nunefinu (Qudepnu) pearcrnopu. Te cny)Kar 3a orpaHnqaBaHe Ha roKa Ha K.c.

Ha cborBeruara rtunt4fr.. Ha Qnr. 3.108s e noKa3aH ceKquoHeH peannop CP, nrmoueuMexAy orAenHH ceKrstrr (rur,rHHn cucreuu), roftro orpaur.rqaBa roKa Ha K.c. Ha Lltnoropa3npeAenuTeJrno ycrpoftc-rno H HaManfl Ba [oBpeAI,ITe Ha reHeparopllTe.

Pearropure ce xapaKTepn3upar gbc cneAHure HoMnHanHIr napaMerprt.Ho*tunanHomo HanpeKeHue Ha peaKtnopa c'borBercrBa Ha HafipexeHllero Ha Mpe-

jKara, B Kosro e npeAr{a3HaqeH Aa pa6orr.r. Harvroxara e n3onupaHa KbM 3eMq c onopHH

nopqenauoBr,r r,Bonaropu. fla4rt Ha HanpexeHrle Bbpxy HaMorKara npu HoMuHareH

pe)Kr,rM e He3uaqr,rreaeH (qo lOVo or Qa:noro Hanpex(enne), Ho rrpl,r K.c. Lr KoMyraUlln

BbB Bepr{rara ce noyrraBar npeHanpe)Kenvts, KoHTo geftcruar Ha Me)K,qyHaB}IBKoBara

LI3OIaI{H' I4 MoraT Aa [peAIr3BIiIKaT npO6ua.HotvtuuanHuam morc Ha peannopa e npo4bnxuTerHlrsr toK, Kofiro rofi Moxe Aa

noHece 6e: nperprBaHero Ha npoBo,rgrnKa u .qpyrrire KoHcrpyKTr,rBHlI eJIeMeHTu Ea

npeBr{rrrn AorrycruMr,rre rpaHr,rqn. Hor,ruuaaH}rre roKoBe Ha peaKToplrre ca Ao HuKonKo

KlrnoaMnepa, fipu Koero aKTr.IBHure zarydu Ha MoulHoc-r .qocrl{rar AecerKv Kuno-

BarI{. Te ce onpe.qensr KaKTo or aKTuBHoro cbnporr.rBneHne Ha HaMorKara, TaKa H

3. EJIEKTPOMATHI4THH CI'ICTEMII 293

or 3HaglITenHI,ITe Ao[bnH]rrenH]r 3ary6u ot cnJrHoro MaTHHTHO tlo-ne Ha peaKTopa' B

KOeTO npoBo4ttttltETe ce HaM[IpaT.

Omno cumenHo undynnueHo c6npo mulne Hue ( p e arcrnueno cm) u rco e Qu4ueHrn Ha

*taertutnHa epasKa (sa c)eoeHume peaKmopu). Tesu HoMIIHaIHII napaMeTpu Ha pe-

aKTopa xapaKTepr.r3rrpar roKoorpaHuqaBalrlara Bb3MoxHocr npu K.c. u :ary6ata ua

Hanpex(eHHe npu HoMI',IHaJreH pe)KI{M.

Pe arcrnuen a ( np o xo D na) no wno c rn Ha rpr.rQasna rPyna pe aKToprI

(3.27s) s : JB(JnIn.

Torcoeeme Ha mepiluuHa u Ha enennpobunatausua ycmoilluaocm Ha peaKTopa ce

geQunupaT, KaKTO H 3a ApyrrTTe Br.rAOBe EA. Te tpx6na Aa 6tAaT [o-roJreMI'I OT

oqaKBaHr,rt roK Ha K.c., Kofiro or cBorr crpaHa ce onpeAeJlg or HoMI'IHaJTHI'IS roK It

I,IHAyKTHBHoTO CbnpOTL[BJIeHI,Ie Ha peaKTopa'

Koncmpyrc4uama Ha peawnopa tpx6sa Aa nMa MHoro BLISOKa HaAexAHOc*r, rbfi

xato rofi onpeAens roKa Ha K.c. BbB Beplrrara, ga rofito ca u:6pauu BcI{.IKH eneKTpt'I-

qecKr{ sbopbxenr,rs. Peartoplrre ca qunl{HApHtIHu HaMotru 6eg croMaHeH MarHI'ITo-

npOBOA, ttft XatO nOcneAHHsT MO)KS Aa Ce HaCATH npI'I TOK Ha K.C.' KOeTo HaMaJIgBa

HHAyKTHBHOCTTa.

Kouctpyxqnltre Ha PeaKToPI{Te ca:

a) cyxtt - uaBHo ea CH H BbrpeueH MoHTa)K;

6) *tacneHu - 3a BH s B:bHrIreH MoHTa)K.

Or cyxure KoHcTpyKIdI,Ill Haft-rolrlMo pa3npocTpaHeHl'Ie uMaT T' Hap' demounu pe-

awnopu. CneA HaBr4BaHe Ha HaMorKara Bbpxy ura6.non rt ce uocraBfl B cnel$4anHa

@opr.,ra u ce 3aJrr,rBa c 6eros, Cne4 BTBbpAsBaHero My ce o@opr'rsr 6etoHHlI KoJroHIl'

KoHTo yKpe[Bar HaBr,rBKrre r,r npnAaBar ueo6xognuata uexasuqHa tKocr Ha KoHcrpyK-

rlr.rtTa. Konctpyrqns Ha tpnQa:eu 6e'rosen peaKrop e noKa3ana Ha QIlr' 2'34a' Tpme

HaMoTKr,r I ca ctersaTl4 oT KoJIoHHTe 2 n caMoHTI{paHI'I Bbpxy onopHuTe nSOlarOpu 3

u 4 rato ca pa3nonoxeHu BePTHKanHo eAHa Ha.q Apyra. KouctpyKquxTa e KoM[aKTHa

H 3aeMa ManKo Mtcro B pa3npeAerldrenHoro yctpofictno'Hauotxara ce HaBI{Ba or MHoroxnneH MeAeH gnfi antyvrllHlleB npoBoAHHr c neo6-

xoAl,rMoro ceqeHlre u I,Bonalu{r. flprr roneMI,I HoMI,IHaIHI'I ToKoBe ce u3notl3Bar H,I-

KOIKO [apanenHr,r npoBoAHrrKa, KoHTO Ce TpaHCno3I{paT, 3a Aa ilMaT paBHI',I HMneAaHcI'l

r,r paBHoMepHo pa3rpeAeneHl'Ie Ha roKa MexAy Tqx.

Co6ctneHI,ITe H B3aI,IMHII ttH,qyKTI,IBHocTu Ha HaMoTKIITe Ha peaKTopI'ITe ce H3qI4c-

JrrBaT c r,Bnon3BaHe Ha QOpr"ryau u rpaQwrz AaAeHI{ n [48, 96, 98].

Har"rorrata Ha peaKTopa I,I3HCKBa rontMo KOJTI,IqeCTBO CKbn npoBoAHI',IKOB Mare-

pual, eTo 3aII{o onTuMarluoto ir rPoeKTnpaHe e BaxHa 3aAaqa' B [75, 96] e no-

Ka3aHO, qe HaMoTKaTa c MuH[ManHo KoJrI'rqecTBo MaTepl{an I{Ma KBaApaTHo Han-

perrHo ceqeHlre c orHorrreHne Ha crpaHara Ha KBaApara KbM cpeAHI{s AI'IaMerbp D ua

ll

I

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Itr/f 110

108r 106r *02,u\ ) )

e /- 4 4N

I

2gs 'l294 EIEKTPI,IqECKI,I AIAPATII. 5ACT I

HaMorKara, paBHo sa ll3. flo roncrpyx-flmHl' n Apyril upHrrr4Hu Te3r.r onTnMaJrHH

napaMeTpr,r He BHHarr,r MoFaT Aa ce cna3rrT.

Ha Qur. 3.109 ca HarrepraHr KptrBlr, trpeA-

cTaBrrrqn fi3ilwrrHl[g. pa3xoA Ha MaTepuan(n npoqenna) cnpruo Mr.rrlrManHvs, npuorKnoHeHrre Ha napaMerpwe b/D u hlDHA HAMOTKATA OT OTITT,IMAJIHI,ITE HM CtOft-

Hocrn (b, h ca pa3Mepr{Te Ha Ha[peqHoroceueuue).

B pearropa ce orAen.s 3HaqureJrHo

Konuqec*rBo To[ruHa oT npoTr.rqaqfi-rr ToK

n AonbnHr,rrenHfi :ary6n B npoBoAsulnra Qepor"rarHurnrr sacrr.r (rpeuexrHn eire-MeHTH, apMarypa Ha xere3o6eronHutecTeHlr Ha pa3npeAeJrr,rTerHoTo ycrpoft-crBo H Ap.). 3a HaMarsBaHe Ha Aorrbn-HlrrerHlrre sary6n B npoBoArrrqr.r u Qepo-MarHr.rrHH rracru re rpl6ra ga 6rgar ua

pa3cTonHr,Ie oT HaMoTKaTa, He no-MatrKoor BbHrrrHux ir pagnyc. O6qr.me :ary6uB peaKTopa Aocrr,rrat 0,1-0,55Eo or npo-

[ycKanara MoIrIHocr H 3arpsBar HaMorKara. Haft-Te)KbK e ronnuHHHlrr pe)K[rM 3a

Hafi-ropuara HaMorKa, Tbii Karo u ce 3arpsBa u or BeprHKanHr{Te rorurr,rHnn nororlnHa cpeAHara H AonHara HaMorrn. 3a nogo6pxnaHe Ha ecrecrBeHara KoHBeKrIlrJr n

oxlaxAaHe Ha HaMoTKaTa, ce ocTaBsT aKcniurHrr il pary'anHa KaHaJr[ Me)KAy oTAen-HI{Te npoBoAHuq,I. CnuleepeueHHo KaHanHTe noBr{[raBar eneKTpnqecKara sKocr Ha

H3OIaqr,rrITa Ha HaMOTKaTa.

IIpu rc.c. ce noaeaaam eoneJvru paDuannu u aKcu&nHu enewnpoduuailu,aHu cuJtu

deilcmoat4u s6pry omdennume npooodnuuu u nexcdy HaJiomKume, Kor,rro Morar Aapa3pyrlar peaKTopa. Cmure Me)N(Ay HaMorKHTe npn rpnSa:no K.c. ca aHanornqnuHa clrnure npu tufiHua cnsreMa (nxc. r. 2.3.2) fi ce urrocrpnpar or Qur. 2.346.Hafi-MHoro ca HaroBapenu cbc cr{Jra Ha onbH rnonaropr.rre Ha Haft-ropHara nauotxa. YpernpoMsHa Ha nocoKara Ha roKa B cpe.nrrara HaMorKa ce H3MeHs nocoKara Ha nr:6yx-Aauoro or Hex noJre, npn Koero H3onaropr{Te sa Haii-ropHara HaMorKa ca HaroBapeHl{

cbc cutla Ha HarHcK. Teuoro Ha peaKTopnTe HaManar,a He6raronpnsrHoro Aeitcr,sueHa cIlrtI,ITe Ha oIIbH Bbpxy l,r3oJraropnre. flpu MHoro roJrsM ToK Ha K.c. Beprr{KarHoropa3nono)KeHl4e Ha rpl{Te HaMorKr4 Ha peaKTopa He Mo)Ke Aa ocr4rypu Heo6xotruMaraeneKTpoAHHaMLIqHa ycrofi.rurocr. B ro3n cnyqafi sauoxnTe ce pa3nonarar xopr,r3oH-

TaIHO H Ha AOCTaTbqHO rOnrMO pa3cToqHHe eAHa OT Apyra.

3. EMKTPOMATHI4THH C?ICTEMI'I

Eeronnnte peaKTopI,I ca HaAexAIru,

KOMnaKTHI,I, eBTItrrE n c roJI{Ma Me-

xauurrHa {Kocr. OcHoseH TexeH He-

AocrarbK e rotsMara I{M Maca. Vb-

non3BaHeTO I{M 3a Cgpoetll{ peaKTopt'I

e HeyAaqHo, trfi Karo nPtl e$IoBPo-

MeHHO K.C. B ABara KJtOHa ce nonyrraBaT

MHOrO roJreMI{ eJreKrpoAlxlaMnqHu cl',ulll

MexAy 6ruagro pa3nono)Kellure HaBITBKI'I

H HaMorKlI, KolITo rI{ paSpyuaBar. B cr-ro6seuata cyxa KoHcrpyKI[Is Ha c.ryoen

peaKTop ca B3erld neo6xo4lrvrure MepKn

3A MEXAHI{IIHO YKPEISBAHE HA HABIIBKI{TE

I,I HAMOTKIITE.

Hauorrara2na *tacnevua peaKrnop - (pur. 3.1 10. Macaen peaKTop

Qur. 3.110 e HasHTa Bbpxy llsortalrlomra

ocgoBa u ce HaMHpa B croMaHeur,rfl Ka3aH 1, rtraeH c rpancQopMaropHo tvraclo. Tx

ce 3axpagBa qpe3 n3BoE{Te Ha rrpoxogrnre l{:}onaropn 4. E-nerrpouarnurulntr eK-

pau 3 (r.c. Hanranra) naualsBa MaFHnTHI4q'[oroK IDo, a or raM u rary6ute B Ka3aHa

r{peg yBennqaBaHe Ha MarHI,ITHoro cbnpornBneHlle no nbrt tuy. Hsnor3BaHero Ha

Macrroro Karo lr3oJrar.u{oHua rn oxnaxAaula cpeAa nogo6pxna ycnoBl'Isra 3a pa6ora Ha

HaMorKara, HaMaJrsBa ra6apmnTe Ll rerJroro lra peaKTopa. Macaenure peaKTopI'I ce

r{3noJnBar sa BH u BbHrueH MoHTDK. Ctrqegrseg HeAocrarbK Ha orrncaHara KoHcrpyK-

I44ff e MaTHIITHnST nOTOK O6, 3aTBap.fiIII Ce npe3 Ka3aHa' I'I CBbp3aHI'ITe C HerO aKTUBHI'I

aary6g r{ 3aBtrcnMocr Ha r{HAyKT}rBHocrra or roKa. Tosu He.qocrarbr ce ug6srBa qPe3

rr3non3BaHe Ha ropogAiurHr,r HaMorKI{, rnfi raro MaTHLITHI,IST noroK ce 3arBaps u:}q.ruo

s o6eMa I,IM.

2. firroracgre.rrg6 peaKTopr.floeoeacumenHuam peaKtnop (Ilemepcenoea 6o6una)

e unyynnueHo c1npotnueneHue, Koemo ce etuuoqea nexciy seesduua qeHmap Ha eHep'

aurtnama cucme.hta u ge1vama u cnry)Ku Da oepanuqu moKa Ha 3ertHo rc.c. (nexdy Qasa

u sena) u dayeacu noteunama ce daea.

EaerrponpoBoAr,rTe nMaT 3Harrr{TeJrHa AbJI,KI,IHa, oTHOcHTenHo ro.neMv KanaUI'ITeTH

r{ Kanarlrrr}rBHr,l roKone. CncreMr{Te c }BonllpaH 3Be3AeH LIeHTbp ce xapaKTeprcupar

c ManbK ToK Ha 3eMHo K.c., Ho c roJreMH KoMyraqnoHHI,I npeHanpe)KeHl{s. Cncre-

Mure c Ar.rpeKTHo 3a3eMen 3Be3.qeH qerrrbp (unu zazeMeH npe3 ManKo aKTI4BHO llrllI,IHAyKTLTBHo cbfiporttuenue) r{Mar MaJrKr.I npeHanpexeHfis, Ho MHoro ron{M ToK Ha

3eMHo r.c. CucteMtrre cbc 3Be3AeH qeHTbp, 3a3eMeH npe3 IIHAyKTHBHO cbnporHBne-

Hr,re c onpeAeneHa roJIeMr{Ha, r,rMaT orpaHurreH ToK Ha 3eMHo r.c. B wliearvlanpatffis'

cnyua.ft npn paBeHcrBo Ha nHAyKTrBHoTo cb[poTHBJIeHI'Ie Ha peaKToPd tr. : aL (ue brnoBara qecrora, L - I.rHAyKTr,rBHocma) I,I Ha Ka[aqLITI4BHoro cbnporuBnenlle Ha

h/D1,6

1,4

1,2

1,0

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

o o,z o,4 0,6 o,g l,ob/D

@ur. 3.109. OirpegeaxHe Ha r.r3Jrr.rurtt4s, pa3-xoA Ha npoBoAHrrKoB MaTepHaJr

r-l

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296

1

eneKTponpoBoAa Rc : ZrC (C e KaraIS{TsrbT Ha eAHa Oa3a), t.e. flpn ycnoBl'Ie

3. EMKTPOMA|HHTHI4 CI4CTEMI'I 297

,{rroraCutenHl{sT peaKTOp Ce XapaKTepl{3lrpa C HOMUHaJIHO H aflpe X eHI'Ie' MOIIIHOCT

r{ 4.rana3oH Ha }rsMeHeI{He Ha I4HIS/KTHBHOTO CbnpOTHBneHI{e' TO r'rOXe Aa Ce pery-

*rpu Ha qIe[eHI{ (upea I{3MeHeHI{e Ha 6pgt Ha HaBuBKHTe Ha HaMoTKaTa) ulu nJIaBHo'

HaopofrraTa IIa I{HAyKTI{BH6T6 cbnpoTI.IBJIeH}Ie Ha peaKTopa 3a AaAeH eneKTpgnpg-

BoA craBa tlpe3 KotlTPonlrpaue Ha naAa Ha Hanpex(eHl{e cbo6pa3Ho llrpa3a (3'277)unu

qpe3 KOHTpOnHpaHe Ha TOKa Ha peaKToPa, KoilTO Tps6Ba Aa HMa MaKcI4ManHa cTofi-

HoCr. Kana4,nuBHOTO gbnpoTl{BneHl,Ie Ha MpexaTa Ce MeHu HenpeKbcHaTo (grpotT ce

rroBr{, BKJIIoqBaT ce I{ Ce I,I3KJtrOqBaT eneKTpOIIpOBOAI{ lI Ap') I{ 3aToBa I{HAyKTI{BHoTo

sbrrpgTlrBnenlle Ha peaKTopa Tps6Ba Aa ce peryn[pa r1epItoAI{tIHo nnu aBToMaTI{rtrHo'

,\aeoeacumennism peitcmop e 1oduna c QepouaeHumeH i4aeHumonposoA' flnas-

Ho.TO perynHpaHe Ha I'IHAyKTLfBHOSITa Ce rocTnra qpe3 pa3nltqHu KOHSfpyKTIIBHH pe-

ureHr,rfl t411.Ha enr. 3.111 e [oKa3aHa Haft-qecro rB[oJI3BaHara r(oHcrPyKl[tfr' Ha peaKmop

c eaHo noailuwo aDpo. OcHosril{re npeAr{MCTBa Ha peaKTOp C noABI',Ix(HO gApo ca:

[raBHo perynllpaHe Ha TOKa IIOA HaIIpe)ce[IHe' ManbK pa3xoAHa aKTI{BHU MaTepHaII'I'

ycTofiqllBocT Ha HaMoTKaTa KbM npeHanpexe:nfifl, lIIrIpoK AI'Iana3oH Ha perynupaHe

Ha r{HAyKTrrBHOsrfa, cr{Hycor{AanHa oopMa Ha ToKa. HeAocramqnTe ca: HaJII'IqUe Ha

nOABr{XHE qaCTLI I,I HeO6XOAI,IMOCT OT 3a.mnxcBaHe (O6IKHOBeIIO MoTopHo)' rOJrsMa

r{HegrHocr npu peryn[paHe, ryyArra TexHoJroF]Ifl Ha U3pa6oTBaHe.

flaeOeacumenHurne peyrcmopu Ha]ilAJrtaatn aoapuurne om 3eJwtu tc'c' e enercmpo-

EMKTPI,IqECKI'I ANAPATLI. qACT I

(3.276)

ce nonyqaBa nbrHa KoMneHcar.$rr MexIry LIHAyKTI{BHUfl t4 KanaIs,ITI'fBHI'IC TOK I{ TO-

Kbr Ha 3eMHo K.c. e Hyna. B geftcraurernocr IrbJrHa KoMrreHcal4r'fl, H9rM^a. T'bfi Karo

peaKTopbT LIMa aKTLIBHO CbnpOTI,IBneHI4e, a npoBoIHI{I$Te - aKTI',IBHa npoBoMMocT

Ha H3onaqqqra. B pe3ynrar ce nonyqaBa ocrarbqeH ToK, KofiTo rIpI'I Bb3AylIrHI4Te

eneKrponpoBoArr e 5 + L|Tq a rpu Ka6enHr.I Mpexn 3 + 6% or KanatS4TI'IBHI'Iq roK Ha

HeKOMneHCnpaH eneKTponpoBoA.

Hanpexceru.ero Ha 3Be34il,rf qeHTbp Ha cllcreMa c AbroracnreJleH peaKTOp, Koero

cbuleBpeMeH[ro e IraAbT Ha HanpexeHl{e Bbpxy peaKTopau" e

3

LUUr: UoZ? . '

Du *Y"i:l

tlL:#"

(3.277)

@ur. 3.lll. Pearrop c ro.qBu)cno lgpo: I -rrepBqtleH peAyKTop; 2 - noAerqnal; 3 - [oA-Br{xno qApo; 4 - uauorra; 5 - Heno,{BIr)KHoqApo;6 - HsoraquoneH III{JILIH Abp;1 - crpaHu-

uen (satnapnrl) lperrl; 8 - nogav Ha noABIDK-

Horo sApo

KbAero [/g e Hanpe)KeHl'Iero Ha 3Be3AHHt

qeHTbp Ha cucreMara, aKo roft e H3olllt-

pa[;Yi - KanaIII4THBHara IIpoBoAI'IMOCT Ha

Tpr.me Qa:rn; Y" - *ttpyKTI4BHara npoBo-

gnMocr Ha peaKTopa.

Asaruagtr Ha u3Pa3a Q.nl)nPr cna3-

BaHe Ha ycnoBl{ero Q.nq [oKa3Ba,qe HanpexeHnero [f

" xnot*t KT'M 6e3-

xpai,inoct, Koero e se6laronputtno- 3a

da ce us6eene noaaama Ha eone*to Han'

peKeHue na seesdnu-n 4eHtn6p, peanno-

p6m ce npeKoivtneHcupa c oKono 8 + l0%'B nod cmaHuuume daeo e acumenHuttn

peaKrnop ce ce6p3ea nexdy seesdnus'

qeHmap na edun om cunoaume mPaHc'

Qopnamo pu u 3e.lvama. TpancQopMaro-

prt rpx6na Aa HMa u3BeAeH 3Be3AeH ueH-

Tbp H AOCTarbqHa MoulHocr, 3a AA MOXe

Aa noHece roBapa or peaKTopa. fltp-BHqHure HaMorKIt Ha tpaHcQopMaTopa

rpx6ua Aa ca cBbp3aHll B 3Be3Aa. B npo-

TIIBeH cnyuafi tpanc@opMaropbr Moxe

Aa ce nperpee H noBpeAu, rufi rar:o ToKbT

X,Q

11000

10000

9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

3 4 5 67 8910 15 20 30 40 60 80 100d, mm

(Dur. 3. ll2. lfigvleueHue Ha uHAyKTI{BIIoTo cbIIpoTI'IBJleH}Ie X ua AbroracuTeneH peaKTop B

3aBr{crrMocr or Bb3AyllrHata uex4uHa d

Ij

2.

ei

,*

J_l\ J-.l

\ \ t-.1\\ I\ \ L

T -U:Lol\/lkv ]-t _u :2o/J}kv L

J-\ J-\ t-

\ IF#

r{a peaKTopa Bb36y)KAa MaTHHTeH noTOK, rofito ce 3aTBaps [pe3 Ka3aHa.

Page 150: EA - u4ebnik

298

l----T

ffil@

o

(Dur. 3.113. KoncrpyKrlnn Ha KoMneHcaquo-HeH peaKTop: a - c MaHmeH ManHlrTonpoBoA;6 - c pasnono)KeHr{e Ha qApara BbB Bbpxo-BeTe Ha paBHoclpaHeH TpHbrbJrHr{K

EJIEKTPHqECKH ANAPATI4. qACT I

euepeufinama cucme^4a. fincranr.U{onuoro perynupaHe Ha roKa craBa c upfinarane HaMeroluTe I{ cpeAcrBara Ha aBToMarr,rKaTa u rereMexaHr.rKara. Ha Qnr. 3.112 e IIo-Ka3ago r{3MeHeHr{ero Ha HHAyKTT{BHoro cbnporr.rBlregue X sa AbroraclrTeneH peaKTopB 3aBr,rcrrMocr or Bb3AyruHara ue>r4rura d.

3. Korvrnencaq[onrrrr perropn,Ko,uneHcaquoHHume pecucmopu cny),cam danarvantamu3.luefueHuemo Ha HanpaKenuemo u Qatcrnopa Ha.rvtowocrntna Ha eHepeurtnama cuc-me./wa, Abnxaqu ce na pa6ota Ha [pa3eH xoA Ha Bb3AyruHr{ u ra6earul eneKrponpoBoAn(roncyuarrynx Ha KanarurrnnHa MorqHocr), Bne3arrHo r{3KlrK)qBaHe Ha roJreMr,r roBapu,HeqrMerpl{qH[ noBpeIU, KoHcyMrrpaHe Ha FoJrsMa peaKTr{BHa Morrluocr. Te orcaseamcmadwtttsupat4o deficmeue Ha HanpeKevuemo npu 6aenu u 6opsu npexoOnu pe)KnJyut,Danxat4u ce Ha pasnuvHu Koilymaquu.

Knac uqe cKume rcortneHca4uoHHu pe aKmopu ca Jvo t4Hu ( d o I 000 IvNA ). mpuQ asuueneKmpo.hraeHumHu cucme.I4lt, Koumo ce ceapseam napcutenHo Ha p&gnuqHu J^ecma6 npeHocHama tlnu pasnpedenumenaama -rytperca. Cnrpsnauero Mo)r(e Aa 61b.qe .ry-peKTHo I4JItr KbM Tperllqnara HaMorKa Ha MorrIeH cHJroB rpancQopMarop, c Koero

peaKTopbr e 3audrnren or arMocQepHnnpeHanpe)KeHus. Pearropnr ce cbcror.r

or HaMoxn c $epoMarHureH MarHrrro-npoBoA c Bb3AyrrrHH MeX<4drrr,r 3a ocnry-pgBaHe Ha He3aBr,rcI{MoCT Ha ITnAyKTAB-

Hogrra or roKa. 3a naruaacBaHe Ha no-ToKa Ha pascefiraHe oKotro Bb3AyrururreMex4rHr,r rr cBbp3aume c neno eary6llBMeCTO el$ra ronffMa ce E3rIolBBaT Ht-KOIKO IIOCneAOBaTenHU [O-ManKr.l Bb3-

AyruHIr Mex(IurHn (nxc. Qnr. 3.106). Ha

Srr. 3.113 ca [oKa3aH]r ABe Bb3Mo)KHI,t

KOHCTpyKTHBHT{ pemetdt4fl. - C MaHTr,reH

ManHuTonpoBoA nnv c pa3nono)<eHne Ha

,rApaTa BbB BbpxoBeTe Ha paBHocTpaHeH

TpnbrbnHr.rK. Broporo peureHr{e e no-go6po mfi raro BcvqKH eneKTpnqecKn rt

MATI{I,TTHI,I BCJIIIqI'HIT CA CI{METPUqHII, HO

e no-TpyAHo 3a rnfibnHeHr,re. Ype: KoIvIy-Taqllt Ha ceKlprure Ha HaMorKr,rre Ha peaKTopa troA ToBap (nanp. cbc crbnaneH pery-latop) ce r,r3MeH{ HHAyKTHBHocrra r.r Moxe Aa ce roAAbpxa.qo6rp 6anasc MexAyHHAyKTHBHaTa H KanaqI{THBHara Morr{Hocr B eneKTpoeHeprnftHara cncreMa.

$;

"

3. EJIEKTPOM ATHI4THIA C'KTCfl EMI4 299

3.5.1.2. ,\pocenu

,{pocemre ca MHo)cecrBo Br{AoBe r4HAyKTrrBHI{ cbnporaBneHfi,{, KoIITo I{3IIblIH.f,Bar

pa3nr{qHr,r QyHrrr!il{ B ereKTpr{qecKr{re BepHrIr npfi sborBerHlt ycnoBr4s'upa6orxr npr't

TOKOBe U MOqHOSTI{ l|:}MeHtlr$l ce B roJrsM Al',Iana3oH.

B gaencurr,rocT oT BH,qa Ha BOITaMnepHaTa XapaKTepI{c"TIIKa ApocennTe ce pa3AenffT

sa .nuHeifom u nelsnetfoiu.B sasucuMocr or Qymlgxra Ha Apocena Morar Aa ce ot6elexar crte,4lllTe BI{AoBe:

- [ycKoBI{, npeIFa3HaqeHI{ 3a tlycKoBus npoqec Ha pa3nI'IqHlI ycrpoficrna;

- QnmpoBr{, Konro cny)Kar 3a HaMan.flBaHe Ha npoMenJr}rBara cbcraBKa lra roKa

B pa3rI,IqHI,I BrdAoBe Hey[paBnseMu r{ )mpaBnseMu ToKoH3npaBI{TenI{;

- TOKOOrpaHruaBarrIH, Kolrro cJIyxaT Aa orpaHllqaT roIeMI{HaTa Ha TOKa BbB

BepuraTa npH pa3nHqHLI penoIMI,I;

- B CXeMnre Ha eneKTpoHI{KarAn eneKTpo3aABl'tiKBaHero-

--lI)irlI

j

Morqnnre nunefrHu Apocen[ ca c tA-peH MarHuTonpoBoA c MHoxecTBo Bb3-

AyrrrHrl Mexluux IIo lTbrx na pa6ornntnoroK. Ha Qur. 3.L14 e cxeMarl4quo u3o-

6pa:eHo noJrero na paacefiBaHe Ha raKbB

Apocen. HgnorsnaHero Ha MHoxecTBo

MarrKH Bb3AyIIrHn MeX.4,IHI{ BMeCTO e4laroJIgMa yCnOXHtBa KOHCTpyKIILISTa' HO

cbrrlecrBeHo HaMaJrsna sary6ure or BLIX-

poBlr ToKoBe B npoBoAI{I,IIIHTe Ha HaMOT-

rara o6ycJloBeHu or noroKa na pascefi-

BaHe. Metogma 3a H3r{HclffBaHe Ha Apo-cerrn e AaAeHa sl26).

(Dur. 3. I 14. MarnnrHo noJre Ha Apocen c Bb3-

Aylrmu Me)N(,qHHI.l

l

lilr

1

ilI

3.5.1.3. Mazuumnu ycuJleamenu

MaenumnugrnycuJtlarnen e cmamw4eu EA, tcofimo ycunea u3*teHeHuetno Ha nocmoa-

neu morc (nanperceHue, *rot4Hocm). IIo cou4ecmeo npedcmaenaoa ynpa*nteJ"o unDyrc-

mu6Ho canpomueneHue. B nafi-npocrara KoHcrpyKl{ns tofi ce cbcrot4 or ABa HanbJIHo

eIFaKBr.r Apocena c QepouarHuren MarHHTonpoBoA or ropolrAaner flrrn sApeH rI'In

- Qur. 3.115. Bceru Apocer r,rMa nocrosnnoroKoBa (ynpanaxnaula) u npoMeHnn-

BoroKoBa (pa6onra) HaMorKa. flocrosHnoroKoBuTe HaMorKIa Ha AEara Apocena ca

cBbp3aHr,r noMexAy cr{ nocneAoBaTerHo u ce 3axpaHBaT oT IIe3aBucI,IM perynnpyeM

ugroqnnr Ha roK ,[0. flporvrennr{BoroKoBare HaMorKH Morar ga 6rgar cBbp3aHI,I noc-

reAoBarenno (Qur. 3.115a) vlti_ilapanerrHo (Qur. 3.115s) n ilpe3 cbnporuBneHl4ero

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II

1

I

Ii

I

30r300 EIIEKTPI4TIECKI'I ANAPATI4. qACT I

BN

onn. 3.1 15. Cxeruru Ha Man{[THtr ycl.I.nBare tlo/.z a - 6es o6paura Bpb3Ka; 6 - C nrnurna o6parna

Bpb3Ka; B - c Bbrpeuna o6parna Bpb3Ka; r - c BbHurHa H Bbrpemna o6parna Bpb3Ka

R" (ur"rneganca) Ha roBapa ca 3axpaueHr{ or }BToqHIrK Ha [poMeurl,rBo HanpexeHl'Ie

U-. Cnnp3Bauero Ha HaMorKure Ha MarHETHr,rn ycl,rllBaren e raKoBa, qe pe3ynraHT-

HOTO IIH.q/KTApaHO npOMeHJTHBO e.A.H. B

lpere noctor{EHoroKoBH HaMOTKI{ e Hyna.

B npo:rmew cnyuaft ce nonyqaBar roJreMl'l

3ary6H B' nocTotHHoToKoBn{ I,I3TOIIHHK.

flpn cnrp3Baue Ha HaMorKHTe ce c[a3Bar

Haqarara (rvrapruapanu gbc 3HaKa ".") w

Kparurlara m,r. Ha Qrr. 3.116 rvrailnmon-

poBo,q,rre Ha xparaApocena ca o6eA[HeHIt

B o6lq or MaHTTIeH Tun. llHgyrmpaHoroe.A.H. B nOCTOfiHHOTOKOBaTa HaMOTKa e

Hyna, trfi raro B Herr He npeMI{HaBa npo-

MEHJII{B IOTOK.

B r"rarHnronpoBoAa Ha MarHr,rrwr4fl. ycunBarer r{Ma eAHoBpeMeHHo nocrouHHo I'I

npoMenJrr{Bo nore nr:6yAeuo or gnere HaMorKtr. Peayrramr or B3al{MoAefictnn-

ero Moxe Qopr"ranno Aa ce n3pa3ra c HaMaJrfiBaHe Ha MaFHI{rHara npoHl{I{aeMocr 3a

npoMeHnnBH,t noToK npr,I yBennqaBaHe Ha nocTo{HHus uoToK, KoeTo ce Abnxl4 Ha

nernsefinn.r xapaKTep Ha KprrBara Ha r{aMarnr'rrBaue (nx. 'r.3.2.5 ra Qrar. 3.36). IIo-nyrraBa ce H3MeHeHr{e Ha npoMerurr{Br.rr (pa6otrnrr) ror B ToBapHoro cbnporl'tBrrcwie

nplr u3MeHeHHe lra nocrorHr{r{x (ynpanarnaqur) ror.

3. ENEKTPOMATH}ITHI4 CHCTEMI {

3aeuculvtoclnrnctHamoilaHamosapar^omynpaenaeaulugmorcIoceHapu%acmamuqHL XApAWnepucmuKA "SXO\ - tt3xod" Ha rtaeHufnHuaycuneafnen u e noKa3aHa

na eur. 3.llia.Tx e crarr,rerp'q'a cnptMo opr*{HarHara oc, T'e' He3aBucHMo or noco-

KaTaHaToKaByIIpaBn,rBaII{aTaHaMoTKa'roJIeMI{HaTaHaToBapHIlgToKeeAHaHcbula.Tofi ce u3MeHg B rpaHurryre ot -It min AO /t *a),. Ml|Irrr'raaHutT TOBapeH TOK 3aBlIClI

OT KaqeCTBaTa Ha Qeporvraruuurut MaTepI'Ian H B l'I,qeUIHlIs Cnyqafi (upra p -+ oo)

/r min : 0. MarCnMZUIHltsT ToBapeH TOK ce onpeAenes OT 3axpaHBaUIOTO npOMeHnHBo

HaIIpexeHEe r{ or cbnpoTuBneHl{eTo (Ur'rnegauca) na npoMeHnuBoToKoBaTa HaMOTKa

u ToBapa. B cpegnata cll qacT xapaKTepucTl{KaTa "BXOA - llgxoA" e npaKTI{qecKI{ JII{-

seitna. Hefiuara crpbMgocr ce xapaKTeplrupa c rcoeQu4ueHm Ha ycun64He no moK

lcr

Q.n8)- AlrL.

--*, - L,Ia'

(Dun. 3.116. Marnuren ycr{nBaren c eAnH

MarHr{TonpoBoA

KbAeToA'Iueu3MeHeH[eToHaynpaBntrBau${'tor;A.I'_cboTBeTHoToI'3MeHeHueHaTOBapHnt ToK.

Ivra 6 B -r

(Dur.3.117. Xapaxrepr{cTHKtr "BxOA-H3XOA" Ha MaTHUTHIT ycIrJIBaTeJnr: a - 6eg o6parna

Bp63Ka;6-cnrnurnuo6put"uBpb3Ka;B-cBblpeunrao6panraBpb3Ka;r-peJIeeHpe)KI{M

flpu noAxog-tqo npoeKTupaHe Ha MaTHIITHI,I' ycl4JlBatenk, ) l uMoxeAa 6rAe or

nopsIFKa Ha AeceTK" r rtot"qt. AsaloruqHo MOraT Aa ce Aeoumrpar roeQut$leuru

Ha yCr,IJIBaHe Iro HanpeXeHI,Ie H MoIIIHoC-r. CrOftnOsma Ha IIoCneAHI{t MOXe Aa AOSTLITa

xLl]lflF:gHAeceTKI'xll[l'l$4'T.e.Bb3MoxHoey[paBneH}IeToHa3HaqHTeJIHaMoIqHocTHaToBapacManKaMoIIIHocTHanogro'HHoToKoBl'3ToqHI,IK.

ocneu no Haft-npocTaTa cxeMa ot Qur. 3. 115a MaFHHTHIiTe yClInBaTenH MOraT Aa

ce H3ITIJIHIBaT H no cneAHI4T e KoH1mpytanueHu cxe*tul4 pa3nI'IqHU rOU6unaIIIaH MeX(Ay

Tgx.1. MarrnrilAsT y)tlJIBaTeI MO)I(e Aa uMa H.nrconKo ynp^enfloat4u Hct'tvtofnKu' l''t4-

eTo pe3ynTaHTHO 4efiC'rnue ce oIIpeAeJIt oT alre6pnuttaTa cyMa Ha TexHI'ITe M'A'H'

YnpanaeHl4eTo Ha xapaKTep[cII'IKaTa e oT HsKottKo He3aBI'rcHMH IIOMeXAy CI4 BxOAa'

2. flocransHeTo Bbpxy MarHHTOnpoBoAHTe sa aon,nHumenHa (usivtecmeat4a)

HcritomKa,3axpaHeHa oT nocllof,HHOTOKOB H3TOqHI',IK C nocTo{HHO M'A'H" I'I3MeCTBa B

.s,s&

Page 152: EA - u4ebnik

302 EIIEKTPT,TqECK}I AIIAPATI,I. YACT I

JItBo nnu B AscHo or opAl{Harnara oc pa6orHara xapaKTepacrr4Ka "Bxog - z3xog". Tx ecI'IMeTpI'ItIHa CnpsMo HoBa opAl,rHara, onpeAeJreHa or M.A.H. Ha r{tMecrBarr{ara HaMorKa.HguectnaHero Ha xapaKTepr{crr,rKara ce r,r3[or3Ba Hanp. B cxeMara or Qrr. 3.l l8a.

3- MaenumeHycuneamen c 66HruHa odpamua 6p63Ka - Qur. 3.1156. R nal,torraraHa o6paruara Bpb3Ka rerre nocrorHeH ToK, [oJryrreH or npoMeturnBr{.rr c MoqroB To-Koll3npaBnrea. B eAuHr{fl MaFHETOnpOBOA sefiHOrO M.A.H. Ce CyMnpa, a B Apyru, -fl3Ba)KAa OT M.A.H. Ha yflpaBntBalrlara HaMorKa, Koero gborBergrBa Ha noJrox(r{TenHaI'I orpurlare-rrna o6parHa Bpb3Ka. XapaxrepncrnKara "Bxog - r,r3xog" e noKa3aHa Ha

Qnr. 3.1176. Tr e acHMerpHtIHa cuprMo opAurrarHara oc r{ ABara i uoua HMarpa3nI'IrIHa crpbMHocr. 3a raosa c no-ronsMa crpbMHoc'r (c floJrox(]rrellra o6parHaepn:ra) roeQuqueHTbr Ha ycprnBaue no roK e

(3.27e) k, : k.r%' 'lrp 1 - kort

KbAero k"* E xoe(rnqr'reHTbr Ha cxeMara. 3a cxer'ra c nocneAoBarerHo cBbp3aHr4pa6otHn HaMoTKLI kc* : 1; :a napaneJrHo cBbp3aHu pa6ornrn HaMorKr{ - k.x : 2;'tt)s,'tJ)p - 6poxt Ha HaBI4BKIrre Ha ynpaBnrrBaulara u pa6onrara HaMorKai kon - xoeQn-rlr.reuTbr Ha o6parua Bpb3Ka.

KoeQuqueHm6m na o6pamna eplsKa ce r{3qncnsBa or H3pa3a

(3.280)

KbAero kn e roeQuqlleHTbr Ha roKon3npaBr,rrenr, KofiTo 3artwcn or Br4Aa Ha Ar.roAHTe(cuurprenu, repMaHneuH) H Ha roKou3npaBr,rrers. B nAeaneH cryvafi kn : 1 3a ABy-rrbreH u (cn - 0,5 ra eAHonbreH ToKou3npaBr{Ten; ,u)os - 6poxr Ha HaBHBKHTe Ha

HaMorKara Ha o6parHa Bpb3Ka.C npor"rnra na 6pox Ha HaBuBKHTe Ha HaMorKara ua o6parHa Bpb3Ka ce a3MeHlr

roeQnryreHTbr Ha o6parHa Bprr3Ka n roeQr,rqueHTbr Ha ycgnBaHe no roK.4. MaenumeHycuneanren c 66mpewHa odpamna 6p63aa - Snr. 3.115e. Pa6onrHre

HaMOTKI'I Ce 3axpaHBar IIpe3 eAHOnbrHI{ BeHTr,rr[ It B T{x Teqe roK caMo B eAI,IHI,rg nony-nepLIoA (nyacraparq). Tortt B HaMorKlrre cbAbp)Ka nocrosHHa cbcraBKa, Kosro no.E-MaTHHTBa Mal'HlnronpoBoAa (cxeua c floAMaruurnane) TaKa, KaKTo u ynpaBrrrBaqaraHaMorKa. flpn rasn cxeua pa6orHLITe HaMorKr,r cnyxar 3a HaMorKa na o6parHa Bpb3KaI'I Tfl ce xapaKTepu3l{pa c BHcoK roeQuqueHT Ha ycunBaHe n 6np:o4eficrsue. TornrB ToBapa e cHHycollAales. Ha Snr. 3. tl7s e nro6pa:eua xapaKTepr,rcruKara "BXog -H3xoq" Ha yclrnBareJl c BbrpelilHa o6patra Bpb3Ka. Tasn cxeMa ce H3noJI3Ba qecroB KoHcrpyKUHnre Ha MOUIHH ycllnBarenu, lrrfi Karo e HKoHoMr,rqHa (aHncna orAeJrHaHaMorKa :a o6parHa eprsra).

5. Maenumet yctlneamen c 66HrilHa u 66mpewna ofipamHa op63Ka - eur. 3.ll5r.Arco o64uam rcoeQuqueHm na ofipamHa ep63Ka e no-eonart om eDunuqa, 3a6ucu-,rccmma "exod - usxod" ce 3ameapt u urta peneeH xaparcmep - eur. 3.117r. Ha

tt'Uonffor : Kcxbu-,I-Dp

*i-*-,.'l&.

it3. EJIEKTPOMATH T,TTHI,T CI4CTEMI{ 303

BcsKa Cf,OftHOCT Ha yflpaBnflBau{ut TOK B ltHTepBata I4 * Iy2 ChoTBeTcTBa eI$Ia oT

ctofiHocrlrre HaroBapgns roK /r min wan I, ma*. Pa6omroro cbcrotlll,Ie Ha ycuJtB,areilt

3aBucH He caMo or ctofmocTTa Ha y[paBnsBalqut ToK, Ho lI oT HalII{Ha Ha AocTuraHe

AO Ta3n croftHoct, T.e. or "ncropu.flTa" Ha npoqeca.

6. MaenumeH yctlnoarnen c noctnosHtrornoKoe usxoD. Cxeuara e aHiuloruqHa Ha

Ta3r4 or Qr.rr.3.1156, raro roBapbr e cBbP3aH B nosrosHHoroKoB[.t['.4'IaroHan Ha

MOCTOBI,Ltr TOKOIS[paBnTeJr.

7. ,\eymaKtner{ (peeepcueeu) tvaenumev ycuJleatnen. B paauegaHl'fre cxeM}r Ha

eluroTaKTHlr ycr.urBaTeff{ npoMsHaTa Ha IIOCOKaTa Ha ynpaBll{Batl{lr.fi TOK He n3MeHs

ea:ara Ha 1800 (npn nporvreuJruBoroKoB [3xoA) unu nocoKara (np[I [ocrosHHoroKoB

rcxoA) Ha pa6orHlltr roK.Ha Qnr. 3.118a e AaAeHa cxeMa Ha IpyraKTeH ycl4JlBareJr, Kotrro ce cbcrolr or

ABa eIUraKBu eAHoraKTrrH. Bceru or rtx r.rMa pa6orHa, ynpaBn.flBau{a I{ Ao[bnHlITenHa

HaMOTKa, KO'TO T|3MeCTBa XapaKTepIrcTI'IKaTa I'IM B I.SBO U B ASCHO OT HaTIIIJIOTO Ha

Koopl1rHarHara cr{creMa - Sur.3.1186. Tornr B ToBapaTi e paslrra or roKoBere

it u iZ Ha I[BaTa e.qIIoTaKTHn ycHIBaTeIs. OT Qnr. 3.1186 ce BUXAa' qe cM'f,HaTa

Ha nocoKara Ha ynpaBJurBail\ns. ror i, cMeHs nocoKara (Qaeara) Ha pa6oruu-f; ToK.

.{nytarrlwT ycurr&aTeJr ce r{3nor3Ba Hanp. 3a peBepcHpaHe Ha [ocoKaTa Ha BbpTeHe

Ha eteKTpoMoTop.

Onr. 3.1l8. r{nytarTeH ManIrTeH ycunBaTen: a - cxeMa; 6 - xaparrep}rcTlrKa

8. TpuQasHrram 1vaegumeH ycuneamen ce cbcrou or rpLI e,sIaKBH egnoQaauu c

o6q :aesgeH IIeHTbp. Te r'rorar Aa ce o6eguHrt B o6lII MarHuTonpoBoA.

Onncarurre MarHr{THH ycr,rnBarenn riMar roreMI,I BpeMeKoHcraHTI4 rn 6asHo Aefi-

cTBr,Ie B CXeMnTe Ha aBToMaTI,IKaTa, eneKTpo3aABI4X(BaHeTO I',I Ap.

Ha Qrar. 3.119 e AaAeHa flpocra cxeMa Ha obp3oAeficrBaq MarHrITeH ycHnBaren

ua Pefiun, KosTo ce pa3nuqaBa oT orrr4caHl4Te nO TOBa, qe BbB BepllraTa Ha ynpaBnt-

Barrlara HaMorKa e BKJrtoqeH H3ToqHI,IK Ha npoMeHJIlIBo e.A.H. I'I BeIITI'tJr. Anaaugrt sa

npoqecnre B MarHr{TonpoBoAa [69] norasBa, qe BpeMe3aKbcHeHl4ero Ha ycunBareJlfr

tl

I'-tritl

-l

rl1l

il

-__l

l

li

;ljr

I

I

l

II

lr

+l-ur)

Page 153: EA - u4ebnik

I

{lt_

I

iit-_

304 EIEKTPI4IIECKH ANAPATIT. qACT I

e paBHo Ha eAIrH [onyflepHoA Ha Hanpe-

xeuuero I{ 3aroBa roft e 6tpsogeftmaaq.Llseecrnra ca I{ Apyru cxeMn na 6npeogefi-

cTBarrIH M arHI{rHII yCHJIBaTenH.

Maruntrste yclurBareJrl{ ce rranon-

3BaT B CXeMI,ITe Ha eneKTpo3a$ruK-

BaHero, 3a perynupaHe H cra6ufld3upaHe

Ha TOK I{ HarIpeXeHI4e, 3a perynEpaHe lra

pe)KuMa Ha eneKTponequ, B cl{creMure 3a ynpaBJreHl{e Ha ropa6u r'r gp. flpeAl'n'rc:rBara

uM ca: flpocTa [r HaAex,qra KoHcTpyKrIHr, Jrunca Ha fI{xeEII,I ce qac"Tlr n seo6xoAsrvroct

or rrogAbp)r(aHe, Br{coK K.[.A. u 4p. OcnoBuure IIM HeAocrarblln ca roJl{Mara Maca }I

Ma.r1Koro 6rp:ogeficrBlre, nopaAr,r Koero rexHHTe @ynrqrna u o6lasr Ha nplrnoxenlle

ce 3aeMar Bce rroBeqe or nonynpoBogluroBl'I ycrpofictna.

3.5.2. HsvrepnateJrrtu tpancSopMaroplr

3.5.2.1. Torcoeu mpancQop*tamoPu

1.. Ocnonnn noHflTu n. Torcoouam mpaucQop-*tamop (TT) sa BH cnyyu sa desonacno

u3.tvepeaHe Ha moKa e66 eepueume Ha enepeufiuama cucme.tvta u 3a sadertcmeaHe Ha

enertegmume Ha moKoaarna 3ar4uma vpe3 npeodpasyeanemo Jvy e ydodnu npuemu

cmanDapmnu cmofinocmu (5; 1; 2A). Haft-ronrMo pa3npocrpaHeHlle ltMar eneKrpo-

MarHrrrHure TT. Te npegcraBrflBar MarH[TonpoBoA c [bpBtItIHa H BTopI,Ir{Ha HaMorKa

r,r H3onarlriq MexAy rqx, Korrro ocnrypsna 6egonacuocrra npn pa6ora BbB BTopI'IqHara

Bepnra. Tornt B nbpBnqHara HaMorKa He 3aBHcH or pe)fl{Ma na pa6ora lr [apaMer-

pETe Ha TT, rtft Karo HMneAaucbr My e flpeHe6pexuuo ManbK cnplMo o6uus ru-r1eAauc Ha Bepllrara (Ha rorapa), s Korro e BKnK)qeu. Egunnat rpafi Ha BTopHqHara

HaMorKa sa TT 3aAbnxI'ITeJIHo ce 3a3e-

MtBa (Olrr. 3.120), TaKa qe Aopr nrrpu

npo6rnn na prconalpt{Ta BKrroqeHI{Te KbM

Her [3MepBarenHl{ It 3aqItTHz yctpoft-qrBa ocTaBar Ha IIoTeHI-[,Iana Ha 3eMflTA'

A6conrotno rleAorrycrrrMo e 3au$raraHa BTOp[qHara HaMorKa c rrpeAfla3ll-

Ha roKoB reJru (unn ga 6rAe ornopena), trfi raronprr rr3rap.flHero rrM ce no-flB.flBar ro-

JreMrr npeHanpe)Kelr[fl .

Ocnoenume napa.turempu naTT, vpes Koumo rne ce usdupam 3a KoHtqernHa Ven ca

cneDnumef23f.l. Ho.munanHo HanpeneHue - eQemunuara crofinocr Ha ruHefisoto Hanpex(eHl4e'

npr,r Koero TT rpl6ra ga pa6orra. To onpegenr rJraBrrara l{3onaqrlr MexAy nbpBuqHaTa

3053. EJIEKTPOM AfHpITHI',I CnqENfx

I,I BTopI,Ir{HaTa HaMOTKa- .

2.HonunaJleHnopuu,"nllnuemopuqeHl2nllloK_eQextuBHaTactofiuoctgaTOKa B IIbpBHqHaT a vJtvtBTOptIqHaTa HaMoTKa Ha TT, 3a Ko'ITO C'rOfiHOCt Ce oTHactT

ycnoBHflTa 3a npoqrn*"t"r,"u pa6ota na tpaucoopMaTopa. TT Ce Urpa6otnat :a

IuupoKa raMa HoMr,rHaJrHtr roKoBe or HTKOJTKO aMnepa Ao AecerKI'I XlrngAl'l aMnepa'

HorrlunalsunT BTOpIrqeH TOK e 5A, 1A nnpr 2A' TT O6HrnoseHO Ce I{3qIncn'IBaT 3a

upoI1nrt:KnTelenpa6oteHpe;KI'IMrrpl{ToKl'zl,,'aBH'rKot{cnyqau-salor21"'3. HottunarrcH rcoepu4ueHm HQ mpanc$op.*tat4ut !" : InlIZ" - oTllotueHve Ha

HOMI{HaIHU' nbpBHqeH H HOMI,IHAnfMs.BTOpI',IqeH tor' osHaqaBa ce KaTo HecbKpaTI{Ma

Apo6 (nanp. 150/5). HOtrlnsanurt u gefictnltrerlHl'IsT KoeQr'rqraenr IIa rpaHcoopuaqun

ce pa3nl{qaBar BcJIeAcTBI'Ie Ha rpelllKata sa TT'

4. KnaC HA motiltocrn - O3HATIeHII., nOKa3BaIqO rpaHHqI{Te Ha rpegrure ua TT

npHo[peAeJIeHHycnoBI,I':ctofirrocrHaToBapa(rparruuuHaIEMeHeHI,IeHaToBapa'roeQuqr,reHT Ha MoIIIHocT cos 9 Ha ToBapa n rpaHI,IqI4 Ha IEMeHeHIne Ha nbpBt,qHu,I

ror). crangaprsute ctoftHocTl,I Ha KJIaCa Ha ToqHocT ua TT 3a I'BMepBaTeJIHlI qenH ca:

O,I;0,2;0,5;1; 3; 5 u 10, a aa 3auII{rH}I qenu - 5P u 10P'

5. HonunctJteH mO6Ap U HO^4UHCLIHa Jdot4ttocm - cT'tlpoTI',IBJIeHI{eTo Ha ToBapa BbB

BTOpnqHaTa BepI,Ira B OMOB9 I'InId MSIIIHOSTTa BbB BotITaM[epU' npl'r KOeTO rpanC$Op-

MaTopbT pa6mn B Knaca cI{ Ha TotIHocT npH cos 9n : 0,8. HorvruHaIHI,IsT ToBap I{

HoMr,rHanHaTa MouIHocT Ha TT ca eAHo3HaqHo cBbp3aHll noMeXAy cu' rbfi KaTo Ho-

Mr.rHaJlHlr{T BTOpr,rqeH TOK e QI|KCr'rpaH. I',ftvrnegancbT BbB BTOpI',IqHaTa Beplrfa na TT

ecyMaTaoTHMneAaHcI{TeHanocJleAoBaTelHocBbp3aHI,ITelI3MepBaTenHI4anapaTl,I(arvrnepr"reTplr, BaTMeTpI4, eneKTpoMepu), saquTHtl ToKoBI{ peJIeTa I',I CBbp3BaIIIHTe rH

npoBoAHlrqn. HorvilruarHure MourHocrr4 na TT ca: 1; 1,5;2;2,5;3;5;7,5;10; 15;2o;25;

30;40; 50; 60;75;90; 100 u 120 VA'

6. fpewtculne HaT?, ronTo onpeAen'T Knaca My Ha ToqHocT ca: ToKoBa, brJIoBa Il

rrbJrua. Te ce Abnxar Ha:ary6nte (aruannu H peaKTuBHu) u TT'

6.t. Torcoaama ePewna €i e

(3.281) ,n:w#loo%'

Torosata rpeulKa e nonoxltTejlHa' aro AefictBI',ITeJIHaTa croftsoct Ha BTopurIHI'L{

TOK e no-roflgMa or HoMI'IHanHaTa r'ry crofiHOCt'

6.2.benoeama epewKa64 e brbJlb:r (n traonl'I MI'IHyTH I'IIH rpaAycra) uexcgy 3aBbp-

Teglrrr na 180o BeKTop Ha BTOpuqHlIt TOK u BeKTopa Ha nbpBHtIHIlt ToK' buonala

rpeurKa e nonoxHTeJIHa, aKo BeKTOpbT Ha 3aBbpTeHIIS Ha 180" BeKTOp Ha BTopuqHu'I

TOK I'I3IIpeBapBa BeKTOpa Ha nbpBI'IqHlLt roK'

(Dun. 3.119. Cxe*ra na 6rpsogeftctnynaulManHr{TeH ycrrnBaTen

(Dur. 3.120. Cxe*ra Ha cBbp3BaHe

rpanc$opr'larop

tr

&-...*

Page 154: EA - u4ebnik

306 EIEKTPHCECKI,I ATIAPATI4. IIACT I

6.3.Ildnnama epewKa €, KoflTo xapaKTepn3npa HaMarHurBau$.rs roK, e

(3.282)

KbAeTO i1, i2 CS. MOMeHTHr,rre grofiHocTr,r Ha nbpBurrHu.s u BTopr,rrIHHr ToK; ? : 0, 02 S -uepl{oAbT Ha npoMerurnB[t roK; 19 - HaM4rHr{TBarr[r.nrT ToK Ha rpaHcsopMaropa.

flrasata rpeurKa ce lr3[on3Ba rJraBHo 3a T'T 3a 3aIr1lrru]r qerur H ce onpeAerur npaHoMuHirJrHara Kparnocr Ha Hacnrqaue (r;x. r. 7).

Toroaara I{ bFnoBara rpeuKn o[peAensr MerponorurrHnre n 3aulurunre KaqecrBana TT. Marcuuamme I,IM Aonycrr,rMu croiinocrr 3a pa3rrl{qerr KJrac Ha roqHocr,Kparnocr Ha nbpBllqHuil ToK n nptl H3MeHeHHe Ha MorrlHocrra Ha roBapa c cos (pn : 0, 8(nnqyrrnnen) or ll4Pn$o PncaAaAeHr{ sra6r.3.6(:a.TTcKrracoBeHaroqgosr l,3tr5 rperurure ce HopMupar nprd r{3MeHeHr{e Ha MoqHocrra Ha roBapa caMo B rpanrr$TeUzPn-Pd

Ta6nuqa 3.6. MaxcNMaJrHn rperrrKn na TT 3a r.r3MepBareJrnri qenn

KaacHA TOqHOST

flrpnnveu rorS VO gI HOM}IHAJIIIH'

Toxosa rperuKa

*et, Vo

br.nosa rpeuKa*di, min

0, I5

20l00so 120

o,4o,200,10

l58

5

o,25

20

l00ro 120

o,750,350,20

3015

l0

0,55

20l00ao 120

1,5

0,750,50

904530

1,05

20100ao 120

3,001,50

1,00

t809060

3,0 50ao 100 3,00 He ce HopMHpa

5,0 50ao 100 5,00 He ce HopMr.rpa

10,0 50ao 100 10,00 He ce nopM[pa

fltauata rpeluKa Ha TT 3a 3aulr.rrHr.r qerr rrr. 5P n 10P He rpr6na Aa npeBlrrraBacborBerHo 5Vo n l0%onpn brnoBa rpeuKa.qo 60 min.

'7. HonunclnHa KpamHocm Ha HacuulaHe Ha TT za [r3MepBarerHu qenn (cBpbxTo-KoBo qHcno) - rparnoctra ??. Ha nbpBnrruur roK cnpsMo HoMr,rHannara My crofiHocT,flpu KosTo roKoBaTa fpellrKa npn HoMnHaneH ToBap c cos gn :0,8 e paBHa sa -107o.

100

Ir

.TI f ._

- I IL ;^

i 1 t-t""0

- t1)2dt * I;non,

3. EJIEKTPOMATHI4THI,T CI4CTEMI4 307

3a TT 3a 3arrlnTHr,r qenE HoMHHaJrHaTa KpaTHOCT IIa HaCI{UIaHe Ce OnpeAen'l c lfbnHaTa

rpeuKa, Kof,To He rps6Ba,qa 6bAe Eo-rorsMa or -5 unu -lOVo. Crangapcrnlre crofi-

Hocrrf Ha HoMlrHaJrHara KparHosr lra HacI{uIaHe ca n : 5, 10, 15, 2.0, 25,30. Togn

napaMerbp na TT orpa3rma cnoco6nocrra My rottuo Aa rpaucQopMl4pa rIbpBI{qHI{{

ToK B pe)il{M Ha K.c. n ga sagefislBa anapaTgTe Ha peleftnata 3aIqI{Ta.

B. Torc Ha mepiluqua u tnoK Ha eneKmpoAu*ctlvtuqHa ycmortqueoctn - geQmnpat

ce KaKTo r{ npn.q)yrlrTe Br{AoBe EA, rouro ca noAIox(eH}I Ha gefiCrnneto Ha npoTI'I-

qaqlrr B Tsx roK Ha r.c. flparrfiqecKr,r ua geftcrnfiero Ha roKa Ha K.c. e [oA,IIoxeHa

caMo rlbpBr4rrHaTa HaMOTKa, a BTOpr{rIHaTa e 3au$tTeHa BcIe.qcTBLIe Ha HacI'IuIaHeTo Ha

MarHuTonpoBoAa.pa:noo6pa3r{ero ua TT e a3KnroqrrreJlHo roJIsMo. Te uorat Aa 6bAar rnacnQu-

rIHpaHlI no pa3nl,ItrHs 6enezu, Hanp:

- no npeAHa3HaqeHr,le: 3a r€MepBaTeJrHr{ u 3a 3aquTHI{ qenu; 3a caMocTotTetlHa

pa6ora r{ 3a BrpilKAaHe (B 11peKbcBaqla, cr,IJroBt4 rpancQoprvraropl{ tr Ap.);

'- no ycnoBI,I.'{ Ha eKc[IoaTaII[.fl: 3a BbTpeEeH I{ BbHIueH MoHrilK;

- no 6pofi Ha sApaTa (uaruntonpoBoAgTe): eIFotApeHI{ I{ MHorosApeHI{ (AEy,

TpH r{ T.H.). O6mnosego TT ga BH rrMa HtKonKo tApa, or KoHTo e$il'I ca 3a

H3MepBare 1yM, aApyru 3a 3aTIIIITHI{ qeff. flo togu HaquH no-Ao6pe ce u3rlon3Ba

cKbnara rJraBHa l{:}onal{'I.fl Mex(Ay,HaMorKIdTe ;

- no BIIAa Ha l{:}onalFflTa: Cyxa, n^TA, XapTLIeHO-MacJIeHa' enera:}oBa I{ Ap'

Ocnen o6uxHoseHgTe eneKTpoMarHr{THI{ ca I,I3BecrHI4I,I Apyru BI'IAOB9 TT, onncara

B Cneryranl,I3l,IpaHaTa xHTepaTypa.

1.. C nosnureHa qecrora (4o nxroaro Kr,rJroxepqa) - ga KopaGHlI, eneKTporepMI'ItIHI{

I{ Apyrfi cnequanHfi pa3npeAenurenHl4 ycrpofi ctna'

2. C s.l;zgyrfiHa Me)KlHHa B MarHr,rTonpoBoAa 3a HaMaJIttBaHe Ha HacI'ilIIaHeTO OT

a[epuoAl{qHaTa cbCTaBKa Ha ToKa Ha K.c. H TOqHOTo rvry tpancQopMl'IpaHe 3a

Hy)KIU,me Ha penefiHara 3aIIIt'ITa-

3. OnmxO-eneKTpoHgu TT 3a BHcoKI,t lI cBpbxBLIcoKH Hanpexenux.

4. ,{racraHrryroHHg TT, r,Bnon3Baulu pa3nr,rqHu BHAoBe roKoBLI ceH3opH (nanp. iuar-

HUTeH noTeHql,IanoMerbp Ir Ap.).

5. fIoctogHHoToKOBI4 TT npegna3HalleHl't 3a I'I3MepBaHe Ha MHoro roneMu nocTo-

1HHH ToKoBe, npn Koero u3non3BaHero Ha ruyHT e Hey.qo6Ho (nclegctB]Ie Ha

noJIeMI,I 3ary6n I,I rpeuIKI'I).

2. Ipernrn rra roKoBru rpancQop*rarop.Hart-oatotomo usucKeaHe K6Jvt TT e epew-

Kume uy da He npelutaaeam donycmunume sa Heeoeua Knac Ha moqHocm.3a on-

peAensge Ha npeuKrnre ce r,r3xo.:KAa or BeKTopl{ara AuarpaMa - Qur. 3-121, Kosro e

aHaroruqHa Ha ra3I,I Ha O6HKHOBeH CI{IIOB TpaHcoopMarop.

i

Page 155: EA - u4ebnik

$1i

i--,EJIEKTPI4YECKH ATIAPATH.'IACT I

(Dur. 3.121. Berropua.qrarpaMa Ha roKoB rpancSopvarop

l'Iunegaucrr Ha roBapa, BKrrK)qeH KbM BTopr{rrHara HaMorKa Ha TT a 22 : Rz *jXz, a Hefisusr co6crBeH HMneAaHc - 22 - rz * jrz. Torcr -I2, BbB Sasa c rofi'roe M.A.H. V2 : izruz, onpeAenJl Halrpe)KeHHero Ha BTopuqHaTa HaMoTKa V, : lzZz ^naAa Ha HanpexeHlre B He{ i.tz : 1222, cwaTa oT Kor'rTo e paBHa Ha e.A.H. EZ : UZ*itZ-. @m. 3.121. To ce HHI0/KTHpa or [oroKa <D9 n uarmaronpoBoAa, rofiro r8npeBapBaE2 Ha ril''brl rc f 2.floroxrT Qo ce urs6y;rAa or HaMarHr4rBau{[.fl tor .[s B fibpBurlHaraHaMOTKa, CbCTOflq Ce OT peaKTLIBHa .[6p H aKTtrRna -16o KOMnOHeHTT.I, TaKa r{e nOTOKbT

iDs n3ocTaBa oT tora -Is nalrlrrntlt.B crorsercrBue gbc 3aKoHa 3a nbJrHurr roK

(3.283) Itwt*12u2:fsw1 :Vs,

T.e. cylv(aTa OT n'bpBI,ITIHOTO I4 BTOpI.ITIHoTO M.A.H. e paBHa Ha HaMarrufrBaIIIOTO M.A.H.

flpn ugea.nen rpancQopMarop (npr.r manca Ha aKTr{Brilr u peaKTr.rBHH 3ary6n) Vo: 0 u

(3.284) I11rtty:121x, t4JtI4 Iz: Itut/wz.

.. HdeattHusm mpancQopnamop e 6es epeurcu (morcoea u oenoea) u amoput HutrnmoK e nponopquoHeLneH Ha napeuqnus. Ho*tuHcLnHuarn rcoeQu4ueHrn Ha mpancQop'-MAWU.fl e

kn:r#,:#:#,Toxosara rperxKa €i Hn peannuq T"T B cborBercrBlre c (3.281) e

Asa-noruqHo 3a buroBaTa rpeurKa d n nnJ]oeH MHHyTll ce nonyqaBa

(3.287) 5t :3440'#cos(o + 4))'ll,z.xt

B ropnure eoprrrynr.r I d. : ur"rsffi e brbrbr Me)KAy e.A.H. Ez utora -Iz;

. Io^4t : arctgT- - trbJlbr ua sary6ute B MaFHI'ITonpoBoAa na TT'

r0pTorcoeama u \enoeama epeu,tQa cA monrcoaa no--tilanrcu, rconKomo Ha',taeHutn-

6yt4u4rn rnoK e no-^4CLn6K. fIOcle4rI'IflT ce oflpeAenq oT rOneMHHaTa Ha notoxa O6'

rrfi raT o cbrJlacHo 3aKoHa 3a ITbJTHI'LI ToK

309308 3. E/IEKTPOMATHI4THLI CLICTEM}I

(3.288) Iu1 : fl1,

KbAeTO f/ e untes314TeTbT Ha nOIeTO, rofito 3aBHCH OT MaTHHTHaTa I'IHAyrWs' B u

cJreAOBaTeIHo oT nOTOKa; I - Cpe4naTa A6JIXHHa Ha CI'IJIOBaTa nv6ws B MarHI4TOnpO-

BOAa.

MarHutrrult notor Og e

(3.289) Oo =Ez b',m

4,44f uz 4,44f w2

r,r 3a HaMaItBaHeTO My e Ueo6xOgltMo HaMaJLIBaHe Ha TOBapa BbB BTOpI'IqHaTa

HaMoTKa. Haft-uaaxu ca rpeuKr{Te B pexHM Ha K.c. 14 c yBent4tlaBaHe Ha ToBapa

Te HapacTnar. 3a Ha.McLnaOAHe Ha epeu'&ume noaeqemo caepe'lvteHHu KoHcmpyKquu Ha

fT ci c mopoudaneH JilaeHumonpoaod, npu Koemo t'2 x 0'

TOrOsata rpeIIIKa 3aBHCIr OT FOJIeMI{HaTa Ha nbpButlliltq ToK' rOftto Ce }lsMeHt B

turTpOKI{ TpaHHIIH (nanp. ot SVoInAo ToKa na r.c.). 3a onpegelflHe Ha Ta3I'I3aBucHMocT

Oopt. (3.286)ce onpocrtBa, Karo ce npueMa sin(a + th) :1' npu Koero

T.e. Tq MON(e Aa Ce n3pa3H r.rpe3 reoMeTpHr{HaTa pa3nr,rKa MexAy M.A.H. Ha nbpBr.rqHaTa

LI BTopIarIHata nalrotra, Konro ca geQarupaHr,r noMe>KAy ct4 Ha bnbrr d, o6ycnoBeH orHanuqnero Ha HaMarHnrBau&r tor .Ig. Ttft rato brbJrbr 6 e r,raatr, pa3nr{Kara Moxenpr,r6rursutenno Aa ce 3aMeHpr c npoeKr{,r{Ta Ha M.A.H. Vo : -[6?J1 Bbpxy ocra Ha

BeKropa -Vz - - Izuz (Qnr. 3.121)H cneAoBarerrHo

,o :9 : I:tt (tt,fi xaro Ifnl = Izw).Iflrr lzuz

4,44f w2B^s_--7-tL02

e nbrHI'ItT HMneAaHC Ha BTOpHtIHaTa Be-

(3.288) u Qopr'r. (3.291) ntn Qoprvr' (3'290) I4 Karo

p e MaFHUTHaTa npoHl'rqaeMocT Ha MaTepHara Ha

€tro: T#fuloo: &roo,

e.i66 : -i'?a\- izuz

roo,Ifxr

(3.2e0)

Tortt.I2 e

(3.2er)

KbAero Zoz:pnra na TT.

CneR 3aMecrBaHe Ha QoPv.ce r4Ma npeABHA, ue B^f H :ManHuTonpoBoAa, ce uonyqaBa

-Ez12: E- :1r02(3.28s)

,i::

e

90'-(?/+o)

(3.286) Iout . ,€i : -- sin(c + ?r)100.ltl0t

(3.2e2)

Page 156: EA - u4ebnik

3r0 EIEKTPI,ITIECKH ATIAPATI,I. qACT I

, lZo2KbAero k :

Tffi: const e nocrosHHa BetInqHHa sa gaqeu TT.

Or Qoprvr. (3.292) creA,sa, qe.ToKoBara rperuKa e o6paruo nponopqnouaJrga Ha

MarHI{THara npoHnllaeMocr lr, Kosro 3aBr{c[ or rrHAyKr[,rxra B, cro6pa:no c KprrBaTaHa HaMarHr.rrBaHe Ha Marepniura Ha MarHr.rronponoAa - Qnr. 3.122.

Ttfi raro fyal x IZWZ, cJrel{Ba, qe

3. EIIEKTPOMATHI{THII C?ICTEMII 311

B pa6orrmrr Mana3oH Ha n3MeHeHne Ha LIH[yKIsrsra B MarHlrronpoBoAa (go 0,1 T)

KpIrBaTa Ha HaMarHnTBaHe Ha MaTepnana Moxe c AocTaTbqIIa ToqHocT Aa ce aIIPoKclI-

Mr{pa cfl3pa3a

(3.2e4) H :0,82Blis

Aro c tl ce o3Haqn KparHocrra Ha nbpBr{qHntr l{ BTopI{qHI{.s roK cnprlMo HoMI{Hiur-

Hr.rre ilM crofrnocrn, 3a roKoBara rpeluKa ce [onyqaBaI1w1 -Izwz:*-r:WU,

Ir

I

ftjl

i-.

ri

ij

HI

(3.2e3)

T.e. MaFHHTHaTa HHAyKTIIT-f, Ce U3MeHS npOnOprIHOHaJrHO Ha rTbpBurrHH{ ToK Ha TpaHC-

Qoprvratopa.(Durypa 3.l22AaBa npeAcraBa 3a H3MeHeHlre Ha BeJrurraHara Lf p,a cneAoBareJrgo

I,I Ha rpelxKaTa 6i npn H3MeHeHHe Ha rora ft (nnrurrrg.lxra B*). HapacrnaueTo Ha

tora .f1 yBenuqaBa HHAyKIIIqT a B* It npolil4llaeMocTTa F, T.e. HaMaJrsBa rpe[rKaTaei. flpu B ) Bopt npolrHllaeMocrra ce HaMaJrf;Ba BcneAcTBHe Ha HaclrulaHero Ha

Marepnana, a rpeluKara lrapacrsa. Toxonara rperrrKa e orpnrlarenna r.r npeAcraBrrBaU-o6pasHa KpnBa B 3aBl,IclrMocr or nbpBr,rrrrurr roK. Tr rpx6na Aa sborBercrBa HaKraca Ha ror{Hocr na rpaucQopMaropa B rpaur.rq}rre Ha r,BMeHeHHe Ha rrbpBnqHr{Jr roK(0,05 + L,2 unu 2)In r{ rra roBapa (0,25-l) zznt, a raKa sbrrlo Aa He npeBHrrraBa 10vpnpll HoMLrHarHara KparHocr Ha Hacnrqase. Karo ce r.r3xox(Aa or re3r{ cro6pa;rennaHo)4uHcutttama undyrc4ua HaTT ce us6upa Docmama'tHo.McLnKa (uanp. 0,05-0,1 T).

fJc max erTo

0,5

0

-0,5

-lr0

-1,5Etopt I7,I1,ba 0 O,2 O,4 0,6 0,8 hf In(Dur. 3 . 122. 3anuclMocr Ha roKoBara rperrrKa (Dur. 3. 123 . Olnacr Ha r{3MeneHr.re H KoMneH-or nbpBl{qHnq roK caqlt.E Ha roKoBara rperuKa

Cnopeg craHAaprpt3alluonHr,rre n3r.rcKBannx (ra6a. 3.6), rperuKnTe na TT npr pa3-nI'IrrHIl roKoBe H ToBapIt rpx6aa Aa ce HaMl,rpar n o6aact, orpaHr,rqeHa or Haqy[euuTertLrtmkt 3 - Sur. 3.123, qnflTo Ixupltna ce onpeAerrr or KJraca Ha roqnocr (n cayuarTpeIIIKHTe ce orHaccr 3a KJrac Ha roqnocr 0,5). Ha cbulara Qrarypa c flpeKbcHarnnvlJJktu I ca osHa.reHH rpeuKure Ha HeKoM[eHcHpaH TT (npn roBap O,Z\znu zn),KoHToHe oTFOBaprT Ha r43HCKBaHr,IflTA HA CTaHAapTa.

CaeA H3pa3rBaHe Ha I{HtrtyKIII{.uTa B^ c ToKa IZnu I{MneAaHca ZoZ I{ 3aMec:rBaHe B

Qopu. (3.295) ce nonyqaBa

(3.zes) €i: nltnwt

I

TLllnIDl

(3.2e6)

Anarrnrrr na Qoprvr. (3.296) BoAII Ao cneAnrrre u3BoAIl.

1. Torosara rperrlKa 3aBncr{ cr{Jruo or croltnosrra Ha HoMr{HaJrHI'rre lrbpBnrmu

aMnepHaB wnxuVln : Itilt)1. 3a nonyvaeaHe Ha epeutKtt, no'rtcLnrcu otn donycmu.Mume

sa c6om6emgut Knac Ha moqvo cm, artnepHaeueKume mpa6oa d a 6ad am d o cmamtquo

eoneJvu. Tara Hanp. 3a Knac Ha rorrnocr 0,5 o6mnoBeHo Vt 2 (600 + 900)A. Tosa

o3HaqaBa, qe 3a TT cauo c e;gra HaBr,rBKa (upoxo.rpra url{Ha, qpeAcraBnsnaula nafi-

go6pa KoHcrpyKr$rr) norvrunartHusr rbpBuqeH ToK rpx6na Aa e no-roJlfiM or 600 A-

B npornneu cnyuaft [bpBnrrHaTa HaMorKa ce cbcTol{ oT noBerle oT e.4la HaBI{BKII.

I,Igno.nesaHero Ha no-KaqecrBeH Mareplla'I Ha MarllInonpoBo.qa HaMantBa AonHara

FpaHr4rla lflavtn 3a AaAeH KJraC Ha roqrlocr sa TT.Z. fpeuxarna ei gactucu omugrteHeHuerno Hatnoeapa, mfi raro croifoioctta My on-

peAens Zoz.VzueHeHr{ero Ha roBapHoro cbnporl{BneHl,Ie B.qonycrnMHTe HoMI{HaJrEn

rpaHnrs{ npaKTuqecK}r He nJwrse Bbpxy croifuosrra Ha BTopI{qHI{t roK, tsfi rato nnp-

BnrrHusT ror,I1 He 3aBHcr,r oT r{MneAasca ZOz. flpn HarvrargBaHe wa Zn2 ce HaMaIsBaT

cboTBeTHo e.A.c. E2,nl[lKrg1sTa B-, noaeto f{, u.A.n. IOwt I{ rpeuKaTa 694. B cboT-

BeTcrBr{e c Qoprvr. (3.274) BTopntlHnsr ToK Iz Ha3lrraranTeJrHo ce yBerrqaBa (tnfi raroce HaMarssa .ro?.r,r). 3a HarvrarsBaHe Ha rpeulKaTa €i TpsdBL Aa Ce HaMaIH aKTIfBHOTO

r{ HHAyKTnBHOTO CbnpOT}IBIeHlre Ha BTopstIHaTa HaMOTKa-

3. Torcoeama epetaKa Ha^tanaea npu HeutcuTteaHe ua dtn>rcuvama I na tvaenumo'

npoeoda. Or Qopr"r. (3.296) cJre,@a, rre rr HaMantBa H npl{ yBenLIqaBaHe Ha celleHl'Iero

My s. Crqenpervrerruo npn yBer[qaBaHe Ha ceqeullero HapacrBa I{M[eAaHca Ha BTo-

ptlrrHara HaMoTKa, TaKa qe He BI'IHaru rpe[IKara ce HaMiLnsBa.

ctrqure r{3Bolur H pe3ynTaTr,r ce oTHacsT fi 3a bFnoBaTa rpeurKa.

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Page 157: EA - u4ebnik

II

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l 313312 3. EJIEKTPOM ATHI,ITHH CI4CTEMI4

EJIEKTPI{qECKH ANAPAT'I. TIACT I

Or Qur. 3.123 ce BH)KAa, qe oco6euo npa MaJrbK ToK ce flonyr{aBa ronsMa orplr-qarenHa rpelrlKa u tr tpr6aa ga 6rge KoMnencrrpaHa. CrrqecrnyBarpa3nnrrHr,r MeroAH3a KoMreHcaqrs Ha rpeurKr{re ua TT [88].

Haft-npoctnflT n Haft-qecto npunaraH nemod sa Ko.MneHcaqua Ha morcoeamaepeuKa e 4pe3 omouaaHe Ha Utno unudpodno qucno (vpes npoKapeaHe npn qacm

om ceveHuemo Ha JilaeHumonpoeoda) HaeueKu om emopuuHama HoJilomKa (uaeuercoea

rcop en4ua ). (Dopr"r. (3.286) go6uaa nuga<rr!,.r'to,4 0,6 l,o 1,4 2,0 z2'n

@ur.3.124. 3anncuuocr Ha Kparlrocrra Ha

HacHIqaHe oT T0Bapa

(Dnr. 3.l25.H.sllr.eneune BbB BpeMero Ha I{H-

AyKqr,Itra B uuagyrrllpaHoro B orBopeHa

BTOptIqHa HaMOTKa e.P'.H. e2

n35

25

20

t5

10

(3.297)

Btopuxt qreu n cro6nre e HaBHBKoBara KopeKrltrf,.HalraaqsaHero Ha 6por Ha BTopuqnure HaBHBKIT cnprMo HoMr{HaJrunr 6pofi nolpr

AO yBenuqaBaHe Ha ToKa 12, T.A. AO [OnO)K]rTerrHa KOMIeHCaIIHS Ha rpeUrKUTe, trpH

Koero qunara Kpr.rBa ce npeMecrBa napanenHo Ha ce6e cu. Ha Qnr. 3.123. rpunure 2

npeAcraBJrsBar rpeuKr.rre Ha TT c HaetaBKoBa KoMneHca4lx (npu O,25znH npr{ zn),xo-Iiro ce HaMr.Ipar B rpaHr,rqr,rre Ha Aonycrr,rMr,rr[ HHTepBan. flpu npnnaraHe Ha HaBrrBKoBa

KopeKI{Ht (ror'rneucarytt) Ha rperrrKara rpr6na Aa ce BHr,rMaBa Tr Aa ocTaBa B Aonyc-TLIMLITe rpaHI,IIU4 B qennt ?rrTlepBan Ha H3MeHeHHS Ha nbpBr{qHl{t TOK rI Ha TOBapHOTO

cbnporllBnerilre. Haouorcoeama KopeKqut He enute e6pry aenoeama epeutKa, KosroMOXe Aa Ce HaMarlr Ha[p. qpe3 nosraBrrre Ha K.c. HaBr.rBKa Bbpxy MarHrnTonpoBoAa.

T.e. c yBenaqaBaHe Ha aKTr.rBHrrre sary6u r bnbrra Ha sary6nreTy' (nx. Qur. 3.121).Har"rarqsaHero Ha brJloBara rperrrKa BoAH Ao yBenr{qaBaHe Ha roKoBara rpe[rKa.

3. Pexrururr Ha pa6ora Ha roKoB rpaHcQopMarop.TT mpadea da .wtoxce da padomuHeoepaHu.teuo daneo 6pe*te npu HopilanHuycnoeuaHa eKcnnoamaryut 6es epeurcumeny Da npeeuulaeam donycmu.nltume 3a Heeolua tunac Ha mo4Hocm.

IIpu rc.c. TT mpafioa da una neodxoduttama enercmpo\wta*tu"tHa u mep.t tuwnyc-mortqueocm, 3a Da ne ce noepedu. CaqeepeJvteHHo ompuqamenHama moKoea epeuKa6opso Hapacmea. flparrnxara noKa3Ba, qe, aKo rperuKara npeBnruu -5+-L0Vo To npla

no-Hararblrrnoro yBetlprqeHr.re Ha roKa rs HapacrBa MHoFo 6rpso. TT sa H3MepBaretHHqenu ltMar HI,rcKa KparHocr Ha HacraulaHe (n : 5; 10), Koero e 6aaroupnsrHo 3a 3ar{I4Ta

or nperoBapBaHe Ha anaparnre, BKJrrosenr,r KbM BTopr,rqHara HaMorKa. TT sa 3aWumHLt

qenu u-wam aucoKa KpamHocm Ha Hacuulane (n: 15,' 20; 30), sa da npedaeam e.npHo

yeenuqeHama cmortnocm Ha napeuqHu-n moK Ha 3atqumHume anapamu (penema) samovHomo uil sa\eficmeaHe. Kparnoctra Ha Hacuu{aHe n 3aBncn or HHAyKrIurrra Ha

HaclrudaHe B" ua MarHriro[poBoAa Ha TT (npur'repuo Bs : 2 T) u aMnnnTyAara Ha

HHAyKIIttra Bn n npl{ HoMr.rHaneH lrbpBrrqeH ToK. Ts uo;re Aa ce r,r3r*rcJrr.r npw6nwsu'TerrHo ot Sopr"ry nara n : Br/ B*" + (2 + 3).

I4ugyxt4txTa BnanpacTe c yBenr{qaBaHe Ha }rMneAaHce z2BbBBTopHqHaTa Bepura.C.negonareJlHo 3a yBenuqaBaHe Ha Kparnogrra Ha Hacr.ru{ane n, rpxfisa Aa ce HaManvTOBapa BbB Bropr,rqHaTa Bepma - Qwr. 3.124.

Kpunata Ha BTopI|qHHff ToK npl{ K.c. e CI'IJIHo ge@optvtltpaHa BCneAcTBI'Ie Ha HaCH-

rrlaHeTo Ha MarHLITonpOtogU. T'T c rOlgM I'IMIIeAaHC Ha nT'pBI{qHaTa HaMOTKa (C rOlXl't

6pofi uannnxtl) B P9)KHM Ha K.c. HMaT roJIgM naA Ha HanpexeHue' MexAyHaBKBKoBoTo

HanpeXeHLIe, a OT TaM I,I B53MO)KHOCTTa 3a npq6uB Me)I(Ay HaBUBKUTS Ha nbpBuqHaTa

HaMOTKa ce yBeJII{qaBar-

AnepuOdUqHamy ClCmaOKa Ha mOrcQ Ha K.C. Hucutqa 'iltneHurnonpoeoda' yeenu-

Lta6a epeu,tKllme, Koemo e oco1eHo ne1naeonpusmHo sa pa6omama Ha anapamume 3a

sauluma..3a rag6srsaHe Ha HaCIflIaHeTo np6 K.c. ce cb3AaBaT cneWaJIHIr TT sa 3a[IHTHU

qe;rr,r c nOAofipeHLI KarIecTBa, quI,ITo MaTHHTOnpoBOA I{Ma Bb3,qyulga MexAI'IHa'

HarraanrnrBaqusT TOK Ha TT npra HopManHH ycnoBlrt o6rrHoseHo e qacT1l oT

npordeHTa OT [bpBUqHOTO M.A.H., a [rHAyKI{n sTa e nog 0,1 T . IIpu omeopeHa smopuqHa

eepuea (Iz :0) cro6pasno c Qoprvr. (3.283) uenuam napewreH moK e Ha',',aeHumeau4'

l,tngyr<rdnsta 6tpao HapacrBa B Haqanoro Ha noJrynepuoAa H I{HAyKII'IfrTa Ha HacuulaHe

HMa BHAa Ha TpareqoBI,IAFa KpHBa - Qtr. 3.125. Erpalrte npoMeHH Ha I'IHAyKqHsTa

Me)KAyABanonynepHoAanpeAI,I3BHKBaTro.rIeMHnI,IKoReHaInHAyKTupaHoToe.A.H.BbBBTOpHrrHaTa HaMoTKa, KOHTO MOraT Aa AOcTI'IrHaT AeceTKH KI'ItloBO JtTt4 vI Aa 6r'Aat

onaCHLI KaKTo 3a I,I3OnaUugTa, TaKa V 34 OflcnyXqBaUIUq nepCOHaJI' HaCnU{aUeTo Ha

MarHHTonpOBoAa noBI,IIuaBa aKTHBHI'ITe Sary6r'r H TeMnepaTypaTa' KOsTo Moxe Aa

3acTpalrru lnonaquqTa Ha HaMoTKaTa. Omeapauemo Ha nmopl'qHama *epuea na TT e

aaapueH peTKutvt u mpt66a Da ce 63ertam neodxo\UnuflW lt€pKt't sa dA ce us6eene'

KOnCrpyrqHtlTa Ha TT 3aBI4CI'I oT HoMlIHaItHus' ToK I'I Hanpe)KeHl4e' oT Knaca Ha

TorrHocr lr ycnoBr4sra Ha pa6ora. B I I ] ca pa3FneAaHI{ ocHoBHnre BHAoBe KoHcrpyKIII{}I

na TT.

3.5.2.2. HanpexumenHu mpaHcQopnamopu

L. OcHonnH noHflrn n. HanpetatmenHutm mpanc@optvtamop (HT) sa BH cnyxu sa

1esOnAcnO u3tileplaHe HA HAnpaKeHUemO e6s lepneume Ha enepeurtnAmA Cucme*Ia u

erTo: -lffisin(c + {) ] roo.

Page 158: EA - u4ebnik

314 E.TIEKTPIASECKI4 ANAPATI4. qACT 1

3a 3aAertcmeaHe Ha enerteHmume Ha Han-pQKume nHarna 3auluma 4p fi npe o 6p asy -

aaHemo uty e ydodnu npuetnu cmaudap-muu cmortnocmu (100, rc}/\/5V.

HanpexcnrerHncr H3MepBareneHrpaHcQopMarop e nogo6eu Ha cr.rnoBnc.

. Ha Qur. 3.126 e noKa3aHa npr{HrllrnHaracxe.wa Ha c66p3cteHe BbB nepura BH.flpeqnasr,rreJrnTe flpl cny:rar 3a 3ar.rIHTa

or K.c. B nbpBr,tqHara HaMorKa I satpancQopMaropa. Hsnon3sar ce rpeA-na3r{Tenr,r sa BH c ManbK HoMnHareH

@wr. 3.126. Cxeua Ha cBbp3BaHe Ha Hanpe- ToK, Tbft Karo l{MneAaHcbr Ha HaMorKara;Knrerren rpaHcQoprratop e rorflM. .flpegnaar,rreJrr.rre flp2 cnyxar

3a 3arr{r4Ta oT K.c. BbB BTOpnqHaTaHaMorKa 2 u s roBapa na rpaHc@opMaropa. Tofi ce cbcrolt or Hanperfr{rerrHrrreBepfirfi Ha I{3MepBarerHH anaparrl (nonruerpn, BarMerpr.r, eJreKTpoMepr{ rr Ap.),BKrloqeHu B napanen, Hanpe)KHTeJtHH 3arrll,rrHr,r perera E cBbp3Barrtrnre npoBolTrHr{,r.3a ocaryptBaHe na 6egonacHa pa6ora BbB BTopuqnara Bepr.rra e.q{Hzcr rpaft HaBToPI'IqHara HaMorKa H MarHuronpoBoAbr Ha rpancSopMaropa 3aAbn)Kr,rrenHoce 3a3eMnnat. flnpBnqHara HaMorKa na HT Mo)Ke ga 6n4e eAr{oflonrcc1o nnLtABynonrccHo I'I3oJII'IpaHa. faansara n3onaqn{ Me)KAy nbpBur{Hara r,r BTopuqHaraHaMorKlI ua tpaHcQopMaropa e opa3MepeHa 3a peAoBoro Haupe)Kenae. F{T Mo)Ke AapIMa AonbtHLITeJIHa (norr,roqna) nropHuHa HaMorKa 3a 3arrlura or 3eMHH cbeAr,r6eHra.s.

Ocnoouume lenuquHu u noHamus, Koumo xapaKmepusupam HT u qpa Koumo ceusfiupa 3a KoHKpemHa tien ca cnednume[24].

l. HonunattHu HanpeKeHua Ha He.Momrcume - eQerruBHara croifurosr Ha Hanpe-xeHllero Ha [bpBl4rlHaTa LI BTOpHrrHara HaMorKr.r, KbM Kor,rro ce orHacgT ycnoBHrrrana pa6ota na rpaHcQopMaropa. HotvunanHomo HanperceHue Ha mpancQopruamopa epaoHo Ha Ho-tvtuH&nHomo HanpeKeHue Ha n6p6u4Hama rvy HaJvomKa.

2- Ho'uuuanen rcoeQu4ueHm na mpancQopJvaryu,n k , - ornoueHgero Ha HoMdHar-HoTo nbpBnrlHo HaupexeHHe Utn u HOMLIHaJIHOTO BTopIrqHo Hanpe)KeHne (J2n, roetoce o3HaqaBa Karo HecbKparnMa gpo6 kn : Un/Uzn.

3 . Knac na moqHocm- o3HaqeHfle cBbp3aHo c FpaHrarlr,rre Ha r.r3MeHeHHe Ha rperxKuTeHa HT npn onpeAeleHu ycnoBl4t (rpannqn Ha H3MeHeHne Ha nbpBrzq6oro HanpexeHlre,Ha roBapa BbB BTopltquara HaMorKa n cos rp na ronapa).

4. HotuunclneH moeap zn u HoJvutHCulHa Jflot4Hocrn pn : Ulnl "n

- MaKcLIM an*araMoIrIHocr Ha roBapa (npn cos g : 0,8), npr.r Kosro rpeuKr.rre na rpanceopMaropa He

npeBnIIraBaT AorIycrItMI,ITe, onpeAeneun or Knaca Ha rorrHocr. CtangaprHr{Te crofi-Hocrr{ Ha HoMr{HaJrHara MorrlHocr ua HT ca: 10, 25,30,50, 60, 100, 120, 240,300,400,500 vA.

3. ENEKTPOM ATHI4THVI CUC'[ EMT4 315

5. fpanuvHL .rilor4Hocm - MaKCUMAJTHaTa MOUIHOCT Ha TOBapa BbB BTOpnqHaTa

HaMOTKa npu ycJroBr{e, qe nperpfiBaHeTo Ha HaMoTKHTe He IrPeBHIIraBa AOnycTHMoTo.

6. fpewrcu:6.1. HanpeKumenHa epeuKa su - rpeuKaTa, AbJDKauIa ce Ha aary6ure n HT,

flopaAn Koero HoMr{HalrHr,rrr n geficrBnTeruilsr roeQr.npreuT Ha rpancQopMal-unq ce

pa3nr{qaBar. Onpegelq ce c I'BPa3a

(3.298)

HanpexnteJtHara TPeIIIKa

BTOpr.rqHoro Hallpexeuue u2

Uz:Ulk*.6.2.henoea epeuKa dr, - rrua (n r"rruynr) Me:rgy BeKTopa Ha lrbpBl4qHoro Hanpe-

)Kegne Lr 3aBbpreflrs,Ha 180" serrop Ha BTopI4tIHoro HanpexeHlle. bfnosata rperuKa

e nono)c{TeJrHa, aKo 3aBbpreHr{.sr Ha 180" BeKTop Ha BTopltqHoro HanpexeHHe I'I3-

npeBapBa BeKTopa Ha IrbpBI,IqHoTO Hanpe)KeHl{e.

Marcnua-nHure AonycrHMr.r crofisocrH Ha Hanpe;KI,ITeJIHara I{ brroBara rpeurKa Ha

HT c pa3flrqeg Krac Ha rortgocr 3a H3MepBarerHI,I (rnac 0,1 go 3) n garqr'rtnn (rnac

3P u 6P) qenn npu I{3MeHeHue Ha ToBapa or O,25Pn Ao Pn (cos rp : 0, 8 - lllgyrtHsen)

ca EaAeHI{ sra6n.3.7.

Ta6nuqa 3.7. MarcuMuLnHI.I FpeIrrKH ua IIT

Krac

HA TOqHOCT

fllpnuuno Hanpe)KeHl{e

S4o OT HOMHHTUIHOTO

I-pannvrur crofinocru Ha rpeurKara

Hanpexnte.nHa rpeulKa

*eu,Vobraosa rperuKa

*d, min

0,1

0,20,5

1

3

80 no 120

0, I

0,20,51,03,0

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He ce HopMLIpa

3P

6P

5 ro 190

'-'lVI5 qo 150

ilnn5 ao 120

3

6

120

240

Pa:uoo6pa37ero Ha HT no orHoureHue Ha npeAI{a3HarIeHLIe, KoHcrpyKIInu, cxeMu

Ha cBbp3BaHe Ha HaMOTKHTe, yCIOBLIS Ha eKCIUIOaTarIils t',t AP. e ro/IgMo.

2. Ipeurrn Ha HanperKnTeren rpanc$opMarop. 3a onpegetltHe Ha rpeIuKI'ITe Ha

HT ce r.r3xo)K.qa or 3a.urccmeat4arna cxeJila (SHr. 3.127) v eeKmopHama Auaepa-Ma

(OHr. 3.128), B Kornro BcHqKr.r Benuqr{Hr{ ca nplnerH cLIHycoLIAaJrwrLr IIpnBeAeHI'I KbM

knUz - Ur "€.:'Yfri-Lol%.

e noJroxl{TeJlHa, aKo AeficrBt'ITeJIHara crofiHogr Ha

e no-rorsMa or ctoftHocrra, o[peAereHa or I'Bpa3a

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Page 159: EA - u4ebnik

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@ur. 3 .127. 3alrecraalqa cxeMa ua naupe;rl{TeJleH tpaHcQopruarop

3. EJIEKTPOM A|HI4THII CI4CTEVII{317

naAoBere Ha Hanpe)KeHl{e runcBaxa' To Lh : Ut I{ rpeurKl'ITe ule ca paBHI'I Ha HyJra'

npn Koero ror{KHTe Au L u1e cbBrraAar'

HanpexcHreJrHaTa rpeulKa ce onpeAeJl'I KaTO npoeKqug Ha HarlyneHaTa -nI'IHI'I{

ACEL Bbpxy ocra[Il, rsfi raro brbJlbr 7 e ManbKu ?tt N ?kz, T'e' Tq ce H3-

pa3flBa npu6nuzurenHo c orcetlKara AK I{ HMa BI4Aa

-AK roo%(3.301) euYo: OK.Io(rr sin rh*rr"ot,r/) fOO

: eL+ €t'2'

Anarorn.rHo 3a brrtoBaTa rpeulKa €6, KaTo ce HMa npeABI'IA' 'ae OL x OK' ce

nonyqaBa (n nuonu rraunYtra)

(3.302)€,t:34401.o(ncos{_',1sin*)+IL|?!jrL)S|I|92_@l+r')coslq|2]

: €t6 * €/'5, min.

Arraln:lt Ha n3pa3[ITe 3a rpeIIIKuTe ua HT B0AH Ao cneAHIITe u3BoAII.

l. HanpetrcumenHAma U 1znoyamy epeu1K1 u-NIArn nO dee KOlvtnOHeHmU' OdyCnO-

eeHu c6onleernHo onx moKa Ha npa3et xod Io u moKQ Ha moeapa I!r, rcamo gtnoparna

KOJvtnoHeHma e D ot tuHupat4a.

2. 3a Ha-McLnaaaHe HA epewKume mpaflea da ce HaJdangm awnuaHomo u unDyrctnuo'

HO7O C1npornuaneHue HA Hc4omrcume. 3a gaUaJltBage Ha aKTI'IBHOTO CbnpOTI{BJIeHI'Ie

ce np'reMa no-MarrKa ToKoBa UIbTHocT (oro.rro 0,3 A./mm')'3u HaMaJItBaHe Ha I'IH-

AyKTIIBHOTO CbnpoTI'IBneHI4e ce HaMansBa pa3cTOqHI'IeTo Mex(Ay HaMOTKLITe' KOeTO Ce

orpaHuq aBa oT AOnyCTI4MOTO ISOnaqI4oHHO pa3crofl HI',Ie'

3. yeenu.taeeaHemo Ha lflot4nocmma Ha nxooapa P2 yeenwra1a nponopuuoHanHo

moKal,2uepewKume.Brpxyrpe[IIKI,ITeF.I1],.4frer,rQar.ropaHaMolqHocTTaHaToBapa.Or uepisrr" (:.fOt) u (3.3O2) cre.qBa, qe c HaMarItBaHe Ha cos 92 Hartpexl'ITen'ara

rpeulKaceyBenl{qaBa'abI.JloBaTarpe[KapacTeI,IMoXeAacTaHenonoXI{Te'IHa.3anucur"rocTgTe Ha I'peIIIKI4Te na FIT oT M6IIIH6CTTa n BHAa Ha ToBapa P2ce I{nIOcTp}IpaT

or Qr.rr. 3.129.4'flpranpa3eHxoA-[z:0t'tocraBarcaMorpetxKureo6yclonenl{orHaMarHI'IT-

Baulur ao" io. Aro ce np'eMe, qe br.urbr ua lary6ute tlt ne 3aBI'Icu or nbpBLItIHoro

HanpexeHr,re, To cnopeA r43pa3gTe (3.292) u (3.393) cJIeABa' qe rperuKnTe Ce onpe'qe-

nrrT oT oTHOrreHu "ro

tolut flpra npoMtHa Ha HanpexeHHeTo [l nponopunoHarlHo ce

npoMeHrr [rHAyKr{,rrT a B n MarHr,rTonpoBoAa, a TOKbT -Ig Ce onpeAen'I or noaeto }/

n cneAoBareJrHo rperuKr,rre 3aBlrcrT or oruolueHl'Iero H lB : lf P, npeAcraBnflBauo

peqlmpoqHata crofiHocT Ha MarHI'ITHaTa IIpoHI'IUaeMocT' Pa6o'rsata rHAyKql4u na HT

o6nrnOneHo ce npneMa 1,0-1,2 T, tara qe npu L3MeHeHue Ha Hanpex(eHlteTo B rpaHI'I-

UrnbpBnqHara HaMorra. flororut O us-

AyKTHpa RbB BTOpHqHaTa HaMOTKa e.A.H.

-82. flporurrarynr npe3 ToBapa Zz :Rz * jX2 rox 12 odycaaBt{ HanpexeHr-

ero Uz : Iz(Rz+ jXz) LI naAa Ha Harpe-

xeHr,re nrn ntopuqHara HaMorKa LU2 :Iz(rz * jxz), xato E2 : Uz * LUz. Ha

BeKTopuara AuarpaMa ot Sr.rr. 3.128 nan-

pe)KeHr{sra ca 3aBbIvreHI{ Ha 180o u npn-

BeAeHIr rtu 6pox Ha HaBUBKI,ITe Ha lrbp-

Br4qHara HaMorKa r.e. ca yMHoxeHH Ha

HoMr,rHaJrHur xoeQrugleHT Ha tpancQop-MaIIHs kn : UnlUzn : ut/uz. Hauar-Hr4TBaUInflT TOK -I9 Ha rpaHc$opMaropar,BnpeBapBa floroKa O c nrtla Ha 3ary-

6vrce $ u cb3AaBa IIaA Ha HanpexeHl{e B

nbpBr,rrrHara HaMorKa Is(ra j 11).

Cnope4 3aMecrBalr.{ara cxeMa or

Qwr.3.127

(3.299) Ur : h(n * jrt)+ I'2(r'2+irD+Ui.

Kato ce I,IMa npeABuA, qe cnoPeg

3aKoHa 3art:,-ntlastor fi : /o f i'r, "n"F,

Onr. 3.128. Berropua .U{arpaMa Ha Halrpe-

xHTeJreH rpaucQoprvrarop

(3.300)

llH;T::: ",:Tffi:' zee) 3a Hanpex e -

(Jt : /o(rr + jr) + I'2(r1+ri) + jI'2@1+ ri) +ui.

fpewrcume ua HT ce ionxam Ha nadoeeme 6 aKtnulHume u undyrcrnuaHunle c6n-

pomuaneHus Ha HaJylomKume, odycnoaeHu om moKoeeme Ig fi It2. Or Qur. 3.128 ce

Br,u(A4, qe naAoBeTe Ha Hanper(eHlre ce r,Bpa3rBar c HaqyneHara nvnt4s ACEL. Axo

Page 160: EA - u4ebnik

ros 9204

\ qaSn

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rytte (0,8-1,2)Un (nx. ra6n. 3.7) MarHLITHara rponnrlaeMocr Ha MarHqronpoBoAapacre, a rpe[Kure, o6ycloneHl,I or tora -16, HaMarfBat. ,{eftmnr4TeJrnr,rre crofrgoctuHa rperuKnTe ce onpeAerrr or roKa Ha roBapa (nxr. r. l).

Hanpetrcumenvama epewKa ,to)Ke da ce KoJilneHcupa c HclJvtcutaeaHe na 6poa naHaBuoKume Ha n6pauqHama Ha.iltomKa, npn Koero roeQnqlreHTbr Ha rpaHc@opMar+{tcraBa no-MaJrbK or'HoMHHaJIHH{ tr BTopnqHoro Hanpe)KeHne ce yBenuqana. KovneH-ClIpaHaTa nOIO)KItTeIHa KOMnoHeHTa Ha rpeulKaTT€yp%o ce H3qprclrsBa rto Qopr,rylara

(3.303) €unTo:-ln-tLoo.?lltn

o6pIrHoneno HaBI{BKI,ITe ce Kopr{rupar Ao MaKcHMaJrHo AonycrprMara 3a cborBer-HI4{ KJIac Ha roqHocr nono)Kr{TeJJHa rpe[JKa npn npa3eH xoA Ha rpancSopMaropa.Koperqnxra Ha 6pox na rbpBnrrHr.rre HaBr,rBKr{ He n3MeHr brrroBara FpeurKa Ha es{o-Qa:eH HT. KouneHcalgs Ha brJroBara rperrrKa e Bb3Mo)KHa 3a rpr.rQaaelr HT t88].3. Konctpyr<qun.CaopeileHHume tcoHcmpyrcryuu Ha HT ca ednoQasnu c eDnonontucHowtu )eynonrccHo u3onupaHa napeuqHa HaJvomKa. fa6apHtnnre pa3Mepri 3aBnc.flT oTBHAa Ha H3oJlaql{tra r.e. or HoMrrnanHoro Hanpe)KeHue. MarunronpoBoludre ca orrAPeH r.rn[ MaHTr,reH Tr4n.

Koucmpyrc4uume sa CH do 40,5 kV u sarcpum *toHma)K ca c6c cyxa nama u3o-naqu'n o dee pasnoouDuocmu: u3qano 3(Lnarna aKmulHa qacm unu scLnamu Ha-turomKu.rlsrara l{3onaqus cntyxr 3a FraBHa u3onarrytfl Mex(Ay HaMorKnra n3a BbHrrrHa n3o-JIaIdHq sa HT. TpancQopMaroplrre c AByflonrccHo H3oJrHpaHa nbpBgqHa HaMoma (salnnefino Hanpe)<eHIle) rauat eAHa BTopnqHa HaMorKa 3a HarrpexeHr,le 100 V, a re3ra ceAHononrccHo LI3oJII,IpaHa nbpBnqua HaMorra (:a Qa:no Hanpe)KeHrne) - gne BTopnrrHtrHaMorKrI: pa6orna 3a Hanpex euue l00f tfr V H noMorr{Ha (cnrHalHa) aa Hanpex(eHne100/3 v.

3. EMKTPOMATHI4THI4 CI,ICTEMIi

(Dnr. 3. I 30. Cxelvra Ha cBbp3Bane na egnoQa3nn HanPe)KIITenHH lpancQopuaropn n rpnQalra

BepnFa: a - rpancQopMaTopl{ c PynoJIIocHo l{sonlrpaga nbpBI{tIHa HaMoTKa; 6 - rpancQop-

MaTOpIt c e.4IonoJIIOCHO n3onupaHa nbPBlItIHa HaMOTKa

Ha Qrar. 3.130 ca noKa3aHu cxeMlare Ha cBbp3BaHe Ha e,4roQasrm HT r rpraQaana

Bepura. Cxeuata or Qrar. 3.130a ce l6non3Ba 3a tpancQopMaTopn c ApynoffocHo

H3onl{paHa nbpBrqHa HaMoTKa, a cxeMaTa or Qnr. 3.1306 - 3a TpaHcQopuatopt'l c

eAHOnOIK)CHO rconr{paHa rrbpBruHa HaMOTKa. BIS BTOpHS CIyUafi ToBapbT ce cBbp3Ba

B 3Be3Aa :?ut[ B TpnbrbnHr.rK. cnrnamrure rIaMoTKn ce cBbp3BaT nocneAoBaTenHo

no cxeMaTa Ha oTKpI,tT TprbrbnHI,IK. flpn CtlMeTputteu pe>rCI'lM ua pa6Ora cyMaTa oT

r,rH.qfKTHpaHHTe e.A.H. B Tprre cI{rHanHH IIaMoTKH e Hyna. flpn:euuo K'C' Ha elpra oT

easrare cgMerpnr{Htrsr pe)KriM ce HapyruaBat4llonyqenlttr u3xo,qeH cI{rHaJl :aAeftcrsa

perelftrata 3alqura u cnrHaJrl{3al$sra.

IIpu nanperceHua nad 40,5 kV sa 66HtaeH rtoHma)K HT ca c xapmueHo-utacneHa

uru xapmueHo-rtacneHo-Keap4o^a znaeHa Lsonat4ua u nop4ena'Io6o meno 3a e6H-

utHa usona$ua.flpnBH ctoftlrocrra u ra6aputure Ha uaBHara l{3oJraqns cbulecrBeHo

Ce yBeruIqaBaT u 3aTOBa ce npnnara KacKaAHo H3IIrIHeHIIe Ha HT, npu KoeTo I'I3o-

naquqTa ce pa3Aent Ha ADe LI nOBerIe cTeneHu. Ha Qnr- 3.131 e nOKa3aHa cxeMaTa Ha

HaMoTKItTe sa HT C,@ycTeneHHa KacKa4{a H3onar-Uag. MarnLITonpoBoAbT e oT tApeH

Tlrn lr Bbpxy BcsKo rIApO llua 6aor HaMoTKIl. fltpnuuuaTa HaMoTKa BH e pa3Aenena

Ha ARe paBHH qacTg BH1 u BH2, BCf,Ka oT KoI4To e nocTaBeHa Bbpxy AFeTe sApa Ha

MarHnTonpoBoAa, a cpeAaTa r{M e ereKTpr,rqecKH cBbp3aHa c Hero. floteru{uaJlbT Ha

MarHI,ITonpoBoAa e ll2UtLI Tofi e l,tsonnpaH 3a ToBa Hanpe)KeHue cuPsMo seMsra' Pag-

AenffHeTO Ha FnaBHaTa r,I3onaws. Ha ABe rIacTI'I e MHOro no-I'IKOHOMI'qHO, OTKOIKOTO

u3non3BaHero Ha qlrna H3onaryrt. Brpxy ,qonHoro ,IApo ca nocraBeHl't BTopI4tIHI'ITe

HaM6TKLI F{H (u:rvrepBaTenHa I{ cnrHanga). IIpn npa3eH xoA Ha rpaHcQopMaropa nbp-

BnrrHoro rranpe)KeHl{e ce pa3npeAenq no paBno Me)KAy ABere creneHl'I. B pexcnu xa

HaroBapBaHe BTopnqHr{sr roK AeftcrBa pa3MarHilTBalqo Bbpxy AonHoro llApo Ha Mar-

319 ll

l-lI

l',

ltil

318 E.TIEKTPI4TIECKI4 ATIAPATI,I. qACT I

20'

ot

.20'

40'200 400 P,vA

a

@nr. 3.129. 3asncr.rMocT Ha rpeuKure Ha Hanpe)K[TeJreHHanpe)Kr,rrerHa rperuKa; 6 - nrnoBa rperuKa

200-3'

o 400 P,vA6

rpancSoprvrarop or roBapa: a -

llriil/r

<:tft,i

liI

Page 161: EA - u4ebnik

I

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32r320 ENEKTPI4IIECKI4 ANAPATH. qACT I 3. ENEKTPOM Af HI4THII CLICTEMI4

PHT

npuqecToTal:50Hz.3aonpegeJl'[HeHaIIaAaHaHanpexeHl4eBbpxyKoHAeH3aTopac 2 npu'anuque Ha peaKTop a P c uugyKTI,IBHO CbnpoT1IBn euue x' : rt L r : I I lu (c *

C2)|ceu3IIoJBBaMeToAbTcHacIarBaHeTo.Bepuratacepa3Kbc"u]]..AurruM{sroro Ha npeKbcBagero ce npr4nara HanpexeHuero Ug, npv cbeAlnHer{H HaKbco

Kpanrqa Ha KoHAeIr3aropI'ITe Ct u Cz'Hanpextenllero Bbpxy HT e

uL:(rcz - ihVr- ,@i";)u",,

Xr

@r.rr. 3.131. Cxeya Ha HaMorKHTe Ha Han- (Dlur.3.132. flpunqnnuacxeMa Ha KanaIIHTH-

pe)KureJren rpancQoprvrarop c ABycrenenHa BeHHanpe)KuTenenrpaxcQopMarop

KacKaAHa [3oraqEs

Hr4TOnpOBOAa, BCTeACTBHe Ha KOeTO Ce HapyuaBa pa3npeAeneHl'IeTo Ha HanpexeHlleTo

MexAy qacrnTe BH1 u BHz. 3a us6srgaue Ha HepaBHoMepHoro pa3npeAeneHlte Ha

Hanpe)iceHr.reTo B'bpxy ABeTe sApa ca nocTaBeHlr HacpeIIIHO CBbp3aHU I'I3paBH[TeJIHI'I

HaMOTKTT vlt Uvz C. paBeH 6pOfi nanr,rBKr.r, qnsTo cpeAa e Ha noTeHIII,rana Ha MarHnTo-

npoBoAa. flpu npaseu xoA na tpanc$opMaTopa n ?I1 u 142 ce I4HAyKTHpaT eAHaKBI't

e.A.H., KoHTo B3aHMHo ce ypaBHoBec{Bar r.r He npoTl{qa roK. flpu uaroBapBaHe Ha

rpanc@opMaropa ce HapyuaBa paBeHcrBoro Ha e.A.H. B HaMorKI{Te l4t u kI2 u B Tfrx

fipoTl{qa tor, roftto rl3paBHflBa Hanpex(eunlrTa. Bbpxy ABeTe sacTI'I BHr n BHz sa

nbpBHqHara HaMoTKa.

flo aualornr{eH HaqnH ce [r3rpaxAa r{ KacKaAeH FII c qetnplt crereHvH t43oraUJi.fr,

rofiro r.rMa ABa MarHLITonpoBoAa.

Bo4eqnre npor€Bolu{Tenn npeg,rrarar Ha rra3apa Ka[aI{HTHBHr,r HT 3a BlIcoKH !t

cBpbxBucoKr{ Hanpe)Kenr4fr. Te ca MHono no-eBTI,IHLI or eneKTpoMarHLITHute HT 3a ct-rrlr,rre Hanpe)Kenut, Tbf,r Karo uMar o6rer.{eHa l,r3onaquoHHa c}Icreua. Ilpedcmaonfl-

eamKanaqumuereHdenumenHaHanpelKeHue caqenlauc o6umoeeHenercmportaeHurneH

HT saCH (go HrKorrKo AecerKr.r kV) - Qnr. 3.132. CrofiHocrl,ITe Ha KarallHrerHre

Ha KoHAeH3aTopa ga BH Ct V 3a CH Cz ca nog6paHl,I TaKa, qe naAbT Ha Hanpcx(eHlle

Bbpxy KoHAeH3aT opa C2 (JC, AucboTBeTcTBa Ha nbpBHtIHoTo Hanpe)KeHne Ha HT. AroHT ne e BKnroqeH Hanpex(eHl,Iero Ucz e

(3.30s)

KbAero -[2 e rlpoT]Iqau$uT TOK'

Br,rxgace'qerIpHHanuqueHaHacTpoeHBpe3oHaHcpeaKTopHanpexeHl,IeToBbpxyfff Uie paBHo Ha HanpexeHl{eTo Bbpxy KoHAeH3aTopa C2 npl4 oTBopeIIa BepI'Ira Ha

tpauc@opMaTopa I| He 3aBucI,I oT ToBapa My. flpn rrapacTBaHe Ha ToBapa Hanpexe-

H'reTo [I!2 oc,*,,auosTorr*Ho, Ho ce yBennqaBaT HHAyKTI{BHI4ST (nlpxy peartopa P)

r.r Ka[arIr{THBHItsT (ntpxy KoHAeH3aTopa CiIIaA Ha HanpexeHlre' flpr'r npo6nn s HT

((Iz :0) ncnegc,rBge Ha pe3oHaHCI{I{ sBIeHHn Bbpxy Ka[aqHTeTa c2 ce nonyqaBa ro-

ngMo HanpexeHue, KoeTo Mo)Ke Aa ro npo6ue. 3a orpanuqaBaHe Ha flpeHanpexegl',IeTg

ce H3nOr3Ba r{cKpr{qe. (Duanrptt o ne nponycKa BI'ICOKOqecToTHI',ITe TOKOBe sa 6lora

ea peleftua 3aIrIIlTa BY xlrra HT'

CnulemnyBaT KoM$uHI{paHI'I (ToKosIi u Ha[pe)I(HTeJrHu) I'BMepBaTeJII{H TpaHcQop-

MaTopI,I'Ko[IToHMaTu3BecTHl.I[pe4,IMcTBac[p,IMoFaIIooTAeIHoB3eTHToKoBltHanpexr,rTeneH TpaHcQoprrlatop: no-ManKl'l pa3Mepu' onpocTeHo cBbp3BaHe KbM Mpe-

xaTa BH u gp. crnpeMeHHaTa TeIIAeHIdI4TI e sb3AaBaHeTO Ha KOM6IrHnpaHlI IBMep-

BaTeJrHr{ rpaucQopMaToptr, I{3IIOI3BaUIU Ma|HHTHO OnTnqHHq eQert na (Dapagefi u

eneKTpoormuqHus eeerr ua floxerc c aHanoroBa uJrr{ quQpona o6pa6otra Ha cHr-

HanlITe.B [1, 2TlcaAaAeHr.r KonKpeTHH KoHcTpyKIIuu sa HT Ha BoAeuIu supt"tll'

3.5.3. TpancQopMaropu c rloBnlrreno parcefiBaHe

TpancQopMaTopnTe C nOBLIIIIeHo paacefinaHe, 3a pa3nHKa oT cI{lIoBItTe I'I H3MepBaTeJI-

HHTS, uMaT raAaula (r"rera) BoJITaMnepHa xapaKTepucTrKa [Jz : f Uz) IIa BTopHqHaTa

BepHra (npH I/r : const). Taffin BIIA Ha XapaKTepI4CrI'IKaTa ce cbrJlacyna go6pe u e

noAxoArrr{ 3a HsKOtr KoHcyMaTopI{ II rpancQopMaTopHTe C nOBI4UIeHO pa:cefinaHe ce

r{3noJBBaTIIpueneKTpOAbFOBO3aBaprlBaHe'3a3axpaHBaHeHara3opa3PS4rtlIaMnHI{

Ap.flaAaula xapaKTepl{cTnKa }I noBI4IIIeHO paaceilnaHe MexAy nbpBI'IqHaTa I'I BTOpI4q-

Hara HaMorKa Ha tpancQopMaropa ce uocrura:

- c o6r.rKHoseH cuaos tpaucQopMaTgp U nocneAoBaTenHo BKnloqeg KbM BTOpI'Iq-

HaTaMyHaMoTKaApoceJI'qH'ToHHAyKTlIBHocTMoxeAaceperynnpaHacTeneHl,lc;;;;;;" 6poe ua HaBHBKIIT' Ha HaMorKara I{ nrlaBHo c npoM'Ha Ha Bb3AyluHara Mex-

IryrHa. Ha Qur. 3.133 e noKa3aHa CXeMaTa Ha CBbp3BaHe Ha tpancQopMaTop I'I ApoceJt

N-q

fr

(3.304) (Jcz : ur-91--

flprn Ha'ronapBaHe Ha KoHAeH3aropa C2 ct{T Hanpe)Kenueto Ug, HaMaJIfiBa v3aBetctr

or roBapa. Perynr.rpyevtsflrpeaKTop P, e nacrpoeH B pe3oHaHc c Kanaqurera Ct * Cz

.&

Page 162: EA - u4ebnik

322 E.TIEKTPI,TqECK'I ATIAPATI4. qACT 1

ii323 'J

- c rrbpBtrqHa A r{ BTopr{qHa HaMoTKaB, pauoaox(eHn Bbpxy;pere xgpa 1 uzsarpancQopMaropa - enr. 3.135. Hauor-xara A e ceKrs,roHHpaHa Karo ocHoBHara ir qacr u)t,2 a pa3nonoxeHa Bbpxy rAporo1, a gorrraHr.rTeJrHr,rTe il .racTn ?!)2,g : ,t]/,4,5 ci pa3[onor(eHH Bbpxy ABeTe xppa 1 u2.

or'rr. 3.134. Tpancdoprnraropn 3a AbroBo 3aBapFBaHe c Brpa.qeu Apocen: a - rApen Tnrr ceAHa Bb3AyuHa MexAnua; 6 - sApeH Tr{n c flne Bb3Ayrrrnn Me)KAI{HH; B - MaHTr,reH Trrrr c eAHaBb3AyIrIHaMe)KAnHa. l-ocnoneHMarHHTonpoBoA;2-nnpsavnaHaMorKa;3-BTopHqHaHaMorKa;4 - gpocerma HaMorKa; 5 - uoAnn:reH Marnr{TonpoBoA;6 - aa/TnnxrBarrl MexaHH3bM

3. E"IIEKTPOMATHI,ITHI'I CI,TCTEMI4

Orar. 3.137. KoHcrpyrr.r{BHu cxeMn Ha rpancQopMaropn 3a r.t:lopiulPqAH}r IIaMIII{: I - ntp-BHrrHa HaMorKa; 2 - nropnvna HaMorKa; 3 - IvranrutoflpoBoA;4 - uarnnteH IITyHT

(Dnr. 3.133. Cxervra Ha cBbp3BaHe.Ha TpaHc-

Qopruarop rr Apocen 3a AbroBo 3aBaprBaHe

(Dur. 3.135. TpaucSopMarop c pa3AeneHr{HAMOTKII

3a AbroBo 3aBapsBaHe;

- c H3nor3BaHe Ha Apocen oT rApeHHJIIi MaHTUeH Trnn, BrpaAeH B KOHCTpyK_

l4lanra na rpaHcQopMaropa - Qrr. 3.134;c npoMflHa Ha pa3cTorHHeTO

MexAy ABere HaMorKH na rpancSop-MaTOpa, pa3nonoxeHn Bbpxy eAHo rrApo,

trpll Koero ce rt:MeHs roeQr,lrgeHTbr ]rM

Ha B3ar4MHa Bpb3Ka;

(Dnr. 3.136. TpancQopMarop c pa3AenennHilMoTKrI r.I MaTHHTeH rrryHT

i1ll11

M -l

li

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Page 163: EA - u4ebnik

324 EJIEKTPI4TIECKH AIIAPATH. qAgf I

flpu nocleAoBarenHo BKJrK)rrBaHe Ha ceKrs,ruTe 1-2 u 4-5 6pon Ha HaBI,IBKLITe He ce

npoMeHs, Ho ce r€Merr{ roeQurgeHTbr Ha MaTHI,ITHa Bpb3Ka;

- c MarH[TeH rrryuT. KoHcrpyrqurrra c MarHr,rren ruyHT e qesro H3noJrsBaHa B TpaH-

cQoprvratopr{Te c noBHrueHo pascefinane, rrft Karo npeAnara MHoxegrBo Bapr{aHTH.

Marnsrnxrrr [ryHT MoxeAa 6nge mn vJMBHaMorKr{Te, 6es H c Bb3Aytrrna MexAI{Ha, c

rrocrosnuo HaMarHHTBaHe rr Ap. Ha $ur. 3.136 e noragan rpaucQopMarop c MaTHHTeH

Il]yrrl H pa3AeneHr.r HaMoTKH;

- c AonbJrHl,rreJrHo HaMaFHHTBaHe c nocroqHHo uoJre, npH Koero IUraBHo ce I,I3-

MeHs MarHurnara rrpoHnqaeMosr r.r roe@r,uryeHTbr Ha MarHlITHa Bpb3Ka Me)KAy lpereHaMorKrr. Ha Qnr. 3.137 ca AaAeHu KoHcrpyKTr.rBHH cxeMu na rpancQopMaropn cnoBnlrreHo pasceftnaHe, peanu3t4parqfi ropHrcre flpaHrlrirru, KoHTo ce n3non3Bar 3a 3ax-

parrBaHe Ha na3opa3ptAHr,r rpt6u.B t26] ca AaAeHr,r yKa3afir4s.3a r,Bqr,rcJr.rrBaue Ha HflKoLr BI{AoBe'rpaxcQopMaropl{ c

noBr{rrreHo paacefieaue.

3.5.4. E.nerrporvraruuTrr 3a cb3AaBaue Ha rrHTeH3IrBHrr noJlsra

I4HreHsrBHr,rre MarHurHr.r flonera ce u3rroJr3Bar 3a:

- QrnrrvecKr{ H3cJretrFaHHJr Ha noBeAeuuero Ha HfiKor{ BelqegrBa, [Jra3Ma, sApeHH

qagfr.rqu, B KocMuqecKara rexHr4Ka n Ap: Tyr ce orHacsr r,I KpyIIHIa cKbnu cbo-

pb)r(eHnrr KaTo Jrr{HeeH ycKopr,rTeJr, rlr{KJrorpoH, ToKaMaK u ltp.;

- MeAHrryrHcKLr n 6norroruqHu r,r3cneABaruufl Ha KJrerKrr, MnKpoopFaI{H3M}I, TyMopI'I

H Ap.;

- TexHoJrorHqHr,r npoqecfi B HHAycTpvrsTa, TpaHcnopTa u AP.

Kaqecrnara Ha eneKTpoMaruuTr,rre 3a cb3AaRaHe Ha uHTeH3lrBHr{ uoJrera ce npeqe-

H.rrBar rrpelryr BcurrKr.r no crofinogrra Ha floJrero n BpeMerpaeuero My, KaKTo Ia o6euntHa npocTpaHcTBoTo, B KoeTo ce nonyqaBa.

flrpnure ereKTpoMarHHTr{ 3a cb3AaBaHe Ha HHTeH3I{BHH norera ca cbc Qepouar-HHTeH MarHrrronpoBoA r.r cneqnamr,r Qopr"l.r Ha nonrccHl,ITe HaKpafinngr.r - Qur. 3.138.

Tara Hanp. eAflH or rrx c rerrro oKono 8 t crsgana nore go 880 A/m s o6ervr 15 cm3 u

580 A/m s o6ev 25 crrf .

Trft raro rrpn r,rnreH3rrBHr{ norera croMaHara ce Hacrrqa, cbBpeMeHHltre eJIeK-

rpoMarHlrru uafi-qecro ca HaMorrn (coaenon4H) 6e: QepouaFHureH MarHHTonpoBoA,

KOHTO Ce pa3AenST Ha H{KOJIKO rpyuu.1. B :anncnMocr or npoAbn)KnreJrHocrra ua nns6y)KAanoro nore:-- cbc cTaqHoHapHo rrone;

- c nMnylcHo noJre.

2. B sasuclrMocr or HaqlrHa Ha oxra)KAane:

- c BoAHO OXnaXAaHe;

- c KpuoreHHr,r TeqHocTH.

3. EJIEKTPOMATHI4THI4 Cl4CTEh{}' 325

(Dnr. 3.138. ElerrporraarHuTl{ 3a cb3AaBaHe Ha ItHTeH3uBHu MaFHI{TIII{ noJIeTa: a - eneKTpo-

MarHI{T na Beftc; 6 - enerrpoMaFHuT ua Jln'rl'n

3. B:asucnMocr or BLIAa Ha [poBoAHHKa:

- c MeAHI{ nPOBOtrFI'[Sr;

- cbc cBpbxrlpoBoAlilIqfi.

4.BganucuMocrorpa3npeAeJleHl'IeroHaroKaBconeHonAa:

- c nocrotllHa IIIIbTHOCT;

- c npoMeHJrHBa nJIbrHOCT.

B COTTenOIIAUTS 3a CTaIIUOHapHII [OneTa npoTuqaT FOJISMH ToKOBe I'I B Ttx Ce

parcefinat orpoMHlr MoIIIHocTH AocTl,Irau{u ST6THII1a kW 4opu Ao HqKonKo MW' IIpu

npoeKTI,IpaHeTo I{M RTT3HHKBaT gna ocHoBHn npo6aeua:

_ MexaHuuua yctofi quBocT Ha eneKTpo,qI{HaMI,IqHI,ITe cuII4;

- oxnaxAaHe Ha KoHcrpyKqHsra'

Colenougr,rTe c nocTosgga ToKoBa nJIbTHocT ca oT KyxH MeAIII{ npoBoAHI'IryI

(xptr-nn, npaBobr.bnHlr, reHTonu) ra ce oxJIaxAaT oT t['IpKyllrpaula B Ttx BoAa noA

HalqraHe. PanHOUepHOCTTa, I4HTeH3nBHOgrTa lt O6erua Ha nOJIeTO Ce yBenI'IrraBaT B

coJreHor,rAr,rTe c HepaBHoMepHa ToKoBa nnbTHOCT [1061. Ts ce flocTl',Ira:

- qpe3 ceKqHoHI'IpaHe Ha HaMOTKara Ha coJleHouAa;

- c H3noJr3BaHe Ha coreHol'IAl4 or 6nrepon run'

conenouD1tnHa Eumep ce cbcToI,I oT nocneAoBaTeJIHO CBbp3aHH 4ICKOBS C MaIKI4

palryranHr4 pa3pe3H, K0r,rro o6parynar cnrparroBl4AHa HaMOTra (Qur' 3.139) c u3oIlaqruI

MeXAy OTAenHI{Te HaBLIBKI,I. TorOsara nIbTHoCT BbB BCsKa TOr{Ka oT 44CKa e o6-

{peM noruocnn uaxPaiinuqn

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li327 1r326 EIEKTPI4I{ECKH ATIAPAT?I. qACT I

@nr. 3.139. Coaeuong Ha 6nrep

paTHo nponoprlHoHaJrHa Ha pa3cTosHileToir Ao qenr:npa My. C npouana na ge6enn-HaTa Ha Ar{cKoBeTe Mo)Ke Aa ce r€MeHIIu pa3upeAeJreHHeTo Ha TOKOBaTa rrJrbT_

Hocr no ocra Ha coneHouAa. KoHcrpyKrryr-rrra fiMa rorsMa MexaHl,rqHa srocr. Ox-naxAaHeTo Ha coneHor{Aa cTaBa c BoAanpeMnHaBarrla aKcnilJrHo npes ornopn IHa Ar.rcKoBere (Qrr. 3.1,39) vtrtr B pa3no-ro)KeHn B Trx pa4ianuu KaHarn. Crrqe-cTByBaT KOHCTpyKT+[i C Kpr.roreHHr,r Terr-Hocrr4 (reveu a3or, BoAopoA, Heon), nKOr{TO HaMOTKaTa He e cBpbx[poBo,4{r,rK,Ho cbnporr,IBneHnero ir, a cle4oBarerHon oTAeneHaTa MoUIHOCT Ca CbrrIecTBeHo

HaManeHH (npuvepHo 5 + 10 nrrr.r).

Coaenongrrre 3a cb3AaBane Ha rrMrryJrcHn Marnnrrrn notera ce xapaKTept3nparc roJreMllHara, Qopuaran npoAbn:Kl{TeJlHocrra Ha r.rMnynca. flpo6leMbr 3a oxnaxi-AaHero HM ornaAa (pa:cernara roMI4Ha e He3Hauureaua), Ho ce nporBqBar Apyrqnpo6aeruu, no-BaxHr{Te or Kor.rro ca:

- HepaBHoMepHo pa3npeAenenue Ha roKa Bcne.qcrBr,re Ha cKnH eQepa H Kanaqu-TeTr.rTe Me;KAy HaBnBKHTe;

- roIeMlI HMnyncHIr MeXaHHrIHr.I Hanpe)r(eHllt ;

- cb3AaBaHe r{ nponycKaHe Ha neo6xoAnMr,rs eneKTpr{qecKH ToK.Conenongnre ce 3axpaHBar:

- or aKyMynaropua 6arepnx;

- or Kor{AeH3aropna 6arepnx;

- oT [rM[ynceH eneKTpr4qecKH reHepaTop.Bra scHqrv cnyqav tpr6na Aa ce ocurypn cbrnacyBaHe MexAy rrMrreAaHqrre Ha

coneHouAa r,r Ha 3axpaHBarqus r€ToqHr,rK.Koncr:pyrqnlrre Ha coJreHoHAr{Te 3a r,rMnyncHn MarHHTrru noJrera ca:

- or 6nrepon rHn;

- eAHOHaBT,TBKOBH;

- MHOTOHaBT{BKOB C KOHAeH3aTOp;

- B3pHBHr.r.

EdnonaeueKolusm coneuoud - Qnr. 3.140 r.rMa npocra fi MexaHr.rqecKu 31paBaKocHTpyKqI'rs', LIma MarKa BpeMeKoHcraHTa r{ cneAoBarenHo MarKo BpeMe 3a Aocrr,l-naHe Ha MaKcI'IMarHara ctofrHocr Ha [oJlero. 3a nolyuaBaHe Ha nonera or rroprlpKaHa AecerKV xt4lvrlirl A'/m ce H3ItcKBar roreMu uMnyncHn roKoBe I,r roJIrM KanaLU{-Ter Ha KoHAeH3aropHara 6atepnx. 3a noayuaBaHe Ha Heo6xolglMlln roKoB t4Nrnync cerr3non3Ba cbrnacyBaq rpaHceopMarop.

3. EJIEKTPOM ATHI4THVI CKICIEMI4

MuoeouaouoKoguatn conenoud c KoH-

UeHmpamop - Qnr. 3.141 npeAc'raBntBa

egnocrofiHa HaMorKa, BbB Bbrpe[IHocrraHa KOJTTO e nOMeCTeH MaCABeII pa4,I-

aJrHo pa3prr3aH rlpoBoAsul (MegeH) I${-

anHAbp. flpu npotnqane Ha llMrlynceH

TOK B HaMOTKaTa Ce UTIAyKTUpa TOK B

runury{bpa, rofito flporuqa caMo no no-BbpxHosrra My n cb3AaBa (rornrenrpr.rpa)

aHTeH3HBHO MaTHITTHO IIOne BbB Bbrperu-Hocrra rvty. Ta:r,r KoncrpyKl4,t.s I,IMa cneA-

Hr{Te npeAr4Mcrna [64]:

- AaBa Bb3MOXHOST 3a nonyqaBaHe Ha roJreMr{MarHI,ITHI,I noJIeTa MaKap [IB MaJIbK

o6ervr;

- npn [oAxoArrrqa @oprvra Ha Konr-(eHrparopa Mo)Ke Aa ce nonyqn troJle c )I(eraua

crpyKrypa;

- HaMattra rpyrorocTHTe IIpr{ KoMyTarryrs Ha MHoro ro'IeMu ToKoBe, KaKTo e

npn e,qHoHaBr{BKoBnre coneHolr4{ n o6rerqaBa nonyqaBauero Ha [o-npoAbJDKItrenHH

r4Mnyncr4;

- no3BoJrsBa cMsHa Ha pa3rnqHa Br'rAoBe KoHrIeHTpaTopn npr [3noJBBaHe Ha eAHa

H cbrr{a nrs6ygntenHa HaMorKa.

Msoronanr{BKoBrrre coneHor4g c KoHrlerrrparopn [o3Bor{Bar nonyrraBaHero Ha

Mnoro ru{TeH3r.TBHr{ [onera I{ ce u:}rron3Bar npn MarHurHo-I,IMnyncna o6pa6orKa Ha

pa3Jrlrtrnn MeranHI{ I,I HeMerarHu getafuru - Bt(. r.2.5.Bspuenume conevoudu nogsoatBar nonyqaBanero Ha nonera or nops/qbKa Ha

106 A/m tl npoAbnxrirennosr Ao HsKonKo ms. flpn.npotrrlane Ha roK conenoli.qbr

ce geQopMr.rpa (nanp. or B3pnBeHo xrrMr{qecKo Beulemno) Ir cb3AaAeHoro MaTHLITHo

noJre ce KonqenTprdpa B ottpeAeneH MiurbK pa6oten o6eru [64].

Qnr. 3. 140. EwronanunKoB coJIeHoItA

it/i

1i

lliitl

ll

iI

I

4,.*

@ur. 3.141. MnoroHanr{BKoB coJreHouA c KoHIIeHTparop Ha MaruurHo no;Ie

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({il

EJIEKTPHqECKI4 ANAPATH. qACT I

CnprxnpoBoArrrlr{Te coJreHor,rAr,r ce r43nor3Bar 3a cb3AaBaHe KaKTo Ha cralryIoHapHn,

TaKa I4 Ha HMnynCHI'I MaTHHTHH nOIeTa3a cnsganaHe Ha crarlproHapHv norera B MHoFo MaJrbK o6ervr B [ocJreAHo RpeMe ce

r{3no.[3Bar nosroflHHu MarHurH or peAKo3eMHr.r Mer:uru (carvrapnft, HeoALIM I,I Ap.).floneqe nogpo6nocrlr 3a coneuor,rArr 3a cb3AaBaHe Ha rtrrreH3LrBHI{ MarHurHH norera

Morar Aa ce HaMeprrr Harp. n [49, 106].

3.6. I{HAyKIILIOHHH CHCTEMI{

HHlyxqr.loHHlrre crrcreMr,I ca EMC, B Koaro MarHr,rrHlrsr [oroK I{HAyKTI{pa BI{xpoBH

ToKoBe (rorone Ha (Dyro) B cnequanHo npeABHAeHa 3a llenra npoBoArlua cpeAa.

fo-ryelruHara Ha BuxpoBr,rre roKoBe, a or raM n eQerrunHocrT a Ha I,IHAyKLlroHHara

cr,rcreMa 3aBlrcI,I oT [poBoIu{Moqrra Ha cpeAara r{ oT qecrorara Ha noToKa (n uxroucnyq u or cKopocrra Ha B3anMHoro ARHxeHr,re Ha [oroKa u cpegata).

I4n4ymupaHr,rre BprxpoBr,r roKoBe Bogrrr ,qo nporBara Ha pa3nI,IqHI{ SneuuecxueQernn r,r B 3aBlrcriMocr or rr3noJr3Banero nM cbulecrByBar cnel$II.ITe BHAoBe HHAyK-

qI,IOHHI,I CIICTeMH.

1. I,IHgyrqaonnn ypeg6u 3a 3arpsBane, pa3TonrBaHe H 3aKaJrqBaHe, B KoLITo ce

Ia3rror3Ba eQerrnr fr>rayn or Br{xpoBure roKoBe.

2. I4ngyxqlroHr{.r{ ceH3opr{ ga 6rugocr, B Kor.rro ce r,r3nor3Ba flpoMflHara Ha TIHAyK-

TlrBHocrra na nrr6y4,rreJrHara HaMorKa or BlrxpoBnTe roKoBe.

3. IrlnqyxqlroHHo-AuHaMr.rrrgr{ cncreMr.I, B Kor,rro ce ?B[or3Ba curara Ha o'r6rtcr-BaHe Mex4y nta6ygureJrHa HaMorKa lr uHAyKTHpaHHTe or Hes Br'rxpoBu roKoBe

B rpoBoAqrrla cpeAa. Pa6orsr B LrMnynceH pexr,rM Ha[p. n 6nprogeficrnaquteT,I3KIITOqBATEN}I HA TOKA HA K.C. B ABTOMATHT{HI4TE IIPCKbCBAIIN gA HH.

4. I4HgyrquoHHH MexaHH3Mrr, B KoHTo ce lnnon3Ba cuJrara H MoMeHTa MexAy ABa

geQa:upaHn noMexA! cl,r npoMeHnr,rBr,r nororla u r.rHAyKTupaHHTe or r.xx BI.,IxpoRH

ToKoBe B npoBogrrrqa cpe.qa. flpegcT aaJrsBar ocHoBeH ereMeHT Ha r,rHAyKIdI4oHHH

penera u r,BMepBareJrHra anaparr,r (enextpouepll, BarMerpn n gp.).

Or u:6poenure o6racru Ha npr,rJro)KeHveHa r{HAyKr[4oHHHTe cucreMuryK ce pa3rnex-

AaT CaMO UHAyKT.U{OHHLTTe MeXaHr,r3MH.

3.6.1,. HngyxqnoHHrr MexaHrI3Mu

B un4yxquoHHr,rre MexaHH3MH ce H3non3Ba crd.nara Ha B3ar.rMoAeficrnre u o6yclone-HHflT or He.s Bbprsul (4ar.rrareaen) MoMeHT MexAy gaa 4e@asnpaHll noMexAy cH BbB

BpeMeTo H r8MecTeHr,r B npocTpaHcTBoTo cr{HycoHAaIHr,r MarrMTHr,r noTor$4I,t I,tHAyKTl'I-

paHure or rqx B anyMHHHen (uegeH).qracr nnn Lprnr{HAbp (6apa6aH) nrnxponll ToKoBe.

B gauacuuocr or Qoprvrata Ha npoBoAflrrlara cpeAa r'rHAyKwoHur.rre MexaHH3MH ca

prcKoBr{ unu 6apa6anHr{.

3. EJIEKTPOMAI-HI4THI4 CI{CTEMI4

@ur. 3.142. flncxon ]rHAyKrInoHeH MexaHr{3bM: a - [pHHIlLmHa KoHcrpyKIIuq; 6 - cult't tl

MOMeHTu, Aeficrsaqu Bbpxy AIICKa; B - BeKTOpHa AuarpaMa Ha noTOIlHTg' e.A.H. u ToKoBeTe

Ha Qur. 3.l42ae noKa3aHa AncKoBa uHAyKr$.IoHHa cltcreMa. Blpxy MarHHTonpo-

BoAr,rre I r,r II ca [ocraBer{u HaMorrn're 1 *r 2, B Kolnro nporuqar roKoBere it n iz,

nr:6yxcgarr{H cnHycogAanHo }BMeHsrrII{Te ce noroql'r O1 H 02, .qeQa3I'IpaHI'I Ha btt.n I(norort,r 01 lr3npeBapBa norora Oz). flaata noroKa npecnqar npoBoArllq (alyvt'tHuen

r.rnu MeAeH) gncx (po'rop), rofiro e nocraBeH Bbpxy Jlarepu Il Moxe Aa ce Bbpru RbB

Bb3AytrIHHTe MexAItHH Ha MarHHTonpoBoAI{te I ra II.flotoqnte Or v 02 HHAyKTLTpaT e.A.H. na tpaHcQopMaIS4rI B AI{cKa et :

-uLvocosc.rt Vt e2: -uQZmcos(a,,t - 9), KoIlTo I'I3osIaBaT Ha brbtl rf2orno-Tor{,rre u [paKTr.rqecKg He 3aBr,rcsT oT cbcrotHl,rero Ha IU{cKa (n noroft nlu nlprene).

flpr.r npeue6peruaue Ha HHAyKTnBHoro cbnporl{BneHHe Karo MHoro ManKo cnpsMo

aKTr,rBHoro roKoBere na tpaHcQopMa4[It B IslcKa ca

329328

(3.306)

. ui0t*irn: -; cosc,.rt;

i2n: -+#cos(a,rt - e):#cos(c..'t -, -;),KbAeTO Ttp,, T2F,Ca aKTIIBHLITe CbnpOTLIBISHLIS Ha .4{CKa 3a TOKOBete i1a u iZu.

Ha Qnr. 3.l42se noKa3aHa BeKTopHa Ar,rarpaMa Ha norowTe, I4HAyKrHpaHI{Te e.A.H.

I,I TOKOBeTe B AI4CKa.

OnpegelxHeTo Ha cbnpOTr.rBneHI4rITa T1st4T2se oCHOBHaTa TpyAHoCT nplt u3rlE9flfr-

BaHe Ha r,rHAyKrIr,roHHr{Te cr4creun. 3a qenra ce Ll3nor3Bar pa3nI{qHH MeroAu (rpaQu-

+.s

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330 EIEKTPI4qECKI4 AIIAPATH. qACT I

qeH, c KoHQopMHa rpaHcQopMaIIErI, rrricJreH H Ap. 3a noseqe no4po6nomu nx. [3],60,77,791).tlpu cnMerpnrrHo noJlo;KeHr.re Ha ttonrocuTe cnprMo lu{cKa Mo)Ke Aa cenpHeMe TLn: f2\ = ?.A.

Yact or rora i'ro - mih(m, < 1) npornva noABTopHs noJrK)c N2 ilB3anMogeficrrac noroKa O2, npu Koero cro6paeno c Qopuynara rra Jlamac (2.1) celonyqaBa cuna

3. ENEKTPOM A THT,ITHV CT/CTEMU 331

MexAy rxx (npH g : 0, fu[ - 0). Aua.rrorurrHu ca n pe3ynrarlrre :a 6apa6aHHa LIHAyK-

rs{oHHa cncreMa. CregorarerHo-3a cb3AaBaHero Ha Ipnrarenen MoMeHT e Heo6xo-

4rMa BnHarr{ Qasona pa3Jrr{Ka Me)r(Ay noTor-u{Te <D1 n 02, KaTo MaKcIrManeH MoMeHT

ce uonyqaBa npn g: tl2. flocorara Ha cr.rJrara lrMoMeHTa (a caegoBarengo LI Ha

nrprene) e KbM ngocraBaulur notor O2.

Maruurnnte norol$,I, npec[qalqn l[rcKa I,IHAyKTtIpar H e.A.H., ,qbn)Kau$r ce Ha Bbp-

TeHeTO rvry. o6ycaoBeHuTe oT Trx Br,rxpoBr{ ToKoBe (roroae Ha pq3aHe) nrar,uvrogefi-

crBar c noror-ume n ce nonyqaBa cbnporlcr{TeJreH MoMeur, roitro B cborBercrBl{e c

npnHrlr,rna ua Jlerq e HacoqeH o6parno Ha ,iFnrarertnlrs. n ce crpeMl{ Aa cflpe lycra. flocblllu.fi Haqr,rH 3a cb3AaBaHe Ea crutparreH MoMeHT u nocTosHHa cKopocT Ha BbpTeHe Ha

AncKa (uanp. B eneKrpor,repnre) ce H3noJr3Ba MaFrrureH noroK Ha nocrosHen MaFHHT.

Ha Qnr. 3.143a e rroKa3aHa npr{Hr{Hnna KoHcrpyKr4{s Ha lU{cKoBa LIHAyK{aoHHa

cncreMa c ra MarrrnTonpoBoAa I u2 c HaMorKa uJu,3axpaHeHa c HanpexeHllero

U, n wavrorKa'u, o6rnqasa or roKa 1. Yacru ot sns6ygeHl,ITe or rtx MaTHHTHI,I

noror{u (0, n Q, npecuqar anyMuHr,reBns.lgzrcKu HHAyKTHpaT B Hero BnxpoBl{torore. C

H3nOI3BaHe Ha [O.qXOAqill nMUeAaHC BltB Bepr,rraTa Ha Hanpe)KnTenH''Is. eneKTPoMarHI{r

,qBr,rrarenHr,rs MoMeHT Mox(e Aa 6rAe nponopquouareH Ha aKTI{BHara (Po : U I cos g)finu peaKTnBHara (P, : [/f sin <p) r"rorqnocr Ha cr,rcreMara or Hanpexewte U, tor ,[ n

Qason brbJr (p Mex.g1y rsx. OnucaHara r,rHAyKrs4oHHa cl{creMa Moxe Aa ce LI3nor3Ba

Karo BarMerbp r,uu pene 3a Morrluocr. Aro KbM crrcreMara ce Ao6aBLI l.rnTerpupaqo

BbB BpeMero ycrpoficrno (vepmqHa npeAaBKa r{ MexaHurren 6pox.t) Tlr ce npeBbLIIa B

eneKTpoMep 3a aKTlrBHa HnI{ peaKTI{BHa eHeprfirl.

Ha Qnr. 3.1436 e noKa3aHa lu{cKoBa r{rrAyKrlnonHa cncreMa c eruta BxoAHa BeJrI{-

uuna (ror r.rJrn Hanpe:reuNe). @agonusr brbn (p Me;rcgy noroIS,ITe Or u Oz ce nonyqaBa

c I,BnoI3BaHe Ha K.C. HaBHBKa Bbpxy qaCT OT CeqeHHeTO Ha nOnK)Ca Ha MarHIrTOnpO-

'"i'a6B

Onr. 3.143. flucrona HnAyKrlr{onHacncreMa: a - c ABa MarHr{mnpoBoAa; 6 - c eAnH MarHnron-poBoA r{ K.c. HaBr{BKa; B - pa3nono)KeHxe Ha K.c. HaBHBKa Bbpxy noffoca Ha MarH}rTonpoBoAa

tlti

(3.307)

KbAero I e AnrrxcnHara Ha nbr.l Ha roKa noA noruoca; ,9 - ceqesnero Ha nolrcca; 82 -MarHHTHara nrrgyKrtrl{s noA noaroca -A/2.

Cpeqnara crofiuocr Ha cnJrara 3a elu{H flepfioA T :2r e

]rl : iiB2t:#ot*r,

2r

h I or,,sinwte2*sin(wt-e-[)at t).0

Ill

ij. 2tr

(3.30s) Fr"p: *lFd,t:0

Kar:o ce HMa npeABr4A, qe:

TT

I sinwtsin(c^rr - e)dt : I ;["oru - cos(2ut-')] dt : cos€T @ :T, + e),00

ll

ii1i

l)\(3.308a)

BnprxqnlT MoMeHT MIHA CHJraTa F1 Cnpmrao ocTa Ha AucKa e

(3.309) Mt : Fr"pr1 cosB1,

Kb.qero o3HarreHlrflTa rt H 0t ca scHH or Qnr. 3.1426.Cneg 3aMecrBaHe Ha F1"o ot Qopla. (3.308a) 3a MoMeH,ra Ml ce flonyrraBa

Ftrp : #*rr *2,ncos, : #or*iDz- sin<p.

Ml : k1Lyn626sinrp (l*, : #rrcospl).

(3.310)

AsalorHqHl{ pe3ynrara ce nonyqaBaT 3a cr.rJrara H MoMeHT a M2 Or B3aUMOAe iiCr$n-ero Me)KAy roKa i/ro u norora 01 n nonK)ca N1. Pe:yararHr.rrr MoMeHT M - Iuh* a[Zn npu cfiMerpnff Ha noJrrccrdre (k1 : kz : k) oKoHqareJrHo ce noJryqaBa

(3.311) M - le0yno.2*sin rp.

Or Qopu. (3.311) clegna, r{e ABHrareJrHuflT MoMeHT, geiicrnaul Bbpxy N4cKa enponopqlroHaJleH Ha npon3BeAeHr.rero Ha noror.{HTe B Aeara floJrroca u cr,rHyca or brbJra

ri

li

irljr

t*,

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I

I

I

332 EJIEKTPI,ITIECKI4 AIIAPATU. TIACT I

a6@nr. 3.144. Eapa6anua HHAyKqr{oHHa cnsr€Ma: a - c ABe BxoAHrI BeJrItur{HIti6 - c eAHa BXoAHa

BCJIIIqI,IHA

BoAa. Or Snr. 3.143s ce BuxAa, qe cr.rJrara Ha B3anMoAefictsue Me)KI{y norol{,ITe }r

LrHAyrffHpaHlrTe B Ar.lcKa BnxpoBlr ToKoBe, KotTo cb3AaBa gsfiraTenrmrl MoMeHT, e oT

HeeKpanprpaHara KbM eKpaHupaHara qacr Ha nonrc)ca. Te tpr6na Aa ca opueHTHpaHH no

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