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Dr. Tahir Zaidi

Digital Signal ProcessingLecture 1

Introduction

DSP is Everywhere Sound applications

Compression, special effects, synthesis,recognition, echo cancellation,

Cell Phones, MP3, Movies, Text-to-speech,

Communication Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo

cancellation, Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem,

Satellite Receiver,

Automotive ABS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control,

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DSP is Everywhere

Medical Magnetic Resonance, Tomography,

Electrocardiogram,

Military Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote

sensing,

Image and Video Applications DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video

conferencing,

Mechanical Motor control, process control, oil and mineral

prospecting,

Limitations of Analog Signal Processing

Accuracy limitations due to

Component tolerances

Undesired nonlinearities

Limited repeatability due to

Tolerances

Changes in environmental conditions Temperature

Vibration

Sensitivity to electrical noise

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Limitations of Analog Signal Processing

Limited dynamic range for voltage andcurrents

Inflexibility to changes

Difficulty of implementing certainoperations

Nonlinear operations

Time-varying operations

Difficulty of storing information

Microprocessor

Any CPU that is contained on a single chip

Little chip is the heart of a computer. Oftenreferred to as just the processor

Does all the computations like adding,subtracting, multiplying, and dividing

In PCs, most popular Intel Pentium chip In Macs, the PowerPC chip (Motorola, IBM,

and Apple)

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DSP, RISC, CISC Processor A processor is frequently categorized

based on the width of its busses(4,8,16,32,64)

Clock Rate (i.e. at what rate does theprocessor execute instructions)

Complexity of Instruction Set

CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer

RISC : Reduced Instruction Set Computer

Digital Signal Processor A DSP is a general purpose processor with

features specifically designed to make Signalprocessing applications fast and efficient

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Design Options for Digital Systems Special Purpose Hardware

Custom ICs / ASICs

Software Programmable Processor Pentium, PowerPC, etc

FPGA (possibly with embeddedgeneral purpose microprocessor) Xilinx, Altera, etc

DSP TI, ADSP, etc

Comparison of OptionsSpecific HW Gen Purpose HW

NRE/Dev Cost

Speed

Flexibility

Time to Market

Production Cost

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Embedded SW Design Flow Develop Code for a Target processor

Since target is minimal (not muchmemory, I/Oetc. Code developmentdone on a separate machine. (e.g a PC)

Cross Compiler / Assembler

Simulator

Code then run in the target system andobserved. Debug support programmed

into the software

Emulation / Debugging In-Circuit Emulator

Debug Kernel BIOS

JTAG Emulation

Interactively Run Code

Breakpoints

Single Step Watch Variables

Observe interaction with rest of system

Development environment is frequentlyprocessor specific

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Embedded Systems Characteristics Real-Time

Real, defined timing requirements for particular

actions to be accomplished

Event DrivenActions of the system are in response to events,

not a predefined sequence.

Resource constrainedMemory Size, speed, power constrained

Special purposeDevice must only perform certain well defined

tasks

Embedded System Example Events :

Button Press

Knob Turned

New Sample needed

by D/A converter

Data block available

from CD drive

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TI TMS320C6713 DSP

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TI TMS320C6713 DSP Features

EDMA Controller McBSP Serial Ports (I/O)

Multiple Computation Units (8)

Cache

On-chip PLL

Host Port Interface

Timers Floating Point Units

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Typical DSP Applications

Digital

RadiographicImaging

UltrasoundMedicalImaging

SpySatelliteImagingMilitaryAppls

Real TimeVideoCameras

& Cell Phones

VideoCommunications

Space

Imaging

Appls

OpticalWearableComputers

Web wirelesstechnologyData Storage

& Transmission

Car Awake warning system

Real

Time DSP

EmbeddedSystems

Speech

Recognition

Example: Speech Modeling

Impulse

Train

Generator

Noise

Generator

Pitch

Period

u(n)

Time-

varyingdigital

filter

Vocal Tract

Parameters

s(n)

G

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An Embedded SystemControl Panel

PROGRAMMABLEDSP

PROGRAMMABLEDSP

ASIC

FPGA

MICROCONTROLLER

CODEC

Dual Port Memeory

System Bus

Controller Process

User interfaceprocess

DSPAssembly

Code

Analoginterface

Real Time

Operatingsystem

Embedded signalProcessing System

Host port

Memory interface

Host port

Memory interface

Example Embedded System

Output

Bitstream

49.152

MHz

Sine wave

clock

Xilinx 4062TMS320C6201

68332

SRAM

FLASH

SBSRAM

DDS

A/D

HSP52014

8-bit DAC &LPF

amplifier &squarer

I/Osquare waveoutput

To RF Board

From RF Board

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Device 0

DataData

Waveform 1

Software Defined Radio (SDR)All configurable HW

FPGA

Device 4

Device 1

DSP

General Purpose Processor

Algo4Proprietary

FEC

Framer1

V.3516

QAMOFDM

SDR Board Design

FPGASPARTAN3

XC3S1500FG676I- XC3S2000FG676I

VCCINT=1.2V/470mAVCCAUX=2.5V/100mA

VCCO1=3.3V/mAVCCO2=2.5V/mA

AD9640DUAL ADC

14BIT, 105 MSPSAVDD=1.8V/310mADVDD=1.8V/34mA

DRVDD=3.3V/35mA

GC5016Quad Wideband DUC/DDC

VPAD=3.3V/180mA

VCORE=1.8V/420mA

DUAL Channel14 bit ,

125 MSPS (Max)DAC,

DAC2904,VA=3.3V/64mA

VD=3.3V/19.5mA

RS232 Interface DB9

DSPTMS320DM6446

CVDD 1.2V/767mADVDD 1.8V/102mA

DVDD 3.3V/6mA

32

47

IN

AD8352Differential

Amp

AMPFILTER

NETWORKNot

implemented

IN

POWERIN

HPI / VLYNQinterface

LVCMOS_1.8V

32BIT

JTAG

Title: Tranceiver BoardSize: A Revision: 1.3Date: 08/04/08 Drawn by: ASK

RSSIAnalog

Interface

8 Channel ADCMCP3008

VD=3.3V/0.5mA4-Bit

RS232 TRANSCEIVER

MAX3232EID

I-Input

Q-Input

I-Output

Q-Output

167

ClockGeneratorAD95133 outputs

GAIN CONTROL (6-BIT)

PAinterface

6-Bits Output power control

FilterSelection

3-Bit Rx Filter Selection

HMC610RSSI

x2

1-Bit T/R Control

5-Bit Frequency controlSythesizerInterface

T/R Switch

/2

2x MT47H64M16BT-5E1G DDR SDRAM

64M x 321.8VD/mA?

OSC

EthernetInterface

RJ45

Ethernet PHY

DP83848IIOVDD=3.3V/150mAAVDD=3.3V/100mA?

20

Digital Power(SMPS)

1.2VD1.8VD2.5VD3.3VD

Analog

(LDO Linear PSU)1.8VA3.3VA

PLATFORMFLASH

XCF08P 3.3VD/20mA

28F256J3, 128Mb16MB Intel Strata flash

3.3V/80mA

JTAGEXP

HEADER16-32 IO

64-LFCSP_VQ

SOIC-16

TQFP-48

PBGA-252

FG-676 (BGA) FSG-48 (BGA)

PBGA-N361

LQFP-48

SPI

IN

IN

IN

16-LFCSP_VQ

SOIC-16

Spartan3SUPPORTSLVCMOS-1.8

AUDIO SERIAL PORTASP HEADER

SSN

Silicon Serial Number

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Digital Signal Processing

A/D DSP D/Aanalogsignal

analogsignal

digitalsignal

digitalsignal

Analog input analog output

Digital recording of music

Analog input digital output

Touch tone phone dialing

Digital input analog output

Text to speech

Digital input digital output

Compression of a file on computer

Pros of Digital Signal Processing Accuracy can be controlled by choosing

word length

Repeatable

Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal

Dynamic range can be controlled using

floating point numbers Flexibility can be achieved with software

implementations

Non-linear and time-varying operationsare easier to implement

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Pros of Digital Signal Processing

Digital storage is cheap

Digital information can be encrypted forsecurity

Price/performance and reduced time-to-market

Cons of Digital Signal Processing Sampling causes loss of information

A/D and D/A requires mixed-signalhardware

Limited speed of processors

Quantization and round-off errors

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Course Objectives

To establish the idea of using computingtechniques to alter the properties of a signalfor desired effects, via understanding of

Fundamentals of discrete-time, linear,shift-invariant signals and systems in

Representation and Analysis: sampling,quantization, Fourier and z-transform;

Implementation: filtering and transformtechniques;

System Design: filter & processingalgorithm design

Course Outline

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Course Outline

Prerequisite A fundamental course in signal and

system

Liner System analysis and transformanalysis

convolution and filtering

Fourier transforms Laplace and z transforms

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Textbooks

Oppenheim, Schafer and Buck,Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2ndedition (Prentice-Hall, 1999)

Mathematics of DSP

Refrences: McClellan, Schafer, & Yoder, DSP First

Ifeachor Jervis Digital Signal Processing-A Practical Approach, Prentice Hall

DSP Components

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DSP Introduction

Application of mathematical operationsto digitally represented signals

IN OUT

A/D D/ADSP

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x[0]x[1]

n

General IntroductionDiscrete Time Signalsequence x[n]

- as opposed to continuous-timesignals x(t)

- time = independent variable

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ExamplesDiscrete in Nature

- stock market indices

NasDaq daily closing value from Aug 1995 to Jan 1996

- population statistics

Birth in Canada from 1995-1996 to 1999-2000

ExampleSampled continuous-time (analog) signals

- Speech

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Digital Images

2-D arrays (matrices) of numbers