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7/21/2019 Droits de propriété intellectuelle et résultats des entreprises en Europe: une analyse économique
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Cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcaftslbh re pirgkrelbni cb Iurkpi0lb inkbkecn lblmyscs
Gcre-Mivim Lblmyscs Tipkrt, @ubi 4:<9
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Cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts
lbh gcre pirgkrelbni cb Iurkpi0lb inkbkecn lblmyscs
Gcre-Mivim Lblmyscs Tipkrt, @ubi 4:<9
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>
:< / Gkriwkrh
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8 Gkriwkrh
KFCE
Bltflb Ql`selb, Nfcig Inkbkecst
Ecnflń Olzcecirnzlo, InkbkecstNlrkmcbl Lrcls Duraks, Inkbkecst
Zrk`int Xile
Lnobkwmihaieibts
Cb nlrrycba kut tfcs stuhy, vlmuldmi cbput wls rinicvih grke Eiedir ^tltis? grke tfi Iurkpilb
Nkeecssckb? grke tfi Iurkpilb Zltibt Kgni? lbh grke Iurkpi Inkbkecns, wfcnf nlrrcih kut tfi
tinfbcnlm plrt kg tfi lblmyscs
Xfi lutfkrs lri lmsk arltigum gkr nkeeibts kb tfi hrlgt ripkrt grke Nlrstib Gcbo (QCZK), Olecm
Ocm`lbsoc (Iurkpilb Nkeecssckb), Lmlb Elrnk lbh Lsrlt Xisglyisus (Y^ZXK), Zfcmcpp nflutsnfcno(XY Eubcnf) lbh Elrclarlzcl ^qucnnclrcbc (KINH).
Lbtþbck Nlepcbks
Zrischibt, KFCE
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9
:4 / Ixinutcvisueelry
Kbi kg tfi elbhltis kg tfi Iurkpilb Kdsirvltkry kb Cbgrcbaieibts kg Cbtimmintulm Zrkpirty Tcafts
(”tfi Kdsirvltkry―) cs tk prkvchi ivchibni-dlsih hltl kb tfi ceplnt, rkmi lbh pudmcn pirniptckb kg
cbtimmintulm prkpirty cb tfi inkbkey kg tfi Iurkpilb Ybckb (IY). Cb krhir tk eiit tflt kd`intcvi, tfi
Kdsirvltkry cs ubhirtlocba l prkarleei kg sknck-inkbkecn stuhcis.
Cb ^iptiedir 4:<>, l stuhy wfcnf prkvchih lb lssisseibt kg tfi nkedcbih nkbtrcdutckb kg cbhustrcis
tflt eloi cbtibscvi usi kg tfi vlrckus typis kg cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcaft (CZT) tk tfi inkbkecis kg tfi
IY ls l wfkmi lbh tk tfi cbhcvchulm Eiedir ^tltis.
Xfi prisibt ripkrt cs l gkmmkw-up stuhy tflt himvis hiipir cbtk tfi rkmi kg CZTs dy lblmyscba l mlrai
riprisibtltcvi slepmi kg kvir <>: ::: Iurkpilb res< cb krhir tk nkeplri tfi inkbkecn pirgkrelbni
kg res tflt kwb CZTs wctf tfksi tflt hk bkt.
Xfi CZTs cbnmuhih cb tfi stuhy lri pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs (lbh lby nkedcbltckb kg tfi
tfrii). Dinlusi kg tficr blturi, nkpyrcaft lbh aikarlpfcnlm cbhcnltckbs, wfcnf wiri plrt kg tfi 4:<>stuhy, wiri bkt cbnmuhih firi.4 Kb tfi ktfir flbh, tfi prisibt stuhy cbnmuhis dktf Iurkpilb lbh
bltckblm CZTs, lb cepkrtlbt ibflbnieibt tk tfi hltl, lbh prkvchis l nkepmiti vciw kg ilnf nkeplby–s
CZTs pkrtgkmck‘dktf Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm rcafts.
Xfi hltl kb ilnf nkeplby–s CZT pkrtgkmck wls eltnfih wctf cbgkreltckb nkbtlcbih cb tfi nkeeirnclm
hltldlsi KTDC^. Xfcs hltldlsi prkvchis blbnclm lbh ktfir cbgkreltckb kb ecmmckbs kg Iurkpilb nke-
plbcis, nkmmintih grke tfi mcbas lbh lnnkubtcba ripkrts elhi dy tfi nkeplbcis cb tfi nkeeirnclm
riacstirs kg lmm IY Eiedir ^tltis. Xfi eltnfcba kg tfi CZT hltldlsis lbh tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi wls
hkbi kb tfi dlscs kg CZT kwbirsfcp. Xfi stuhy usis blbnclm lbh ktfir cbgkreltckb ldkut nkeplbcis
tflt lri riacstirih ls gkrelm kwbirs kg pltibts, trlhielros lbh/kr hiscabs. ^kei nkeplbcis tflt lriplrt kg l mlrair arkup strunturi ely bkt di tfi gkrelm kwbirs kg CZTs (tficr filhqulrtirs ely flvi tfi
gkrelm kwbirsfcp), dut stcmm usi CZTs cb tficr nkeeirnclm lntcvctcis.
Xfiri lri vlrckus wlys tk eilsuri tfi inkbkecn pirgkrelbni kg l nkeplby. Dinlusi kg hltl
nkbstrlcbts lbh tfi biih gkr mcoi-gkr-mcoi nkeplrcskbs (imcecbltcba tfi iggint kg re sczi kb tfi
stltcstcnlm risumts), ”rivibui pir iepmkyii― wls nfksib ls tfi elcb cbhcnltkr kg re
pirgkrelbni.
< ^kei kg tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns cb Nflptir 9 lri dlsih kb lb ivib mlrair slepmi kg ekri tflb 4.> ecmmckb res.
4 Xfi elcb rilskb cs tflt nkpyrcaft cs bkt lmwlys riacstirih, wfcmi aikarlpfcnlm cbhcnltckbs lri bkt riacstirih
dy cbhcvchulm res. Fibni, hltl kb tfi kwbirsfcp kg tfksi CZTs kb tfi re mivim scepmy hkis bkt ixcst.
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7 Ixinutcvi sueelry
Xfi hltlsit wls nkbstruntih cb sunf l wly tflt kg tfi nkeplbcis ixlecbih, ldkut flmg, kr 7> 466,
flvi lt milst kbi pltibt, trlhi elro kr hiscab cb tficr pkrtgkmck. Xfcs lmmkws l nkeplrcskb kg tfi
pirgkrelbni kg nkeplbcis tflt kwb tfisi CZTs wctf nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt. Ct lmsk ibldmis lhitlcmih ixlecbltckb kg tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib l nkeplby–s pirgkrelbni lbh tfi sczi kg tfi
nkeplby–s stkno kg CZTs. Xk kur obkwmihai, tfi nkvirlai kg tfi hltlsit cs scabcnlbtmy mlrair tflb
tflt kg lby ktfir hltl skurni kg tfcs typi nurribtmy lvlcmldmi, ibsurcba l slepmi sugncibtmy mlrai tk
hrlw rkdust lbh riprisibtltcvi nkbnmusckbs.
Xfi stuhy elois bk pkmcny rinkeeibhltckbs, ls tfcs cs bkt wctfcb cts snkpi. Cbstilh, ct prkvchis
ivchibni tflt nlb di usih dy pkmcnyeloirs cb tficr wkro, lbh sirvis ls l dlscs gkr rlcscba
lwlribiss kg CZ lekba Iurkpi–s nctczibs.
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Ixinutcvi sueelry 1
4.< Eitfkhkmkay
Xfi hltl wls lblmysih uscba tfrii typis kg eitfkhkmkay0
Gcrst, hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns wiri nkepcmih tk cmmustrlti tfi hcggiribnis ditwiib kwbirs lbh
bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs cb tires kg inkbkecn nflrlntircstcns kg tfi re. Hcggiribnis wiri tistih gkr
stltcstcnlm scabcnlbni. Nflptir 9 prisibts tfi risumts kg tfcs lblmyscs.
Nflptir 7 ripkrts tfi bhcbas kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs kg tfi hltl. Ct lmmkws gkr lb cb-hiptf
ixlecbltckb kg tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib res– kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh tficr inkbkecn pirgkrelbni.
Xfcs cs cb nkbtrlst tk tfi 4:<> stuhy kg CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis wfcnf hisnrcdih tfi strunturi kg tfi
inkbkey cb tires kg CZT usi lt sintkr mivim dut hch bkt lttiept tk hrlw lby lblmytcnlm nkbnmusckbs.
Xfi risumts kg tfi lblmyscs strkbamy suaaist tflt tfiri cs l systieltcn, pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib
tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh inkbkecn pirgkrelbni lt cbhcvchulm nkeplby mivim. Xfi prisibt stuhy
prkvchis lb cbhcnltckb kg tfcs rimltckbsfcp, dlsih kb stltcstcnlm lblmyscs kg l viry mlrai slepmi kg
cbhcvchulm res.
Qfcmst nluslmcty nlbbkt di prkvib cb tfi strcnt sibsi kg tfi wkrh, acvib tfi lvlcmldmi hltl, inkbk-
eitrcn lblmyscs lmmkws tfi risilrnfir tk nkbtrkm gkr sivirlm lhhctckblm glntkrs tflt lggint inkbkecn
pirgkrelbni lbh tk ”cskmlti― tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZ kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni. Xfiri lri
vlrckus inkbkecn tfikrcis suaaistcba l nluslm mcbo ditwiib CZ kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni.
Xfisi wcmm di hcsnussih cb tfcs ripkrt.
Gcblmmy, l nmustir lblmyscs wls nkbhuntih kb tfi hltl. Xfcs lblmyscs lces lt chibtcgycba arkupskg res (”nmustirs―) tflt lri scecmlr cb tires kg tficr kwbirsfcp kg CZTs. Xfisi nmustirs lri tfib
lblmysih tk sii wfitfir tfiri lri systieltcn hcggiribnis lekba tfie cb rispint kg tfi vlrcldmis kg
cbtirist, sunf ls rivibui pir iepmkyii kr lvirlai iepmkyeibt pir re. Xfisi risumts lri ripkrtih
cb Lbbix 6.8.
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6 Ixinutcvi sueelry
4.4 Elcb bhcbas
Xldmi < sfkws tfi oiy blbnclm lbh nkeplby vlrcldmis gkr tfi res cb tfi slepmi gkr tfi yilr 4:<:.
Xldmi <0 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT kwbirsfcp
Buedir
kg iepmkyiis
Tivibui
pir iepmkyii
(IYT/yilr)
Qlais pir
iepmkyii
(IYT/yilr)
Bkb-kwbirs kg CZT 3>.7 449 98: >1 337
CZT kwbirs Lmm CZTs 981.> 43: <:7 89 94:
% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk
bkb-kwbirs
868.7% 46.7% <3.6%
Zltibts < 9>1.7 46> 971 9> 848
% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk
bkb-kwbirs
< 984.7% 49.1% 8:.7%
Xrlhi elros 973.3 434 :<< 89 <>3
% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk
bkb-kwbirs
9:6.6% 43.9% <6.6%
Hiscabs 4 <:>.< 437 ><7 87 181
% hcggiribni nkeplrih tkbkb-kwbirs
4 <87.1% ><.8% 4>.:%
Bkti0 Dlsih kb lvlcmldmi kdsirvltckbs kg <>4 411 res. Lmm hcggiribnis lri stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim. Xfi arkup kg ‖ Lmm
CZT kwbirs– cs hibih ls res tflt kwbih lt milst kbi pltibt, trlhi elro kr hiscab, kr lby nkedcbltckb tfirikg. Xfi arkups kg ‖ Zltibt
kwbirs, ‖ Xrlhi elro kwbirs– lbh ‖ Hiscab kwbirs– lri hibih ls res tflt kwbih lt milst kbi kg tfi plrtcnumlr CZTs. ^cbni elby res
kwbih nkedcbltckbs kg tfi tfrii CZTs, tfi kwbirs kg tfi vlrckus CZTs kvirmlp.
Ls Xldmi < sfkws, res tflt kwb CZTs tibh tk di mlrair tflb res tflt hk bkt, ls eilsurih dy tfi
buedir kg iepmkyiis (981 vs. 38 iepmkyiis kb lvirlai). Gkr tfcs rilskb, inkbkecn pirgkrelbni
eitrcns sunf ls rivibui, prkts kr wlais lri ixprissih kb l pir-iepmkyii dlscs.
Xfus, res tflt kwb CZTs flvi kb lvirlai 43 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb res
tflt hk bkt. Xfcs nlb di rialrhih ls kbi kg tfi nibtrlm risumts kg tfcs stuhy. Cb tires kg cbhcvchulm
CZTs, tfi lvirlai pirgkrelbni priecue ixpircibnih dy CZT-kwbcba res cs 47 pir nibt gkr pltibts,
43 pir nibt gkr trlhi elros lbh >< pir nibt gkr hiscabs.
Xldmi < lmsk cbhcnltis tflt res tflt kwb CZTs ply kb lvirlai 4: pir nibt fcafir wlais tflb
res tflt hk bkt. Firi, tfi strkbaist iggint cs lsskncltih wctf kwbcba pltibts (8< pir nibt),
gkmmkwih dy hiscab (4> pir nibt) lbh trlhi elros (<3 pir nibt). Lmtfkuaf cb tires kg rivibui pir
iepmkyii, pltibts, nkeplrih wctf trlhi elros lbh hiscabs, siie tk di miss lsskncltih wctf
”ixtrl― pirgkrelbni, tfiy lri tfi CZT typi tflt kb lvirlai aibirltis tfi fcafist riwlrhs gkriepmkyiis. Xfcs cs lmsk nkbscstibt wctf tfi risumts kg tfi privckus stuhy wfcnf mkkoih cbtk tfi
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Ixinutcvi sueelry 3
nkbtrcdutckb kg CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis tk tfi IY inkbkey, cb tires kg arkss hkeistcn prkhunt,
iepmkyeibt, wlais lbh cbtirbltckblm trlhi.>
Xfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs cb Nflptir 7, tfi risumts kg wfcnf lri sueelrcsih cb Xldmi 4 dimkw,
nkbres tfi pksctcvi lsskncltckb ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh inkbkecn pirgkrelbni, wctf rivibui
pir iepmkyii 46 pir nibt fcafir gkr CZT kwbirs tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs.
Cb lhhctckb, tfi lblmyscs sfkws tflt tfcs rimltckbsfcp cs plrtcnumlrmy prkbkubnih gkr selmm lbh
eihcue-sczih ibtirprcsis (^EI).8 Xfcs ripkrt usis tfi hibctckb dlsih kb tfi buedir kg
iepmkyiis lbh turbkvir. ^EIs tflt kwb CZTs flvi lmekst >4 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir ie-
pmkyii tflb EIs tflt hk bkt kwb CZTs lt lmm. Xfus, wfcmi tfi el`krcty kg EIs cb Iurkpi hk bkt kwb
CZTs, tfksi tflt hk kwb CZTs flvi scabcnlbtmy fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii. Cb tfi nlsi kg mlrai
nkeplbcis, rivibui pir iepmkyii cs 8 pir nibt fcafir gkr CZ kwbirs tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs. Firi tfi
lblmyscs sfkws tflt 8 kut kg <: mlrai nkeplbcis cb Iurkpi kwb CZTs, dut tfi lsskncltckb wctf fcafir
rivibui pir iepmkyii cs miss prkbkubnih tflb cb tfi nlsi kg EIs. Ct cs cepkrtlbt tk bkti tflt tfisi
bhcbas lri kdtlcbih wfcmi nkbtrkmmcba gkr ktfir glntkrs tflt nkumh cbuibni l re–s pirgkrelbni,
sunf ls tfi nkubtry cb wfcnf ct cs mknltih kr tfi sintkr cb wfcnf ct kpirltis.
Xldmi 40 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii dy gcre sczi
Hcggiribni cb rivibui pir iepmkyii kg CZT kwbirs
nkeplrih wctf bkb-kwbirs kg CZT
Mlrai nkeplbcis + 8.:%^EIs + ><.1%
Xktlm + 46.:%
Bkti0 Dlsih kb kdsirvltckbs kg l tktlm kg <>: 999 res. Hcggiribnis lri stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt nkbhibni mivim
Xfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs cb Nflptir 7 gurtfir sfkws tflt cbnrilsis cb re pirgkrelbni hipibh
kb typi lbh nkedcbltckb kg CZTs. Xfi fcafist rivibui-pir-iepmkyii cbnrilsis lri mcboih tk trlhi
elro-kbmy lbh nkedcbih trlhi elro-lbh-hiscab kwbirs0 >: pir nibt lbh >3 pir nibt, rispintcvimy.
Zltibt-kbmy kwbirs flvi <9 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii, hiscab-kbmy kwbirs <9 pir nibt,
pltibt-lbh-trlhi elro kwbirs <1 pir nibt, pltibt-lbh-hiscab kwbirs <9 pir nibt lbh kwbirs kg lmmtfrii CZTs <7 pir nibt.
Xfi auris ldkvi riint dcblry nkeplrcskbs. Cb ktfir wkrhs, res tflt hk bkt kwb l plrtcnumlr CZT
lri nkeplrih wctf res tflt hk kwb ct. Yscba inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs, ct cs lmsk pksscdmi tk nlmnumlti
tfi iggint kg cbnrilscba tfi buedir kg CZTs kwbih dy l re. Xfcs typi kg lblmyscs sfkws tflt l
<: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg Iurkpilb trlhi elros kg l re cs lsskncltih wctf l 4.6 pir
nibt cbnrilsi cb rivibui pir iepmkyii, l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm trlhi elros
cs lsskncltih wctf l 9.4 pir nibt cbnrilsi, wfcmi gkr pltibts l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg
> Cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts cbtibscvi cbhustrcis0 nkbtrcdutckb tk inkbkecn pirgkrelbni lbh iepmkyeibt cb tfi Iurkpilb Ybckb,IZK/KFCE, iptiedir 4:<>.
8 Lb ^EI cs hibih cb Lrtcnmi 4 kg tfi lbbix tk tfi Nkeecssckb Tinkeeibhltckb kg 7 Ely 4::> nkbnirbcba tfi hibctckb kg ecnrk,
selmm lbh eihcue-sczih ibtirprcsis (4::>/>7</IN) ls l nkeplby wctf giwir tflb 49: iepmkyiis lbh turbkvir bkt ixniihcba
IYT 9: ecmmckb lbh/kr lb lbbulm dlmlbni sfiit tktlm bkt ixniihcba IYT 8> ecmmckb.
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Iurkpilb pltibts milhs tk l <.6 pir nibt cbnrilsi lbh l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm
pltibts tk l 8.7 pir nibt cbnrilsi. Gkr bltckblm hiscabs tfi lblmyscs suaaists tflt l <: pir nibt
cbnrilsi cb stkno cs lsskncltih wctf l :.1 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb pirgkrelbni. Gkr tfi ktfir CZTs tfi
inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs nkumh bkt istldmcsf l stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt rimltckbsfcp, wfcnf eilbs tflt ct
cs bkt pksscdmi tk stlti wctf ekri tflb 3: pir nibt nkbhibni tflt tfiri cs l pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp
ditwiib cbnrilsis cb l nkeplby–s stkno kg tfi rimivlbt CZTs lbh cts inkbkecn pirgkrelbni.
4.> Mcectltckbs kg tfi stuhy lbh hcrintckbs gkr guturi risilrnf
Xfi lblmyscs prisibtih cb tfcs stuhy nkbres tflt tfiri cs l strkba pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib
tfi kwbirsfcp kg hcggiribt typis kg CZT lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg res, ls eilsurih dy rivibui pir
iepmkyii lbh lvirlai wlais plch.
Fkwivir, ls wctf iviry stltcstcnlm lblmyscs, tfisi risumts eust di cbtirpritih wctf nlri. Xfiy hk bkt
nkbstctuti nkbnmuscvi prkkg tflt ibnkurlacba res tk eloi ariltir usi kg CZTs wcmm nlusi tficr pir -
gkrelbni tk cbnrilsi. Xfi stuhy sfkws l pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib res tflt kwb CZTs lbh tficr
pirgkrelbni (ls eilsurih dy rivibui pir iepmkyii). Cbhiih, tfiri ely di sivirlm einflbcses
tfrkuaf wfcnf tfi mcbo ditwiib tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni ely wkro. Fkwivir,
acvib tfi lvlcmldmi hltl, ct cs bkt pksscdmi tk hcsibtlbami tfisi cb tfi lblmyscs.
Xfi eitfkhkmkay usih cb tfi stuhy lmmkws gkr chibtcnltckb kg kwbirs kg CZ rcafts dy nkeplby blei,
ls ct lppilrs cb tfi CZ riacstirs, lbh eltnfis tfcs blei tk tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi. KTDC^ cs tfi ekst
ixtibscvi skurni kg hiekarlpfcn lbh blbnclm cbgkreltckb kg Iurkpilb res lvlcmldmi tk risilrnfirs.Fkwivir, tfiri cs bkt sugncibt cbgkreltckb cb KTDC^ tk chibtcgy lmm dibinclrcis/usirs kg CZ rcafts
diykbh tficr ceeihclti kwbirs.
Lmtfkuaf tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi nkbtlcbs cbgkreltckb kb tfi inkbkecn mcbos ditwiib nkeplbcis
(Hkeistcn Ymtcelti Kwbir lbh Amkdlm Ymtcelti Kwbir) tfcs cbgkreltckb cs bkt nkepmiti. Cb ktfir
wkrhs, tfiri lppilr tk di nkeplbcis cb KTDC^ tflt lri plrt kg mlrair inkbkecn arkups dut gkr wfcnf
KTDC^ hkis bkt ripkrt kwbirsfcp mcbos.
Kwbirsfcp mcbos wiri tloib cbtk lnnkubt ls eunf ls pksscdmi cb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi tflt wls
usih gkr lmm inkbkeitrcn ekhims tflt gkre tfi nkri kg tfcs stuhy (Nflptir 7). Xfcs selmmir slepmi wlsnmilbih ls eunf ls pksscdmi, sk tflt nkeplbcis tflt lri plrt kg l mlrair arkup strunturi lri nkbsch-
irih ls kbi ibtcty. Xfus, cb tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs nkeplbcis tflt nkumh dibit grke tfi CZ rcafts
kwbih dy ktfir ibtctcis cb tficr arkup wiri bkt triltih ls tfi bkb-kwbirs kg CZ rcafts. Xfcs nmilbcba
prkniss, fkwivir, nkumh di hkbi kbmy plrtclmmy gkr rilskbs ixpmlcbih ldkvi, lbh ct cs bkt gilscdmi tk
nlrry ct kut kb tfi mlrair slepmi kg 4.> ecmmckb nkeplbcis tflt cs usih gkr tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns.
Lmtfkuaf mlno kg sugncibt cbgkreltckb ldkut tfi pktibtclm dibinclrcis kg CZ rcafts lggints dktf mlrai
nkeplbcis lbh ^EIs, tfi ceplnt kb tfi risumts gkr mlrai nkeplbcis cs mlrair. Mlrai nkeplbcis lri
ekri mcoimy tflb ^EIs tk sit up drlbnfis cb elby Iurkpilb nkubtrcis lbh arkup CZ kwbirsfcp cb
kbi ibtcty tflt elblais tfi wfkmi CZ pkrtgkmck. Lmtfkuaf riacstirih ls lb kwbirsfcp kg kbmy kbi re,tfcs CZ pkrtgkmck drcbas dibits tk lmm tfi res tflt lri plrt kg tfi inkbkecn arkup.
<: Ixinutcvi sueelry
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<4
Nkbtibts
:< Gkriwkrh >
:4 Ixinutcvi sueelry 9
4.< Eitfkhkmkay 1
4.4 Elcb bhcbas 6
4.> Mcectltckbs kg tfi stuhy lbh hcrintckbs gkr guturi risilrnf <:
:> Cbtrkhuntckb <7
>.< ^ittcba tfi snibi0 tfi cbnrilscba cepkrtlbni kg cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts gkr
res
<1
>.4 Nkbtrcdutckb kg tfi stuhy <3
>.> Kutmcbi kg tfi ripkrt 4:
:8 Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay 4<
8.< Cbtrkhuntckb 4<
8.4 Hltl 4>
8.4.< CZT hltl 4>
8.4.4 Gcre hltl 49
8.4.> ^lepmis 49
8.> Eitfkhkmkay >:
8.>.< Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns >:
8.>.4 Nmustir lblmyscs ><
8.>.> Inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs >4
8.8 ^ueelry lbh mcectltckbs >>
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Nkbtibts <>
:9 L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns >8
9.< Cbtrkhuntckb >8
9.4 Oiy blbnclm lbh nkeplby vlrcldmis >9
9.> CZT kwbirsfcp dy re nflrlntircstcn >1
9.>.< CZT kwbirsfcp dy sintkr (BLNI nltiakry) >1
9.>.4 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi 8:
9.>.> CZT kwbirsfcp dy rivibui pir iepmkyii 8>
9.>.8 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re lai 87
9.>.9 Lvirlai stkno dy re sczi 81
9.8 ^ueelry 86
:7 CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 83
7.< Cbtrkhuntckb 83
7.4 ^imintckb kg vlrcldmis 83
7.> Tisumts 98
7.>.< Cbtirpritcba riarissckb risumts 98
7.>.4 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni 97
7.>.> ^tknos kg CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni 7:
7.8 Nkbnmusckbs kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs lbh hcsnussckb 7>
:1 Nkbnmusckbs kg tfi stuhy 79
:6 Lbbix 71
6.< Hltl priplrltckb prkniss 76
6.4 Nkhis usih gkr ixpcrltckb kr mlpsi hltis gkr bltckblm pltibts 1<
6.> Tihunih slepmi nflrlntircstcns 18
6.8 Hcstcbntcvi arkups kg scecmlr CZT kwbirs0 nmustir lblmyscs 18
6.8.< Cbtrkhuntckb0 nmustir lblmyscs 18
6.8.4. ^pincn lpprklnf 196.8.>. Tisumts0 vi nmustirs kg typcnlm kwbirs 17
6.8.8. tltcstcnlm lblmyscs kg nmustirs 16
6.8.9. ^ueelry 6<
6.9 Dlnoarkubh tk riarissckb ekhim spincnltckbs 64
6.9.<. Inkbkeitrcn lpprklnf 64
6.9.4 Ekhim spincnltckbs 66
:3 Tigiribnis 37
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<8 Ceprcbt
Mcst kg tldmis
Xldmis
Xldmi <0 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT kwbirsfcp 6
Xldmi 40 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii dy re sczi 3
Xldmi >0 CZT nkbtrcdutckb stuhcis, Zflsi C lbh Zflsi CC <1
Xldmi 80 Oiy nflrlntircstcns kg eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnf 4<
Xldmi 90 Nkepksctckb kg res cb lmm slepmis dy Eiedir ^tltis 41
Xldmi 70 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT kwbirsfcp (rlbhkecsih slepmi) >7
Xldmi 10 CZT kwbirsfcp dy BLNI nltiakry (rlbhkecsih slepmi) >6
Xldmi 60 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi (rihunih slepmi) 8:
Xldmi 30 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih slepmi) 8<
Xldmi <:0 CZT kwbirsfcp dy typi kg CZT, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih slepmi) 84
Xldmi <<0 Kwbirsfcp kg CZT dy rivibui pir iepmkyii (rihunih slepmi) 8>
Xldmi <40 Kwbirsfcp kg CZT dy rivibui pir iepmkyii, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih
slepmi)
88
Xldmi <>0 CZT kwbirsfcp dy lai, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih slepmi) 87
Xldmi <80 Lvirlai stkno (nkubts) dy re sczi, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih slepmi) 81
Xldmi <90 Tisumts kg ekhims wctf CZT kwbirsfcp hueecis, lmm res 91
Xldmi <70 Tisumts kg ekhims wctf CZT kwbirsfcp hueecis dy nkeplby typi 93
Xldmi <10 Tisumts kg stknos kg hcggiribt CZTs, lmm res 7<
Xldmi <60 Ekhims kg CZT stknos dy re typi 74
Xldmi <30 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii, lmm res lbh ^EIs (hcggiribni
ditwiib kwbirs kg tfi rispintcvi CZTs lbh bkb-kwbirs)
77
Xldmi 4:0 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT kwbirsfcp (rihunih slepmi) 18
Xldmi 4<0 Nmustir nibtris cb tires kg (stlbhlrhcsih) stknos kg CZTs pir iepmkyii 11
Xldmi 440 Nflrlntircstcns kg res cb ilnf nmustir 13
Xldmi 4>0 Hcstrcdutckb kg res dy BLNI lntcvcty cb ilnf nmustir (sflri kg res cb pir nibt) 6:
Xldmi 480 Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns kg elcb vlrcldmis 67
Xldmi 490 Tisumts kg stknos kg hcggiribt CZTs0 rlbhke iggints, lmm res 3:
<8
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Gkriwkrh <9Mcst kg tldmis <9
Xldmi 470 Ekhims kg CZT stknos, rlbhke iggints dy re typi 3<
Xldmi 410 Ekhims kg CZT stknos, rlbhke iggints, lmm res 34
Xldmi 460 Ekhim kg CZT stknos cbnmuhcba scbami mlaaih hipibhibt vlrcldmi 3>
Xldmi 430 Nkbtiepkrlbikus ekhims kg CZT stknos wctf qulmcty-wicaftih Iurkpilb
pltibts, xih iggints (lmm res, CZT kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs)
39
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<7
:> / Cbtrkhuntckb
Qflt typis kg nkeplby kwb ekri CZTs cb Iurkpi, ^EIs kr mlrai nkeplbcis; Qflt prkpkrtckb
kg mlrai nkeplbcis lbh ^EIs kwbs CZTs; Hk res tflt kwb CZTs ixfcdct dittir
pirgkrelbni tflb res tflt hk bkt; Hk nkeplbcis riacstir pltibts, trlhi elros kr hiscabs ls
scbami CZTs kr rltfir ls dubhmis; Fkw hk nflbais cb l re–s stkno kg CZTs lggint cts pirgkrelbni;
Xfcs ripkrt prisibts tfi bhcbas kg lb iepcrcnlm inkbkecn lblmyscs cbtk tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib
cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg res cb Iurkpi.
Cb ^iptiedir 4:<>, KFCE pudmcsfih l `kcbt stuhy kb tfi nkbtrcdutckb kg CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis tk
tfi IY inkbkey, cb tires kg arkss hkeistcn prkhunt, iepmkyeibt, wlais lbh cbtirbltckblm trlhi.
Qfcmi tflt stuhy gknusih kb cbhustrcis, tfcs gkmmkw-up ripkrt cs lceih lt tfi re mivim. Ekrikvir, tfi
nurribt stuhy qulbtcis tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs cb tires kg re pirgkrelbni cbhcnltkrs, wfcmi tfi rst
stuhy qulbtcih tfi ceplnt kg CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis kb elcb elnrk-inkbkecn vlrcldmis. Xfi 4:<>
stuhy wls kg l purimy hisnrcptcvi blturi0 ct ixlecbih tfi strunturi kg tfi IY inkbkey tk chibtcgy
sintkrs tflt usi CZTs cbtibscvimy, lbh qulbtcih tficr ”wicaft― cb tfi kvirlmm inkbkey. Cb nkbtrlst,
tfi nurribt stuhy cs lblmytcnlm cb blturi0 tfi ubct kg lblmyscs cs tfi cbhcvchulm re, lbh l viry mlraislepmi kg ekri tflb <>: ::: nkeplbcis cs lblmysih uscba stltcstcnlm tinfbcquis tk hcsnirb wfitfir
CZT kwbirsfcp cs lsskncltih wctf inkbkecn pirgkrelbni.7 Qfcmst dktf stuhcis milh tk tfi nkbnmusckb
tflt CZTs lri cepkrtlbt cb l ekhirb inkbkey, tfi lblmyscs cb tfi nurribt stuhy prkvchis l eunf
strkbair cbhcnltckb kg tfcs cepkrtlbni, ispinclmmy gkr ^EIs.
7 Gkr skei plrts kg tfi lblmyscs lb ivib mlrair hltldlsi kg ekri tflb 4.> ecmmckb Iurkpilb nkeplbcis wls usih.
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Cbtrkhuntckb <1
Xldmi > prkvchis lb kvirvciw kg tfi oiy hcggiribnis ditwiib tfi privckus lbh nurribt stuhcis.
Xldmi >0 CZT nkbtrcdutckb stuhcis, Zflsi C lbh Zflsi CC
Zflsi C0 CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis0 nkbtrcdutckb
tk inkbkecn pirgkrelbni lbh iepmkyeibt cb
tfi Iurkpilb Ybckb
Zflsi CC0 Cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts lbh re
pirgkrelbni cb Iurkpi0 lb inkbkecn lblmyscs
Kd`intcvi0 lssiss elnrkinkbkecn ivchibni kg
cepkrtlbni kg cbhustrcis tflt eloi rimltcvimy
cbtibscvi usi kg CZTs gkr tfi IY inkbkey0
iepmkyeibt, AHZ, wlais lbh cbtirbltckblm trlhi
Kd`intcvi0 lssiss ecnrkinkbkecn ivchibni kg
cepkrtlbni kg CZTs gkr tfi pirgkrelbni kg res
CZTs0 pltibts, trlhi elros, hiscabs, nkpyrcaft
lbh aikarlpfcnlm cbhcnltckbs lt Iurkpilb mivim
CZTs0 pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs lt dktf
Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm mivim
Nkubtrcis0 41 IY Eiedir ^tltis Nkubtrcis0 <4 IY Eiedir ^tltis
Eitfkhkmkay0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns Eitfkhkmkay0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lbh inkbkeitrcn
lblmyscs
Mivim & hltl0 7<9 cbhustrcis Mivim & hltl0 4 >78 :7> res gkr tfi hisnrcptcvi plrt kg
tfi lblmyscs lbh <>: 999 res gkr tfi inkbkeitrcn plrt
>.< ^ittcba tfi snibi0 tfi cbnrilscba cepkrtlbni kg cbtimmintulm
prkpirty rcafts gkr res
@uhacba dy tfi strkba arkwtf cb uslai, hurcba rinibt hinlhis CZTs flvi dinkei cbnrilscbamycepkrtlbt gkr res. CZTs lri bk mkbair pirnicvih eirimy ls tkkms tflt riwlrh nriltcvcty lbh cbvib-
tcvibiss, hitir cectltckb lbh sinuri tfi riputltckb kg l nkeplby–s prkhunts lbh sirvcnis. Diykbh
tficr trlhctckblm gubntckb, CZTs prkvchi nkeplbcis wctf biw kppkrtubctcis tk rilp tfi dibits kg tficr
krcacblm wkros lbh lhiqultimy ekbitcsi tficr cbtimmintulm prkpirty. CZTs flvi dinkei ixcdmi cbstru-
eibts tflt prkvchi res wctf lb lrrly kg strltiacn kptckbs. Gcres nlb gkr ixlepmi hinchi tk kpib
up CZTs gkr usi dy ktfirs tfrkuaf mcnibscba prkarleeis kr tfrkuaf risilrnf & hivimkpeibt `kcbt
vibturis, tfus nriltcba vlmuldmi inkbkecn lntcvcty.
Zltibt pkrtgkmcks, tinfbkmkay mcnibscba prkarleeis, drlbh iqucty lbh akkhwcmm hitirecbi eunf kg
tfi vlmui kg elby ekhirb nkeplbcis, lbh flvi dinkei nibtrlm tk tficr blbnclm pirgkrelbni.Cbhiih, tfi nkrpkrlti vlmui kg elby mlrai res cb lhvlbnih inkbkecis cs bkw ekstmy lnnkubtih gkr
dy cbtlbacdmi rltfir tflb tlbacdmi lssits.1 Chils lbh nriltcvcty lri kgtib tfi ekst vlmuldmi skurni kg
cbputs, ripmlncba tfi ekri trlhctckblm glntkrs kg prkhuntckb sunf ls mlbh, mldkur lbh nlpctlm.
Qctfcb tfcs nflbacba ibvcrkbeibt, duscbissis lri lhlptcba tficr ekhims lnnkrhcbamy lbh siio tk
lpprkprclti riturbs kb tficr cbvisteibts dy ixpmkctcba tficr cbtlbacdmi lssits. L rlbai kg kptckbs grke
gkrelm tk cbgkrelm tkkms kg prktintckb kg tficr cbtimmintulm lssits cs lt tficr hcspkslm. Xfi nfkcni kg spincn
tkkms hipibhs kb l buedir kg glntkrs, cbnmuhcba tfi sczi kg l re lbh tfi sintkr cb wfcnf ct kpirltis.
1 ^ii Elmlnokwsoc it lm. (4::1).
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<6 Cbtrkhuntckb
Lhhctckblmmy, cbstilh kg gknuscba kb kbi CZT lt l tcei, nkeplbcis cbnrilscbamy mkko lt tficr cbtimmintulm
lssits nkmmintcvimy lbh tloi tfi nkedcbltckb lbh cbtirlntckb kg vlrckus CZTs cbtk lnnkubt cb tficrhincsckbs. Cb glnt tfi uslai kg CZTs ls l dubhmi hcspmlys scabcnlbt pktibtclm gkr nkeplbcis tk
stribatfib tficr nkepitctcvi pksctckb cb tfi elroit, lbh risilrnf cs pkcbtcba kut tflt CZTs nlb di
usih cb l nkepmieibtlry wly cb krhir tk aibirlti lhhctckblm striles kg rivibui lbh tk ceprkvi tfi
blbnclm pirgkrelbni kg tfi nkeplby.6
Dkx <0 Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs
Xfi eitfkhs kg prktintcba cbtimmintulm prkpirty nlb di hcvchih cbtk twk drklh nltiakrcis0 cbgkrelm eitfkhs
kg cbtimmintulm prkpirty prktintckb (i.a. spiih tk elroit lbh trlhi sinriny) lbh gkrelm CZTs. Gkrelm CZTscbnmuhi pltibts, trlhi elros, hiscabs, nkpyrcaft, aikarlpfcnlm cbhcnltckbs lbh pmlbt vlrcity rcafts. Xfcs
stuhy gknusis kb pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs dinlusi bk re-mivim hltl gkr tfi ktfir gkrelm CZTs
wls lvlcmldmi. Dkx < sueelrcsis tfi elcb lspints kg ilnf kg tfisi tfrii CZTs.
Zltibt Xrlhi elro Hiscab
^ud`int elttir Cbhustrclmmy lppmcnldmi
cbvibtckb, biw lbh
cbvkmvis lb cbvibtcvi stip
Hcstcbntcvi scabs tflt
hcstcbaucsf l nkeplby–s
akkhs kr sirvcnis grke
ktfirs
Krbleibtlm lbh
bkb-gubntckblm gilturis
kg lb lrtcnmi kr prkhunt
Nkbgirrih rcafts Ixnmuscvi rcaft tk eloi,
usi, lbh simm tfi pltibtihcbvibtckb
Ixnmuscvi rcaft tk usi tfi
trlhi elro cb trlhi lbhprivibt cts usi dy ktfirs
gkr scecmlr kr chibtcnlm
akkhs kr sirvcnis
Ixnmuscvi rcaft tk usi tfi
hiscab lbh privibt ctsusi dy ktfirs
Dibits kg rcafts
prktintckb
Cbnibtcvi gkr cbbkvltckb?
prktintckb kg obkwmihai?
gumm tinfbcnlm hcsnmksuri kg
cbvibtckb
Zrkektis qulmcty lbh
nkepitctckb ditwiib
drlbhs? prkvchis tfi
pudmcn wctf drlbh cbgkr-
eltckb lbh usi cb
nkeeirni
Krbleibtlm lbh
bkb-gubntckblm gilturis
kg lb lrtcnmi kr prkhunt?
prkvchis l eilbs gkr
prkhunt hcggiribtcltckb
lbh prkektis nkepitc-
tckb ditwiib drlbhs
Hurltckb Xypcnlmmy elxceue 4:
yilrs grke mcba
Nkeekbmy <: yilrs grke
mcba, dut nlb di ribiwihcbhibctimy gkr sunnisscvi
pirckhs
Xfi usulm elxceue tire
cs 49 yilrs
6 Xfi KINH ncibni, Xinfbkmkay lbh Cbhustry nkridklrh (4:<>) nlmms gkr tfi biih tk mkko lt cbtimmintulm
prkpirty dubhmis lbh tfi `kcbt usi kg Iurkpilb pltibts, trlhi elros lbh cbhustrclm hiscabs dy res tk prktint tficr cbvibtckbs.
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Cbtrkhuntckb <3
>.4 Nkbtrcdutckb kg tfi stuhy
^ivirlm lttiepts flvi diib elhi cb tfi lnlhiecn lbh elblaieibt mctirlturi tk sfkw fkw tfi usi
kg CZTs cs mcboih tk tfi inkbkecn lbh blbnclm pirgkrelbni kg res. Qfcmi ekst kg tfisi stuhcis
gknus kb pltibts lbh kbmy skei hilm wctf trlhi elros kr hiscabs, iepcrcnlm ivchibni kg l hcrint
mcbo gkr Iurkpilb res cs snlrni.3 Xfi eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnfis usih cb tfisi stuhcis lri mlraimy
hcntltih dy tfi blturi kg tfi lvlcmldmi hltl.
Xfi elcb nkbtrcdutckb kg tfi nurribt stuhy mcis cb tfi nkbstruntckb lbh lblmyscs kg l ubcqui lbh mlrai
hltlsit wctf blbnclm vlrcldmis lbh CZT hltl lt re mivim gkr Iurkpilb nkeplbcis. Xfi stuhy ie -
pmkyih l ubcqui eiraih hltlsit nkbtlcbcba nkeplby-mivim cbgkreltckb gkr eumtcpmi yilrs kb pltibts,
trlhi elros lbh hiscabs (dktf lt bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb mivim) tkaitfir wctf hltl kb tfi blbnclm
pirgkrelbni lbh strunturlm hltl kg res gkr tfi yilrs 4::4-4:<:.
Xfi prkniss kg kdtlcbcba hltl kb bltckblm CZT mcbas grke ilnf nkubtry lbh cbnkrpkrltcba ct cbtk tfi
eiraih hltldlsi cs mldkur-cbtibscvi lbh tcei-nkbsuecba. Dinlusi kg tcei nkbstrlcbts, ct wls bkt
pksscdmi tk cbnmuhi res grke lmm 46 IY Eiedir tltis cb tfi slepmi. Cb krhir tk lmmkw gkr nkepmitckb
kg tfi lblmytcnlm wkro dy Iurkpi Inkbkecns wctfcb tfi tcei grlei prkvchih gkr cb tfi nkbtrlnt, tfi
nkmmintckb kg hltl lbh tfi eltnfcba ixirncsi flh tk di ”grkzib― cb Elrnf 4:<8. Xfus, tfi lblmyscs
cb tfcs stuhy cs dlsih kb hltl grke l riprisibtltcvi slepmi kg ekri tflb <>: ::: res hrlwb grke
<4 IY Eiedir ^tltis0 Lustrcl, Dimacue, Airelby, Hibelro, ^plcb, Grlbni, YO, Fubalry, Ctlmy,
Mctfulbcl, Bitfirmlbhs lbh Zkrtualm. Hltl grke tfi rielcbcba Eiedir ^tltis cs dicba nkmmintih sktflt guturi stuhcis kg tfcs typi nlb di nlrrcih kut uscba hltl gkr lmm IY Eiedir ^tltis.
Grke l stltcstcnlm pkcbt kg vciw, tfcs mcectltckb cs bkt hincscvi. Xfi <4 Eiedir ^tltis cb tfi slepmi
cbnmuhi tfi vi mlraist IY inkbkecis, lbh prkvchi l aikarlpfcnlmmy dlmlbnih riprisibtltckb kg tfi
IY ls l wfkmi. Ct sfkumh lmsk di bktih tflt tfi nkubtrcis cbnmuhih cb tfcs lblmyscs lnnkubtih gkr
lpprkxceltimy 69 pir nibt kg IY AHZ cb 4:<>. Gcblmmy, cbnmusckb kg lhhctckblm nkubtrcis wkumh di ub-
mcoimy tk flvi l scabcnlbt ceplnt kb risumts dinlusi tfi gknus kg tfi stuhy cs kb tfi nflrlntircstcns
kg res, bkt kb nkubtry nflrlntircstcns.
Xfi cb-hiptf lblmyscs kg tfcs hltlsit risumtih cb bhcba nmilr (stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt) lbh pksctcvirimltckbsfcps ditwiib tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni ls eilsurih dy rivibui pir
iepmkyii. Ekrikvir, tfcs rimltckbsfcp cs ekri cepkrtlbt gkr ^EIs tflb gkr mlrai res.
Nlutckb cs biihih cb cbtirpritcba tfi bhcbas kg tfcs stuhy. Gcrst, tfi blturi kg tfi stltcstcnlm lblmyscs
usih hkis bkt lmmkw nkbnmusckbs ldkut tfi nluslm mcbos ditwiib CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni. Nluslm
mcbos nlb pktibtclmmy wkro cb twk hcggiribt hcrintckbs0 tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs nlb milh tk dittir
blbnclm pirgkrelbni kg res, kr ct nlb di tfi nlsi tflt res kwb ekri CZTs dinlusi tfiy lri
pirgkrecba dittir.
3 Gkr l rinibt kvirvciw kg ixcstcba iepcrcnlm mctirlturi sii G. Eublrc (4:<4) lbh ^nflutsnfcno lbh Ariibflmaf (4:<>).
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Inkbkecn tfikry kb CZTs sits kut vlrckus pksscdmi wlys cb wfcnf CZTs nlb milh tk supirckr
inkbkecn pirgkrelbni dy res. CZTs nrilti cbnibtcvis gkr res tk ibalai cb cbbkvltcvi lntcvcty tflt
lmmkws tfie tk rihuni nksts (elcbmy prkniss cbbkvltckb) kr/lbh rlcsi prktldcmcty lbh slmis (elcbmyprkhunt cbbkvltckb). Xfirigkri tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs cs mcoimy tk di l prkxy gkr l re–s aibirlm
ldcmcty tk aibirlti cbtlbacdmi lssits. Xfi pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh
inkbkecn pirgkrelbni ecaft plrtclmmy di hui tk tfi pksctcvi cbuibni tflt cbtlbacdmi lssits nlb
flvi kb l re–s prkhuntcvcty.
Lmsk, mcnibscba lntcvcty ibldmih dy CZTs drcbas lhhctckblm rivibui tk cbbkvltcvi res wctfkut tfi
binisscty tk ibalai hcrintmy cb tfi nkrrispkbhcba prkhuntckb lntcvcty.
Gcblmmy, tfi rcaft tk ixnmuhi nkepitctkrs tflt pltibts, trlhi elros, kr hiscabs aulrlbtii, milhs
hcrintmy tk rihunih nkepitctcvi prissuri kb tficr fkmhirs, lbh tfus tk fcafir prkts.
Nkbvirsimy, strkba inkbkecn pirgkrelbni nlb lmsk ceplnt l re–s hincsckbs tk lppmy gkr gkrelm
CZTs.<: Nkeplbcis tflt flvi lmrilhy diib ldmi tk aibirlti fcaf blbnclm riturbs cb tfi plst ecaft
turb tk uscba trlhldmi lbh ibgkrnildmi CZTs tk prktint tficr rivibui striles cb tfi guturi. Gcblmmy,
tfiri cs l rcso tflt lby stltcstcnlm lsskncltckb gkubh ditwiib CZTs lbh pirgkrelbni cs spurckus lbh
hrcvib prcelrcmy dy re-spincn gilturis (i.a. elblaieibt prlntcnis, qulmcty kg elblaieibt).
Fkwivir, tfi lvlcmldmi hltl lmmkwih tk rihuni tfcs rcso nkbschirldmy.
>.> Kutmcbi kg tfi ripkrt
Xfi strunturi kg tfcs ripkrt cs ls gkmmkws0
➘ Nflptir 8 hisnrcdis tfi hltl skurnis, tfi hltl-eltnfcba eitfkhkmkay lppmcih, tfi
risumtcba hltlsit lbh tfi typis kg lblmyscs nlrrcih kut cb tfcs stuhy?
➘ Nflptir 9 prkvchis l rst mkko lt tfi ivchibni, cb tfi gkre kg hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
kg tfi hltlsit?
➘
Nflptir 7 sits kut tfi elcb bhcbas kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs?
➘ Nflptir 1 sueelrcsis tfi bhcbas kg tfi stuhy?
➘ Xfi Lbbix nkbtlcbs suppmieibtlry cbgkreltckb lbh lblmysis.
<: ^ii gkr ixlepmi K–Elfkby lbh Winnfc(4::3) kr Elrrknu it lm. (4:<<).
4: Cbtrkhuntckb
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8.< Cbtrkhuntckb
Xfi purpksi kg tfcs stuhy cs tk ixlecbi tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib nkeplbcis– kwbirsfcp kg CZTs
(pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs) lbh tficr inkbkecn pirgkrelbni, ls eilsurih dy rivibui pir
iepmkyii. Xfi eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnf usih tk istldmcsf mcbos ditwiib CZTs lbh pirgkrelbni cs
hcntltih tk l mlrai ixtibt dy tfi blturi kg tfi hltl lvlcmldmi, wfcnf cs hcsnussih cb ariltir hitlcm mltir cb
tfcs nflptir.
Xfi kvirlmm lpprklnf tloib cb tfcs stuhy cs sueelrcsih cb Xldmi 8. Ct lmsk spincis tfi typis kg
CZT cbnmuhih cb tfi risilrnf, tfi mivim lt wfcnf tfi lblmyscs fls diib nkbhuntih, tfi CZT eitrcns
iepmkyih lbh tfi pirgkrelbni eilsuris iepmkyih.<<
Xldmi 80 Oiy nflrlntircstcns kg eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnf
Nflrlntircstcns kg tfi lblmyscs
Xypi kg CZT - Bltckblm pltibts
- Iurkpilb pltibts<<
- Bltckblm trlhi elros
- Iurkpilb trlhi elros
- Bltckblm hiscabs
- Iurkpilb hiscabs
Mivim kg lblmyscs Gcre mivim
CZT eitrcns - Qfitfir kr bkt l re kwbs CZTs
- ^tknos kg CZT pir iepmkyii
Zirgkrelbni eitrcns Tivibui pir iepmkyii
Eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnf - Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
- Inkbkeitrcn plbim lblmyscs
- Nmustir lblmyscs
<< Xfi tire ”Iurkpilb pltibt― rigirs tk l pltibt arlbtih dy tfi IZK lbh cs cb glnt l dubhmi kg bltckblm pltibts. ”Iurkpilb trlhi
elro― lbh ”Iurkpilb hiscab― rigir tk tfi Nkeeubcty Xrlhi Elro lbh Tiacstirih Nkeeubcty Hiscab, rispintcvimy.
4<
:8 / Xfi gkubhltckbs0
hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay
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Qctf rialrh tk tfi eitfkhs kg CZ prktintckb nkbschirih, tfi lblmyscs cs dlsih kb tfrii elcbnltiakrcis kg CZT0 pltibts? trlhi elros? lbh hiscabs. L hcstcbntckb cs elhi ditwiib CZTs arlbtih/
riacstirih lt tfi Iurkpilb mivim lbh tfksi arlbtih/riacstirih lt tfi bltckblm mivim dinlusi tfi
nflrlntircstcns kg sunf rcafts lri hcggiribt lbh ct wkumh di cbnkrrint tk trilt l scbami bltckblm rcaft lbh
l Iurkpilb rcaft (l dubhmi kg bltckblm rcafts cb tfi nlsi kg pltibts) iqulmmy. Xfi CZT hltl wls kd-
tlcbih grke tfi IZK–s ZLX^XLX hltldlsi, KFCE–s trlhi elros lbh hiscabs riacstir, lbh grke tfi
hltldlsis kg bltckblm CZ kgnis. L hisnrcptckb kg tfisi hltldlsis cs prkvchih cb intckb 8.4.< dimkw.
Xfi inkbkecn ceplnt kg CZTs cs lssissih cb tfcs stuhy lt tfi re mivim. Cbgkreltckb kb tfi blbnclm
pirgkrelbni lbh dlscn nflrlntircstcns kg res wls kdtlcbih grke tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi lbh wls
eltnfih wctf tfi CZT hltl hisnrcdih ldkvi. L ekri hitlcmih hcsnussckb kg tfisi cssuis cs prkvchih
cb ^intckb 8.4.4.
Xfi lblmyscs iepmkys twk elcb hibctckbs kg CZT kwbirsfcp0 dcblry cbhcnltkrs tflt chibtcgy wfitfir
kr bkt l re kwbs lby CZTs, lbh sivirlm cbhcnltkrs gkr l spincn typi kr nkedcbltckb kg CZTs, lbh
tfi stkno pir iepmkyii kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs. Xfi elcb pirgkrelbni eilsuri cs
rivibui pir iepmkyii.
Xfcs stuhy iepmkys tfrii eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnfis tk chibtcgy mcbos ditwiib CZTs lbh pirgkr-
elbni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns, inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs lbh nmustir lblmyscs.
Xfisi eitfkhkmkacnlm lpprklnfis lri nkepmieibtlry cb tfi gkmmkwcba sibsi. Xfi hisnrcptcvistltcstcns lbh tfi nmustir lblmyscs prkvchi l dlscn kvirvciw kg tfi nflrlntircstcns kg res cbnmuhih
cb tfi hltlsit lbh chibtcgy tfi ixtibt tk wfcnf tfi mivim kg CZT kwbirsfcp hcggirs ditwiib res wctf
hcggiribt nflrlntircstcns (i.a. sintkr, nkubtry, sczi, itn.). Xfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs ekvis diykbh
puri hisnrcptckb lbh siios tk chibtcgy tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZTs lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg l re,
nkbtrkmmcba gkr ktfir glntkrs tflt lggint pirgkrelbni. Xfi hitlcmih lpprklnfis lbh tfi risumts kg tfi
lblmyscs lri hisnrcdih cb tfi gkmmkwcba nflptirs0
➘ Nflptir 90 L rst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns?
➘ Nflptir 70 CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs.
Xfi nmustir lblmyscs cs hcsnussih cb Lbbix 6.8.
44 Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay
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Zlrt kg tfi stltcstcnlm lbh inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs cb tfcs stuhy rimcis kb tfi nkbstruntckb kg stknos kg
CZTs. Fibni, ct cs binisslry tk lnnkubt gkr tfi buedir kg CZTs (kg ilnf typi) tflt lri vlmch lt lby
pkcbt cb tcei hurcba tfi pirckh nkvirih cb tfi plbim. Cb aibirlm, lmm tfi hltl skurnis lri rilskb-ldmy nkepmiti cb tires kg cbgkreltckb kb mcba lbh arlbt/riacstrltckb. Fkwivir, tfi ixlnt yilr cb
wfcnf lb CZT stkps dicba vlmch cs skeitceis ecsscba. Xk lhhriss tfcs cssui, vlrckus lpprklnfis
wiri gkmmkwih0
➘ Iurkpilb pltibts. Xfisi pltibts lri arlbtih dy tfi IZK dut lri typcnlmmy vlmchltih cb
eumtcpmi Eiedir ^tltis. Ilnf kg tfi bltckblm pltibt kgnis ripkrts dlno tk tfi IZK wfib
l pltibt cs bk mkbair vlmch. Gkr tfi purpksis kg tfcs stuhy, ct fls diib lssueih tflt lb
IZK pltibt cs ”lmcvi― ls mkba ls ct fls bkt mlpsih kr ixpcrih cb lt milst kbi kg tfi bltckblm
kgnis wfiri ct wls vlmchltih. Cb nlmnumltcba tfi stknos kg Iurkpilb pltibts fimh dy tfi
re, ilnf Iurkpilb pltibt wls triltih ls l scbami pltibt, ivib cg ct wls vlmchltih cb
eumtcpmi nkubtrcis.<>
➘ Bltckblm pltibts. Ixpcry, mlpsi lbh ktfir ivibts lri lmsk rinkrhih cb tfi mialm ivibts
tldmi kg ZLX^XLX. Fkwivir, bltckblm pltibt kgnis typcnlmmy usi sivirlm hcggiribt nkhis
tk rinkrh vlrckus ivibts.<8 Xfi hcggiribt prlntcnis lekba pltibt kgnis nkepmcnlti tfi
tlso kg uscba l ubcgkre nrctirckb gkr hibcba tfi hlti wfib l pltibt cs bk mkbair lmcvi. Gkr
pltibts wctf bk rimivlbt tirecbltckb ivibt lvlcmldmi hui tk ecsripkrtcba dy bltckblm pltibt
kgnis, tfi lvirlai bltckblm pltibt mcgi wls usih tk nlmnumlti tfi ixpcrltckb hlti.<9
➘ Iurkpilb trlhi elros lbh hiscabs. Xfi KFCE hltldlsi nkbtlcbs nkepmiti cbgkreltckb
kb mcba, arlbt lbh ixpcrltckb hltis. Bk gurtfir lssueptckbs wiri riqucrih.
➘ Bltckblm trlhi elros lbh hiscabs. Xfi hltl kdtlcbih grke XEvciw, HiscabWciw lbh tfi
bltckblm kgnis nkbtlcbih eunf ecsscba hltl kb mlpsi/ixpcrltckb. Cb tfksi nlsis, ct wls
lssueih tflt tfi lvirlai mcgi gkr trlhi elros lbh hiscabs cs tib lbh vi yilrs rispin -
tcvimy. Xfisi istceltis nkrrispkbh tk tfi cbctclm tire, wctfkut tlocba pktibtclm ribiwlms cbtk
lnnkubt.
Cb tfi nlsi kg bltckblm trlhi elros lbh hiscabs, tfi riacstrltckb hlti wls usih ls tfi arlbt hlti.
Xfcs ecaft di cblnnurlti cb `urcshcntckbs wfiri tfi riacstrltckb cs lwlrhih wctf scabcnlbt himlys lg -
tir mcba wfcmi res cb prlntcni ib`ky tfi dibits kg tfi prkpirty rcaft grke tfi tcei kg mcba. Fkwivir,ct cs bkt pksscdmi tk prkhuni l ekri lnnurlti istcelti gkr tfisi nkubtrcis uscba tfi hltl lvlcmldmi.
<> Xfi buedir kg nkubtrcis cb wfcnf l pltibt wls vlmchltih cs kbi imieibt kg tfi pltibt qulmcty cbhix tflt wcmm di cbtrkhunih cb Lbbix6.9.4.4.
<8 Lbbix 6.4 prkvchis hitlcms kg tfi nkhis usih tk kdtlcb tfi ixpcrltckb kr mlpsi hltis gkr bltckblm pltibts.
<9 Gkr Ctlmy lbh Mctfulbcl, bk hltl wls lvlcmldmi gkr lby pltibts lbh sk tfi lvirlai mcgi kg bltckblm pltibts cb lmm tfi ktfir nkubtrcis cb
tfi slepmi wls usih tk istcelti tfi ixpcrltckb hltis gkr tfksi twk nkubtrcis.
48 Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay
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8.4.4 Gcre hltl
Xfi ekst rimcldmi blbnclm lbh hiekarlpfcn hltl kb nkeplbcis ls altfirih dy stltcstcnlm kgniskr tlx lutfkrctcis cs bkt lvlcmldmi gkr risilrnf purpksis hui tk hltl prktintckb nkbnirbs. Acvib
tfksi nkbstrlcbts, elby re-mivim lblmysis lri dlsih kb hltl nkmmintih dy nkeeirnclm prkvchirs,
wfk altfir cbgkreltckb grke pudmcnmy lvlcmldmi duscbiss riacstirs. Xfi KTDC^ hltlsit,<7 prkvchih
dy Durilu vlb Hc`o, cs kbi kg tfi skurnis ekst nkeekbmy usih dy risilrnfirs lbh nkbtlcbs
blbnclm cbgkreltckb kb ecmmckbs kg mcstih lbh ubmcstih nkeplbcis wkrmhwchi, cbnmuhcba ekri tflb
4: ecmmckb res cb Iurkpi. Xfi hltl wls ixtrlntih gkr tfi yilrs 4::4-4:<<. KTDC^ cbnmuhis l
vlrcity kg oiy blbnclm vlrcldmis tflt lri nrunclm gkr re-mivim lblmyscs.
Eltnfcba CZT lbh gcre hltl
Cb krhir tk nrilti l nkedcbih CZT lbh re hltlsit gkr tfi lblmyscs, tfi CZT hltl wls eltnfih
wctf KTDC^ hltl sk tflt, gkr ilnf nkeplby cb tfi slepmi, cts pkrtgkmck kg CZTs lbh cts blbnclm
lbh inkbkecn nflrlntircstcns nkumh di nkrrimltih. Lmtfkuaf tfiri lri obkwb prkdmies wctf tfi
riprisibtltcvibiss kg tfi KTDC^ hltl lbh wctf tfi lvlcmldcmcty kg skei kg cts oiy vlrcldmis,<1
lmm nkeplbcis lvlcmldmi cb KTDC^ flvi diib usih gkr eltnfcba purpksis. Zktibtclm prkdmies
tflt nkumh flvi hcstkrtih sudsiquibt lblmysis flvi diib tlnomih hurcba tfi nkbstruntckb kg tfi
risilrnf slepmis lbh dy iepmkycba rimivlbt nkbtrkm vlrcldmis sunf ls nkubtry, cbhustry lbh
re sczi hueecis hurcba tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs. Gurtfir hitlcms kg tfi eltnfcba prkniss lri
ixpmlcbih cb Lbbix 6.<.
8.4.> ^lepmis
Tihunih slepmi
Xfi blbnclm hltl prkvchih cb KTDC^ fls l viry mlrai prkpkrtckb kg ecsscba vlmuis. Xfcs cs kdsirvih
cb l mlrai buedir kg res tflt bk mkbair ixcst, splrsi hltl gkr tfi mlst yilr cb tfi plbim (4:<<, wfcnf
wls hrkppih grke tfi lblmytcnlm hltlsits gkr tflt rilskb) lbh vlrcldmis tflt lri kbmy rlrimy ripkrtih,
sunf ls T&H ixpibhcturi lbh rivibui grke ixpkrts. Xk tlnomi tfcs prkdmie, kbmy res tflt flvi
tfrii nkbsinutcvi yilrs kg hltl cb tfrii oiy vlrcldmis - rivibui, prkts (eilsurih dy Z/M digkri
tlx) lbh buedir kg iepmkyiis<6
- wiri oipt cb tfi hltlsit. Xfcs nkbstctutis l ecbcelm nkbhctckb tfltbiihs tk di eit cb krhir tk lppmy plbim inkbkeitrcns tinfbcquis (sii Nflptir 7). Xfi hltlsit wfcnf
nkbtlcbs kbmy res wctf tfrii nkbsinutcvi yilrs kg blbnclm hltl cs nlmmih tfi ‖rihunih– slepmi.
<7 Gkr tfcs stuhy, tfi Lprcm 4:<4 virsckb kg KTDC^ wls usih.
<1 Gkr l hitlcmih hcsnussckb kg tfi riprisibtltcvibiss lbh pktibtclm wilobissis kg tfi KTDC^ hltlsit, sii ^qucnnclrcbc lbh Hirbcs(4:<>).
<6 KTDC^ nkbtlcbs sivirlm eilsuris kg prkts. Xfcs ripkrt usis tfi vlrcldmi ”Z/M digkri tlx―, ls ct ldstrlnts grke hcggiribnis lnrkss
nkubtrcis sunf ls hcggiribt tlx riaceis. Cb prcbncpmi, IDCXHL nkumh flvi diib usih ls l eilsuri kg prkts dut hltl cs bkt lvlcmldmi
gkr lmm tfi Eiedir ^tltis cb tfi slepmi lbh sk ct wls bkt pursuih.
Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay 49
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Tlbhkecsih slepmi
Cb tfi risumtcba hltlsit, ^plcb, Grlbni, Ctlmy lbh Zkrtualm flvi elby ekri res wctf blbnclm hltltflb ktfir nkubtrcis. Xfcs cs cb ctsimg bkt l prkdmie acvib tflt tfi gknus kg tfcs stuhy cs kb res rltfir
tflb nkubtrcis. Fkwivir, nmksi ixlecbltckb kg tfi hltl rivilmih tflt tfi prkpkrtckb ditwiib ^EIs
lbh mlrai nkeplbcis cs soiwih gkr skei nkubtrcis, pksscdmy hui tk hcggiribt lnnkubtcba lbh ripkrt-
cba riqucrieibts lnrkss Eiedir ^tltis.<3
Cb krhir tk nkrrint gkr tfcs cssui, l rlbhke slepmi grke tfi rihunih hltlsit wls aibirltih, sud`int
tk twk nkbstrlcbts0
<. Xfi grlntckb kg res grke ilnf nkubtry sfkumh di tfi slei ls gkr tfi inkbkey ls l wfkmi.
Hltl wls kdtlcbih grke Iurkstlt kb tfi tktlm buedir kg nkeplbcis cb ilnf Eiedir ^tlti, lbh
tfi prkpkrtckb kg tfi tktlm lnnkubtih gkr dy ilnf Eiedir ^tlti wls nlmnumltih. Xfi slepmcba
strltiay tfib ibsurih tflt tfi prkpkrtckb kg nkeplbcis grke ilnf nkubtry cb tfi ‖rlbhkecsih–
hltlsit wkumh di iqulm tk tfi prkpkrtckbs ivchibt cb Iurkstlt hltl lbh tflt tfi prkpkrtckb kg
^EIs cb tfi slepmi wkumh di scecmlr tk tflt kg tfi IY inkbkey. ^cbni tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs
dy ^EIs wls l plrtcnumlr gknus kg tfcs stuhy, tfcs wls lb cepkrtlbt nkbschirltckb.
4. Qctfcb ilnf nkubtry, tfi grlntckb kg res tflt lri kwbirs kg cbtimmintulm prkpirty rcafts
sfkumh di iqulm tk kbi flmg, wfirivir pksscdmi. Xfcs wkumh ibsuri tflt tfi hltlsit nkb-
tlcbih l sugncibt buedir kg CZT kwbirs tk lmmkw tfi inkbkeitrcn ekhims tk eilsuri tfi
lsskncltckb ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh pirgkrelbni.
Yscba tfisi nkbstrlcbts gkr tfi ‖rihunih– slepmi, tfi simintckb kg res grke ilnf nkubtry wlsrlbhke. Xldmi 9 prisibts tfi buedir kg res cb tfi gumm slepmi kg hltl, tfi ‖rihunih– slepmi kg res
gkr wfcnf tfrii nkbsinutcvi yilrs kg hltl wiri lvlcmldmi, lbh tfi ‖rlbhkecsih– slepmi kg res tflt
wls tfi dlscs kg tfi sudsiquibt lblmyscs. Iurkstlt hltl kb tfi buedir kg res cb ilnf Eiedir
^tlti cs prisibtih ls wimm, scbni tfi hcstrcdutckb kg res dy Eiedir ^tlti ls ripkrtih dy Iurkstlt
wls tfi rigiribni pkcbt gkr nkbstruntckb kg tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi.
Xfcs flh tfi iggint kg rihuncba tfi slepmi tk lpprkxceltimy <8: ::: nkeplbcis. Gkmmkwcba cbspin -
tckb kg tfcs hltlsit l gurtfir ribieibt wls elhi0 tfi fcafist lbh mkwist 4.9 pir nibt kg kdsirvl-
tckbs, ls gkr tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii, wiri hrkppih grke tfi slepmi tk lvkch tfi risumts dicba
hrcvib dy kutmcirs. Xfcs typi kg lh`usteibt cs stlbhlrh prlntcni cb inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs lbh cs hi-scabih tk lnnkubt gkr sctultckbs wfiri l selmm prkpkrtckb kg res cb tfi slepmi fls ixtriei vlmuis
kg tfi oiy vlrcldmis hui tk irrkrs cb tfi hltl (gkr ixlepmi, cb skei nlsis, hui tk nkhcba irrkrs ictfir
rivibui kr tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis ecaft di kgg dy lb krhir kg elabctuhi, milhcba tk viry fcaf kr
viry mkw rivibui-pir-iepmkyii auris).
<3 Dinlusi KTDC^ cs issibtclmmy lb laarialtckb kg hltl mih dy nkeplbcis wctf lutfkrctcis cb Eiedir tltis (i.a. Nkeplbcis Fkusi
cb tfi YO, Flbhimsriacstir cb Airelby, Oleir vlb Okkpflbhim cb tfi Bitfirmlbhs itn.), tfi qulmcty lbh nkvirlai kg tfi hltl
cb KTDC^ hipibh kb tfi mcba riqucrieibts cb ilnf Eiedir ^tlti lbh tfi hiarii tk wfcnf nkeplbcis nkepmy wctf tfksi mcba
riqucrieibts. Cb skei Eiedir tltis, ripkrtcba riqucrieibts lri miss strcbaibt gkr EIs cb krhir tk missib tfi lhecbcstrltcvi
durhib kb duscbiss. Xfcs mcectltckb cb tfi hltl sties grke tfi prcelry skurnis lbh fibni nlbbkt di ilscmy riskmvih. Gkr tfi
nkubtrcis wctf l scabcnlbtmy mkwir-tflb-ixpintih buedir kg nkeplbcis, ct cs nmilr tflt tfi ecsscba nkeplbcis lri prihkecblbtmy^EIs. Gkr ixlepmi, wfcmi lnnkrhcba tk Iurkstlt hltl, 33.9 pir nibt kg Airelb nkeplbcis lri ^EIs, cb tfi slepmi kbmy 9:.9 pir
nibt kg Airelb nkeplbcis glmm cbtk tflt nltiakry. Nkbvirsimy, gkr tfi nkubtrcis wctf l mlrai buedir kg nkeplbcis cb tfi slepmi,
tfi prkpkrtckb kg ^EIs cs nmksi tk tflt ripkrtih dy Iurkstlt (gkr ixlepmi, gkr ^plcb, 36.1 pir nibt kg nkeplbcis cb tfi slepmi lri
^EIs, nkeplrih wctf 33.3 pir nibt lnnkrhcba tk Iurkstlt).
47 Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay
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Xldmi 90 Nkepksctckb kg gcres cb lmm slepmis dy Eiedir ^tlti
Eiedir^tlti
Iurkstlt (4:<<) Gumm KTDC^ slepmi(4::4-4:<<)
Tihunih KTDC slepmi (4::4-4:<:) Tlbhkecsih KTDCslepmi (4::4-4:<:)
Gcres % Gcres % Gcres % % kg gumm
slepmi
Gcres %
LX >:8 484 <.3 79< 437 4.3 > 369 :.4 :.7 < 376 <.9
DI 99: 169 >.9 4 4>< 697 3.3 9< 389 4.4 4.> 8 787 >.9
HI 4 <96 :39 <>.1 4 ><: 37< <:.4 49 63< <.< <.< <1 7>6 <>.>
HO 4<> >36 <.8 844 6<4 <.3 <1 :66 :.1 8.: < 1<4 <.>
I^ 4 :61 >1< <>.> > :93 <:8 <>.7 798 :>3 41.7 4<.8 <6 >17 <>.3
GT 4 971 8>1 <7.> < 176 143 1.6 < :<4 664 84.1 91.> 44 4<> <7.6
AD < 737 963 <:.6 9 198 8<9 49.9 69 :61 >.7 <.9 <> 8>7 <:.4
FY 99: 493 >.9 11: 431 >.8 <9 >43 :.7 4.: 8 797 >.9
CX > 68> 899 48.8 < 879 3<: 7.9 483 <43 <:.9 <1.: >> >3< 49.4
MX <41 9<1 :.6 <48 818 :.7 6 443 :.> 7.7 < :41 :.6
BM 6:> 61> 9.< > 947 371 <9.7 1 4:> :.> :.4 7 <4: 8.7
ZX 6>< 799 9.> 867 >78 4.4 484 7<> <:.4 83.3 1 :38 9.8
Xktlm <9 1>8 717 <::.: 44 91> <69 <::.: 4 >1> 84: <::.: <:.9 <>4 411 <::.:
Bkti0 Xfcs tldmi sfkws tflt, cb skei nlsis, tfi buedir kg res cb KTDC^ ixniihs tflt cb Iurkstlt wfcmi cb ktfir nlsis tfi rivirsi cs trui.
Ls KTDC^ nkbtlcbs kbmy l sudsit kg nkeplbcis cb tfi inkbkey, ct ely siie tflt tfi buedir cb KTDC^ sfkumh di mkwir tflb tfi buedir cb
Iurkstlt. Fkwivir, tfcs cs bkt tfi nlsi scbni tfi Iurkstlt hltl cbnmuhis kbmy res kpirltcba cb 4:<< wfcmi tfi KTDC^ hltl nkbtlcbs res gkr
tfi pirckh 4::4-4:<<. Cb lhhctckb, ct ecaft di pksscdmi tflt nkeplbcis tflt nilsih tk kpirlti ivib digkri 4::4 flvi bkt diib himitih grke
KTDC^. Lbktfir pkcbt tk bkti cs tflt ^EIs lppilr tk di ubhirriprisibtih cb tfi nlsi kg LX, HI, BM lbh AD, fibni tfi selmmir buedir kg
res cb tfi gumm KTDC^ slepmi.
Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay 41
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Hui tk tfi imcecbltckb kg kutmcirs, tfiri lri smcaft hcggiribnis cb pirnibtlais kg res gkr ilnf Eie-
dir ^tlti wfib nkeplrcba tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi lbh tfi hltl grke Iurkstlt. Lb lhhctckblm rilskb
cs tflt tfi pirnibtlais cb Iurkstlt lri gkr 4:<<, wfcmst tfi pirnibtlais cb tfi rlbhkecsih KTDC^slepmi nkvir tfi pirckh 4::4 tk 4:<:.
Xfi rlbhkecsih slepmi cb tfi mlst nkmueb, nkeprcscba <>4 411 res, cs usih cb tfi lblmyscs pri-
sibtih cb sudsiquibt nflptirs. Cb plrtcnumlr, lmm tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmysis cb Nflptir 7 lri dlsih
kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi.4: Xfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns prisibtih cb Nflptir 9 lri dlsih kb ictfir
tfi rihunih slepmi kr tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi, wfcnfivir cs ekri lpprkprclti cb ilnf nlsi. Gkr
ixlepmi, wfib lblmyscba CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi cb Xldmi 6, tfi rihunih slepmi cs usih, scbni
uscba tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi (wfcnf dy nkbstruntckb fls rkuafmy iqulm buedirs kg kwbirs lbh bkb-
kwbirs) wkumh flvi acvib cbnkrrint risumts cb tfcs nlsi.
Wlrcldmis cbnmuhih cb tfi slepmi
Dkx 4 sfkws l sueelry kg tfi vlrcldmis tflt lri cbnmuhih cb tfi hltlsit. L hcstcbntckb cs elhi
ditwiib nkeplby vlrcldmis, blbnclm hltl lbh CZT hltl.
4: Ls l rkdustbiss nfino sivirlm cbhipibhibtmy hrlwb rlbhke slepmis wiri usih tk ibsuri tflt tfi inkbkeitrcn risumts hk bkt
hipibh kb tfi sud-slepmi hrlwb lbh tflt tfi istceltckb princsckb hkis bkt suggir grke tfi rihunih slepmi sczi.
46 Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay
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Dkx 40 Wlrcldmis cb tfi hltlsit
Nkeplby vlrcldmis (tcei-cbhipibhibt)0
➘KTDC^ CH (chibtcty) buedir?
➘Eiedir tlti wfiri nkeplby cs mknltih?
➘CH buedir kg hkeistcn kwbcba nkeplby?
➘ Silr kg cbnkrpkrltckb?
• Xfcs wls usih tk nkbstrunt l vlrcldmi ripkrtcba tfi re–s lai
➘BLNI Tiv. 4 nkhi0 gkur-hcact lbh drklh nltiakrcis, ls higcbih dy Iurkstlt?4<
➘ ^czi0 Ecnrk, ^elmm, Eihcue kr Mlrai lnnkrhcba tk tfi higcbctckb kg tfi Iurkpilb Nkeecssckb. 44
• Xfi oiy cbhcnltkr usih cb tfi lblmyscs cs l dcblry cbhcnltkr kg wfitfir tfi re cs lb ^EI kr l
mlrai nkeplby.
Gcblbnclm hltl (tcei-hipibhibt)
➘Tivibui?
➘Buedir kg iepmkyiis?
• Xfcs wls usih tk nkbstrunt vlrckus pir-iepmkyii vlrcldmis (i.a. rivibui pir iepmkyii)
➘Qlais (nksts kg iepmkyiis)?
CZT hltl (tcei-cbhipibhibt)
➘CZT kwbirs0 sivirlm vlrcldmis wiri nkbstruntih tk nlpturi tfi typi kg kwbirsfcp kg CZTs dy ilnf gcre0
• dcblry (kwbir/bkb-kwbir). L re cs hibih ls lb kwbir kg CZT cg ct wls arlbtih l rcaft (pltibt,
trlhi elro kr hiscab) lt lby mivim (bltckblm kr Iurkpilb) lt lby pkcbt cb tfi pirckh nkvirih cb
tfi plbim?
• dy typi kg rcaft (i.a. kwbir/bkb-kwbir kg hiscabs)?
• dy typi kg rcaft lbh bltckblm/Iurkpilb mivim (i.a. kwbir/bkb-kwbir kg Iurkpilb hiscabs)? lbh
• nkedcbltckb kg tfi typis kg rcaft kwbih (i.a. kwbir kg pltibts lbh trlhi elros). ^cbni tfrii
typis kg CZT lri nkbschirih, tfiri lri icaft pksscdmi kwbirsfcp nkedcbltckbs.
➘Silr cb wfcnf ilnf CZT cs gcmih, arlbtih kr ixpcrih. Xfi hltis kg arlbt lbh ixpcrltckb wiri usih tk
nkbstrunt, gkr ilnf nkeplby cb ilnf kg tfi yilrs nkvirih cb tfi plbim0
• Iurkpilb pltibt stkno?
• bltckblm pltibt stkno?
• Iurkpilb trlhi elro stkno? • bltckblm trlhi elro stkno?
• Iurkpilb hiscab stkno? lbh
• bltckblm hiscab stkno.
4< 44
4< Gkr l hisnrcptckb kg tfi BLNI nmlsscnltckb, sii0 fttp0//ipp.iurkstlt.in.iurkpl.iu/pkrtlm/plai/pkrtlm/prkhunt[hitlcms/pudmcnltckb;p[
prkhunt[nkhi5O^-TL-:1-:<9
44 ^ii fttp0//in.iurkpl.iu/ibtirprcsi/pkmcncis/sei/glnts-auris-lblmyscs/sei-hibctckb/cbhix[ib.fte.
Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay 43
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8.> Eitfkhkmkay
Xfi hltlsit nkbstruntih gkr tfcs stuhy wls lblmysih stlrtcba wctf hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns, nkbtcbu-cba wctf nmustir lblmyscs, lbh blmmy prkarisscba tk gumm inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs. Gkr ilnf kg tfisi
lblmysis, ictfir tfi rihunih slepmi kr tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi wls usih, wfcnfivir wls ekst
lpprkprclti, ls ixpmlcbih cb sintckb 8.4 ldkvi.
Xfcs sud-sintckb nkbtlcbs l aibirlm tinfbcnlm hisnrcptckb kg tfi eitfkhkmkay usih cb ilnf kg tfisi
tfrii lblmysis. Lhhctckblm hitlcm, cb plrtcnumlr ls rialrhs tfi cbtirpritltckb kg tfi risumts lbh tfi
hibctckb kg tfi vlrcldmis, cs prkvchih cb nkb`ubntckb wctf tfi prisibtltckb kg tfi risumts cb krhir tk
glncmctlti tfi rilhir–s ubhirstlbhcba kg tfksi risumts.
8.>.< Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
Xfi kvirlrnfcba aklm kg tfi stltcstcnlm lblmyscs cb tfcs stuhy cs tk lbswir tfi gkmmkwcba quistckbs0
➘ Qflt cs tfi prkpkrtckb kg CZT kwbirs lekba mlrai res lbh ^EIs; Hk nkeekb plttirbs
ixcst cb tfi wly CZTs lri kwbih;
➘ Lri tfiri lpplribt mcbos ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh res– nflrlntircstcns;
➘ Qflt lri tfi mcbos ditwiib tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh nkeplbcis– pirgkrelbni;
Xfisi quistckbs flvi diib lhhrissih uscba dktf dlscn lbh ekri lhvlbnih hisnrcptcvi stltcstcnlm
tinfbcquis. Ls l rst stip, l buedir kg nrkss-tldumltckbs lri prisibtih tflt chibtcgy oiy hcggiribnisditwiib tfi nflrlntircstcns kg CZT kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs, lbh cmmustrlti mcbos ditwiib CZT
kwbirsfcp lbh nkeplby pirgkrelbni. Gkr tfcs lblmyscs, hltl grke tfi ekst rinibt yilr gkr wfcnf
tfiri cs rilskbldmy nkepmiti cbgkreltckb, 4:<:, cs usih. Dktf tfi rihunih lbh tfi rlbhkecsih
slepmis lri usih cb tfcs sintckb.
Cb lhhctckb, tists lri nlrrcih kut kb tfi stltcstcnlm scabcnlbni kg tfi hcggiribnis ditwiib tfi arkup
eilbs cb rispint kg tfi vlrcldmis kg cbtirist (sunf ls rivibui pir iepmkyii kr lvirlai wlais).
Xfisi tists, obkwb ls t tists, lri hiscabih tk hitirecbi tfi hiarii kg nkbhibni kbi nlb flvi
tflt kdsirvih hcggiribnis (gkr ixlepmi, tfi glnt tflt CZT kwbirs flvi fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii
tflb bkb-kwbirs) lri bkt eirimy tfi risumt kg nflbni.
Xfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lri ripkrtih cb Nflptir 9.
>: Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay
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8.>.4 Nmustir lblmyscs
Ls l bixt stip diykbh tfi dlscn hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lbh nrkss-tldumltckbs, nmustir lblmyscs wlsusih tk chibtcgy typcnlm prkmis kg CZT uslai.
Nmustir lblmyscs cs lb Lblmyscs kg Wlrclbni (LBKWL) eitfkh wfcnf lces tk lsscab l sit kg kd`ints
(i.a. CZT cbhcnltkrs) cbtk siaeibts (nmustirs) sk tflt tfi kd`ints cb tfi slei nmustir lri ekri scecmlr
tk ilnf ktfir tflb tk tfksi cb ktfir nmustirs. Lppmcih tk CZT cbhcnltkrs, tfi tinfbcqui nlb di usih
tk chibtcgy nmustirs kg nkeplbcis tflt sflri nkeekb lbh ubcqui nflrlntircstcns cb tires kg CZT
kwbirsfcp. Nmustir lblmyscs nlb, gkr ixlepmi, di usih tk hcstcbaucsf CZT kwbirs tflt flvi l mlrai
CZT pkrtgkmck pir iepmkyii lbh flvi CZT prktintckb cb eumtcpmi nkubtrcis grke tfksi wctf l selmm CZT
pkrtgkmck lbh flvcba prktintckb cb giw nkubtrcis.
Nmustir lblmyscs nlb di pirgkreih uscba hcggiribt nkeputltckblm lmakrctfes, lbh tfi nfkcni kg
lmakrctfe wkumh typcnlmmy hipibh kb tfi blturi kg tfi ubhirmycba hltl. Ct cs cepkrtlbt tk striss tflt
tfisi stltcstcnlm tinfbcquis riqucri l scabcnlbt hiarii kg ixtirblm uhaeibt. Gkr ixlepmi, tfi cbctclm
buedir kg arkups/nkepkbibts cb wfcnf tfi vlrcldmi wkumh di nmustirih eust di hinchih digkri
rubbcba tfi lblmyscs. Qfcmi stltcstcnlm tists tk suppkrt tfi risilrnfir cb tfcs hincsckb ixcst, ct cs
nkeekb prlntcni tk ripkrt tfi risumts gkr hcggiribt lssueptckbs kb tfi cbctclm buedir kg nmustirs/
nkepkbibts. Xfi prigirrih nfkcni cs tfib usulmmy hcntltih dy tfi ldcmcty tk prkvchi l nmilr lbh
cbtuctcvi cbtirpritltckb gkr tfi ieiracba prkmis.
Xfi nmustir lblmyscs nkbhuntih cb tfcs stuhy cs dlsih kb scx vlrcldmis0 tfi stknos kg pltibts, trlhi
elros lbh hiscabs dktf lt tfi bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb mivims. Lblmyscs risumts kdtlcbih grke tfi rlb-hkecsih slepmi lri ripkrtih. Xfi yilr 4:<: wls nfksib ls tfi dlsi yilr, lbh tfi vlrcldmis wiri
bkrelmcsih tk lnnkubt gkr hcggiribnis cb snlmi lbh vlrcldcmcty.
Kbni tfi nmustirs flvi diib chibtcih, tfiy lri ixlecbih gkr systieltcn hcggiribnis lekba tfie
cb tires kg lvirlai buedir kg iepmkyiis pir re, lai, prkpkrtckb kg ^EIs cb ilnf nmustir,4> wfcnf
sintkrs prihkecblti, lbh wfitfir tfi nmustirs hcggir lnnkrhcba tk lvirlai rivibui pir iepmkyii.
Xfi risumts kg tfi nmustir lblmyscs lri ripkrtih cb tfi Lbbix 6.8.
4> L rinibt stuhy dy Iurkstlt (4:<8) istceltis tfi prkpkrtckb kg pltibts (IZK lbh ZNX lppmcnltckbs lbh Y^ZXK pltibt arlbts) mih
dy Iurkpilb nkeplbcis lbh lnnkubtih gkr dy EIs gkr hcggiribt imhs kg tinfbkmkay. Xfi stuhy bhs tflt 13 pirnibt kg lmm pltibts
nlb di lttrcdutih tk mlrai res lbh <1 pirnibt tk ^EIs. Xfi re sczi rielcbih ubnmilr gkr 8 pir nibt kg nkrpkrlti lppmcnlbts.
Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay ><
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8.>.> Inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs
Cb tfi mlst stip kg tfi lblmyscs, lb inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs tk gurtfir cbvistcalti tfi rimltckbsfcpditwiib re pirgkrelbni lbh CZT kwbirsfcp wls nkbhuntih. Tivibui pir iepmkyii, wfcnf sirvis
ls tfi eilsuri kg re pirgkrelbni, nkbstctutis tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi. Cbhipibhibt vlrcldmis lri
vlrcldmis wfcnf cbhcnlti wfitfir l re kwbs CZTs kr plrtcnumlr typis kg CZT lt lmm lbh vlrcldmis
wfcnf spincgy tfi buedir kg pltibts, hiscabs kr trlhi elros fimh dy l re. Xfirigkri, tfi rst sit kg
riarissckbs lblmysis tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib re pirgkrelbni lbh tfi aibirlm kwbirsfcp kg CZTs.
Xfi sinkbh sit ixlecbis tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib re pirgkrelbni lbh stknos kg CZTs.
Xfi hltl lmmkws gkr usi kg plbim hltl inkbkeitrcn tinfbcquis wfcnf ixpmkct vlrcltckb cb twk hceib-
sckbs. Xfi rst cs tfi sk-nlmmih nrkss-sintckblm hceibsckb, wfcnf rigirs tk kdsirvih hcggiribnis
ditwiib res lt kbi plrtcnumlr pkcbt cb tcei. Xfi sinkbh cs tfi sk-nlmmih tcei-sircis hceibsckb
lbh rigirs tk kdsirvih nflbais gkr kbi plrtcnumlr re kvir tcei. Yscba plbim hltl tinfbcquis sunf
ls tfi ”xih-iggints― lbh ”rlbhke-iggints― ekhims, kbi nlb nkbtrkm gkr ubkdsirvih fitirkaibicty
lekba res stieecba grke hcggiribnis cb tires kg tfi cbhustry sintkr, nkubtry, re typi kr lai.
Ekrikvir, ubkdsirvih fitirkaibicty48 nlb lmsk di tloib cbtk lnnkubt dy sunf eitfkhs, ecbcecscba
tfi rcso kg kdtlcbcba spurckus kr dclsih risumts hrcvib prcelrcmy dy res– nflrlntircstcns. Lmm inkbk -
eitrcns lri pirgkreih uscba kbmy tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi, cb krhir tk ibsuri sugncibt riprisibtl-
tckb kg kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs cb tfi lblmyscs.
48 Ybkdsirvih fitirkaibicty rigirs tk tfi pksscdcmcty tflt rimivlbt hcggiribnis lekba res (i.a. hcggiribnis cb rivibui pir iepmkyii)
stie grke ubhirmycba ‒cbvcscdmi” glntkrs sunf ls tfi qulmcty kg l re‖s elblaieibt tile.
>4 Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay
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Xfi gkubhltckbs0 hltl lbh eitfkhkmkay >>
8.8 ^ueelry lbh mcectltckbs
Xfi prisibt stuhy cs ducmt kb tfi gkubhltckbs kg l nlrigummy nkbstruntih hltlsit. Xk tfi dist kg tfilutfkrs– obkwmihai, tfi nkvirlai kg tfi hltlsit cs scabcnlbtmy mlrair tflb lby ktfir hltl skurni
kg tfcs typi nurribtmy lvlcmldmi, ibsurcba l sugncibtmy mlrai slepmi tk hrlw rkdust lbh riprisibtl-
tcvi nkbnmusckbs. Xfi lblmyscs cb tfi sudsiquibt nflptirs nkbres tflt tfiri cs l strkba pksctcvi
rimltckbsfcp ditwiib tfi kwbirsfcp kg hcggiribt typis kg CZT lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg res.
Bivirtfimiss, tfiri lri mcectltckbs ls rialrhs dktf tfi hltl lbh tfi eitfkhkmkay tflt eust di
bktih. ^kei kg tfisi mcectltckbs lri cbfiribt cb tfi eitfkhkmkay kr tfi hltl, wfcmi ktfirs nlb
fkpigummy di kvirnkei cb guturi stuhcis.
Kbi kg tfi mcectltckbs kg tfcs stuhy tflt elois ct hcgnumt tk istldmcsf l nluslm mcbo ditwiib CZT
kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni cs tfi mlno kg hltl kb cbtlbacdmi lssits (skei kg wfcnf nlb di
prktintih dy CZTs, ls cbvisteibt cb T&H lbh cb hiscab lbh elroitcba lntcvctcis) lbh tfi qulmcty
kg tfksi lssits. Xfi hltlsit lt flbh nkbtlcbs bk cbgkreltckb kb l re–s cbvisteibts cb cbtlbacdmi
lssits, lbh ct cs tfirigkri cepksscdmi tk nkbtrkm gkr tfcs nflrlntircstcn cb tfi lblmyscs. Cg, gkr ixlepmi,
res tflt flvi elby CZTs lri lmsk tfksi tflt cbvist ekri cb cbtlbacdmi lssits cb aibirlm, tfib tfi
lpplribt rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh inkbkecn pirgkrelbni gkubh cb tfcs stuhy nkumh
di ixpmlcbih dy tfi fcafir cbvisteibt cb cbtlbacdmis. Qctfkut hltl kb cbtlbacdmi cbvisteibts, tfcs
fypktfiscs nlbbkt di rumih kut, bkr nlb cts pktibtclm ceplnt kb tfi risumts di lssissih.
Xfi CZT hltl usih gkr tfi lblmyscs cbnmuhis trlhi elros lbh hiscabs riacstirih cb tfi nkeplby–s
kwb nkubtry kr wctf KFCE (c.i. NXEs lbh TNHs), dut bkt bltckblm trlhi elros lbh hiscabs riacs-tirih cb ktfir nkubtrcis (ls ixpmlcbih cb Lbbix 6.<). Ct cs cb prcbncpmi pksscdmi tk cbnmuhi sunf bltckblm
CZTs fimh cb ktfir nkubtrcis, dut tfi risumtcba eltnfcba ixirncsi wkumh pmlni ibkrekus hielbhs kb
tcei lbh riskurnis, dy krhirs kg elabctuhi.
Xfi qulmcty kg tfi inkbkecn lbh blbnclm hltl cb KTDC^ mlraimy hipibhs kb tfi hcggiribt ripkrt -
cba riqucrieibts cb tfi Eiedir ^tltis, lbh kb tfi hiarii tk wfcnf nkeplbcis nkepmy wctf tfisi
riqucrieibts. Ls ixpmlcbih cb ^intckb 8.4.>, scabcnlbt iggkrts wiri elhi cb tfcs stuhy tk nkrrint gkr
tfcs prkdmie. Bivirtfimiss, tfi glnt rielcbs tflt tk tfi ixtibt tfi hltl cs bkt suppmcih dy res tk tfi
rimivlbt bltckblm lutfkrctcis, tfiri cs bk lmtirbltcvi skurni kg sunf hltl‘ct scepmy hkis bkt ixcst cb
lb lnnisscdmi gkre.
Xfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs wls nkbhuntih cb l elbbir sk ls tk nkrrint gkr pktibtclm prkdmies cb tfi
hltl, sunf ls fitirksoihlstcncty49 lbh ubkdsirvih fitirkaibicty (sii Lbbix 6.9). Fkwivir, tfi glnt
rielcbs tflt tfi kdsirvih rimltckbsfcps cb tfi hltl nkumh di l risumt kg skei ubhirmycba glntkrs bkt
nlpturih dy tfi lblmyscs. Xfcs cs lb cbfiribt pktibtclm rcso cb iviry inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs.
49 Kbi kg tfi oiy lssueptckbs cb riarissckb lblmyscs, tfi elcb inkbkeitrcn tinfbcqui usih cb tfcs stuhy, cs tflt tfi rischulms (kr
irrkr tires) flvi l nkbstlbt vlrclbni. Cg tfcs cs bkt tfi nlsi (gkr ixlepmi, cg tfi vlrclbni cbnrilsis ls tfi vlmui kg tfi hipibhibt
vlrcldmi cbnrilsis), tfib tfi irrkr tires lri slch tk di fitirksoihlstcn. Cg tfcs fitirksoihlstcncty cs bkt nkrrintih gkr, tfib tfi
stltcstcnlm risumts ely bkt di vlmch.
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:9 / L gcrst mkko lt tfi
ivchibni0 hisnrcp-tcvi stltcstcns
9.< Cbtrkhuntckb
Xfcs sintckb prisibts hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns wfcnf ixpmkri plttirbs kg CZT kwbirsfcp dy res cb
Iurkpi. Cb plrtcnumlr, ct rst gknusis kb wfitfir CZT-kwbcba res ixfcdct scabcnlbt hcggiribnis
nkeplrih tk res tflt hk bkt kwb CZT, cb tires kg oiy blbnclm lbh nkeplby vlrcldmis, cbnmuhcba
rivibui lbh buedir kg iepmkyiis. Bixt, ct cbvistcaltis fkw CZT kwbirsfcp hipibhs kb res–
nflrlntircstcns. Xfi lblmyscs rimcis kb nrkss-tldumltckbs tk stuhy fkw CZT kwbirsfcp vlrcis lnrkss
mlrai res lbh EIs, res cb hcggiribt sintkrs, lbh ykubair lbh kmhir res. Cb lhhctckb, tfcs sintckb
wcmm lmsk lblmysi tfi lvirlai stknos kg CZTs lbh nkeplri tfie lnrkss re typis.
Ls ixpmlcbih cb Nflptir 8, tfi stltcstcns ripkrtih cb tfcs sintckb lri dlsih ictfir kb tfi rihunih
slepmi kr kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi gkr tfi yilr 4:<:, wfcnfivir cs ekri lpprkprclti hipibhcbakb tfi nkbtixt. Ekri spincnlmmy, tfi rihunih slepmi cs usih wfib ct cs cepkrtlbt tk striss tfi hcs-
trcdutckb ditwiib kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs. Xfi rlbhkecsih slepmi cs bkt suctldmi gkr tfcs
purpksi dinlusi, dy nkbstruntckb, ct nkbtlcbs rkuafmy iqulm prkpkrtckbs kg kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs.
Kb tfi ktfir flbh, scbni tfi rihunih slepmi ely di dclsih tkwlrhs plrtcnumlr nkubtrcis cb
wfcnf tfi buedir kg ^EIs cs mcoimy tk di ubhir-ripkrtih, wfib ripkrtcba kb nflrlntircstcns kg CZT
kwbirs kbmy, tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lri dlsih kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi (wfcnf lnnkubts gkr tfcs
pktibtclm dcls).
Gurtfirekri, tfi buedir kg res ely vlry tfrkuafkut tfi tldmis scbni bkt lmm vlrcldmis lri lvlcmldmigkr lmm res.
>8
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9.4 Oiy blbnclm lbh nkeplby vlrcldmis
Xldmi 7 sueelrcsis tfi oiy blbnclm lbh nkeplby vlrcldmis kg tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi (rivibui piriepmkyii, buedir kg iepmkyiis, wlais lbh lai), drkoib hkwb dy kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs
lbh lmsk dy typi kg CZT. ^cabcnlbni tists wiri nkbhuntih tk hitirecbi wfitfir tfi eilb vlmuis kg
cbtirist ditwiib tfi arkup kg kwbirs lbh tfi arkup kg bkb-kwbirs wiri scabcnlbtmy hcggiribt gkr ilnf
typi kg CZT. Xfi risumts kg tfisi stltcstcnlm tists sfkw tflt0
➘ rivibui pir iepmkyii cs scabcnlbtmy ariltir gkr kwbirs tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs?
wfib nkbschircba lmm CZTs, rivibui pir iepmkyii cs 46.7 pir nibt fcafir gkr CZT kwbirs
tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs.47 Xfi priecue cb tfi nlsi kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs cs
49.1 pir nibt, 43.9 pir nibt lbh ><.8 pir nibt, rispintcvimy?41
➘ kwbirs kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh/kr hiscabs flvi l ariltir buedir kg iepmkyiis tflb
bkb-kwbirs hk (iepmkycba lt milst 9.6 tceis tfi buedir kg pikpmi nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs)?
➘ iepmkyiis kg nkeplbcis tflt kwb pltibts, trlhi elros lbh/kr hiscabs ilrb fcafir wlais
tflb tfksi tflt wkro gkr nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt kwb tfisi typis kg CZT (dy <3.6 pir nibt
kb lvirlai). Firi, tfi strkbaist iggint cs lsskncltih wctf kwbcba pltibts (8:.7 pir nibt),
gkmmkwih dy hiscabs (4> pir nibt) lbh trlhi elros (<6.6 pir nibt)? lbh
➘ kwbirs kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs lri kmhir tflb bkb-kwbirs, wctf lb lvirlai
lai kg 47.3 yilrs nkeplrih tk 4:.3 yilrs gkr bkb-kwbirs.
47 Xfi rivibui-pir-iepmkyii priecue gkr lmm CZT kwbirs wls nlmnumltih ls gkmmkws0 Zriecue 5 ((43:.<-449.9)/449.9)* <:: 5 46.7pir nibt. Zriecues gkr ktfir vlrcldmis lbh cbhcvchulm CZTs wiri nlmnumltih cb l scecmlr elbbir.
41 Bkti tflt tfi hcggiribni cb rivibui pir iepmkyii priecue ditwiib CZT kwbirs lbh CZT bkb-kwbirs cs bkt iqulm tk l wicaftih
lvirlai kg tfi priecues gkr trlhi elros, pltibts lbh hiscabs. Xfi rilskb cs tflt tfi kwbir lbh bkb-kwbir arkups lri hcggiribt
gkr ilnf CZT kr nkedcbltckb kg CZTs.
L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns >9
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Xldmi 70 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT
kwbirsfcp (rlbhkecsih slepmi)
Buedir kg
iepmkyiis
Tivibui pir
iepmkyii
(IYT/yilr)
Qlais pir
iepmkyii
(IYT/yilr)
Lai (yilrs)
Bkb-CZT kwbirs 3>.7 449 98: >1 337 4:.3
CZT kwbirs Lmm CZTs 981.> 43: <:7 89 94: 47.3
% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs 868.7%*** 46.7%*** <3.6%*** 46.7%***
Zltibts < 9>1.7 46> 971 9> 848 >8.:
% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs < 984.7%*** 49.1%*** 8:.7%*** 74.9%***
Xrlhi elros 973.3 434 :<< 89 <>3 47.6
% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs 9:6.6%*** 43.9%*** <6.6%*** 46.8%***
Hiscabs 4 <:>.< 437 ><7 87 181 >>.3
% hcggiribni nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs 4 <87.1%*** ><.8%*** 4>.:%*** 74.4%***
Bkti0 Lai cs hibih lt 4:<> lnnkrhcba tk tfi hlti kg cbnkrpkrltckb ripkrtih dy KTDC^. Xfi lstircsos hibkti tflt tfi bumm fypktfiscs tflt tfi
arkup eilbs lri iqulm cs ri`intih lt tfi <: pir nibt (*), 9 pir nibt (**) kr < pir nibt (***) scabcnlbni mivim.46
Xfi arkup kg ‖Lmm CZTs kwbirs–
cs hibih ls res tflt kwbih lt milst kbi pltibt, trlhi elro kr hiscab, kr lby nkedcbltckb tfirikg. Xfi arkups kg ‐Zltibt kwbirs‖, ‖Xrlhi
elro kwbirs– lbh ‖Hiscab kwbirs– lri hibih ls res tflt kwbih lt milst kbi kg tfi plrtcnumlr CZTs. cbni elby res kwbih nkedcbltckbs
kg tfi tfrii CZTs, tfi vlrckus arkups kg CZT kwbirs kvirmlp.
46 ^cabcnlbni tists lri usih tk nlmnumlti tfi prkdldcmcty tflt tfi kdsirvih hcggiribni nkumh flvi nkei ldkut eirimy dy nflbni (lbhtfirigkri hkis bkt riint l rilm hcggiribni ditwiib kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs). Cg tfi nlmnumltih prkdldcmcty cs miss tflb < pir nibt, tfib
tfi risumt (tflt cs, tfi kdsirvih hcggiribni) cs slch tk di scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim. Cg tfi prkdldcmcty cs ditwiib < pir nibt
lbh 9 pir nibt, tfib tfi risumt cs scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim, lbh cg ct cs ditwiib 9 pir nibt lbh <: pir nibt, tfib tfi risumt cs
scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim.
>7 L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
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Xfi risumts prisibtih ldkvi lri dlsih kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi. Lbbix 6.> sfkws tfi risumts gkr tfi
rihunih slepmi (wfcnf cs mlrair dut dclsih cb rispint kg ^EIs). Xfi rivibui pir iepmkyii kg lmm typis
kg CZT kwbirs cs ariltir cb tfi rihunih slepmi, wfcmi tfiri cs rimltcvimy mcttmi hcggiribni cb tfi nlsi kgbkb-kwbirs. Dy nkbtrlst, tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cs mkwir gkr kwbirs cb tfi rihunih slepmi, wfcmi
wlais lri fcafir.
Bkbitfimiss, tfiri cs scabcnlbt nkbscstibny ditwiib tfi twk slepmis cb tires kg tfi risumts kg scabc-
nlbni tists kb tfi hcggiribni ditwiib kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs. Cbhiih, ilnf kg tfi hcggiribnis tflt
wiri gkubh tk di scabcnlbt cb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi cs lmsk scabcnlbt cb tfi rihunih slepmi, wctf
tfi ixniptckb kg hcggiribnis gkr wlais cb tfi nlsi kg hiscab kwbirs.
9.> CZT kwbirsfcp dy re nflrlntircstcn
9.>.< CZT kwbirsfcp dy sintkr (BLNI nltiakry)
Xldmi 1 prisibts hcggiribnis cb tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs hipibhcba kb tfi elcb lntcvcty kg res, ls
hibih dy BLNI sintckb nmlsscnltckb.
L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns >1
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Xldmi 10 CZT kwbirsfcp dy BLNI nltiakry (rlbhkecsih slepmi)
BLNI sintckbBkb-kwbir(%)
Zltibt kwbir(%)
Xrlhi elrokwbir
(%)
Hiscabkwbir
(%)
N0 Elbuglnturcba <1.4 77.6 >4.7 96.6
H0 Imintrcncty, als, stile lbh lcr-nkbhctckbcba suppmy :.7 :.9 :.1 :.4
I0 Qltir suppmy? siwirlai, wlsti elblaieibt lbh
rieihcltckb lntcvctcis
:.1 :.7 :.7 :.4
G0 Nkbstruntckb <>.< >.7 8.7 4.6
A0 Qfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi? riplcr kg ektkr vifcnmis
lbh ektkrnynmis
4>.7 <:.9 4>.4 4<.9
F0 Xrlbspkrtltckb lbh stkrlai 9.: :.6 4.> :.6
C0 Lnnkeekhltckb lbh gkkh sirvcni lntcvctcis 8.7 :.4 4.6 :.6
@0 Cbgkreltckb lbh nkeeubcnltckb 8.4 4.7 1.1 4.7
O0 Gcblbnclm lbh cbsurlbni lntcvctcis 7.: <.4 8.4 4.:
M0 Tilm-istlti lntcvctcis 8.6 :.6 4.9 :.6
E0 Zrkgissckblm, sncibtcn lbh tinfbcnlm lntcvctcis 6.9 3.> 3.< 9.1
B0 Lhecbcstrltcvi lbh suppkrt sirvcni lntcvctcis 8.6 <.1 8.1 <.3
K0 Zudmcn lhecbcstrltckb lbh higibni? nkepumskry
sknclm sinurcty
:.< :.< :.< :.:
Z0 Ihunltckb :.6 :.< :.6 :.<
\0 Fuelb filmtf lbh sknclm wkro lntcvctcis 4.6 :.8 <.8 :.>
T0 Lrts, ibtirtlcbeibt lbh rinriltckb <.< :.> <.8 :.3
^0 Ktfir sirvcni lntcvctcis <.3 :.9 <.> :.9
Xktlm <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:
Buedir kg res 5 <>4 411.
>6 L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
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Xfi gkur mlraist sintkrs cb tfi slepmi lri elbuglnturcba, nkbstruntckb, wfkmislmi lbh ritlcm lbh
prkgissckblm, sncibtcn lbh tinfbcnlm sirvcnis. Xfi risumts sfkw tflt elbuglnturcba res riprisibt
kbmy kbi-tfcrh kg res tflt kwb trlhi elros dut lmekst twk-tfcrhs kg tfi res tflt kwb pltibts.Nkbstruntckb riprisibts l (rimltcvimy) selmm grlntckb kg kwbirs gkr lmm tfrii CZTs (ditwiib 4.6 lbh
8.7 pir nibt kg kwbirs cb ilnf arkup). Nkeplrih tk ktfir sintkrs, tfi wfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi
sintkr kwbs rimltcvimy elby trlhi elros lbh hiscabs (4>.4 lbh 4<.9 pir nibt kg trlhi elro kwbirs
lbh hiscab kwbirs, rispintcvimy), dut kwbs miss pltibts (<:.9 pir nibt kg pltibt kwbirs).
^cecmlrmy, prkgissckblm sirvcnis res (”prkgissckblm, sncibtcn lbh tinfbcnlm lntcvctcis―) kwb
trlhi elros lbh pltibts (3.< lbh 3.> pir nibt), dut riprisibt l selmmir grlntckb kg hiscab kwbirs
(9.1 pir nibt).
L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns >3
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9.>.4 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi
Cb lhhctckb tk ubhirstlbhcba hcggiribnis cb CZT kwbirsfcp ditwiib res wctf vlrycba rivibui, ct cslmsk cepkrtlbt tk ubhirstlbh wfitfir tfiri lri hcggiribnis ditwiib ^EIs lbh mlrai res, cb tires kg0
➘ tfi ixtibt tk wfcnf CZTs lri kwbih?
➘ tfi typis kg CZT tflt lri typcnlmmy kwbih? lbh
➘ tfi ixtibt tk wfcnf Iurkpilb rltfir tflb bltckblm rcafts lri usih.
Xldmi 60 CZT kwbirsfcp dy gcre sczi (rihunih slepmi)
Mlrai (%) ^EI (%) Kvirlmm (%)
CZT bkb-kwbir 93.1 3:.3 63.3
CZT kwbir 8:.> 3.< <:.<
<::.: <::.: <::.:
Zltibt Zltibt bkb-kwbir 63.7 33.4 36.3
BLX kbmy* >.4 :.9 :.9
IYT kbmy <.3 :.< :.4
BLX & IYT 9.> :.4 :.>
<::.: <::.: <::.:
Xrlhi elro Xrlhi elro bkb-kwbir 7<.3 3<.8 3:.9
BLX kbmy 4<.: 1.> 1.1
IYT kbmy 4.< :.> :.8
BLX & IYT <9.: <.: <.8
<::.: <::.: <::.:
Hiscab Hiscab bkb-kwbir 3>.7 33.> 33.4
BLX kbmy >.: :.9 :.7
IYT kbmy <.7 :.< :.4
BLX & IYT <.6 :.< :.<
<::.: <::.: <::.:
Buedir kg res 5 4 >78 :7>.
* ‖BLX kbmy– cbhcnltis tflt tfi re kwbs bltckblm pltibts lbh bkt Iurkpilb pltibts. Ct nlb bkbitfimiss kwb ktfir typis kg CZT, sunf ls
trlhi elros kr hiscabs.
8: L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
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Xldmi 6 sfkws l buedir kg cbtiristcba risumts0
➘
l nkbschirldmi buedir kg res (63.3 pir nibt) hk bkt kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs?➘ l ariltir prkpkrtckb kg ^EIs lri bkb-kwbirs kg lmm tfrii CZTs tflb lri mlrai res (3:.3
pir nibt kg ^EIs virsus 93.1 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis)?
➘ cb ktfir wkrhs, kbmy 3 pir nibt kg ^EIs kwb lby ocbh kg CZT.
Mkkocba lt tfi kwbirsfcp kg cbhcvchulm CZTs, kbi nlb sii tflt >6.< pir nibt kg lmm mlrai nkeplbcis
lbh 6.7 pir nibt kg lmm ^EIs kwb trlhi elros. Ekrikvir, kbmy :.6 pir nibt kg ^EIs lri rimycba kb
pltibts lbh :.1 pir nibt kb hiscab rcafts, wfirils 7.8 pirnibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis kwb hiscabs lbh
<:.8 pir nibt kwb pltibt rcafts. Ct sfkumh lalcb di strissih tflt nkeplbcis tflt lri bkt tfi gkrelm
kwbirs kg CZTs nlb stcmm usi CZTs. Gkr ixlepmi, l nkeplby tflt cs plrt kg l nkeplby arkup ely bkt
di tfi ibtcty wctfcb tfi arkup tflt gkrelmmy kwbs tfi CZTs, dut stcmm lntulmmy usi tfie.
Cb Xldmi 3, tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi cs usih tk nkeplri CZT kwbirs lnrkss ^EIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis.
Xldmi 30 CZT kwbirsfcp dy gcre sczi, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlb-
hkecsih slepmi, 4:<:)
Xypi kg CZT Ysi dy aikarlpfy Mlrai (%) ^EI (%) Kvirlmm (%)
Zltibt BLX kbmy* >>.8 7<.: 86.9
IYT kbmy <7.4 <1.: <7.7
BLX & IYT 9:.8 44.< >8.3
<::.: <::.: <::.:
Xrlhi elro BLX kbmy 9<.> 13.3 1>.4
IYT kbmy 7.9 9.1 9.3
BLX & IYT 84.< <8.9 4:.3
<::.: <::.: <::.:
Hiscab BLX kbmy 49.6 99.> 88.<
IYT kbmy 99.: >1.: 8>.6
BLX & IYT <3.4 1.6 <4.<
<::.: <::.: <::.:
Buedir kg res 5 7> >>6.* ‖BLX kbmy– cbhcnltis tflt tfi re kwbs bltckblm pltibts lbh bkt Iurkpilb pltibts. Ct nlb bkbitfimiss kwb ktfir typis kg CZT, sunf ls
trlhi elros kr hiscabs.
L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns 8<
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Gcrst, bkti tflt kg lmm tfi res tflt kwb pltibts, ^EIs kwb bltckblm rcafts ekri griquibtmy tflb mlrai
nkeplbcis. Gkr ixlepmi, wfirils 7< pir nibt kg pltibt-kwbcba ^EIs kwb ixnmuscvimy bltckblm
pltibts, kbmy >>.8 pir nibt kg mlrai pltibt-kwbcba nkeplbcis hk sk (lmkbi kr pksscdmy cb nkedcbl-tckb wctf trlhi elros lbh/kr hiscabs). Ct cs lmsk bktiwkrtfy tflt, cb tficr rispintcvi arkups, tfi sflri
kg mlrai res kwbcba nkedcbltckbs kg bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb CZTs cs mlrair tflb tfi sflri kg ^EIs.
Gkr ixlepmi, cb tfi nlsi kg trlhi elros 84.< pir nibt kg mlrai trlhi elro-kwbcba nkeplbcis kwb
bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb trlhi elros, wfirils kbmy <8.9 pir nibt kg ^EIs hk sk. Cb tfi nlsi kg plt-
ibts, 9:.8 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis kwb Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm pltibts, nkeplrih tk 44.< pir
nibt kg ^EIs. Cb tfi nlsi kg hiscabs, <3.4 pir nibt kg mlrai res kwb dktf Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm
hiscabs, virsus 1.6 pir nibt kg ^EIs.
Sit lbktfir nflrlntircstcn kg CZT kwbirsfcp dy re sczi cs sfkwb cb Xldmi <:. Xfcs tldmi cs dlsih
kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi lbh prisibts tfi typis kg CZT tflt lri kwbih dy mlrai nkeplbcis lbh
^EIs, lbh wfitfir tfisi CZTs lri kwbih cb cskmltckb kr cb nkedcbltckb wctf ktfir CZTs.
Xldmi <:0 CZT kwbirsfcp dy typi kg CZT, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlb-
hkecsih slepmi)
Xypi kg CZT Mlrai (%) ^EI (%) Kvirlmm (%)
Zltibt kbmy 9.< 8.6 8.6
Xrlhi elro kbmy 74.< 6<.9 11.4
Hiscab kbmy :.9 <.6 <.9
Zltibt lbh trlhi elro <7.8 7.: 6.>
Zltibt lbh hiscab :.9 :.8 :.8
Xrlhi elro lbh hiscab 9.6 >.1 8.4
Zltibt, hiscab lbh trlhi elro 3.9 <.3 >.7
<::.: <::.: <::.:
Buedir kg res 5 7> >>6.
Bkti tflt lekbast CZT kwbirs, res eloi ekst usi kg trlhi elros ls stlbh-lmkbi rcafts (6<.9
pir nibt kg lmm ^EI CZT kwbirs lbh 74.< pir nibt kg lmm mlrai res tflt kwb CZT). Lbktfir cbtiristcba
glnt cs tflt mlrai nkeplbcis kwb hcggiribt CZT typis ekri kgtib cb nkedcbltckb tflb ^EIs. Gkr
ixlepmi, <7.8 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis tflt kwb CZTs kwb l nkedcbltckb kg pltibts lbh trlhi
elros, lbh 3.9 pir nibt kwb l nkedcbltckb kg pltibts, hiscabs lbh trlhi elros. Kvirlmm, kbmy <7.7
pir nibt kg lmm res rimy kb l nkedcbltckb kg hcggiribt typis kg CZT0 >4.> pir nibt kg mlrai res lbhkbmy <4.: pir nibt kg ^EIs.
84 L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
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9.>.> CZT kwbirsfcp dy rivibui pir iepmkyii
Xldmi << hcstcbaucsfis arkups kg res cb vi iqulmmy-sczih nltiakrcis, grke mkw (<) tk fcaf (9)lnnkrhcba tk tficr rivibui pir iepmkyii.
Xldmi <<0 Kwbirsfcp kg CZT dy rivibui pir iepmkyii
(rihunih slepmi)
Nltiakry kg re lnnkrhcba tk rivibui pir iepmkyii
<
(mkwist)
(:-4:%)
(%)
4
(4:-8:%)
(%)
>
(8:-7:%)
(%)
8
(7:-6:%)
(%)
9
(fcafist)
(6:-<::%)
(%)
Kvirlmm
(%)
CZT bkb-kwbir 34.3 3:.9 63.< 69.3 64.8 66.4
CZT kwbir 1.< 3.9 <:.3 <8.< <1.7 <<.6
<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:
Zltibt Zltibt bkb-kwbir 33.1 33.7 36.3 31.6 31.1 36.1
BLX kbmy* :.4 :.> :.7 <.: <.: :.7
IYT kbmy :.< :.: :.< :.8 :.9 :.4
BLX & IYT :.< :.< :.> :.6 :.3 :.8
<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:
Xrlhi elro Xrlhi elro bkb-kwbir 3>.< 3:.3 63.1 67.1 6>.> 66.1
BLX kbmy 7.8 6.4 6.7 3.3 <<.3 3.:
IYT kbmy :.4 :.4 :.8 :.1 :.3 :.9
BLX & IYT :.8 :.1 <.8 4.1 >.3 <.6
<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:
Hiscab Hiscab bkb-kwbir 33.1 33.9 33.< 36.8 36.4 33.:
BLX kbmy :.4 :.8 :.1 :.3 <.: :.1
IYT kbmy :.: :.< :.< :.> :.9 :.4
BLX & IYT :.: :.: :.< :.> :.> :.4
<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:
Buedir kg res 5 < 897 <49.
* ‖BLX kbmy– cbhcnltis tflt tfi re kwbs bltckblm pltibts lbh bkt Iurkpilb pltibts. Ct nlb bkbitfimiss kwb ktfir typis kg CZT, sunf ls
trlhi elros kr hiscabs.
L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns 8>
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Xfi pirnibtlai kg nkeplbcis kwbcba CZTs cbnrilsis ls rivibui pir iepmkyii cbnrilsis. Xfiri
lri <1.7 pir nibt CZT kwbirs cb tfi fcafist qucbtcmi kg rivibui pir iepmkyii lbh kbmy 1.< pir nibt
cb tfi mkwist kbi. Xfcs plttirb ieirais cb tfi nlsi kg pltibts, trlhi elros, kr hiscabs. Ct cs lmskkdsirvih gkr bltckblm rcafts kbmy, Iurkpilb rcafts kbmy, kr l nkedcbltckb kg dktf. Xfus, cb tfi nlsi kg
trlhi elros, cb tfi fcafist rivibui/iepmkyii nltiakry, <7.1 pir nibt kg res lri kwbirs, nkeplrih
tk 7.3 pir nibt cb tfi mkwist nltiakry? gkr pltibts, tfi rispintcvi pirnibtlais lri 4.> lbh :.>? lbh
gkr hiscabs, <.6 lbh :.>.
Xldmi <4 sfkws tfi slei cbgkreltckb ls Xldmi <<, dut gkr CZT kwbirs kbmy.
Xldmi <40 Kwbirsfcp kg CZT dy rivibui pir iepmkyii, CZT kwb-
irs kbmy (rlbhkecsih slepmi)
Nltiakry kg re lnnkrhcba tk rivibui pir iepmkyii
Xypi kg CZT <
(mkwist)
(:-4:%)
(%)
4
(4:-8:%)
(%)
>
(8:-7:%)
(%)
8
(7:-6:%)
(%)
9
(fcafist)
(6:-<::%)
(%)
Kvirlmm
(%)
Zltibt BLX kbmy* 78.7 91.6 86.< 88.< 8<.8 81.>
IYT kbmy <1.3 <9.3 <9.8 <7.8 <3.3 <7.3
BLX & IYT <1.9 47.> >7.9 >3.8 >6.7 >9.6
<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:
Xrlhi elro BLX kbmy 66.9 13.4 71.6 7>.3 77.< 1<.8
IYT kbmy >.< 9.< 7.> 7.3 7.6 9.3
BLX & IYT 6.> <9.7 49.3 43.< 41.< 44.1
<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:
Hiscab BLX kbmy 73.8 98.< 8:.9 >4.3 >9.6 8<.:
IYT kbmy 49.9 >>.> 88.3 9>.7 9<.3 87.<
BLX & IYT 9.< <4.7 <8.7 <>.7 <4.> <4.3
<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:
Buedir kg res wctf pltibts 5 7 4:4, wctf trlhi elros 5 >6 >>7 lbh wctf hiscabs 5 > 491.
*‖BLX kbmy– cbhcnltis tflt tfi re kwbs bltckblm pltibts lbh bkt Iurkpilb pltibts. Ct nlb bkbitfimiss kwb ktfir typis kg CZT, sunf ls
hiscabs kr trlhi elros.
88 L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
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L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns 89
Gcres cb tfi fcafir qucbtcmis kg CZT kwbirs tibh tk rimy miss kb bltckblm CZTs kbmy lbh ekri kb
Iurkpilb kbmy kr l ecx kg Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm CZTs. Gkr ixlepmi, 66.9 pir nibt kg trlhi elro-
kwbcba res cb tfi mkwist qucbtcmi kwb bltckblm trlhi elros kbmy, >.< pir nibt kwb Iurkpilb trlhielros kbmy, lbh 6.> pir nibt kwb Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm trlhi elros cb nkedcbltckb. Cb nkbtrlst,
77.< pir nibt kg trlhi elro-kwbcba res cb tfi fcafist qucbtcmi kwb bltckblm trlhi elros, 7.6 pir
nibt kwb Iurkpilb trlhi elros lbh ls elby ls 41.< pir nibt kwb l nkedcbltckb kg dktf.
Lmtfkuaf tfcs cs bkt sfkwb cb tfi tldmi, lbktfir bhcba cs tflt res wctf fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii
lri miss mcoimy tk kwb stlbh-lmkbi pltibts, trlhi elros kr hiscabs tflb res wctf mkwir rivibui pir
iepmkyii, lbh ekri mcoimy tk kwb nkedcbltckbs kg tfi tfrii CZTs.
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9.>.8 CZT kwbirsfcp dy re lai
Ls glr ls lai kg res cs nkbnirbih, gkur nltiakrcis lri hcstcbaucsfih0 ditwiib 4 lbh 9 yilrs,ditwiib 9 lbh <: yilrs, ditwiib <: lbh 4: yilrs, lbh kmhir tflb 4: yilrs.
Xldmi <> sfkws CZT kwbirsfcp dy re lai gkr tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi. Xwk cbtiristcba glnts nlb di
siib cb tfi tldmi. Gcrst, ykubair res kwb trlhi elros ekri tflb kmhir res. Gurtfirekri, tfiy lri
ekri mcoimy tk kwb trlhi elros ls stlbh-lmkbi rcafts (61.< pir nibt kg res laih ditwiib 4 lbh 9
yilrs tflt kwb CZTs kwb kbmy trlhi elros? tfcs cs kbmy 14.: pir nibt gkr res kmhir tflb 4: yilrs).
^inkbh, cb tficr rispintcvi arkups, tfi sflri kg kmhir res kwbcba nkedcbltckbs kg vlrckus CZTs cs
fcafir tflb kg ykubair kbis (6.6 pir nibt kg CZT-kwbcba res laih ditwiib 4 lbh 9 yilrs lbh 4<.<
pir nibt gkr res kmhir tflb 4: yilrs kwbih nkedcbltckbs kg CZT).43
Xldmi <>0 CZT kwbirsfcp dy lai, CZT kwbirs kbmy (rlbhkecsih
slepmi)
Xypi kg CZT Ditwiib
4 lbh 9
yilrs kmh
(%)
Ditwiib
9 lbh <:
yilrs kmh
(%)
Ditwiib
<: lbh 4:
yilrs kmh
(%)
Ekri tflb
4: yilrs
kmh
(%)
Kvirlmm
(%)
Zltibt kbmy 4.9 >.1 8.8 9.8 8.6
Xrlhi elro kbmy 61.< 69.7 6<.8 14.: 11.4
Hiscab kbmy <.7 <.9 <.7 <.8 <.9
Zltibt lbh trlhi elro 8.< 8.8 7.7 <:.9 6.>
Zltibt lbh hiscab :.4 :.4 :.> :.9 :.8
Xrlhi elro lbh hiscab 4.4 4.3 >.8 9.< 8.4
Zltibt, hiscab lbh trlhi elro 4.> <.7 4.4 9.: >.7
<::.: <::.: <::.: <::.: <::.:
Buedir kg res 5 7> >>:
Lbktfir cbtiristcba bhcba wfcnf cs bkt sfkwb cb Xldmi <>, cs tflt, cb tfi nlsi kg trlhi elros lbh
hiscabs, l mlrair prkpkrtckb kg kmhir res kwb bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb CZTs cb nkedcbltckb
nkeplrih wctf ykubair res. Cb tfi nlsi kg pltibts tfcs cs rivirsih0 ykubair res tibh tk kwb
bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb pltibts ekri cb nkedcbltckb.
43 Mkkocba lt tfi rihunih slepmi (bkt sfkwb firi), ct nlb di kdsirvih tflt ykubair res aibirlmmy kwb CZTs miss griquibtmy
tflb kmhir res0 7.< pir nibt kg res laih ditwiib 4 lbh 9 yilrs lri kwbcba CZTs, wfirils <9.4 pir nibt kg res kg 4: yilrs
lbh kmhir kwb CZTs.
87 L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
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9.>.9 Lvirlai stkno dy re sczi
Gcblmmy, Xldmi <8 prisibts tfi lvirlai stkno (nkubts) gkr ilnf arkup kgCZTs fimh dy EIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis lnrkss Iurkpi ls l wfkmi.
Xldmi <80 Lvirlai stkno (nkubts) dy gcre sczi, CZT kwbirs kbmy
(rlbhkecsih slepmi)
IYT trlhi
elro
BLX trlhi
elro
IYT
hiscab
BLX
hiscab
IYT
pltibt
BLX
pltibt
Mlrai 6.4 <7.7 47.6 44.7 44.: 44.>
^EI 4.9 >.8 3.4 <>.4 4.3 >.6
Kvirlmm 8.3 7.9 <6.: <7.: <8.< <4.4
Bkti0 Buedir kg res0 IYT trlhi elro 5 <8 414, BLX trlhi elro 5 9: 4<9, IYT hiscab 5 4 84:, BLX hiscab 5 4 8>9, IYT pltibt 5 8 ><6,
BLX pltibt 5 7 33:.
Xfi eilb vlmuis flvi diib nlmnumltih gkr tfi arkup kg kwbirs kg tfi rispintcvi CZT. Lmm bkb-kwbirs kg tflt CZT flvi diib ixnmuhih grke
tfi nlmnumltckb. Gkr skei nkubtrcis plrtcnumlr typis kg CZT wiri bkt kwbih dy tfi res cb tfi slepmi. Gkr ixlepmi, tfiri wls bk Mctfulbclb
re wfcnf kwbih l Iurkpilb pltibt cb 4:<:.
Kvirlmm, tfi stkno kg rcafts cs mlraist cb tfi nlsi kg hiscab kwbirs (kb lvirlai <6.: Iurkpilb hiscabrcafts lbh <7.: bltckblm hiscab rcafts), gkmmkwih dy pltibt lbh trlhi elro kwbirs. Cbtiristcba tk
bkti cs tflt, kb lvirlai, mlrai nkeplbcis kwb ekri rcafts tflb ^EIs tfrkuafkut lmm typis kg CZT
lbh cbhipibhibtmy kg aikarlpfcnlm nkvirlai. Kvirlmm, res tibh tk flvi mlrair stknos kg bltckblm
tflb Iurkpilb CZTs, tfi kbmy ixniptckb dicba mlrai hiscab-kwbcba res. Xfi lvirlai stkno kg
Iurkpilb-hiscab-kwbcba res ixniihs tflt kg bltckblm-hiscab-kwbcba res.
L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns 81
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9.8 ^ueelry
Xfcs sintckb prisibts l rst mkko lt l biwmy nkbstruntih hltlsit, wfcnf cs scabcnlbtmy mlrair tflblby ktfir hltl skurni kg tfcs typi nurribtmy lvlcmldmi. Xfi gkmmkwcba hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lri ekst
bktiwkrtfy0
➘ Xfi rivibui pir iepmkyii kg kwbirs kg CZTs (pltibts, trlhi elros lbh/kr hiscabs,
bltckblm lbh/kr Iurkpilb) cs 46.7 pir nibt fcafir tflb kg bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs. Xfcs CZT
”rivibui priecue― cs mlraist gkr hiscab kwbirs lt ><.8 pir nibt, gkmmkwih dy trlhi elro
lbh pltibt kwbirs lt 43.9 pir nibt lbh 49.1 pir nibt, rispintcvimy. Lmm tfi hcggiribnis
gkubh lri stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt, eilbcba tflt tfiy lri viry ubmcoimy tk flvi knnurrih
purimy dy nflbni.
➘ CZT kwbirs kb lvirlai iepmky lmekst scx tceis ls elby wkroirs ls bkb-kwbirs. Lmsk,
wlais plch dy CZT kwbirs lri lmekst 4: pir nibt fcafir tflb dy res tflt hk bkt kwb
CZTs. Cb tfcs nlsi, tfi ”wlai priecue― cs fcafist gkr pltibts lt 8:.7 pir nibt, gkmmkwih
dy hiscabs lt 4> pir nibt lbh trlhi elros lt <6.6 pir nibt. Lalcb, tfisi hcggiribnis lri
stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt.
➘ L nkbschirldmi buedir kg res (63.3 pir nibt) hk bkt kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs. Ekrikvir,
l ariltir prkpkrtckb kg ^EIs lri bkb-kwbirs tflb lri mlrai res (3:.3 pir nibt kg ^EIs
virsus 93.1 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis). Cb ktfir wkrhs, kbmy 3.< pir nibt kg ^EIs kwb
lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs cbnmuhih cb tfcs stuhy. Bkt kwbcba CZTs hkis bkt binisslrcmy eilb
tflt tfisi res hk bkt usi CZTs. Xfiy ely usi CZTs cb tficr nkeeirnclm lntcvctcis, dutgkrelm kwbirsfcp ely di wctf ktfir ibtctcis wctfcb tfi slei nkeplby arkup strunturi.
➘ CZTs lri ekstmy kwbih dy elbuglnturcba res, lmtfkuaf tfiri lri hcggiribnis ditwiib
CZTs. Ldkut kbi-tfcrh kg trlhi elro kwbirs lri elbuglnturcba res, wfcmst elbuglnturcba
res riprisibt lmekst twk-tfcrhs kg lmm pltibt kwbirs. Bixt tk elbuglnturcba res, res cb
wfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi nkbstctuti tfi mlraist arkup kg trlhi elro lbh hiscab kwbirs.
➘ Gcres cb tfi tkp qucbtcmi (4: pir nibt) cb tires kg rivibui pir iepmkyii lri ekri mcoimy tk
kwb CZTs tflb res cb tfi mkwist 4: pir nibt0 <1.7 pir nibt virsus 1.< pir nibt. Lekba
tfi CZT kwbirs, res cb tfi tkp nltiakry kg rivibui pir iepmkyii tibh tk rimy ekri kbIurkpilb rcafts (kgtib nkedcbih wctf bltckblm rcafts), wfcmi res cb tfi mkwist nltiakry
tibh tk kwb bltckblm rcafts.
➘ Xfiri lri bktcnildmi hcggiribnis lekba CZT-kwbcba res cb tires kg kwbirsfcp kg
plrtcnumlr CZTs, cb tires kg ^EIs virsus mlrai nkeplbcis kwbcba CZTs lbh cb tires kg
lvirlai stkno (nkubts) kg CZTs. Kb lvirlai, mlrai nkeplbcis kwb ekri CZTs kg lmm tfrii
typis tflb ^EIs, cbhipibhibtmy kg aikarlpfcn nkvirlai.
86 L gcrst mkko lt tfi ivchibni0 hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
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:7 / CZTs lbh gcre
pirgkrelbni0inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs
7.< Cbtrkhuntckb
Xfcs nflptir gurtfir ixlecbis tfi mcbo ditwiib CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni. Cb plrtcnumlr, inkbkeitrcn
ekhimmcba cs lppmcih tk istcelti tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib res– pirgkrelbni lbh tficr kwbirsfcp
kg CZTs kvirlmm, dut lmsk tfi kwbirsfcp kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh riacstirih hiscabs siplrltimy.
Gurtfirekri, tfi nflptir ixpmkris tfi mcbo ditwiib stknos kg hcggiribt typis kg CZT lbh tfi
pirgkrelbni kg tfi res.
Lppmycba inkbkeitrcn tinfbcquis tk tfi hltlsit elois ct pksscdmi tk nkbtrkm gkr ixtirblm cbuibnis
kb res– pirgkrelbni tk tfi ariltist ixtibt pksscdmi. Nkeplrih tk privckus stuhcis, tfi hltl usih
cb tfcs stuhy kggirs bkt kbmy l wchi aikarlpfcnlm snkpi dut lmsk cbgkreltckb kb sivirlm riacstirih CZT
typis lbh kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg l mlrai buedir kg res kvir sivirlm yilrs.
Xfi gknus cb tfcs nflptir cs kb tfi risumts kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs. Eitfkhkmkay cs hcsnussih
kbmy tk tfi ixtibt tflt ct cs binisslry tk ubhirstlbh tfi risumts. L hiipir hisnrcptckb kg tfi eitfkhkmkay
cs nkbtlcbih cb Lbbix 6.9.
7.4 ^imintckb kg vlrcldmis
Inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs nkbscsts cb ixlecbcba, uscba stltcstcnlm tinfbcquis, tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib
l vlrcldmi wfksi ekvieibts tfi risilrnfir siios tk ixpmlcb (nlmmih tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi) uscbal sit kg ixpmlbltkry kr cbhipibhibt vlrcldmis.
Xfcs sintckb hisnrcdis tfi simintckb kg tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lbh tfi cbhipibhibt vlrcldmis.>:
Ekrikvir, ct prkvchis hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns gkr tfi elcb vlrcldmis usih.
>: ^ii Lbbix 6.9.<.4 gkr l hitlcmih hisnrcptckb lbh hibctckbs kg tfi vlrcldmis.
83
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9: CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs
Hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Xfi purpksi kg tfcs stuhy cs tk lblmysi tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZTs lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg res.Xfirigkri, tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi kg tfi ekhims biihs tk di lb cbhcnltkr kg nkeplby pirgkrelbni.
Xfi KTDC^ hltldlsi hisnrcdih cb Nflptir 8 nkbtlcbs sivirlm pktibtclm nlbhchltis, cbnmuhcba vlrckus
eilsuris kg rivibui, slmis lbh prkt kr mkss. Acvib tflt tfcs stuhy rimcis kb hltl grke sivirlm IY
Eiedir ^tltis, ct cs cepkrtlbt tflt tfi dlscs kb wfcnf tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs nkbstruntih cs
chibtcnlm ditwiib nkubtrcis kvir tcei ls tfcs wcmm ecbcecsi tfi rcso tflt wilobissis cb tfi hltl
milh tk dclsih risumts. Gkr tfcs rilskb, vlrckus eilsuris kg prktldcmcty, wfcnf lri kgtib lggintih dy
lnnkubtcba lbh tlx nkbschirltckbs, wiri hcsnlrhih cb glvkur kg rivibui ls tfi dlscs kg tfi
pirgkrelbni eilsuri cb tfi ekhims. Acvib tfi sudstlbtclm vlrcltckb cb rivibui ditwiib res kg
hcggiribt sczis, tfi hincsckb wls elhi tk trlbsgkre tfi pirgkrelbni eilsuri dy hcvchcba ct dy tfi
buedir kg tfi re–s iepmkyiis.
Xfus, rivibui pir iepmkyii (kpirltcba rivibui pir iepmkyii cb l acvib yilr) cs tfi eilsuri kg
pirgkrelbni cb tfi inkbkeitrcn ekhims.
Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis
Xfi hcggiribnis ditwiib res cb tficr pirgkrelbni, ls riprisibtih dy rivibui pir iepmkyii, lri
tfib skuaft tk di ixpmlcbih dy l sit kg ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis, wfcnf glmm cbtk twk elcb nltiakrcis0
➘ dcblry kr hueey vlrcldmis tflt cbhcnlti wfitfir tfi re kwbs CZTs (kr wfitfir tfi re
kwbs l plrtcnumlr typi kg CZT)?➘ qulbtcty kg CZTs kwbih dy tfi re.
Qctf rialrh tk eilsuris kg CZT kwbirsfcp, tfi gkmmkwcba hueey vlrcldmis wiri nkbstruntih grke
tfi rlw hltl0><
➘ CZT kwbir0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs lby typi kg CZT cb lby kg tfi yilrs, lbh :
ktfirwcsi
➘ l sit kg hueey vlrcldmis wfcnf cbhcnltis wfitfir kr bkt l re kwbs l spincn nkedcbltckb
kg CZTs cb lby kg tfi yilrs lbh wfcnf hcvchis tfi slepmi cbtk icaft nkrrispkbhcba arkups0
• Zltibts kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts dut bk ktfir typi kg CZT, lbh :ktfirwcsi
• Xrlhi elros kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs trlhi elros dut bk ktfir typi kg
CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi
• Hiscabs kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs hiscab rcafts dut bk ktfir typi kg CZT,
lbh : ktfirwcsi
• Zltibts lbh trlhi elros0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts lbh trlhi elros
dut bkt hiscabs, lbh : ktfirwcsi
• Zltibts lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts lbh hiscabs dut bkt
trlhi elros, lbh : ktfirwcsi
>< Hueey kr dcblry vlrcldmis lri vlrcldmis wfcnf tloi l vlmui kg ictfir zirk kr kbi. Gkr ixlepmi, l hueey vlrcldmi cbhcnltcba
wfitfir kr bkt tfi nkeplby cs hkecncmih cb ^plcb wkumh tloi l vlmui kg kbi gkr lmm ^plbcsf nkeplbcis lbh zirk gkr lmm ktfir
nkeplbcis.
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CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 9<
• Xrlhi elros lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs trlhi elros lbh hiscabs
dut bkt pltibts, lbh : ktfirwcsi
• Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs lmm tfrii typis kgCZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi
• Bk CZTs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re hkis bkt kwb lby typi kg CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi
➘ ^tkno eilsuris kg l plrtcnumlr gkre kg CZT wiri lmsk usih, hcstcbaucsfcba ditwiib stkno
eilsuris gkr Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm CZTs. Ls wctf tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi, tfisi
ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis kg cbtirist wiri trlbsgkreih dy hcvchcba dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis0
• IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb pltibts kwbih dy tfi re
hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
• BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm pltibts kwbih dy tfi re hcvchih
dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
• IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb trlhi elros kwbih dy tfi
re hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
• BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm trlhi elros kwbih dy tfi
re hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
• IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb hiscab rcafts kwbih dy tfi re
hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
• BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm hiscab rcafts kwbih dy tfi re
hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
Cb lhhctckb, sk-nlmmih nkbtrkm vlrcldmis wiri lmsk usih. Xfisi lri vlrcldmis wfcnf cbhcnlti, kr nkbtrkm
gkr, bkb-CZT glntkrs wfcnf ecaft lggint nkeplby pirgkrelbni lbh wfcnf tfirigkri biih tk di tloibcbtk lnnkubt wfib lblmyscba tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib pirgkrelbni lbh CZT kwbirsfcp0
➘ Nkubtry hueecis0 tfi nkubtry cb wfcnf tfi nkeplby cs hkecncmih.
➘ ^intkr hueecis0 tfi sintkr cb wfcnf tfi nkeplby cs lntcvi (BLNI sintckbs).
➘ Silr hueecis0 tfi yilr (tk nkbtrkm gkr tfi iggints kg tfi inkbkecn nynmi).
➘ ^EI0 l hueey vlrcldmi wfcnf tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi nkeplby cs lb ^EI, lbh : cg tfi
nkeplby cs mlrai.>4
➘ Lai kg nkeplby0 l vlrcldmi tflt cbhcnltis tfi lai kg tfi nkeplby cb tfi yilr 4:<>.>>
>4 Gcres lri nmlsscih ls EIs kbmy cg tfiy wiri lb ^EI gkr tfi wfkmi pirckh cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs. Cg l nkeplby wls ‖mlrai– gkr ltmilst kbi yilr, ct wls triltih ls ‖mlrai– cb tfi lblmyscs.
>> Xfi vlrcldmi wls nlmnumltih dy sudtrlntcba tfi yilr kg cbnkrpkrltckb ripkrtih cb KTDC^ grke tfi yilr lt tfi pkcbt kg lblmyscs -
4:<>. Xfiri lri l selmm buedir kg kdsirvltckbs tflt lri plrtcnumlrmy kmh, cbnmuhcba kbi nkeplby tflt fls lb lai kg 6<> yilrs.
KTDC^ ripkrts cts hlti kg cbnkrpkrltckb tk di <4::. L giw ktfir nkeplbcis flvi lb lai kg >::-8:: yilrs.
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94 CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs
Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns gkr elcb vlrcldmis
Xfi dlscn hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns gkr tfi hipibhibt lbh ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis lri sfkwb cb Xldmi 48cb Lbbix 6.9.<.4.
Xfi hltlsit usih gkr tfi riarissckb lblmyscs nkbscsts kg <>: 999 res.>8 Gkr ilnf re rivibui
lbh iepmkyeibt cbgkreltckb cs lvlcmldmi gkr 9.8 yilrs kb lvirlai, ycimhcba l tktlm kg 1:9 343 hltl
pkcbts. Xfi el`krcty kg tfi nkeplbcis flh rivibui pir iepmkyii pir yilr kg miss tflb IYT 49: :::,
lmtfkuaf l selmm grlntckb ripkrtih buedirs cb ixniss kg kbi ecmmckb. Xfi eilb vlmui cb tfi wfkmi
slepmi wls IYT 47> 6::. Kb lvirlai, res kwb ekri bltckblm tflb Iurkpilb CZTs pir iepmkyii.
Gkr ixlepmi, tfi lvirlai bltckblm trlhi elro stkno gkr lmm res cb tfi slepmi cs 3.8 trlhi elros pir
<:: iepmkyiis, wfirils ct kbmy lekubtih tk :.3 gkr Iurkpilb trlhi elros.
Gkr tinfbcnlm rilskbs, tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib rivibui pir iepmkyii lbh tfi CZT-rimltih vlrcldmis
(ktfir tflb hueey vlrcldmis) cs ekst lpprkprcltimy ekhimmih dy trlbsgkrecba tfi vlrcldmis mkalrctf-
ecnlmmy, l nkeekb tinfbcqui cb inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs.
>8 Nkeplrih tk ^intckb 8 tfi buedir kg res fls rihunih grke <>4 411 tk <>: 999. Xfi rilskb cs tflt gkr skei res sivirlm
rivibui-pir-iepmkyii kdsirvltckbs wiri ecsscba, ictfir dinlusi tfiri wls hltl kbmy gkr rivibui kr gkr iepmkyiis (dut bkt dktf),
kr dinlusi tfi ripkrtih buedir kg iepmkyiis wls zirk.
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CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 9>
7.4.> Ekhim spincgcnltckbs
Lbbix 6.9 nkbtlcbs l gumm tinfbcnlm hisnrcptckb kg tfi ekhim spincnltckbs tflt flvi diib usih lbhl hisnrcptckb kg sivirlm inkbkeitrcn nflmmibais tflt wiri glnih. Xfrkuafkut lmm ekhims l mcectih
buedir kg kdvckus re-spincn nkbtrkm vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih tflt kbi wkumh l prckrc ixpint tk
flvi lb iggint kb nkeplby pirgkrelbni0 cbhustrclm sintkr, Eiedir ^tlti, re typi lbh tfi lai kg
tfi nkeplby.>9 Xcei-spincn iggints wfcnf lggint lmm res cb tfi slei wly, i.a. inkbkecn nynmis,
wiri lmsk tloib cbtk lnnkubt dy cbnmuhcba l vlrcldmi gkr ilnf tcei pirckh.>7
Yscba tfisi nkbtrkm vlrcldmis, twk hcggiribt ekhim spincnltckbs wiri lppmcih, ilnf hiscabih tk
lblmysi l hcggiribt rimltckbsfcp.
<. Xfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh re pirgkrelbni0 cb tfcs
spincnltckb tfi (mka kg) tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii cs tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lbh tfi
kwbirsfcp kr bkt kg CZTs kvirlmm kr spincn CZTs cs tfi oiy ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi.
4. Xfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT stkno lbh re pirgkrelbni0 gkr tfi sinkbh sit kg
riarissckbs, vlrcldmis kg pltibt, hiscab lbh trlhi elro stknos wiri nkbstruntih grke tfi
rlw hltlsit. Xfi stkno eilsuris tfi buedir kg l plrtcnumlr gkre kg CZT tflt wls fimh
dy l re cb l acvib yilr. ^iplrlti stkno eilsuris wiri hibih gkr Iurkpilb hiscabs,
bltckblm hiscabs, Iurkpilb trlhi elros, itn., sunf tflt l tktlm kg scx stkno vlrcldmis wiri
nkbstruntih. Ls wls hkbi gkr tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi, tfisi oiy ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis kg
cbtirist wiri trlbsgkreih dy hcvchcba dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis lbh tlocba mkalrctfes.
>9 Hui tk hltl mcectltckbs ct wls bkt pksscdmi tk usi lhhctckblm ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis. Qfcmi tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi nkbtlcbs l
nkbschirldmi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb, tfiri lri ecsscba kdsirvltckbs gkr elby res cb sivirlm yilrs, gkr elby kg tfi blbnclm
vlrcldmis. Cg tfisi giw alps lri sueeih tkaitfir, tfiy nkbschirldmy rihuni tfi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb lvlcmldmi lbh sk wkumh milh
tk elby kdsirvltckbs dicba mkst.>7 Ls l rkdustbiss nfino plcrwcsi cbtirlntckbs ditwiib Eiedir tltis, cbhustrclm sintkrs lbh tcei vlrcldmis flvi diib cbnmuhih cb
lmm riarissckb ekhims tk lm mkw tfi inkbkecn nynmis tk vlry dy nkubtry lbh cbhustry sintkr, ls wimm ls tk lm mkw nkubtry iggints tk vlry
dy cbhustry sintkr. cbni tfi risumts hch bkt nflbai scabcnlbtmy, gkr tfi sloi kg scepmcncty lbh nmlrcty tfisi lri bkt cbnmuhih cb tfi
blm ripkrt.
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7.> Tisumts
Cb tfcs sintckb tfi oiy risumts kg tfi inkbkeitrcn ekhimmcba lri prisibtih uscba sueelry risumtstldmis. \ulmctltcvi cbtirpritltckb kg tfi risumts cs prkvchih. Xfi gkmmkwcba sud-sintckb nkbtlcbs l drcig
ixpmlbltckb kg fkw tfi risumts sfkumh di cbtirpritih.
7.>.< Cbtirpritcba riarissckb risumts
Xk cbtirprit tfi riarissckb risumts prisibtih cb tfi tldmis dimkw, l mcttmi dlnoarkubh obkwmihai kg
inkbkeitrcns lbh stltcstcns cs riqucrih. Cb tfcs sintckb, tfi binisslry obkwmihai tk ubhirstlbh tfi
hcsnussckb tflt gkmmkws cs prkvchih.
Ybhirstlbhcba nkiggcncibts
Xfi tldmis nkbtlcbcba tfi riarissckb risumts nkbscst kg tfi gkmmkwcba nkmuebs0
Wlrcldmi Nkig
Xfi ”Wlrcldmi― nkmueb nkbtlcbs tfi ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis kg tfi riarissckb ekhim. Ixpmlbltkry
vlrcldmis lri tfksi glntkrs tflt lri dimcivih tk flvi lb ceplnt kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg tfi re.
Xfi ”Nkig― nkmueb sfkws tfi ceplnt kg ilnf ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg tfi re.
L pksctcvi vlmui gkr tfi nkigncibt eilbs tflt lb cbnrilsi cb tfi vlmui kg tfi vlrcldmi ceprkvis tfi
pirgkrelbni kg tfi re, wfcmst l bialtcvi nkigncibt eilbs tflt lb cbnrilsi cb tfi vlmui kg tfi
vlrcldmi wiloibs tfi pirgkrelbni. Xfi ariltir tfi elabctuhi kg tfi nkigncibt (ictfir pksctcvi kr
bialtcvi), tfi ariltir tfi ceplnt kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg tfi re.
Cb tfi vlst el`krcty kg tfi ekhims, dktf tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lbh tfi eilsuris kg CZT lri eilsurih
cb mkas. Cb tfisi nlsis, tfi nkigncibt eilsuris tfi imlstcncty kg re pirgkrelbni (rivibui pir
iepmkyii) wctf rispint tk CZT stknos. Cb ktfir wkrhs, tfi nkigncibt chibtcis tfi pirnibtlai
nflbai cb rivibui pir iepmkyii acvib l kbi pir nibt nflbai cb tfi stkno kg CZTs. Gkr ixlepmi,l nkigncibt kg :.4 kb l vlrcldmi eilsurcba tfi stkno kg bltckblm hiscabs eilbs tflt l < pir nibt
nflbai cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm hiscabs milhs tk l :.4 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb rivibui pir iepmkyii,
lmm imsi dicba iqulm.
Ct cs cepkrtlbt tk bkti tflt bkt lmm vlrcldmis flvi l stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt cbuibni kb tfi hipibhibt
vlrcldmi, fkwivir. ^tltcstcnclbs lbh inkbkeitrcnclbs usi scabcnlbni tists tk hitirecbi wfitfir kr
bkt l plrtcnumlr ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi fls l stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt rimltckbsfcp tk tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi.
Xfi scabcnlbni mivim cbhcnltis tfi prkdldcmcty kg l glmsi ri`intckb kg tfi bumm fypktfiscs, gkr ixlepmi
tflt tfi nkigncibt cs hcggiribt grke zirk, cb l stltcstcnlm tist. Cb ktfir wkrhs, ct cbhcnltis tfi prkdldcmcty
tflt tfi nkigncibt lppilrs tk di bkb-zirk skmimy ls l risumt kg nflbni. Cb tfi tldmis kg risumts, l scbamilstircso bixt tk lb ibtry cb tfi ”Nkig― nkmueb cbhcnltis tflt tfi nkigncibt cs scabcnlbtmy hcggiribt grke
zirk lt tfi <: pir nibt nkbhibni mivim, wfcmst l hkudmi lstircso cbhcnltis tflt ct cs scabcnlbt lt tfi
vi pir nibt mivim lbh l trcpmi lstircso cbhcnltis tflt ct cs scabcnlbt lt tfi kbi pir nibt mivim.
98 CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs
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Kbi nlb flvi ariltir nkbhibni tflt tfi cbhipibhibt vlrcldmi trumy fls lb ceplnt kb tfi hipibhibt
vlrcldmi cg ct cs scabcnlbt lt tfi kbi pir nibt mivim tflb cg ct cs scabcnlbt lt tfi vi kr ivib tib pir
nibt mivim.
Hueey vlrcldmis
^kei kg tfi vlrcldmis cbnmuhih cb tfi riarissckbs lri ‖hueey vlrcldmis–, wfcnf tloi l vlmui kg ictfir
zirk kr kbi. Gkr ixlepmi, skei kg tfi ekhims cbnmuhi l hueey vlrcldmi tflt tlois l vlmui kg kbi cg
tfi nkeplby kwbs CZTs (kr, cb skei ekhims, l spincn typi kg CZT) lbh zirk ktfirwcsi. Hueey
vlrcldmis lri cbhcnltih dy l ~ syedkm cb tfi risumts tldmis dimkw.
Cbtirpritcba tfi nkigncibts kb hueey vlrcldmis cs smcaftmy ekri nkepmix tflb cs tfi cbtirpritltckb kg tfi
nkigncibts kb stlbhlrh mkalrctfecn vlrcldmis. Xfi nkigncibt kb l hueey vlrcldmi cbhcnltis tfi nflbai
cb tfi pirgkrelbni kg tfi re, acvib l nflbai cb tfi vlmui kg tfi hueey vlrcldmi grke zirk tk kbi. Gkr
ixlepmi, l pksctcvi lbh scabcnlbt nkigncibt kb tfi ”CZT kwbir― hueey vlrcldmi cb l riarissckb ix-
lecbcba wfitfir CZT kwbirs ixfcdct supirckr pirgkrelbni tk bkb-kwbirs sfkumh di cbtirpritih ls gkm -
mkws0
CZT kwbirs flvi fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs, lmm imsi
dicba iqulm.
Lb lhhih nkepmcnltckb lrcsis wfiri hueey vlrcldmis lri usih tk cbhcnlti wfitfir kr bkt lb lppmcnltckb
fls kbi acvib nflrlntircstcn grke sivirlm nflrlntircstcn kptckbs. Cb tfcs nlsi ct cs lmwlys binisslry
tk kect kbi kptckb grke tfi riarissckb, lbh fibni tfi nkigncibts kb tfi ktfir hueecis lri cbtir -pritih rimltcvi tk tfi kecttih kptckb. Gkr ixlepmi, hltl grke bueirkus cbhustrclm sintkrs cs cbnmuhih
cb tfi lblmyscs. Xfi riarissckbs dimkw cbnmuhi hueey vlrcldmis gkr lmm cbhustrclm sintkrs ixnipt
Elbuglnturcba, lbh sk l pksctcvi nkigncibt kb, sly, l hueey vlrcldmi gkr tfi Nkbstruntckb sintkr
sfkumh di cbtirpritih ls gkmmkws0
Timltcvi tk nkeplbcis cb tfi Elbuglnturcba sintkr, nkeplbcis dlsih cb tfi Nkbstruntckb
sintkr flvi fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii, lmm imsi dicba iqulm.
Ct cs lmsk cepkrtlbt tk bkti tflt tfi hueey vlrcldmis ibtir cbtk tfi ekhims wctfkut l mkalrctfecn
trlbsgkreltckb. Lmm tfi ekhims wctf CZT hueecis flvi tfi mka-mcbilr gkre. Cb sunf ekhims, gkr lselmm nflbai cb mka (y), tfi nkigncibts, wfib eumtcpmcih dy <::, lpprkxcelti wimm tfi pirnibtlai
nflbai cb tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi. Fkwivir, ls tfi nflbai cb mka (y) dinkeis mlrair, tfi lpprkxcel-
tckb % ∇ y ≆ <:: * ∇mka( y) dinkeis cblnnurlti. Xk kdtlcb tfi ixlnt pirnibtlai nflbai cb tfi
prihcntih hipibhibt vlrcldmi, lb lhhctckblm nlmnumltckb uscba prkpirtcis kg ixpkbibtclm lbh mkalrctf-
ecn gubntckbs cs binisslry0 >1
% ∇ ű 5 <:: * _ixp( ) „ <U
Cb tfi risumts tldmis dimkw, tfi ibtry cb tfi ”Nkig― nkmueb gkr lmm hueey vlrcldmis prisibts tfcs
nlmnumltih elracblm iggint, bkt tfi nkigncibt.
>1 ^ii gkr ixlepmi Qkkmhrchai (4:<>).
CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 99
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7.>.4 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni
Xfi purpksi kg tfcs rst sit kg ekhims cs tk lblmysi wfitfir tfksi nkeplbcis tfltkwb gkrelm CZTs ixfcdct supirckr inkbkecn pirgkrelbni tk tfksi tflt hk bkt fkmh
gkrelm CZTs. Xfi vlrcldmis kg cbtirist cb tfisi ekhims lri hueey vlrcldmis wfcnf
tloi l vlmui kg ictfir zirk kr kbi, cbhcnltcba
➘ wfitfir kr bkt l nkeplby kwbs lby gkre kg CZT (”CZT kwbir―)? lbh
➘ wfitfir kr bkt l re kwbs l spincn nkedcbltckb kg CZTs (”Zltibts kbmy―, ”Xrlhi elros
kbmy―, ”Hiscabs kbmy―, ”Zltibts lbh trlhi elros―, ”Zltibts lbh hiscabs―, ”Xrlhi elros lbh
hiscabs―, ”Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs―).>6
CZT kwbirs kvirlmm
Xfi rst sit kg risumts prisibtih cb Xldmi <9 cs dlsih kb l ekhim (Ekhim <) cb wfcnf l scbami hueey
vlrcldmi ‖CZT kwbir– cs lhhih tk tfi sit kg nkbtrkm vlrcldmis tk chibtcgy wfitfir kr bkt l nkeplby fls
ivir kwbih lby typi kg gkrelm CZT prktintckb. Cb Ekhim 4, tfi ‖CZT kwbir– hueey cs ripmlnih wctf
l sit kg hueey vlrcldmis tflt chibtcgy tfi spincn nkedcbltckbs kg gkrelm CZTs tflt wiri kwbih dy
tfi re hurcba tfi pirckh ubhir nkbschirltckb. Cb dktf nlsis, tfi elracblm iggint kb tfi hueey vlrc-
ldmis cbhcnltis tfi pirnibtlai dy wfcnf tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii kg tfi rimivlbt arkup kg CZT kwb-
irs ixniihs tflt kg bkb-kwbirs. Gkr ixlepmi, cb dktf ekhims tfi bialtcvi nkigncibts kg tfi ^EI
vlrcldmi (-41.4> lbh -41.73, rispintcvimy) cbhcnlti tflt, lmm imsi dicba iqulm, tfi rivibui pir
iepmkyii kg selmm lbh eihcue-sczih ibtirprcsis cs mkwir tflb tflt kg mlrai res.
>6 Xfi arkup kg bkb-kwbirs wcmm sirvi ls tfi dlsi nltiakry lbh tfi ”Bk CZTs― vlrcldmi wcmm tfirigkri di kecttih grke tfi riarissckbs.
97 CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs
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Xldmi <90 Tisumts kg ekhims wctf CZT kwbirsfcp hueecis,
lmm gcres
Ekhim < (Nkig)) Ekhim 4 (Nkig)
Hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Mka rivibui pir iepmkyii
Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis
CZT kwbir ~ 41.31*** „
Zltibts kbmy ~ „ <9.>:***
Xrlhi elros kbmy ~ „ 43.3<***
Hiscabs kbmy ~ „ <8.74***
Zltibts lbh trlhi elros ~ „ <7.6>***
Zltibts lbh hiscabs ~ „ <9.:>*** Xrlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ „ >6.9>***
Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ „ <7.41***
Nkubtry hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih
^intkr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih
Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih
^EI ~ -41.4>*** -41.73***
Lai kg nkeplby =:.:<*** =:.:<**
Nkbstlbt 9.:8*** 9.:1***
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 1:9 343 lbh buedir kg res 5 <>: 999 gkr dktf ekhims
Ekhim < „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.411? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::Ekhim 4 „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.416? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::
~ 5 hueey vlrcldmi? * 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim? ** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim? *** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim.
º Nkubtry, sintkr lbh yilr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt
cbnmuhih cb tfi tldmi. Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.
Xfi risumts cb Xldmi <9 nmilrmy cbhcnlti tflt CZT kwbirs flvi ariltir rivibui pir iepmkyii
tflb hk bkb-kwbirs. Lmm nkigncibts kb tfi CZT-rimltih hueey vlrcldmis lri pksctcvi lbh strkbamy
scabcnlbt. Kvirlmm, tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii kg CZT kwbirs cs 46 pir nibt fcafir tflb kg bkb-
kwbirs, dut tfcs lvirlai elsos skei scabcnlbt hcggiribnis ditwiib tfi hcggiribt arkups kg CZT
kwbirs. Cb plrtcnumlr, tfi risumts suaaist tflt trlhi elro kwbirs ixfcdct lb lmekst >: pir nibt supirckr
pirgkrelbni nkeplrih tk bkb-kwbirs. Lt tfi slei tcei tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii kg pltibts-kbmylbh trlhi elros-kbmy kwbirs ixniihs tflt kg bkb-kwbirs dy lrkubh <9 pir nibt.
Xfiri cs lmsk skei suaaistckb kg nkepmieibtlrcty ditwiib CZTs0 tfksi res tflt kwb l nkedcbltckb
kg hcggiribt gkres kg CZT ixfcdct supirckr pirgkrelbni hcggiribni tk tfksi bkt kwbcba CZTs lbh, kb
lvirlai, ceprkvi kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg lt milst tfi mkwist-pirgkrecba CZT cb tfi nkedcbltckb. Gkr
ixlepmi, res tflt kwb dktf trlhi elros lbh hiscabs flvi fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii nkeplrih
wctf tfksi tflt kwb kbmy trlhi elros kr kbmy hiscabs. Fkwivir, ct cs cepkrtlbt tk bkti tflt kbi nlbbkt
nkbnmuhi kb tfi dlscs kg tfisi bhcbas tflt hrkppcba kbi typi kg CZT grke l wkrsi-pirgkrecba nkedc -
bltckb kg CZTs wkumh ceprkvi l re–s inkbkecn pirgkrelbni. cecmlrmy, lhhcba lb CZT tk lbktfir scbami
CZT kr nkedcbltckb kg CZTs, wkumh bkt ceprkvi pirgkrelbni. Xfi risumts kb pirgkrelbni issibtclmmynkeplri hcggiribt arkups kg nkeplbcis cb tfi slepmi, wfcnf lri nflrlntircsih dy kwbirsfcp kg spincn
CZTs.
CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 91
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^EIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis
Xfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns kg CZT kwbirs suaaistih tflt tfiri lri skei scabcnlbt hcggiribnis ditwiib EIslbh mlrair res. Gkr tfcs rilskb, risumts lri lmsk prisibtih siplrltimy gkr ^EIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis.
Xfi purpksi kg tfcs lblmyscs wls tk ubhirstlbh tfi ixtibt tk wfcnf tfi kvirlmm ceplnt istceltih
ldkvi cs nkbscstibt gkr res kg lmm sczis, lbh tk wflt ixtibt tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZTs lbh
rivibui pir iepmkyii hcggirs ditwiib ^EIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis.
Xfi risumts prisibtih cb Xldmi <7 cbhcnlti tflt tfiri lri scabcnlbt hcggiribnis ditwiib ^EIs lbh
mlrai nkeplbcis wctf rispint tk tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii.
Cb plrtcnumlr, tfi nkigncibts kb tfi CZT hueey vlrcldmis lri scabcnlbtmy ariltir gkr ^EIs tflb gkr
mlrai nkeplbcis0 wfirils ^EIs tflt kwb CZTs flvi rivibui pir iepmkyii tflt cs >4 pir nibt
fcafir tflb bkb-kwbirs, tfi iqucvlmibt stltcstcn gkr mlrai res cs 8 pir nibt.
Kbi pksscdmi ixpmlbltckb gkr tfcs risumt ely di tflt tfiri cs l gubhleibtlm hcggiribni ditwiib
^EIs lbh mlrai res cb tires kg tficr prkpibscty tk usi cbtlbacdmi lssits,>3 gkr wfcnf tfi vlrcldmis
cb tfi hltl wiri bkt ldmi tk nkbtrkm. Mlrair res lri ekri cbnmcbih tk eloi usi kg cbtlbacdmi lssits
(sii Lrrcafittc it lm. (4:<8)). Xfirigkri, Ekhim 4 cb Xldmi <7, wfiri kbmy mlrai res lri lblmysih,
cs mcoimy tk eilsuri tfi hcggiribni cb pirgkrelbni ditwiib mlrai res tflt kwb pltibts, hiscabs kr
trlhi elros kb tfi kbi flbh lbh mlrai res tflt lri rimycba kb ktfir typis kg gkrelm (nkpyrcaft) lbh/
kr cbgkrelm (trlhi sinrits) CZTs.
Xfcs cs cb nkbtrlst tk tfi slepmi kg ^EIs, kg wfcnf l nkbschirldmi prkpkrtckb hkis bkt cbvist cblby typis kg cbtlbacdmi lssit (ictfir gkrelm kr cbgkrelm) lt lmm. Fibni, cb Ekhim <, tfi CZ kwbirsfcp
vlrcldmis lri pktibtclmmy nlpturcba tfi hcggiribni cb pirgkrelbni ditwiib ^EIs tflt lri cbbkvltcvi
lbh rimy kb riacstirih CZTs sunf ls pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs, lbh l arkup kg res tflt
cbnmuhis elby bkb-cbbkvltcvi ^EIs. Xfirigkri, tfi kdsirvih nkigncibts kg CZT kwbirsfcp sfkumh
di mlrair gkr ^EIs tflb gkr mlrai nkeplbcis.
Gurtfirekri, cb Ekhim 4, wfcmi lmm CZT-rimltih vlrcldmis lri scabcnlbt cb tfi ^EI riarissckbs, tfi
pcnturi cs hcggiribt gkr mlrai nkeplbcis. Xfi risumts cbhcnlti tflt kbmy mlrai res tflt kwb trlhi elros
(lbh bk ktfir CZT) ixfcdct scabcnlbtmy fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs.
Ekrikvir, tfi risumts suaaist tflt mlrai res tflt kwb skei spincn nkedcbltckbs kg CZTs (c.i.pltibts + trlhi elros, lbh pltibts + trlhi elros + hiscabs) ivib flvi scabcnlbtmy mkwir rivibui
pir iepmkyii tflb tfi arkup kg res tflt hkis bkt rimy kb CZTs.
L pksscdmi ixpmlbltckb wkumh di tfi blturi kg tfi KTDC^ hltl. ^kei mlrai res lri sudschclrcis kg
ktfir nkeplbcis, wctf tfksi mcbos bkt ripkrtih cb KTDC^, sk tflt skei kg tfi lpplribt bkb-kwbirs
kg CZTs ely cb glnt di dibitcba grke CZTs fimh dy ktfir ibtctcis cb tfi arkup. Yscba tfi lvlcmldmi
hltl, tfi vlmchcty kg bictfir kg tfisi fypktfisis nlb di tistih. Lmtirbltcvimy, tfcs risumt ely di hrcvib
dy tfi cbldcmcty tk nkbtrkm gkr nirtlcb tcei-vlrclbt hcggiribnis lekba res, gkr ixlepmi wctfcb cbhustry
nmustirs, tflt lri nkrrimltih wctf CZT kwbirsfcp vlrcldmis.
>3 Cbtlbacdmi lssits nkbscst kg tfi stkno kg ceeltirclm riskurnis tflt ibtir tfi prkhuntckb prkniss lbh lri binisslry gkr tfi nriltckb
lbh slmi kg biw kr ceprkvih prkhunts lbh prknissis (sii Lrrcafittc it lm., 4:<8). Xfiy nlb di cbtirblmmy prkhunih kr ixtirblmmy
lnqucrih lssits lbh cbnmuhi gkrelm ls wimm ls cbgkrelm CZTs.
96 CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs
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Xldmi <70 Tisumts kg ekhims wctf CZT kwbirsfcp hueecis dy
gcre typi
^EIs Mlrai nkeplbcis
Ekhim < (Nkig) Ekhim 4 (Nkig) Ekhim < (Nkig) Ekhim 4 (Nkig)
Hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Mka rivibui pir iepmkyii
Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis
CZT kwbir ~ ><.1<*** „ 8.:8*** „
Zltibts kbmy ~ „ <9.33*** „ -:.49
Xrlhi elros kbmy ~ „ >>.:9*** „ 6.88***
Hiscabs kbmy ~ „ <1.4>*** „ :.87
Zltibts lbh trlhi elros ~ „ 4:.16*** „ -9.97***
Zltibts lbh hiscabs~ „ <3.9:*** „ -3.4<
Xrlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ „ 81.7:*** „ 8.1>
Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ „ >8.>>*** „ -<4.79***
Nkubtry hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih
^intkr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih
Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih
Lai kg nkeplby =:.:<*** =:.:<*** =:.:<*** =:.:<***
Nkbstlbt 8.93*** 8.7:*** 9.>>*** 9.>6***
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 919 979 lbh buedir kg res 5 <:3 <93 gkr dktf ^EI ekhims
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 <>: >78 lbh buedir kg res 5 4< >37 gkr dktf mlrai nkeplbcis ekhims
^EIs ekhim < „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.476? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.::: lbh ^EIs ekhim 4 „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.473? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::
Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim < „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.4<7? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.::: lbh Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim 4 „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.4<6? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::
~ 5 hueey vlrcldmi? * 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim? ** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim? *** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim.
º Nkubtry, sintkr lbh yilr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt
cbnmuhih cb tfi tldmi. Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.
Kvirlmm, tfcs rst sit kg inkbkeitrcn ekhims fls gkubh tflt CZT kwbirs flvi fcafir pirgkrelbni
cb tires kg rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb hk bkb-kwbirs, ispinclmmy cb tfi nlsi kg ^EIs.
7.>.> tknos kg CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni
CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 93
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Xfi risumts prisibtih cb tfi privckus sintckb sfkwih tflt tfi pirgkrelbni kg nkeplbcis tflt kwb
gkrelm CZTs, ls eilsurih dy tficr rivibui pir iepmkyii, cs supirckr tk tflt kg bkb-kwbirs. Fkwivir,
tfi ekhims hch bkt hcstcbaucsf ditwiib CZT kwbirs wctf rispint tk tfi buedir kg rcafts fimh. Gkrixlepmi, l nkeplby tflt fkmhs kbi bltckblm hiscab cs triltih cb tfisi ekhims cb lb chibtcnlm elbbir
tk l nkeplby tflt fkmhs >:: bltckblm hiscabs lbh 4:: Iurkpilb hiscabs. Xfirigkri, cb tfcs sintckb,
tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib l re–s pirgkrelbni lbh tfi buedir kg pltibts, hiscabs kr trlhi elros ct
fkmhs cs cbvistcaltih.
Xfi buedir kg pltibts, hiscabs lbh trlhi elros cs eilsurih uscba tfi ‖stkno– fimh lt lby acvib
pkcbt cb tcei. Xfi stkno cs trlbsgkreih dy hcvchcba dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis lbh tlocba tfi mkal-
rctfe, sunf tflt tfi nkigncibt nlpturis tfi imlstcncty kg rivibui pir iepmkyii wctf rispint tk tfi
stkno kg CZTs pir iepmkyii.
^iplrlti vlrcldmis cb tfi ekhims gkr bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb stknos lri cbnmuhih, riintcba scabc-
nlbt hcggiribnis ditwiib bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb CZTs (bkt milst tfi glnt tflt bltckblm rcafts nkbgir
prktintckb cb l scbami nkubtry, wfirils Iurkpilb hiscabs lbh trlhi elros nkbgir rcafts cb lmm Eie-
dir ^tltis lbh IZK-arlbtih pltibts lri typcnlmmy vlmchltih cb sivirlm nkubtrcis).
Xldmi <1 prisibts tfi risumts kg l riarissckb ekhim dlsih kb dktf kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs.8:
8: Lbbix 6.9.4.4 prisibts tfi risumts dlsih kb kwbirs kg CZTs kbmy, nkrrintih gkr l pksscdmi slepmi simintckb
dcls. Xfi risumts lri scecmlr tk tfksi prisibtih cb tfcs sintckb.
7: CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs
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Xldmi <10 Tisumts kg stknos kg hcggiribt CZTs, lmm gcres
Ekhim < (Nkig)
Hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Mka rivibui pir iepmkyii
Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis
Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<6*
Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.87***
Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.46***
Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.94***
Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:<
Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1***
Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º
Nkbstlbt 8.31***
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 1:9 343 lbh buedir kg res 5 <>: 999 gkr lmm res ekhim
Ekhim dlsih kb kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:> Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::
~ 5 hueey vlrcldmi? * 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim? ** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim? *** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim.
º Silr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt cbnmuhih cb tfi
tldmi. Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.
Qfib cbtirpritcba tfi risumts ct cs cepkrtlbt tk rinkabcsi tflt dktf tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lbh tfi
CZT vlrcldmis lri eilsurih cb mkas. Cb tfisi nlsis, tfi nkigncibt eilsuris tfi imlstcncty kg re
pirgkrelbni (tflt cs, rivibui pir iepmkyii) wctf rispint tk CZT stknos pir iepmkyii. Cb ktfir
wkrhs, tfi nkigncibt chibtcis tfi pirnibtlai nflbai cb rivibui pir iepmkyii acvib l kbi pirnibt nflbai cb tfi stkno kg CZTs pir iepmkyii.
Xfi risumts kg tfi ekhim prisibtih cb Xldmi <1 cbhcnlti tflt mlrair stknos kg Iurkpilb hiscabs pir
iepmkyii lri bkt binisslrcmy lsskncltih wctf fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii scbni tfi nkigncibt,
lmtfkuaf pksctcvi, cs cbscabcnlbt.8< Gkr ktfir typis kg CZT tfiri cs ivchibni kg l pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp
ditwiib cbnrilsis cb tfi pir-iepmkyii stkno kg CZTs lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii.84 Gkr ixlepmi, lmm
imsi dicba iqulm, lb cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm hiscabs pir iepmkyii dy < pir nibt akis lmkba
wctf l :.:1 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb l re–s pirgkrelbni eilsuri. Cb tfi nlsi kg bltckblm pltibt stknos
pir iepmkyii, tfi istceltih imlstcncty cs :.87, lbh ct cs ls fcaf ls :.94 gkr bltckblm trlhi elros pir
iepmkyii. Cb tfi nlsi kg Iurkpilb pltibts lbh trlhi elros, tfi imlstcncty cs :.<6 lbh :.46,rispintcvimy.
8< Xists wiri nkbhuntih tk nfino wfitfir tfisi cbscabcnlbt risumts ecaft di ixpmlcbih dy eumtcnkmmcbilrcty, dut bk ivchibni wlsgkubh kg nkrrimltckb lekba tfi nkbtcbukus ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis gkr tfi wfkmi slepmi.
84 Ekhims wctf qulmcty-wicaftih stknos kg Iurkpilb pltibts wiri lmsk lssissih, uscba lb cbhix wfcnf cbnkrpkrltih tfi oiy vlrcldmis
suaaistih cb tfi surviy kg tfi mctirlturi nkbhuntih dy tfi KINH (^qucnnclrcbc it lm., 4:<>). Xfi risumts kg tfisi ekhims wfcnf lri
prisibtih cb 6.9.> wiri lmekst chibtcnlm tk tfksi kg tfi ekhims wfiri l scepmi nkubt kg Iurkpilb pltibts wls usih.
CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 7<
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Dkx >0 Fkw hk tfi risumts nkeplri wctf ktfir stuhcis;
Ls bktih dy Eublrc (4:<4), prckr risilrnf fls gkubh ecxih risumts kb tfi ceplnt kg pltibt nkubts kb repirgkrelbni. Qfcmi skei plpirs gkubh tflt tfi buedir kg pltibts fls l pksctcvi cbuibni kb pirgkrelbni
(Dmkke lbh Wlb Tiibib, 4::4? Irbst, <339, 4::<? Fimeirs lbh Tkairs, 4:<<? Mirbir lbh Pfu, 4::1? Oce
it lm., 4:<4), ktfirs flvi gkubh tfi kppkscti lbh stcmm ktfirs flvi gkubh bk rimltckbsfcp ditwiib pltibt
nkubts lbh inkbkecn pirgkrelbni (Nfiba it lm., 4:<:? Nkkeds lbh Dcirmy, 4::7).
Qctf rispint tk trlhi elros, Ariibflmaf lbh Tkairs (4:<<) gkubh l pksctcvi nkrrimltckb ditwiib trlhi
elros lbh pirgkrelbni, wfcmi Fimeirs lbh Tkairs (4:<<) gkubh tflt trlhi elros flvi l pksctcvi
lsskncltckb wctf survcvlm lbh re arkwtf.
Qctf rispint tk hiscabs, Dlsnlvuskamu-Ekrilu lbh Xitfir (4:<<) gkubh l pksctcvi lsskncltckb ditwiib
slmis pir iepmkyii lbh YO hiscabs, dut bk scabcnlbt lsskncltckb gkr Iurkpilb hiscabs.
Hcggiribnis ditwiib EIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis
^cecmlrmy tk tfi privckus sintckb, risumts kg ekhims dlsih kb sud-slepmis kg ^EIs lbh mlrai
nkeplbcis lri prisibtih cb Xldmi <6.
Xldmi <60 Ekhims kg CZT stknos dy gcre typi
^EIs (Nkig) Mlrai nkeplbcis (Nkig)
Hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Mka rivibui pir iepmkyii
Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis
Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<3* :.>:
Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.83*** :.41
Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.><*** -:.<:
Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.9>*** :.98***
Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:: :.<<
Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1*** :.<4
Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih
Nkbstlbt 8.63*** 9.>8***
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 919 979 lbh buedir kg res 5 <:3 <93 gkr ^EIs ekhim
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 <>: >78 lbh buedir kg res 5 4< >37 gkr mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim
^EIs ekhim „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:> Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::
Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:9 Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::
~ 5 hueey vlrcldmi? * 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim? ** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim? *** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim.
º Silr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt cbnmuhih cb tfi tldmi.
Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.
74 CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs
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Xfi risumts cb Xldmi <6 sfkw tflt cbnrilsis cb CZT stknos pir iepmkyii flvi l pksctcvi lbh scabc-
nlbt lsskncltckb wctf rivibui pir iepmkyii gkr ^EIs, wctf tfi ixniptckb kg Iurkpilb hiscabs.
Dy nkbtrlst, kbmy tfi nkigncibt kb bltckblm trlhi elros cs pksctcvi lbh scabcnlbt gkr mlrai nkepl-bcis0 lmm ktfir nkigncibts kb tfi CZT vlrcldmis lri cbscabcnlbt. Xfisi risumts lri nkbscstibt wctf tfi
bhcbas cb privckus sintckbs.
Dkx 80 Fkw hk tfi risumts nkeplri wctf ktfir stuhcis;
Xfiri cs snlbt mctirlturi kb tfi rimltckbsfcps ditwiib re sczi, CZT kwbirsfcp lbh inkbkecn pirgkrelbni.
Fkwivir, Eublrc lbh lbtkbc (4:<:) lbh Fimeirs lbh Tkairs (4:<<) dktf bh tflt pltibtcba EIs tibh
tk pirgkre dittir tflb tficr bkb-pltibtcba nkubtirplrts. Eublrc (4:<4) cbtirprits tfisi bhcbas ls lb
cbhcnltckb tflt CZT acvi EIs l nkepitctcvi lhvlbtlai.
7.8 Nkbnmusckbs kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs lbh hcsnussckb
Kvirlmm, tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs fls mih tk tfi gkmmkwcba oiy bhcbas0
➘ CZT kwbirs pirgkre dittir tflb bkb-kwbirs. Kvirlmm, rivibui pir iepmkyii cs lp-
prkxceltimy 46 pir nibt fcafir gkr CZT kwbirs tflb gkr nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt kwb CZTs.
Xfcs rimltckbsfcp cs plrtcnumlrmy prkbkubnih gkr selmm lbh eihcue-sczih ibtirprcsis(^EIs)0 ^EIs tflt kwb CZTs flvi lmekst >4 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb
^EIs tflt hk bkt kwb CZTs lt lmm. Cb tfi nlsi kg mlrai nkeplbcis, rivibui pir iepmkyii
cs 8 pir nibt fcafir gkr CZT kwbirs tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs.
➘ Cbnrilsis cb dktf Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm CZT stknos lri lsskncltih wctf ceprkvih
pirgkrelbni kg tfi re. L <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg Iurkpilb trlhi elros kg
l re cs lsskncltih wctf l 4.6 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb rivibui pir iepmkyii, lbh l <: pir
nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm trlhi elros cs lsskncltih wctf l 9.4 pir nibt
cbnrilsi. Gkr pltibts, l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg pltibts milhs tk l <.6 pir nibt
cbnrilsi cb tfi nlsi kg Iurkpilb rcafts lbh tk l 8.7 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi nlsi kgbltckblm rcafts. Gkr bltckblm hiscabs tfi lblmyscs suaaists tflt l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb
stkno cs lsskncltih wctf l :.1 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb pirgkrelbni. Gkr Iurkpilb hiscabs tfi
inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs nkumh bkt istldmcsf l stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt rimltckbsfcp, wfcnf
eilbs tflt ct cs bkt pksscdmi tk stlti wctf ekri tflb 3: pir nibt nkbhibni tflt tfiri cs l
rimltckbsfcp ditwiib cbnrilsis cb l nkeplby–s stkno kg tfi rimivlbt CZTs lbh cts
inkbkecn pirgkrelbni.
➘ Cbnrilsis cb re pirgkrelbni hipibh kb typi lbh nkedcbltckb kg CZTs. Xfi fcafist
rivibui-pir-iepmkyii cbnrilsis lri mcboih tk trlhi elro-kbmy lbh nkedcbih trlhi elro
lbh hiscab kwbirs0 >: pir nibt lbh >3 pir nibt, rispintcvimy. Zltibt-kbmy kwbirs flvi <9pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii, hiscab-kbmy kwbirs <9 pir nibt, pltibt-lbh-trlhi
elro kwbirs <1 pir nibt, pltibt-lbh-hiscab kwbirs <9 pir nibt lbh kwbirs kg lmm tfrii CZTs
<7 pir nibt.
CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs 7>
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Lmtfkuaf hui nlri wls lppmcih cb lmm pflsis kg tfi risilrnf, skei eitfkhkmkacnlm nfkcnis, binis-
slry cb lmm lppmcih risilrnf, ely pktibtclmmy dcls tfi inkbkeitrcn risumts.8> Xfi kvirlmm hcrintckb lbh
ixlnt sczi kg tfksi dclsis lri flrh tk istcelti. Cb lby nlsi, tfiy sfkumh bkt ceplnt tfi scab lbh tfikrhir kg elabctuhi kg tfi CZT nkigncibts.
Gurtfirekri, ct cs cepkrtlbt tk bkti, tflt lmtfkuaf tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs wls ldmi tk sfkw strkba
lbh scabcnlbt nkrrimltckb ditwiib tfi vlrcldmis kg cbtirist, acvib tfi lvlcmldmi hltl l nluslm mcbo
ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni nlbbkt di istldmcsfih. Zrivckus stuhcis (sii K–Elfkby
lbh Winnfc, 4::3, kr Elrrknu it lm., 4:<<) flvi sfkwb tflt tfiri cs l pksctcvi cbuibni kg cbtlbacdmi
lssits kb res– pirgkrelbni. Cbtlbacdmi lssits nlb di prktintih dy gkrelm, riacstirih CZTs kr dy
ktfir cbgkrelm gkres kg prktintckb tflt hch bkt elbcgist ctsimg cb tfi CZT riacstrcis. Ct cs mcoimy tflt res
tflt usi gkrelm CZT prktintckb lmsk cbvist ekri cb cbtlbacdmi lssits lbh cbbkvlti ekri tflb res
tflt hk bkt usi gkrelm CZT prktintckb.
Cb lhhctckb, ct nlbbkt di rumih kut tflt tfi CZT eilsuris cb tfi ekhims lri nkrrimltih wctf skei kect-
tih vlrcldmi riprisibtcba tfi prkpibscty tk cbvist cb cbtlbacdmi lssits, wfcnf nlbbkt di kdsirvih cb
tfi hltl. Ls l risumt kg tfcs pksscdmi kecttih vlrcldmi dcls, CZT nkigncibts istceltih cb inkbkeitrcn
ekhims nlpturi bkt kbmy tfi iggint kg tfi usi kg gkrelm CZTs gkr cbtlbacdmi lssits prktintckb, dut lmsk
tfi pksctcvi iggint kg tfksi cbtlbacdmi lssits tfiesimvis. Xfi risumt tflt tfi rimltckbsfcp cs gkubh tk
di strkbair gkr ^EIs tflb gkr mlrai nkeplbcis cs nkbscstibt wctf tfcs fypktfiscs. Ekst mlrai nkepl-
bcis rimy cb skei wly kr lbktfir kb cbtlbacdmi lssits, wfirils elby selmmir res kgtib ducmh tficr
duscbiss kb tlbacdmi lssits lmkbi. Xrlhi elros, hiscabs lbh pltibts prkvchi mialm prktintckb gkr
spincn dut bkt lmm typis kg cbtlbacdmi lssit. Fibni, tfi arkup kg mlrai res bkt kwbcba tfisi plr -
tcnumlr gkres kg CZT ely nkbscst kg res tflt aibirlti ktfir typis kg cbtlbacdmi lssit (i.a. nkpyrcaftskr trlhi sinrits) lbh tfirigkri ixfcdct fcaf inkbkecn pirgkrelbni. Cb nkbtrlst, tfi arkup kg ^EIs
bkt kwbcba trlhi elros, pltibts kr hiscabs cs mcoimy tk nkbscst kg elby nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt kwb
lby cbtlbacdmi lssits lt lmm.
Lb lmtirbltcvi rilskbcba suaaistcba l hcggiribt nluslm rimltckbsfcp nlbbkt di rumih kut. Xfi pksctcvi
rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh pirgkrelbni nkumh lmsk stie grke l pksscdmi ceplnt kg fcafir
rivibui pir iepmkyii kb tfi kwbirsfcp kg riacstirih CZTs. Gcres tflt lmrilhy ib`ky fcaf rivibui
wctfkut uscba gkrelm CZTs nkumh hinchi tk stlrt uscba trlhi elros, pltibts, kr hiscabs tk prktint tficr
guturi riturbs lbh tk sinuri cbnkei wctf ibgkrnildmi lbh trlhldmi rcafts.
Bkbitfimiss, inkbkecn tfikry prkvchis l buedir kg lraueibts tflt nlb suppkrt tfi nmlce kg CZTs–
pksctcvi ceplnt kb re pirgkrelbni. CZTs prkvchi cbnibtcvis tflt cbnrilsi l re–s prkpibscty tk
ibalai cb cbbkvltcvi lntcvcty. Dy prkvchcba mialm nirtlcbty, CZTs prkekti mcnibscba lntcvcty lbh ib-
ldmi res tk cbnrilsi tficr rivibui wctfkut tfi binisscty tk ixplbh tficr prkhuntckb nlpldcmctcis.
Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs aulrlbtii tfi rcaft tk ixnmuhi nkepitctkrs lbh rihuni nkepitctcvi
prissuri kb tficr kwbirs, tfus milhcba tk fcafir rivibui lbh prkts. Xfisi fypktfisis, fkwivir,
nlbbkt di ixflustcvimy tistih wctf tfi hltl lt flbh.
8> ^ii Lbbix 6.< gkr l hcsnussckb kb fkw hltlsit nkbstruntckb nfkcnis nlb pksscdmy lint tfi risumts.
78 CZTs lbh gcre pirgkrelbni0 inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs
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:1 / Nkbnmusckbs
kg tfi stuhy
Xfi elcb nkbtrcdutckb kg tfcs stuhy mcis cb tfi nkbstruntckb lbh sudsiquibt lblmyscs kg l ubcqui
lbh viry mlrai hltlsit wctf blbnclm cbgkreltckb lbh CZT hltl lt tfi re mivim.
Xfi kvirlrnfcba risumt kg tfcs lblmyscs cs tflt tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs, spincnlmmy pltibts, trlhi
elros lbh hiscabs, cs strkbamy lsskncltih wctf ceprkvih inkbkecn pirgkrelbni lt tfi mivim
kg tfi cbhcvchulm nkeplby. Xfcs lsskncltckb cs ispinclmmy strkba cb tfi nlsi kg ^EIs.
Cb plrtcnumlr, tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns cb Nflptir 9 sfkw tflt0
➘ Gcrst, rivibui pir iepmkyii gkr kwbirs kg CZTs (pltibts, trlhi elros lbh/kr hiscabs,
bltckblm lbh/kr Iurkpilb) cs 46.7 pir nibt fcafir tflb gkr bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs. Xfcs CZT
”rivibui priecue― cs mlraist gkr hiscab kwbirs lt ><.8 pir nibt, gkmmkwih dy trlhi elro kwbirs
lt 43.9 pir nibt lbh pltibt kwbirs 49.1 pir nibt. Lmm tfi hcggiribnis gkubh lri stltcstcnlmmy
scabcnlbt, eilbcba tflt tfiy lri viry ubmcoimy tk flvi nkei ldkut purimy dy nflbni.➘ ^inkbh, CZT kwbirs kb lvirlai iepmky lmekst scx tceis ls elby iepmkyiis ls bkb-kwb-
irs. Lmsk, wlais plch dy CZT kwbirs lri lmekst 4: pir nibt fcafir tflb dy res tflt hk bkt
kwb CZTs. Cb tfcs nlsi, tfi ”wlai priecue― cs fcafist gkr pltibts lt 8:.7 pir nibt, gkmmkwih
dy hiscabs lt 4>.: pir nibt lbh trlhi elros lt <6.6 pir nibt. Lalcb, tfisi hcggiribnis lri
stltcstcnlmmy scabcnlbt.
➘ Xfcrh, l nkbschirldmi buedir kg res (63.3 pir nibt) hk bkt kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs.
Ekrikvir, l ariltir prkpkrtckb kg ^EIs tflb mlrai res lri bkb-kwbirs (3:.3 pir nibt kg
^EIs virsus 93.1 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis). Cb ktfir wkrhs, kbmy 3.< pir nibt kg ^EIs
kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs cbnmuhih cb tfcs stuhy, dut 8:.> pir nibt kg mlrai res hk. Xfcs
hkis bkt cepmy tflt 93.1 pir nibt kg mlrai nkeplbcis hk bkt usi CZTs cb tficr nkeeirnclmlntcvctcis. Xfiy ely usi CZTs, dut bkt di tfi gkrelm kwbirs „ cg plrt kg l mlrair arkup
strunturi, CZT kwbirsfcp ely di wctf ktfir ibtctcis wctfcb tfi arkup.
➘ Gkurtf, CZTs lri ekstmy kwbih dy elbuglnturcba res, lmtfkuaf tfiri lri hcggiribnis
ditwiib CZTs. Ldkut kbi-tfcrh kg trlhi elro kwbirs lri elbuglnturcba res, wfcmst tfiy
riprisibt lmekst twk-tfcrhs kg lmm pltibt kwbirs. Dischis elbuglnturcba res, res cb
wfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi nkbstctuti tfi fcafist arkup kg trlhi elro lbh hiscab kwbirs.
➘ Gcblmmy, tfiri lri bktcnildmi hcggiribnis lekba CZT-kwbcba res. Xfksi hcggiribnis lri
plrtcnumlrmy bktldmi cb nkeplrcskbs ditwiib ^EIs lbh mlrai nkeplbcis ls rialrhs lvir-
lai stkno (nkubts) kg CZTs. Kb lvirlai, mlrai nkeplbcis kwb ekri rcafts tflb ^EIs,
cbhipibhibt kg tfi typi kg rcaft. Nkeplrih tk mlrai nkeplbcis, ^EIs tibh tk usi bltckblmrcafts ekri kgtib tflb Iurkpilb rcafts, lbh tfiy flvi l rimltcvimy ariltir rimclbni kb
trlhi elros.
79
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Xfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs cb Nflptir 7 nkbres tfi mcbo ditwiib kwbirsfcp kg CZTs lbh inkbkecn
pirgkrelbni kg nkeplbcis. Cb plrtcnumlr, nkeplbcis tflt kwb CZTs wiri gkubh tk flvi 46 pir nibt
ariltir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt kwb CZTs, suppkrtcba tfi cbhcnltcvi risumtgrke tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns. Xfus, wfcmi l nlusi-lbh-iggint rimltckbsfcp fls bkt diib prkvib,
tfiri cs l strkba cbhcnltckb tflt sunf l rimltckbsfcp ecaft ixcst.
Xldmi <30 CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii, lmm nkepl-
bcis lbh ^EIs* (hcggiribni ditwiib kwbirs kg tfi rispintcvi
CZTs lbh bkb-kwbirs)
CZT kr nkedcbltckb Lmm nkeplbcis* ^EIs
CZT kwbir ~ 46% >4%
Zltibts kbmy ~ <9% <7%
Xrlhi elros kbmy ~ >:% >>%
Hiscabs kbmy ~ <9% <1%
Zltibts lbh trlhi elros ~ <1% 4<%
Zltibts lbh hiscabs~ <9% 4:%
Xrlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ >3% 86%
Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs ~ <7% >8%
*Dlsih kb Xldmis <9 lbh <7 kg tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs
Gurtfirekri, tfcs pksctcvi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii cs
plrtcnumlrmy strkba gkr ^EIs. Ls sfkwb dy tfi risumts ripkrtih cb Xldmi <3, ^EIs tflt kwb CZTs
flvi >4 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb EIs tflt hk bkt. Cb lhhctckb, tfisi risumts fkmh
gkr lmm tfrii CZTs ubhir stuhy lbh gkr nkedcbltckbs kg tfksi CZTs.
^pincnlmmy, ^EIs tflt kwb pltibts flvi kbmy <7 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii
tflb bkb-kwbirs kg CZT. Cb tfi nlsi kg trlhi elros, tfcs ”pirgkrelbni priecue― cs >> pir
nibt, cb tfi nlsi kg hiscabs ct cs <1 pir nibt. ^EIs tflt kwb pltibts cb nkedcbltckb wctf trlhi
elros flvi l pirgkrelbni priecue kg 4< pir nibt nkeplrih wctf bkb-kwbirs, wfcmi tfksi
tflt kwb pltibts lbh hiscabs flvi l 4: pir nibt priecue. Gcblmmy, ^EIs tflt kwb trlhielros lbh hiscabs ib`ky l priecue kg 86 pir nibt wfcmi tfksi tflt kwb lmm tfrii CZTs flvi l
priecue kg >8 pir nibt. Lnrkss lmm cbhcvchulm CZTs lbh lmm nkedcbltckbs kg CZTs, tfisi pir -
gkrelbni priecues lri mlrair cb tfi nlsi kg ^EIs tflb cb tfi nlsi kg lmm nkeplbcis (sii
Xldmi <3). Ekrikvir, tfi glnt tflt tfi res tflt kwb l nkedcbltckb kg CZTs kgtib pirgkre ivib dittir
tflb tfksi tflt kwb `ust kbi kg tfisi rcafts cs lb cbhcnltckb tflt CZTs nkepmieibt ilnf ktfir. Xfcs
”nkedcbltckb dkbus― cs plrtcnumlrmy mlrai gkr ^EIs.
Qfib ixlecbcba tfi iggint kg cbnrilscba tfi stkno kg CZTs cb nkeplbcis tflt lmrilhy kwb tfksi
rcafts, ct wls gkubh tflt cbnrilsis cb dktf Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm CZT stknos pir iepmkyii lri
lsskncltih wctf tfi ceprkvih pirgkrelbni kg tfi re. L <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kgIurkpilb trlhi elros kg l re cs lsskncltih wctf l 4.6 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb rivibui pir iepmkyii,
77 Nkbnmusckbs kg tfi stuhy
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l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm trlhi elros cs lsskncltih wctf l 9.4 pir nibt cbnrilsi,
wfcmi gkr pltibts l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb tfi stkno kg bltckblm pltibts milhs tk l 8.7 pir nibt
cbnrilsi. Gkr bltckblm hiscabs tfi lblmyscs suaaists tflt l <: pir nibt cbnrilsi cb stkno cs lssknclt-
ih wctf l :.1 pir nibt cbnrilsi cb pirgkrelbni. Lalcb, tfcs rimltckbsfcp wls plrtcnumlrmy prkbkubnih
gkr ^EIs.
Xk sue up, tfcs ripkrt fls sfkwb tflt nkeplbcis cb Iurkpi tflt kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs ixle -
cbih cb tfcs stuhy pirgkre scabcnlbtmy dittir (+ 46 pir nibt) cb tires kg rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb
nkeplbcis tflt hk bkt kwb tfisi CZTs. Gurtfirekri, nkeplbcis tflt kwb CZTs kb lvirlai iepmky
glr ekri wkroirs lbh ply fcafir slmlrcis tflb tfksi tflt hk bkt. Gcblmmy, wfcmi tfi vlst el`krcty kg
^EIs cb Iurkpi (3 kut kg <:) hk bkt kwb lby kg tfi tfrii CZTs lblmysih cb tfcs stuhy, tfi pksctcvi
rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh rivibui pir iepmkyii cs plrtcnumlrmy strkba gkr ^EIs0
lekba ^EIs, CZT kwbirs flvi >4 pir nibt fcafir rivibui pir iepmkyii tflb bkb-kwbirs.
Nkbnmusckbs kg tfi stuhy 71
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:6 / Lbbix
6.< Hltl priplrltckb prkniss
Eltnfcba eitfkhkmkay
Xfi eitfkhkmkay usih tk nrilti tfi hltlsit gkr tfi prisibt stuhy wls dlsih kb tfi eitfkhkmkay
hivimkpih gkr tfi privckus stuhy kb CZT-cbtibscvi cbhustrcis pudmcsfih cb 4:<>. Xfi lpprklnf wls
ekhcih tk lmmkw tfi cbnmusckb kg bltckblm mcbas.88
Xfi rst stip cb tfi hltl priplrltckb prkniss (blei flrekbcsltckb) wls nlrrcih kut uscba lb
lmakrctfe hivimkpih lt tfi Nltfkmcn Ybcvirscty Miuvib (OYM) lbh gurtfir ribih dy tfi prk`int tile.
Xfi sinkbh plrt, tfi lntulm eltnfcba kg tfi hltldlsis, wls dlsih kb lb krcacblm eitfkhkmkay
hivimkpih dy tfi prk`int tile. Cb krhir tk kvirnkei tfi cbfiribt hcgnumtcis risumtcba grke hltl
cbnkbscstibncis (i.a. spimmcba, lddrivcltckbs, itn.) ditwiib hcggiribt hltldlsis, res wiri eltnfih
uscba blei, mialm gkre, pkstlm nkhi lbh ktfir nrctircl.
Ct cs wkrtf eibtckbcba tflt tfi eltnfcba prkniss wls bkt sunnissgum cb lmm nlsis. L nkbschirldmi
buedir kg CZTs lri kwbih dy pfyscnlm pirskbs tflt kdvckusmy hk bkt flvi nkrrispkbhcba rinkrhs cbKTDC^. Cb lhhctckb, skei blei hcggiribnis, ivib lgtir uscba skpfcstcnltih lmakrctfes, nkumh bkt di
ubcgkremy bkrelmcsih lbh eltnfih tk ilnf ktfir. Xfiri wiri lmsk eumtcpmi eltnfis cb KTDC^ tk l
ubcqui rinkrh cb CZT riacstrcis. Xfirigkri, lhhctckblm nfinos dlsih kb aikarlpfcnlm mknltckb, mialm
gkre lbh tfi strunturi kg inkbkecn arkups wiri cepmieibtih cb krhir tk hcsledcaulti tfi eumtcpmi
eltnfis. Xfi eltnfcba lmakrctfes wiri nkbstruntih cb sunf l wly ls tk ri`int l eltnf wfib ct
nkumh bkt di nmilrmy nkbreih tflt tfi eltnfih rinkrhs cb tfi vlrckus hltlsits nkrrispkbhih tk tfi
slei nkeplby.
Xfi lblmyscs cb tfcs ripkrt cs pirgkreih lt tfi re mivim, wfcnf cs nkepmcnltih dy tfi glnt tflt elby
nkeplbcis lri plrt kg l arkup. Xfirigkri, nkeplbcis ecaft ib`ky tfi dibits kg skei CZTs tfltlri fimh dy l sudschclry, plribt kr scstir nkeplby.89 Nkbvirsimy, skei nkeplbcis ecaft kwb CZTs
tflt lri bkt ixpmkctih hcrintmy dy tfiesimvis dut dy lbktfir nkeplby cb tficr arkup. Xfi hincsckb
wls elhi tk eltnf tfi CZTs wctf tficr kwbirs, rialrhmiss kg tfi rkmi pmlyih dy tfi nkeplby wctfcb
tfi inkbkecn strunturi kg tfi arkup. Xfiri wls kbi ixniptckb tk tfcs aibirlm rumi. Qctfcb tfi eltnf-
cba prkniss, wfiri hcsledcaultckb ditwiib eumtcpmi eltnfis wls binisslry tk chibtcgy l ubcqui
KTDC^ rinkrh, tfi hkeistcn umtcelti kwbir (HYK) cbgkreltckb prkvchih dy KTDC^ wls usih tk
lsscab CZTs tk tfi nkeplby (sudschclry kr plribt) wctf tfi fcafist turbkvir. Xflt prknihuri wls
88 Gurtfir hitlcms kg tfi eltnfcba eitfkhkmkay lri prkvchih cb Lppibhcx L.3 kg tfi IZK/KFCE (4:<>) stuhy kb CZT-cbtibscvi
cbhustrcis.89 Hurcba tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs tfi mlrai nkeplbcis slepmi fls diib rihunih dy riekvcba tfksi res wctf bkb-kwbir stltus
tflt wiri inkbkecnlmmy mcboih wctf tfi nkeplby tflt flh CZTs cb cts pkrtgkmck. Xfcs prknihuri wls lppmcih tk tfi hltl kg < >3> kut
kg tktlm 6 6<: mlrai nkeplbcis wctf bkb-CZ kwbir stltus cb tfi slepmi. Chibtcnltckb kg tfi inkbkecn arkup fls diib hkbi kb tfi
dlscs kg mcbolais wctf tfi slei HYK plribt.
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usih cb viry giw nlsis. Cb plrtcnumlr, ct wls usih wfib lmm KTDC^ nkeplbcis wiri sudschclrcis kg
tfi slei HYK lbh lmm ktfir eitfkhs kg hcsledcaultckb wiri bkt iggintcvi.87
Xfi eitfkhkmkay usih cb tfi stuhy lmmkws gkr chibtcnltckb kg kwbirs kg CZ rcafts dy nkeplby blei,
ls ct lppilrs cb tfi CZ riacstirs, lbh eltnfis tfcs blei tk tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi. KTDC^ cs tfi ekst
ixtibscvi skurni kg hiekarlpfcn lbh blbnclm cbgkreltckb kg Iurkpilb res lvlcmldmi tk risilrnfirs.
Fkwivir, tfiri cs bkt sugncibt cbgkreltckb cb KTDC^ tk chibtcgy lmm dibinclrcis/usirs kg CZ rcafts
diykbh tficr ceeihclti kwbirs.
Lmtfkuaf tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi nkbtlcbs cbgkreltckb kb tfi inkbkecn mcbos ditwiib nkeplbcis
(Hkeistcn Ymtcelti Kwbir lbh Amkdlm Ymtcelti Kwbir) tfcs cbgkreltckb cs bkt nkepmiti. Cb ktfir
wkrhs, tfiri lppilr tk di nkeplbcis cb KTDC^ tflt lri plrt kg mlrair inkbkecn arkups dut gkr wfcnf
KTDC^ hkis bkt ripkrt kwbirsfcp mcbos.
Kwbirsfcp mcbos wiri tloib cbtk lnnkubt ls eunf ls pksscdmi cb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi tflt wls
usih gkr lmm inkbkeitrcn ekhims tflt gkre tfi nkri kg tfcs stuhy (Nflptir 7). Xfcs selmmir slepmi
wls nmilbih ls eunf ls pksscdmi, sk tflt nkeplbcis tflt lri plrt kg l mlrair arkup strunturi lri
nkbschirih ls kbi ibtcty. Xfus, cb tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs nkeplbcis tflt nkumh dibit grke tfi
CZ rcafts kwbih dy ktfir ibtctcis cb tficr arkup wiri bkt triltih ls tfi bkb-kwbirs kg CZ rcafts. Xfcs
nmilbcba prkniss, fkwivir, nkumh di hkbi kbmy plrtclmmy gkr rilskbs ixpmlcbih ldkvi, lbh ct cs bkt
gilscdmi tk nlrry ct kut kb tfi mlrair slepmi kg 4.> ecmmckb nkeplbcis tflt cs usih gkr tfi hisnrcptcvi
stltcstcns.
Lmtfkuaf mlno kg sugncibt cbgkreltckb ldkut tfi pktibtclm dibinclrcis kg CZ rcafts lggints dktf mlrainkeplbcis lbh ^EIs, tfi ceplnt kb tfi risumts gkr mlrai nkeplbcis cs mlrair. Mlrai nkeplbcis lri
ekri mcoimy tflb ^EIs tk sit up drlbnfis cb elby Iurkpilb nkubtrcis lbh arkup CZ kwbirsfcp cb
kbi ibtcty tflt elblais tfi wfkmi CZ pkrtgkmck. Lmtfkuaf riacstirih ls lb kwbirsfcp kg kbmy kbi re,
tfcs CZ pkrtgkmck drcbas dibits tk lmm tfi res tflt lri plrt kg tfi inkbkecn arkup.
Inkbkecn lblmyscs kg tfi dibits lnnruih tk lmm tfi CZ usirs (kwbirs, usirs lbh mcnibsiis) wkumh
pktibtclmmy di ekri cbgkreltcvi. Fkwivir, tfiri cs bk pudmcnmy lvlcmldmi ripksctkry nkbtlcbcba
sugncibt cbgkreltckb kb CZ mcnibscba. Xfirigkri lmm inkbkecn stuhcis scecmlr tk tfi prisibt stuhy, tflt
lri dlsih kb mlrai slepmis kg res, lri binisslrcmy mcectih tk tfi dibits kg CZ kwbirsfcp rltfir
tflb usi.
Xfi eltnfcba eitfkhkmkay nkedcbis Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm pltibt, trlhi elro lbh hiscab hltl cb
l acvib nkubtry wctf blbnclm cbgkreltckb kg nkeplbcis tflt lri mknltih cb tflt slei nkubtry kbmy.
Xfi hincsckb tk mcect tfi lblmyscs tk Iurkpilb lbh fkei-nkubtry lppmcnltckbs wls hrcvib dy twk
glntkrs0 tfi igncibny kg tfi eltnfcba lmakrctfe lbh tfi qulmcty kg tfi hltl lvlcmldmi gkr trlhi elros
lbh hiscabs. Eltnfcba lmm res cb tfi hltlsit wctf lmm CZT ripksctkrcis lvlcmldmi cb tfi slepmi wkumh
flvi nkbschirldmy cbnrilsih tfi eltnfcba tcei lbh iggkrt. Fkwivir, ct wkumh bkt flvi prkvchih
nkepmiti cbgkreltckb kb tfi res– CZT pkrtgkmcks scbni elby res ely flvi riacstirih tficr CZT cb
nkubtrcis wfcnf lri kutschi tfi snkpi kg tfi prisibt stuhy.
87 Kbi pksscdmi lmtirbltcvi, dlsih kb KTDC^ hltl lvlcmldcmcty, wkumh di tk usi amkdlm umtcelti kwbir (AYK) cbgkreltckb. Fkwivir,
AYK kwbirs nkumh flvi tficr silt cb nkubtrcis bkt nkvirih dy lvlcmldmi CZT hltl.
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Lhhctckblmmy, tfi CZT hltlsit hkis bkt nkbtlcb ibkuaf cbgkreltckb kb tfi trlhi elro kr hiscab prckrc-
tcis tk di ldmi tk hcstcbaucsf ditwiib, kb tfi kbi flbh, ibtcrimy bkvim CZT lppmcnltckbs, lbh, kb tfi
ktfir flbh, lppmcnltckbs gkr trlhi elros lmrilhy riacstirih cb lbktfir nkubtry. Xfcs eilbs tflt tfislei trlhi elro kr hiscab wkumh di nkubtih eumtcpmi tceis, cg riacstirih cb hcggiribt urcshcntckbs. Xk
lvkch tfcs dcls, ct wls hinchih tk mcect tfi eltnfcba ixirncsi tk kbmy CZT lppmcnltckbs cb tfi nkubtry
wfiri tfi nkeplby fls cts filhqulrtirs lbh Iurkpilb CZTs. Xk gkmmkw l nkbscstibt lpprklnf lbh
tk lvkch soiwcba tfi rimltcvi wicafts kg hcggiribt CZTs cb ilnf nkeplby–s pkrtgkmck, kbmy pltibts gkr
nkeplbcis mknltih cb tfi slei nkubtry ls tfi bltckblm CZ kgni wiri cbnmuhih.81
Zktibtclm dclsis
Ls privckusmy hcsnussih, skei CZT kwbirs wiri bkt sunnissgummy eltnfih wctf KTDC^ rinkrhs.
Xfus, nkeplbcis tflt wiri cb glnt CZT kwbirs ely flvi diib triltih ls tfkuaf tfiy hch bkt flvi
lby cbtlbacdmi lssits (glmsi bialtcvi irrkr). Lbktfir prkdmie nlb di lttrcdutih tk pktibtclm mcectltckbs
stieecba grke tfi eltnfcba lmakrctfe ctsimg. Xfiri ecaft di res tflt mih gkr CZT prktintckb cb tfcrh
nkubtrcis, dut tflt flvi bk CZT lntcvcty cb tfi fkei nkubtry lbh lt tfi Iurkpilb mivim. Hui tk tfisi
iggints ct cs mcoimy tflt giwir CZT kwbirs lri kdsirvih cb tfi hltlsit. Xfirigkri, tfi hcggiribnis cb
re pirgkrelbni kdsirvih cb tfi hltl lbh tfus tfi nkigncibts kg bltckblm CZT kwbirsfcp vlrcldmis
nkumh pktibtclmmy di kvirstltcba kr ubhirstltcba tfi trui iggint. ^cecmlrmy, tfcs gilturi kg tfi eltnfcba
prkniss ecaft nlusi l dcls cb tfi istceltckb kg tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT stknos lbh re pirgkr -
elbni. Cb lhhctckb, scbni CZTs riacstirih cb tfcrh nkubtrcis kbmy lri bkt nlpturih, gkr skei res tfi
bltckblm CZT stkno vlrcldmis cb tfi hltlsit ecaft di dclsih hkwbwlrhs. Xfirigkri, tfi nkigncibts
kg bltckblm CZT stknos ecaft kvirstlti tfi rilm iggint. Fkwivir, tfisi dclsis lri mcoimy tk di glcrmy
selmm scbni tfiri sfkumh di rimltcvimy giw sunf res cb tfi hltl.
81 Gkr ixlepmi, tfi cbgkreltckb nkbtlcbih cb tfi hltlsit gkr Airelb nkeplbcis nkbtlcbs Iurkpilb pltibts, Nkeeubcty Xrlhi Elros
(NXEs) lbh Tiacstirih Nkeeubcty Hiscabs (TNHs), bltckblm pltibts, bltckblm trlhi elros lbh bltckblm hiscabs arlbtih dy tfi
Airelb Zltibt lbh Xrlhi Elro Kgni. Ct hkis bkt nkbtlcb cbgkreltckb kb bltckblm rcafts fimh dy Airelb nkeplbcis cb ktfir
nkubtrcis.
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6.4 Nkhis usih gkr ixpcrltckb kr mlpsi hltis gkr bltckblm pltibts86
LX Nkhi Hisnrcptckb Griquibny kb
ZLX^XLX83
LX TIT NIL^IH L^ XK ZLTLATLZF 9 MCX. > MLQ CBXTKHYNCBA ZLXIBX XTILXCI^ >3 618
LX TIB NIL^IH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII >4 61>
LX IM@ ITTKBIKY^ MLZ^I 48 <68
LX IIML NLBNIMMIH HYI XK MLZ^I KG XCEI < 1><
LX IML IVZCTIH HYI XK MLZ^I KG XCEI < 943
LX EE3O MLZ^I HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG TIBIQLM GII < 94<
LX TPB ZLXIBX TIWKOIH < 466
LX EB3O NLBNIMMIH HYI XK MLZ^I KG XCEI 7<1
LX IMW NIL^IH HYI XK TIBYBNCLXCKB 44LX IIMW MLZ^IH HYI XK QCXFHTLQLM <>
LX IB HINMLTLXCKB KG BYMMCGCNLXCKB 3
LX L<QT TIWKNLXCKB 7
LX EL3O MLZ^I HYI XK TIBYBNCLXCKB 9
LX TF HINMLTIH BYMM LBH WKCH 9
LX IIB HINMLTLXCKB KG BYMMCGCNLXCKB <
LX IAL HINC^CKB KG ATLBX QL^ TIWKOIH <
DI TI MLZ^IH 9 917
DI TI4: ZLXIBX IVZCTIH 743
DI ITI MLZ^IH <8DI I4: ZLXIBX IVZCTIH 7
HI 6>>3 NIL^IH/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII 3 <47
HI T:1< IVZCTS KG TCAFX >>7
HI T<<3 LZZMCNLXCKB HIIEIH QCXFHTLQB, KT CZT MLZ IH, HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX
KG TIBIQLM GII
>:<
HI IF@ NIL^IH/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII 34
HI 6<>3 HC^ZK^LM/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII 4>
HI T<91 MLZ^I KG CZT LGXIT 7 SILT^ <7
HI T<96 MLZ^I KG CZT LGXIT 6 SILT^ <7
HI 6>8: ZLXIBX KG LHHCXCKB NIL^IH/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII KG ELCB ZLXIBX <9HI T<4> LZZMCNLXCKB HIIEIH QCXFHTLQB HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GCMCBA GII <:
HI T<97 MLZ^I KG CZT LGXIT > SILT^ <:
HI 6<>7 HC^ZK^LM/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI GII GKT ZYDMCNLXCKB/ATLBX 3
HI 6>7< BKXCGCNLXCKB KG ATLBX TIWKOIH 6
HI T<84 MLZ^I KG ZLXIBX KG LHHCXCKB HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG TIBIQLM GII^
GKT ZLTIBX ZLXIBX
9
HI IFP ZLXIBX KG LHHCXCKB NIL^IH/BKB-ZLSEIBX KG LBBYLM GII KG ZLTIBX
ZLXIBX
>
HO ZDZ ZLXIBX MLZ^IH 8 63>
HO ZYZ ZLXIBX IVZCTIH < 8:1
HO LFD LZZMCNLXCKB ^FIMWIH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX <43
86 Xfi griquibny wls kdtlcbih dlsih kb ibtrcis cb ZLX^XLX gkr ilnf kg tfi pltibtcba lutfkrctcis cb lmm yilrs. Xflt cs, tfi griquibncis
lri bkt ristrcntih tk tfi pirckh 4::4-4:<:.
Lbbix 1<
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HO Z^Z ZLXIBX ^YTTIBHITIH >6
HO ZYA ZLXIBX TIWKOIH <4
HO ZFD LZZMCNLXCKB ^FIMWIH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX 9HO YYZ YXCMCXS EKHIM IVZCTIH >
HO YDZ YXCMCXS EKHIM MLZ^IH 4
I^ GH<L ZLXIBX MLZ^IH 3 7>:
I^ GH<O YXCMCXS EKHIM MLZ^IH > >83
I^ GL4L LZZMCNLXCKB QCXFHTLQB < 196
I^ ^L7 IVZCTLXCKB HLXI (^BLZ^FKX 34:<:<) 11<
I^ GH4L LBBKYBNIEIBX KG MLZ^I CB ^ZLCB >69
I^ EE8L ZLXIBX MLZ^IH >79
I^ GN4L ATLBX TIGY^IH <34
I^ GL<O LZZMCNLXCKB QCXFHTLQB <14
I^ TH<L ZLXIBX ^ICPIH 66
I^ EE<O YXCMCXS EKHIM MLZ^IH >6
I^ ^S IVZCTLXCKB HLXI (^BLZ^FKX 34:<:<) >>
I^ TM4L LBBYMEIBX DS NKYTX HINC^CKB 46
I^ GN<O YXCMCXS EKHIM TIGY^IH 49
I^ EF<O LDLBHKBEIBX 9
I^ EF<L LDLBHKBEIBX 4
I^ ^D> IVZCTLXCKB HLXI (^BLZ^FKX 34:<:<) <
GT ^X BKXCGCNLXCKB KG MLZ^I >: 611
GT TA MCIB (ZMIHAI) NLBNIMMIH 89
GT H> HINC^CKB XK TIWKOI XFI HINC^CKB KG MLZ^I 8:
GT TX NKEZMIXI TIBYBNCLXCKB 7
AD ZNBZ ZLXIBX NIL^IH XFTKYAF BKB-ZLSEIBX KG TIBIQLM GII^ 66 879
AD ZMBZ ZLXIBX MLZ^IH XFTKYAF BKB-ZLSEIBX KG TIBIQLM GII^ << 6<6
AD ZI4: ZLXIBX IVZCTIH LGXIT XITECBLXCKB KG 4: SILT^ 3 <1>
AD 11>O ZLXIBX TIWKOIH YBHIT INX. 1>(4)/<311 783
AD ZI ZLXIBX IVZCTIH >64
AD 11>4 NL^I HINCHIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX.
1>(4)/<311)
<69
AD 143Y KGGIT XK YTTIBHIT LNNIZXIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT (^INX. 43/<311) >:
AD ^ZNI ^ZN IVZCTIH 41
AD 8>>D NL^I HINCHIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX. >>/<383) <3
AD ^43 ^YTTIBHIT KG ZLXIBX (^INX. 43/ZLX. LNX <311) <3
AD 8>>> ZTKNIIHCBA XITECBLXIH DS ^YTTIBHIT KG ZLXIBX YBHIT ^INXCKB >8
ZLXIBX^ LNX <383
<4
AD 114T ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX. 14/<311) 3
AD 114D NL^I HINCHIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX. 14/<311) 6
AD 8>> ZTKNIIHCBA XITECBLXIH DS WKMYBXLTS ^YTTIBHIT KG XFI ZLXIBX
(^INX. >>/<383)
7
AD 8>8C KTHIT ELHI TIWKOCBA XFI YBHITEIBXCKBIH ZLXIBX (^INX. >8/<383) 7
AD 1D ZLXIBX IVZCTIH LGXIT ZTKMKBALXCKB KG 4: SILT^ 8
AD 8>8N ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX. >8/<383) >
AD 8>8H KGGIT XK ^YTTIBHIT LNNIZXIH ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX. >8/<383) >
14 Lbbix
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Lbbix 1>
AD 8>8D NL^I HINCHIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX. >8/<383) 4
AD 8>8A ZTKNIIHCBA XITECBLXIH DS ^YTTIBHIT KG ZLXIBX YBHIT ^INXCKB >8
ZLXIBX^ LNX <383
4
AD 1><L NL^I HINCHIH DS XFI NKEZXTKMMIT ** ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX.
1>(<)/<311)
4
AD 11>M ZLXIBX TIWKOIH YBHIT ^INX. 1>(<)/<311 4
AD 119I ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX. 19/<311) 4
AD 843V ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX. 43/<383) <
AD 8>:H ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX. >:/<383) <
AD 114H ZTKNIIHCBA XITECBLXIH DS WKMYBXLTS ^YTTIBHIT KG ZLXIBX (^INX.
14/<311)
<
AD 1L ZLXIBX TIWKOIH (^INX. <<1/<311) <
AD ZT ZLXIBX TIWKOIH <
FY FEE8 NLBNIMMLXCKB KG GCBLM ZTKX. HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII < <67
FY EE8L MLZ^I KG HIGCBCXCWI ZLXIBX ZTKXINXCKB HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII^ 774
FY HGH3 XIEZKTLTS ZTKX. NLBNIMMIH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII^ >>9
FY HGN8 NLBNIMMLXCKB KG XIEZKTLTS ZTKX. HYI XK TIGY^LM <36
FY HGL3 XIEZKTLTS ZTKX. NLBNIMMIH HYI XK LDLBHKBEIBX 33
FY GH3L MLZ^I KG ZTKWC^CKBLM ZTKXINXCKB HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII^ 43
FY FEF8 NLBNIMMLXCKB KG GCBLM ZTKX. HYI XK TIMCB\YC^FEIBX <9
FY GL3L MLZ^I KG ZTKWC^CKBLM ZLXIBX ZTKXINXCKB HYI XK TIMCB\YC^FEIBX KT
ZTKXINXCKB NKB^CHITIH TIMCB\YC^FIH
1
FY EF8L MLZ^I KG HIGCBCXCWI ZLXIBX ZTKXINXCKB HYI XK TIMCB\YC^FEIBX 7
FY DGH3 XIEZKTLTS ZTKX. NLBNIMMIH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII^ >
MX EE3L MLZ^IH ZLXIBX^ 71:
MX EO3L IVZCTS KG L ZLXIBX <:
MX EA3L ZLXIBX CBWLMCHLXIH <
MX ^ZNQ QCXFHTLQLM KG LB ^ZN <
BM WH< MLZ^IH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII 1 :86
BM W< MLZ^IH DINLY^I KG BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI LBBYLM GII 8 <99
BM W8 MLZ^IH DINLY^I KG TILNFCBA XFI ELVCEYE MCGIXCEI KG L ZLXIBX 6<6
BM WH4 MLZ^IH HYI XK IVZCTLXCKB KG XFI XITE KG ZTKXINXCKB 1:8
BM DW XFI ZLXIBX LZZMCNLXCKB FL^ MLZ^IH 77
BM WH8 MLZ^IH HYI XK TI^CABLXCKB DS XFI ZTKZTCIXKT ><
BM W@N MLZ^IH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI HYI ELCBXIBLBNI GII GKT XFI
ZLXIBX KT ZLXIBX LZZMCNLXCKB
<<
BM WH> LBBYMEIBX 7
BM W7 ZLXIBX ^YTTIBHITIH (LTX. 86) >
BM WCX MLZ^IH HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG XFI HYI ELCBXIBLBNI GII GKT XFI
ZLXIBX KT ZLXIBX LZZMCNLXCKB
4
BM W9 LBBYMEIBX (LTX. 9<) <
ZX EE>L LBBYMEIBX KT MLZ^I < 1>7
ZX EE8L LBBYMEIBX/MLZ^I HYI XK BKB-ZLSEIBX KG GII^? ^ILTNFIH & IVLE-
CBIH ZLXIBX
8>3
ZX EE8O LBBYMEIBX KT MLZ^I (ATLBXIH YXCMCXS EKHIM) 97
ZX GN>L TIGY^LM 7
ZX EL>L QCXFHTLQLM KG ZLXIBX >
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18 Lbbix
6.> Tihunih slepmi nflrlntircstcns
Xldmi 4:0 Lvirlai vlmuis kg simintih vlrcldmis dy CZT kwbir-
sfcp (rihunih slepmi)
Buedir kg
iepmkyiis
Tivibui pir
iepmkyii
(IYT/yilr)
Qlais pir
iepmkyii
(IYT/yilr)
Lai (yilrs)
Bkb-kwbir 41.< 439 463 8< :36 <1.7
Lmm CZTs Kwbir 478.8 7>8 :68 78 79: 4>.8
% hcggiribni (kwbir/bkb-kwbir) 617.6%*** <<8.1%*** 91.>%*** >>.8%***
Zltibt Kwbir < :94.4 3<9 88: 64 :>< ><.8
% hcggiribni (kwbir/bkb-kwbir) > 161.7%*** 4<:.:%*** 33.7%*** 16.3%***
Xrlhi elro Kwbir 41:.4 7>3 398 78 694 4>.>
% hcggiribni (kwbir/bkb-kwbir) 636.>%*** <<7.1%*** 91.6%*** >4.6%***
Hiscab Kwbir < <>9.: 1:< 3:9 93 167 43.6
% hcggiribni (kwbir/bkb-kwbir) 8 :3>.8%*** <>1.1%*** 89.9%*** 73.6%***
Bkti0 Lai cs hibih lt 4:<> lnnkrhcba tk tfi hlti kg cbnkrpkrltckb ripkrtih dy KTDC^. Xfi lstircsos hibkti tfi gkmmkwcba scabcnlbni mivims0
<: pir nibt (*), 9 pir nibt (**) kr < pir nibt (***).
6.8 Hcstcbntcvi arkups kg scecmlr CZT kwbirs0 nmustir lblmyscs
6.8.< Cbtrkhuntckb0 nmustir lblmyscs
Cb lhhctckb tk tfi dlscn hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns ripkrtih cb tfi privckus sintckb, ct cs pksscdmi tk kwb
CZT cbhcnltkrs tk chibtcgy typcnlm prkmis kg CZT kwbirsfcp. Gkr ixlepmi, prkmis ely di hibih kb
tfi dlscs kg0
➘ tfi cbtibscty wctf wfcnf CZTs lri usih (i.a. hcstcbaucsfcba ditwiib ”Filvy CZT usirs―,
”Ekhirlti CZT usirs― lbh ”Mcaft CZT usirs―)?
➘ tfi spincn wly cb wfcnf CZTs lri usih (i.a. dy hcstcbaucsfcba ditwiib res tflt kwb
eumtcpmi typis kg CZT sceumtlbikusmy ‘ i.a. pltibts lbh trlhi elros ‘ lbh tfksi tflt
gknus kb l plrtcnumlr typi kg CZ)? kr
➘
lby ktfir rimivlbt nkedcbltckb kg tfi twk (i.a. ”Filvy eumtcpmi-CZT usirs―, vs. ”Filvypltibt-kbmy usirs―, itn.).
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Lbbix 19
Hcggiribt lpprklnfis nlb di usih tk hitirecbi tfi tfrisfkmhs hibcba CZT kwbirsfcp prkmis. Gkr
ixlepmi, tfrisfkmh mivims nkumh di dlsih kb scepmi pirnibtcmis (i.a. wctf ”Filvy usirs― dicba
hibih ls tfksi nkeplbcis wfksi cbtibscty cbhix mivim dimkbas tk tfi tkp 19 pir nibt, ”Mcaftusirs― dicba hibih ls tfksi nkeplbcis wfksi cbtibscty cbhix mivim dimkbas tk tfi dkttke 49 pir
nibt, itn.), kr hipibhcba kb wfitfir hcggiribt CZTs lri kwbih sceumtlbikusmy (i.a. hcstcbaucsfcba
ditwiib ”Zltibt-kbmy kwbirs― lbh ”Zltibt lbh trlhi elro kwbirs―). Lbktfir wly wkumh di tk hibi
tfrisfkmhs uscba l eilsuri kg lai (i.a. lai kg kmhist pltibt, lai kg ekst rinibt pltibt, itn.).
Lmtirbltcvimy, tfrisfkmh mivims nkumh di hitirecbih kb tfi dlscs kg lblmyscs kg vlrclbni (LBKWL)
tinfbcquis sunf ls nmustir lblmyscs.
6.8.4. ^pincgcn lpprklnf
Xfi nmustir lblmyscs nkbhuntih cb tfcs stuhy cs dlsih kb scx vlrcldmis0 tfi stknos kg pltibts, trlhi
elros lbh hiscabs, lt dktf tfi bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb mivims. Xfi lblmyscs wls nkbhuntih uscba
stknos kg CZTs eilsurih cb dktf ldskmuti lbh pir-iepmkyii tires. Gkr nkbscstibny wctf ktfir
sintckbs kg tfi ripkrt, kbmy tfi nmustir lblmyscs risumts kdtlcbih dy uscba tfi stknos kg CZTs
bkrelmcsih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis lri prisibtih firi (fkwivir, wfiri lpprkprclti, tfi
risumts kdtlcbih dy uscba tfi ldskmuti buedir kg CZTs lri eibtckbih). 4:<: cs tfi dlsi yilr, lbh
tfi vlrcldmis wiri bkrelmcsih tk lnnkubt gkr hcggiribnis cb snlmi lbh vlrcldcmcty. Cb mcbi wctf tfi
hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns prisibtih ldkvi, tfi lblmyscs wls pirgkreih kb tfi rlbhkecsih slepmi. Cb
lhhctckb, kbmy res tflt lri kwbirs kg lt milst kbi typi kg CZT wiri cbnmuhih.
Xfi nfksib nmustircba eitfkh cs o-eilbs wctf rlbhke stlrtcba pkcbts. Xfi buedir kg stlrtcba pkcbtscs tfi slei ls tfi buedir kg nmustirs, o , wfcnf cs pri-spincih. Xfi lmakrctfe rlbhkemy nfkksis
stlrtcba pkcbts ls tfi nibtris kg tfi cbctclm sit kg nmustirs lbh arkups lmm kdsirvltckbs cb nmustirs sk
tflt tfi Iunmchilb hcstlbni ditwiib tfi kdsirvltckbs lbh tfi nibtris cs ecbcecsih. Lgtir tfcs rst
ctirltckb, biw nibtris lri nfksib dy nlmnumltcba tfi eilb wctfcb ilnf kg tfi nmustirs (ktfir
lmakrctfes ecaft nfkksi ktfir rumis gkr simintcba tfi biw nibtris, i.a. o-eihclbs simints tfi
eihclb kdsirvltckb wctfcb ilnf nmustir). Xfi lmakrctfe tfib ripilts tfcs prkniss ubtcm nkbviraibni
cs lnfcivih0 tfi hcstlbni ditwiib tfi nibtris digkri lbh lgtir lb ctirltckb lri dimkw l nirtlcb (selmm)
tfrisfkmh. Cb ktfir wkrhs, upkb nkbviraibni tfi nibtri kg tfi nmustirs lbh tfi eilb nkcbnchi.
Xfcs lblmyscs wls pirgkreih systieltcnlmmy, spincgycba lmm pksscdmi nkbaurltckbs grke 4 tk 4:nmustirs. Fkwivir, elby kg tfi nmustirs lri selmm. Nmustirs tflt nkbtlcb giwir tflb 9:: res wiri
hcsnlrhih. Gcblmmy, tfi nmustircba tflt kggirih tfi mlraist buedir kg hcstcbnt plttirbs wls simintih.
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17 Lbbix
6.8.>. Tisumts0 vi nmustirs kg typcnlm kwbirs
Gcauri < sfkws tfi nmustirs kdtlcbih gkr CZT cbhcnltkrs bkrelmcsih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis.Gkr tfi stknos kg CZTs pir iepmkyii, tfi nmustircba eitfkh hisnrcdih ldkvi prkhunih vi mlrai
nmustirs tflt nkvir 31.1 pir nibt kg tfi res cb tfi slepmi. Xfisi lri ripkrtih cb Xldmi 4<. Xfi
vlrcldmis kb tfi rlhlr arlpf y-lxcs riprisibt tfi vlmuis kg hcggiribt nmustir nibtris. Gkr ilnf nmustir,
l nibtri cs tfi lvirlai vlmui kg tfi stlbhlrhcsih CZTs/pir iepmkyii lnrkss lmm res dimkbacba tk
tflt nmustir. ^k, gkr ixlepmi, cg l nmustir fls l pksctcvi (bialtcvi) vlmui lmkba tfi ”IY trlhi elro―
hceibsckb, tfcs cbhcnltis tflt tfi buedir kg IY trlhi elros pir iepmkyii kg res dimkbacba tk tfcs
nmustir cs ldkvi (dimkw) tfi lvirlai buedir kg IY trlhi elros gkr tfi kvirlmm slepmi kg res nkb -
schirih. L mlrair elabctuhi kg tfi nibtri cbhcnltis l mlrair hcstlbni ldkvi (cg tfi buedir cs pksctcvi)
kr dimkw (cg tfi buedir cs bialtcvi) tfi kvirlmm slepmi eilb. Xfi ixlnt vlmuis kg nmustir nibtris
lri ripkrtih cb tfi tldmi.
Gcauri <0 Nmustir nibtris gkr stknos pir iepmkyii
-:.>
-:.<
:.<
:.>
:.9
:.1
:.3
<.<
<.>
IYT trlhielro
BLX trlhielroBLX pltibt
IYT hiscab
BLX hiscab
IYT pltibt
Nmustir < Nmustir 4 Nmustir > Nmustir 8 Nmustir 9
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Lbbix 11
Xldmi 4<0 Nmustir nibtris cb tires kg (stlbhlrhcsih) stknos kg
CZTs pir iepmkyii
IYT trlhi
elro
BLX trlhi
elro
IYT
hiscab
BLX
hiscab
IYT
pltibt
BLX
pltibt
Mcaft CZT usirs (Nmustir <) -:.:61 -:.<>8 -:.:89 -:.:<8 -:.:>3 -:.:9:
Ekhirlti bltckblm trlhi elro usirs
(Nmustir 4)
-:.:3> :.:3< -:.:9< -:.:<8 -:.:89 -:.:91
Cbtibscvi bltckblm trlhi elro usirs
(Nmustir >)
-:.:68 :.718 -:.:94 -:.::6 -:.:89 -:.:94
Cbtibscvi IY trlhi elro lbh IY hiscabusirs (Nmustir 8)
<.48> :.<4> :.74: -:.::< -:.:44 -:.:4>
Zltibt usirs (Nmustir 9) :.494 -:.:6: -:.::4 -:.:<> :.:37 :.<64
Ls nlb di siib grke Gcauri <, tfi vi nmustirs83 chibtcih flvi lb cbtuctcvi cbtir -
pritltckb0
➘ ”Mcaft― CZT usirs (Nmustir <) ‘ res dimkbacba tk tfcs nmustir flvi l selmm buedir kg
CZTs pir iepmkyii. Xfi nmustir nibtris typcnlmmy flvi tfi mkwist vlmuis cb lmekst lmm rcaftsnkeplrih tk tfi ktfir nmustirs.
➘ Ekhirlti bltckblm trlhi elro usirs (Nmustir 4) ‘ res dimkbacba tk tfcs nmustir kwb l
ekhist buedir kg bltckblm trlhi elros.
➘ Cbtibscvi bltckblm trlhi elro usirs (Nmustir >) ‘ tfi CZT kwbirsfcp prkmi kg res
dimkbacba tk tfcs nmustir cs scecmlr tk tflt kg res dimkbacba tk Nmustir 4, dut tfiy kwb
scabcnlbtmy ekri bltckblm trlhi elros.
➘ Cbtibscvi Iurkpilb trlhi elro lbh Iurkpilb hiscab usirs (Nmustir 8) ‘ tfcs nmustir
nkbtlcbs res tflt pkssiss lb ubusulmmy fcaf buedir kg Iurkpilb trlhi elros lbh
Iurkpilb hiscabs pir iepmkyii. Xfiy lmsk pkssiss bltckblm trlhi elros cb vkmueis
nkeplrldmi wctf ekhirlti bltckblm trlhi elro usirs (Nmustir 4).➘ Zltibt usirs (Nmustir 9) ‘ tfcs nmustir nkbtlcbs res tflt kwb scabcnlbtmy ekri
pltibts (dktf bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb) nkeplrih tk tfksi dimkbacba tk ktfir nmustirs.
Ct sfkumh di bktih tflt res cb tfcs nmustir lmsk pkssiss l ekhist buedir kg Iurkpilb
trlhi elros.
83 Xfi nmustircba vlrcldmis lri hibih kb lb CZTs-pir-iepmkyii dlscs. Qfib tfi nmustir ixirncsi cs nkbhuntih dlsih kb ldskmuti
stkno kg CZTs (ls kppksih tk stknos bkrelmcsih dy buedir kg iepmkyiis), kbmy tfrii nmustirs lri kdtlcbih. Bk nflrt gkr tfi tfrii
nmustirs cs ripkrtih dut, gkr nkepmitibiss, ct nlb di bktih tflt tfisi nlb di cbtuctcvimy rlboih grke mcaftir tk filvcir CZT uslai
ls gkmmkws0 Mcaft CZT usirs (Nmustir <d) ‘ tfi CZT uslai prkmi kg tfcs nmustir cs scecmlr tk tflt kg Nmustir < kdtlcbih wfibuscba CZTs pir iepmkyii? Cbtibscvi bltckblm trlhi elro usirs (Nmustir 4d) ‘ tfi CZT uslai prkmi kg tfcs nmustir cs scecmlr tk tflt
kg Nmustir > (kdtlcbih wfib uscba CZTs/pir iepmkyii)? lbh Filvy CZT usirs (Nmustir >d) ‘ tfi CZT uslai prkmi kg tfcs nmustir
lppilrs tk cbnkrpkrlti gilturis kg dktf Nmustir 8 lbh Nmustir 9, ls ct cbnmuhis res tflt kwb elby Iurkpilb trlhi elros,
Iurkpilb hiscabs, lbh pltibts (dktf bltckblm lbh Iurkpilb).
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16 Lbbix
6.8.8. tltcstcnlm lblmyscs kg nmustirs
Xfiri lri sivirlm cbtiristcba stltcstcnlm gilturis kg tfi nmustirs chibtcih ldkvi. Xfcs sintckb
prisibts tfi drilohkwb kg tfisi arkups cbtk l buedir kg nltiakrcis tk chibtcgy skei kg tfi plttirbs
ixfcdctih dy tfi hltl.
Xldmi 44 rst prkvchis hitlcms kg tfi buedir kg res tflt lri nkbtlcbih cb ilnf kg tfi nmustirs. Xfi
”mcaft CZT usirs― nmustir cs tfi mlraist, lnnkubtcba gkr >> 146 res, wfcmst tfi ”cbtibscvi IY trlhi
elro lbh IY hiscab usirs― nmustir (Nmustir 8) cs tfi selmmist, lnnkubtcba gkr 168 res.
Zirflps kg ekri cbtirist cs tfi drilohkwb kg tfisi nmustirs dy nkeplby sczi, c.i. tfi pirnibtlai kg
^EIs virsus mlrai res nkbtlcbih cb ilnf nmustir. Gcrst, tfi ”mcaft CZT usirs― nmustir fls tfi selmmist
prkpkrtckb kg ^EIs. Lalcb, tfcs cs hui tk tfi glnt tflt tfi nmustircba ixirncsi cs dlsih kb CZTs pir
iepmkyii ls kppksih tk ldskmuti stknos kg CZTs .9: L ekri cbtiristcba plttirb nlb di kdsirvih
wfib nkeplrcba tfi ktfir nmustirs. Ekri spincnlmmy, tfi ”pltibt usirs― arkup (Nmustir 9) fls tfi
mlraist sflri kg mlrai nkeplbcis kg tfi rielcbcba nmustirs (<7.3 pir nibt), gkmmkwih dy ”cbtibscvi IY
trlhi elro lbh IY hiscab usirs― (Nmustir 8), lbh tfib ”trlhi elro usirs― (Nmustir 4 lbh Nmustir >).
Xldmi 44 lmsk prisibts tfi lvirlai buedir kg iepmkyiis gkr res wctfcb ilnf nmustir. Xfi rst
strcocba risumt cs tflt res cb tfi ”mcaft CZT usirs― nmustir tibh tk flvi scabcnlbtmy ekri iepmkyiis
tflb res dimkbacba tk lby ktfir nmustir. Ls lmrilhy ixpmlcbih ldkvi, tfcs cs hui tk tfi glnt tflt tfi
nmustircba vlrcldmis lri CZT stknos hibih kb l pir-iepmkyii dlscs lbh tfirigkri, gkr l acvib vlmuikg CZT stkno, res wctf ekri iepmkyiis wcmm binisslrcmy flvi mkwir CZT cbhcnltkr vlmuis.9< Qctf ri-
alrh tk ktfir nmustirs kbi bktis tflt pltibt usirs (Nmustir 9) flvi kb lvirlai ekri iepmkyiis tflb
res cb Nmustirs 4, > lbh 8, lbh res tflt eloi cbtibscvi usi kg dktf Iurkpilb trlhi elros lbh
Iurkpilb hiscabs (Nmustir 8) flvi ekri iepmkyiis tflb tfksi tflt rimy prcelrcmy kb trlhi elros
(Nmustir 4 lbh Nmustir >).
9: Cb glnt wfib uscba stknos kg CZTs ls nmustircba vlrcldmis, ls ixpintih tfi pirnibtlai kg ^EIs nkbtlcbih cb tfi ”mcaft CZT usirs―
nmustir (Nmustir <d) cs gkubh tk di scabcnlbtmy mlrair (c.i. 6:.< pir nibt) tflb tflt gkr tfi twk ekri CZT-cbtibscvi nmustirs (Nmustir4d lbh Nmustir >d, wctf rispintcvimy 8>.< pir nibt lbh >3.9 pir nibt kg ^EIs).
9< Qfib tfi nmustircba lblmyscs cs dlsih kb tfi ldskmuti vlmui kg CZT stknos, tfi res cb tfi ”mcaft CZTs usirs― nmustir (Nmustir <d)
lri gkubh tk flvi tfi selmmist lvirlai buedir kg iepmkyiis, wfcnf nkbres tfi wimm-istldmcsfih bhcba tflt selmmir res tibh tk
kwb miss CZTs.
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Lbbix 13
Xldmi 440 Nflrlntircstcns kg gcres cb ilnf nmustir
Mcaft CZT
usirs
(Nmustir <)
Ekhirlti
bltckblm
trlhi elro
usirs
(Nmustir 4)
Cbtibscvi
bltckblm
trlhi elro
usirs
(Nmustir >)
Cbtibscvi
IY trlhi
elro lbh
IY hiscab
usirs
(Nmustir 8)
Zltibt
usirs
(Nmustir 9)
Buedir kg res >> 146 7 46< > :7< 168 4 77>
Mlrai >4.4% >.3% <.6% 7.6% <7.3%
^EI 71.6% 37.<% 36.4% 3>.4% 6>.<%
Lvirlai buedir kg
iepmkyiis
17<.13 <7.<7 8.66 48.7> 63.<8
Lvirlai rivibui pir
iepmkyii (IYT/yilr)
>:4 98: >:< :61 >66 833 861 84> >6< 817
Lvirlai lai (yilrs) 88.6 44.8 <6.< 4<.3 46.1
Qfib mkkocba lt tfi lvirlai lai kg res cb hcggiribt nmustirs kbi bktis tflt mcaft CZT usirs lri tfi
kmhist res wctf kb lvirlai 88.6 yilrs. Xfi arkup kg pltibt usirs cs sinkbh wctf lb lvirlai lai
kg 46.1 yilrs. Xfi arkup kg cbtibscvi bltckblm trlhi elro usirs nkbtlcbs tfi ykubaist res wctf l
eilb vlmui kg <6.< yilrs.
Gcblmmy, rivibui pir iepmkyii cs ripkrtih dimkw. Gcres wctf l mcaft lbh ekhirlti usi kg CZTs (c.i.
Nmustirs < lbh 4) tibh tk flvi mkwir rivibui pir iepmkyii nkeplrih tk res tflt usi CZTs ekri
cbtibscvimy (c.i. Nmustirs >, 8 lbh 9). Xfi arkup kg cbtibscvi IY trlhi elro lbh IY hiscab-uscba
res (Nmustir 8) fls tfi fcafist lvirlai vlmui wctf IYT 861 84> pir iepmkyii.
Xfi nkepksctckb kg tfi nmustirs lnnkrhcba tk tfi elcb BLNI lntcvctcis kg tfi res cb ilnf kg tfie
cs prisibtih cb Xldmi 4>.
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Xldmi 4>0 Hcstrcdutckb kg gcres dy BLNI lntcvcty cb ilnf nmustir
(sflri kg gcres cb pir nibt)
BLNI sintckb Mcaft CZT
usirs
(Nmustir <)
Ekhirlti
bltckblm
trlhi elro
usirs
(Nmustir 4)
Cbtibscvi
bltckblm
trlhi elro
usirs
(Nmustir >)
Cbtibscvi IY
trlhi elro
lbh IY
hiscab usirs
(Nmustir 8)
Zltibt usirs
(Nmustir 9)
Elbuglnturcba >1.8 4>.3 >1.8 >9.> 9<.7
Imintrcncty, als, stile lbh lcr-nkbhctckbcba < :.< < : :.4
Qltir suppmy, siwirlai, wlsti elblaieibt:.6 :.8 :.6 :.6 :.>
Nkbstruntckb 9 9 9 <.> 4.>
Qfkmislmi lbh ritlcm 4<.7 >:.4 4<.7 >:.1 4<.4
Xrlbspkrtltckb lbh stkrlai >.< <.8 >.< < :.9
Lnnkeekhltckb lbh gkkh sirvcnis >.< > >.< :.3 :.7
Cbgkreltckb lbh nkeeubcnltckb 7.4 3.4 7.4 7.< 7.8
Gcblbnclm lbh cbsurlbni lntcvctcis >.6 4.8 >.6 >.6 4.<
Tilm-istlti lntcvctcis <.6 >.> <.6 4 :.3
Zrkgissckblm, sncibtcn lbh tinfbcnlm sirvcnis 1.8 <:.4 1.8 3.1 3.<
Lhecbcstrltcvi lbh suppkrt sirvcnis 8.< 9.8 8.< 9.4 4.6
Zudmcn lhecbcstrltckb lbh higibni :.< : :.< : :
Ihunltckb :.1 < :.1 :.9 :.>
Fuelb filmtf lbh sknclm wkro lntcvctcis <.9 <.8 <.9 :.< :.>
Lrts, ibtirtlcbeibt lbh rinriltckb <.8 <.8 <.8 <.9 :.6
Ktfir sirvcni lntcvctcis <.< <.1 <.< :.3 :.7
6: Lbbix
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Xfi nmilrist plttirb tflt nlb di kdsirvih dy nkeplrcba lnrkss nmustirs cs tfi sflri kg res kpirltcba
cb tfi tfrii mlraist sintkrs0 Elbuglnturcba, Nkbstruntckb lbh Qfkmislmi lbh ritlcm. Xrlhi elro-gknusihnmustirs (Nmustirs 4, >, lbh 8) flvi l mlrair pirnibtlai kg res cb tfi wfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi
sintkr nkeplrih tk tfi pltibtcba nmustir (Nmustir 9). Cb nkbtrlst, tfi pltibt nmustir nkbtlcbs lb ldskmuti
el`krcty kg elbuglnturcba res.
6.8.9. ueelry
Xfi nmustir lblmyscs nkbres skei aibirlm plttirbs lmrilhy chibtcih cb tfi hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
ripkrtih cb Nflptir 9. Xfi oiy lhhih vlmui kg tfcs nmustircba ixirncsi mcis cb tfi glnt tflt ct prkvchis
gurtfir cbgkreltckb kb CZT uslai plttirbs. Ekri spincnlmmy, tfi chibtcih nmustirs suaaist tfiri lri
twk oiy hceibsckbs lnrkss wfcnf CZT uslai vlrcis lnrkss tfi nkeplbcis0
➘ Cbtibscty kg uslai, wfcnf lppilrs tk di rimivlbt spincnlmmy cb rimltckb tk bltckblm trlhi
elros. Nkeplbcis uscba bltckblm trlhi elros tibh tk dimkba tk twk hcggiribt nmustirs0
tfksi tflt usi tfie ixtibscvimy (Nmustir >) kr ekhirltimy (Nmustir 4).
➘ Tlbai kg CZTs usih lbh nkepmieibtlry usi. Iurkpilb trlhi elros, gkr ixlepmi, tibh
tk di usih viry griquibtmy cb nkb`ubntckb wctf Iurkpilb hiscabs (Nmustir 8) lbh tk l missir
ixtibt cb nkb`ubntckb wctf pltibts, lt ictfir bltckblm kr Iurkpilb mivim (Nmustir 9).
➘ Drilohkwb kg tfisi nmustirs dy nkeplby sczi, c.i. tfi pirnibtlai kg ^EIs virsusmlrai res nkbtlcbih cb ilnf nmustir. Gcrst, tfi ”mcaft CZT usirs― nmustir fls tfi selmmist
prkpkrtckb kg ^EIs. Xfi ”pltibt usirs― arkup (Nmustir 9) fls tfi mlraist sflri kg mlrai
nkeplbcis kg tfi rielcbcba nmustirs (<7.3 pir nibt), gkmmkwih dy ”cbtibscvi IY trlhi elro
lbh IY hiscab usirs― (Nmustir 8), lbh tfib ”trlhi elro usirs― (Nmustir 4 lbh Nmustir >).
Lbbix 6<
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6.9 Dlnoarkubh tk riarissckb ekhim spincnltckbs
6.9.<. Inkbkeitrcn lpprklnf
Xfcs sintckb hisnrcdis tfi lpprklnf tk tfi inkbkeitrcn lblmyscs usih cb tfi stuhy. Ct rst ixpmlcbs
tfi rltckblmi gkr uscba plbim eitfkhs, acvib tfi lvlcmldmi hltlsit. Ct tfib hisnrcdis tfi lpprklnf
tk spincgycba tfi ekhim. Gcblmmy, ct ixpmlcbs fkw sivirlm spincn inkbkeitrcn nflmmibais flvi
diib tlnomih.
6.9.<.< Zlbim hltl
Xfi hltlsit fls l sk-nlmmih plbim gkrelt ls ct nkbtlcbs dktf l nrkss-sintckblm lbh l tcei-sircis
hceibsckb. Zlbim hltl elois ct pksscdmi tk ixpmkct bkt kbmy nrkss-sintckblm vlrcltckb (hcggiribnis di-
twiib res lt kbi pkcbt cb tcei) dut lmsk tcei-sircis vlrcltckb (nflbais gkr kbi re kvir tcei). cbni
dktf hceibsckbs kg vlrcltckb wctfcb tfi hltl nlb di ixpmkctih sceumtlbikusmy, plbim hltl istceltis
lri dlsih kb l mlrair slepmi sczi, lbh lri tfus pktibtclmmy ekri lnnurlti tflb tfksi kdtlcbih
tfrkuaf scepmi nrkss-sintckb kr tcei-sircis riarissckbs.
Gurtfirekri, l plrtcnumlr typi kg inkbkeitrcn ekhimmcba nlb di lppmcih, bleimy plbim riarissckb
tinfbcquis. Xfcs eitfkh cs ldmi tk nkbtrkm gkr ubkdsirvih fitirkaibicty (c.i. tfi iggint kg vlrcldmis
tflt lri bkt kdsirvldmi cb tfi hltl dut wfcnf ecaft flvi lb ceplnt kb tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi
kg cbtirist).
Xfcs gilturi cs plrtcnumlrmy cepkrtlbt scbni ct ecbcecsis tfi rcso kg kdtlcbcba spurckus risumts hrcv-
ib prcelrcmy dy res– nflrlntircstcns tflt flvi lb iggint kb res– pirgkrelbni dut wfcnf lri bkt
kdsirvih lbh lri bkt rimltih tk tfi kwbirsfcp kg CZTs. Gkr cbstlbni, l nkeplby–s spincn kralbc -
sltckblm strunturi, cts duscbiss ekhim, lbh cts elblaieibt qulmcty lri lmm glntkrs wfcnf ely flvi l
scabcnlbt ceplnt kb tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZT kwbirsfcp lbh re pirgkrelbni dut gkr wfcnf
hltl cs mlnocba. Glcmuri tk hilm wctf ubkdsirvih nflrlntircstcns nkumh prkhuni dclsih risumts.
Fkwivir, ubkdsirvih fitirkaibicty cb l plbim grleiwkro nlb di hilmt wctf tfrkuaf tfi usi kg
plrtcnumlr plbim istceltckb tinfbcquis, wfcnf lri hiscabih wctf tfi princsi aklm kg nkbtrkmmcba gkr
spincn nkeplby gilturis tflt lri bkt hcrintmy kdsirvldmi cb tfi hltl.
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Lbbix 6>
6.9.<.4 ^imintckb kg vlrcldmis
Xfcs sintckb hisnrcdis fkw tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lbh tfi cbhipibhibt vlrcldmis wiri simintih.Ekrikvir, ct hcsnussis tfi usi kg mkas virsus mivims kg vlrcldmis lbh prkvchis hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns
gkr tfi elcb vlrcldmis usih.
Hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Xfi purpksi kg tfcs stuhy cs tk lblmysi tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib CZTs lbh tfi pirgkrelbni kg res.
Xfirigkri, tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi kg tfi ekhims biihs tk di lb cbhcnltkr kg res– kutput. Xfi
KTDC^ hltldlsi hisnrcdih cb Nflptir 8 nkbtlcbs sivirlm pktibtclm nlbhchltis, cbnmuhcba vlrckus
eilsuris kg rivibui, slmis lbh prkt kr mkss. Acvib tflt tfcs stuhy rimcis kb hltl grke sivirlm
IY Eiedir ^tltis, ct cs cepkrtlbt tflt tfi dlscs kb wfcnf tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs nkbstruntih
cs chibtcnlm ditwiib nkubtrcis, ls tfcs wcmm ecbcecsi tfi rcso tflt wilobissis cb tfi hltlsit milh
tk dclsih risumts.
Xk cmmustrlti tfcs nkbnirb, ct cs wkrtf bktcba tflt prkt eilsuris lri lggintih dy glntkrs sunf ls
lnnkubtcba prcbncpmis lbh stlbhlrhs ls wimm ls hincsckbs nkbnirbcba tfi trilteibt kg tlx, hidt,
itn. Acvib tflt tfisi cssuis lri bkt flrekbcsih lnrkss Eiedir ^tltis, tfiri cs l scabcnlbt rcso
cb uscba l prkt eilsuri ls lb cbhcnltkr kg pirgkrelbni.94 Gkr tfcs rilskb, rivibui cs usih ls tfi
dlscs kg tfi pirgkrelbni eilsuri cb tfi ekhims. Acvib tfi sudstlbtclm vlrcltckb cb rivibui ditwiib
res kg hcggiribt sczi, tfi hincsckb wls tloib tk trlbsgkre tfi pirgkrelbni eilsuri dy hcvchcba ct
dy tfi buedir kg tfi re–s iepmkyiis. Xfcs eilsuri (rivibui pir iepmkyii) fls lmrilhy diibiepmkyih dy l buedir kg privckus stuhcis, cbnmuhcba Dlsnlvuskamu-Ekrilu lbh Xitfir (4:<<),
Ariibflmaf lbh Tkairs (4:<<) lbh Dmkke lbh Wlb Tiibib (4::4).
➘ Tivibui pir iepmkyii0 kpirltcba rivibui pir iepmkyii cb l acvib yilr
Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis
Xfiri lri twk drklh strltiacis tflt nlb di usih wfib istceltcba inkbkeitrcn ekhims0 l ‖aibirlm tk
spincn– strltiay lbh l ‖spincn tk aibirlm– strltiay. Cg tfi gkreir strltiay cs lhkptih, tfi inkbkei-trcnclb stlrts wctf l ekhim tflt nkbtlcbs ‖elby– pktibtclm ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis lbh imcecbltis tfksi
tflt lri bkt scabcnlbt (grke ictfir l stltcstcnlm kr lb inkbkecn pirspintcvi) tk hivimkp l scepmir
ekhim tflt cs nlpldmi kg ‖ixpmlcbcba– tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi lt milst ls wimm ls l ekri nkepmix
ekhim dut cs prigirrih tk tfcs kbi dinlusi ct riqucris giwir ixpmlbltkry glntkrs. Kb tfi ktfir flbh,
cg tfi mlttir strltiay cs lhkptih, tfi inkbkeitrcnclb stlrts wctf l scepmi ekhim (usulmmy kbi wctf l
scbami ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi) lbh lhhs lhhctckblm vlrcldmis ubtcm lhhcba gurtfir vlrcldmis bk mkbair
prkvchis lhhctckblm cbgkreltckb tk tfi ekhim.
94 Xfi kbi ixniptckb tk tfcs aibirlm rumi cs IDCXHL, wfcnf cs l rilskbldmy stlbhlrhcsih eilsuri lnrkss nkubtrcis. Fkwivir, ct wls
gkubh tflt IDCXHL kdsirvltckbs wiri ecsscba gkr bilrmy lm m kdsirvltckbs cb Mctfulbcl, wfcmi nkvirlai wls rimltcvimy pkkr cb sivirlm
ktfir nkubtrcis, cbnmuhcba tfi YO lbh Hibelro.
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68 Lbbix
Xfiri lri tfikritcnlm rilskbs wfy ct cs usulmmy prigirldmi tk lhkpt l ‖aibirlm tk spincn– lpprklnf
tk inkbkeitrcn ekhimmcba. Fkwivir, tfcs cs, cb prlntcni, bkt lmwlys pksscdmi dinlusi elby kg tfi
lutkeltih prknihuris tflt cepmieibt tfcs strltiay stlrt wctf tfi kdsirvltckbs lvlcmldmi wfib tfigumm ekhim cs istceltih lbh tfib oiip tfi slei sit kg kdsirvltckbs gkr tfi gkmmkwcba stips kg tfi
prknihuri. Xfcs cepmcis tflt cg lb kdsirvltckb cs ecsscba lt tfi diacbbcba kg tfi prknihuri dinlusi,
sly, hltl kb tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis gkr l plrtcnumlr re cs bkt lvlcmldmi, tfib tflt kdsirvltckb
wkumh bkt di usih cb tfi ekhims.
Xfcs nkbnirb wls plrtcnumlrmy rimivlbt gkr tfcs prk`int dinlusi, wfcmi tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi nkbtlcbs l
nkbschirldmi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb, tfiri lri ecsscba kdsirvltckbs gkr elby res cb sivirlm yilrs,
gkr elby kg tfi blbnclm vlrcldmis. Cg tfisi giw alps lri sueeih tkaitfir, tfiy nkbschirldmy rihuni
tfi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb lvlcmldmi lbh sk wkumh milh tk elby kdsirvltckbs dicba mkst cg l ‖aibirlm
tk spincn– lpprklnf wiri cepmieibtih.
Qctf rialrh tk eilsuris kg CZT kwbirsfcp, tfi gkmmkwcba hueey vlrcldmis wiri nkbstruntih grke
tfi rlw hltlsit09>
➘ CZT kwbir0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs lby typi kg CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi
➘ L sit kg hueey vlrcldmis wfcnf cbhcnltis wfitfir l re kwbs l spincn nkedcbltckb kg
CZTs kr bkt lbh wfcnf hcvchis tfi slepmi cbtk icaft nkrrispkbhcba arkups0
• Zltibts kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts dut bk ktfir typi kg CZT, lbh :
ktfirwcsi
• Xrlhi elros kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs trlhi elros dut bk ktfir
typi kg CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi • Hiscabs kbmy0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs hiscab rcafts dut bk ktfir typi kg CZT,
lbh : ktfirwcsi
• Zltibts lbh trlhi elros0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts lbh trlhi elros
dut bkt hiscabs, lbh : ktfirwcsi
• Zltibts lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs pltibts lbh hiscabs dut bkt
trlhi elros, lbh : ktfirwcsi
• Xrlhi elros lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs trlhi elros lbh hiscabs
dut bkt pltibts, lbh : ktfirwcsi
• Zltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi re kwbs lmm tfrii typis kg
CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi • Bk CZTs0 tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi res hkis bkt kwb lby typi kg CZT, lbh : ktfirwcsi
➘ ^tkno eilsuris kg l plrtcnumlr gkre kg CZT wiri lmsk usih, lbh l hcstcbntckb wls
elhi ditwiib stkno eilsuris gkr Iurkpilb lbh bltckblm CZTs. Ls wctf tfi hipibhibt
vlrcldmi, tfisi ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis kg cbtirist wiri trlbsgkreih dy hcvchcba dy
tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis.
• IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb pltibts kwbih dy tfi re
hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
• BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm pltibts kwbih dy tfi re
hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
9> Hueey kr dcblry vlrcldmis lri vlrcldmis wfcnf tloi l vlmui kg ictfir zirk kr kbi. Gkr ixlepmi, l hueey vlrcldmi cbhcnltcba wfitfir
kr bkt tfi nkeplby cs hkecncmih cb ^plcb wkumh tloi l vlmui kg kbi gkr lmm ^plbcsf nkeplbcis lbh zirk gkr lmm ktfir nkeplbcis.
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Lbbix 69
• IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb trlhi elros kwbih dy tfi
re hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
• BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm trlhi elros kwbih dy tfire hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
• IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg Iurkpilb hiscab rcafts kwbih dy tfi re
hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
• BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii0 buedir kg bltckblm hiscab rcafts kwbih dy tfi re
hcvchih dy tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis cb l acvib yilr.
Cb lhhctckb, tfi gkmmkwcba nkbtrkm vlrcldmis wiri lmsk usih0
➘ Nkubtry hueecis0 <4 hueey vlrcldmis gkr tfi nkubtrcis LX, DI, HI, HO, I^, GT, AD,
FY, CX, MX, BM, ZX
➘ ^intkr hueecis0 <1 hueey vlrcldmis gkr tfi gkmmkwcba BLNI sintckbs0 Elbuglnturcba?
Imintrcncty, als, stile lbh lcr-nkbhctckbcba suppmy? Qltir suppmy, siwirlai, wlsti elb-
laieibt lbh rieihcltckb lntcvctcis? Nkbstruntckb? Qfkmislmi lbh ritlcm trlhi riplcr kg
ektkr vifcnmis lbh ektkrnynmis? Xrlbspkrtltckb lbh stkrlai? Lnnkeekhltckb lbh gkkh
sirvcni lntcvctcis? Cbgkreltckb lbh nkeeubcnltckb? Gcblbnclm lbh cbsurlbni lntcvctcis? Tilm-
istlti lntcvctcis? Zrkgissckblm, sncibtcn lbh tinfbcnlm lntcvctcis? Lhecbcstrltcvi lbh suppkrt
sirvcni lntcvctcis? Zudmcn lhecbcstrltckb, higibni lbh nkepumskry sknclm sinurcty? Ihunl-
tckb? Fuelb filmtf lbh sknclm wkro lntcvctcis? Lrts, ibtirtlcbeibt lbh rinriltckb? Ktfir
sirvcni lntcvctcis.
➘ Silr hueecis0 3 hueey vlrcldmis gkr tfi yilrs 4::4 - 4:<:
➘ ^EI0 hueey vlrcldmi wfcnf tlois tfi vlmui < cg tfi nkeplby cs lb ^EI, lbh : cg tfi
nkeplby cs mlrai98
➘ Lai kg nkeplby0 vlrcldmi tflt cbhcnltis tfi lai kg tfi nkeplby cb tfi yilr 4:<>.99
98 Gcres lri nmlsscih ls EIs kbmy cg tfiy wiri lb ^EI gkr tfi wfkmi tcei pirckh cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs. Cg l nkeplby wls ‖mlrai–
gkr lt milst kbi yilr, ct wls triltih ls ‖mlrai– cb tfi lblmyscs.99 Xfi vlrcldmi wls nlmnumltih dy sudtrlntcba tfi yilr kg cbnkrpkrltckb ripkrtih cb KTDC^ grke tfi yilr lt
tfi pkcbt kg lblmyscs - 4:<>. Xfiri lri l selmm buedir kg kdsirvltckbs tflt lri plrtcnumlrmy kmh, cbnmuhcba
kbi nkeplby tflt fls lb lai kg 6<> yilrs.KTDC^ ripkrts cts hlti kg cbnkrpkrltckb tk di <4::. L giw ktfir
nkeplbcis flvi lb lai kg >::-8:: yilrs.
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Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns gkr elcb vlrcldmis
Xfi ekhims nkbtlcb twk sits kg vlrcldmis tflt ely pktibtclmmy di mka-trlbsgkreih0 rivibui pir ie-pmkyii? lbh tfi stknos kg pltibts, trlhi elros lbh hiscabs pir iepmkyii. Xfi hltlsit usih gkr tfi
riarissckb lblmyscs nkbscsts kg <>: 999 res.97 Xfi dlscn hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns gkr tfi elcb vlrc-
ldmis lri sfkwb cb Xldmi 48.
Xldmi 480 Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns kg elcb vlrcldmis
Wlrcldmi Eilb ^th. hiv. Ecb Elx Kdsirvltckbs
Tivibui pir iepmkyii(IYT–:::)
Kvirlmm 47>.6: ><9.8> <<.>8 4 ><9.<: B 5 1:9343
Ditwiib >:6.17 <<.>7 4 >:6.:: b 5 <>:999
Qctfcb <46.39 -< >>:.>< 4 499.1: X-dlr 5 9.8<
CZT kwbir Kvirlmm :.9> :.9: :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343
Kwbir kg pltibts kbmy Kvirlmm :.:4 :.<9 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343
Kwbir kg trlhi elros kbmy Kvirlmm :.8: :.83 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343
Kwbir kg hiscabs kbmy Kvirlmm :.:< :.:6 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343
Kwbir kg pltibts lbh trlhi
elros
Kvirlmm :.:9 :.4< :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343
Kwbir kg pltibts lbh hiscabs Kvirlmm =:.:< :.:9 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343
Kwbir kg hiscabs lbh trlhi
elros
Kvirlmm :.:4 :.<9 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343
Kwbir kg pltibts, trlhi elros
lbh hiscabs
Kvirlmm :.:4 :.<8 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343
Bivir kwbih lby typi kg CZT Kvirlmm :.81 :.9: :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343
Iurkpilb pltibt stkno pir
iepmkyii
Kvirlmm =:.:< :.<6 :.:: 16.:: B 5 1:9343
Ditwiib :.<3 :.:: 74.91 b 5 <>:999
Qctfcb :.:9 -49.4> <9.88 X-dlr 5 9.8<
Bltckblm pltibt stkno pir
iepmkyii
Kvirlmm :.:< :.<9 :.:: >>.:: B 5 1:9343
Ditwiib :.<7 :.:: >4.7: b 5 <>:999
Qctfcb :.:7 -<>.>3 44.9: X-dlr 5 9.8<
Iurkpilb trlhi elro stkno
pir iepmkyii
Kvirlmm :.:< :.<> :.:: >9.:: B 5 1:9343
Ditwiib :.<> :.:: 48.88 b 5 <>:999
Qctfcb :.:1 -4:.<: <7.46 X-dlr 5 9.8<
97 Nkeplrih tk Nflptir 8, tfi buedir kg res fls rihunih grke <>4 411 tk <>: 999. Xfi rilskb cs tflt gkr skei res sivirlm
rivibui-pir-iepmkyii kdsirvltckbs wiri ecsscba, ictfir dinlusi tfiri wls kbmy hltl gkr rivibui kr gkr iepmkyiis (dut bkt gkr
dktf), kr dinlusi tfi ripkrtih buedir kg iepmkyiis wls zirk.
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Lbbix 61
Bltckblm trlhi elro stkno pir
iepmkyii
Kvirlmm :.:3 <.41 :.:: 7<:.9: B 5 1:9343
Ditwiib <.83 :.:: 88>.46 b 5 <>:999
Qctfcb :.99 ->4:.>9 <71.>4 X-dlr 5 9.8<
Iurkpilb hiscab stkno pir
iepmkyii
Kvirlmm =:.:< :.<4 :.:: 8<.49 B 5 1:9343
Ditwiib :.<: :.:: 48.>8 b 5 <>:999
Qctfcb :.:1 -48.>8 <7.3< X-dlr 5 9.8<
Bltckblm hiscab stkno pir
iepmkyii
Kvirlmm :.:4 <.13 :.:: < 4:>.:: B 5 1:9343
Ditwiib >.94 :.:: < 4:>.:: b 5 <>:999
Qctfcb :.83 -33.7> ><1.1> X-dlr 5 9.8<
^EI Kvirlmm :.64 :.>3 :.:: <.:: B 5 1:9343
Lai Kvirlmm 87.>3 4::.43 <.:: < 338.:: B 5 1:9343
Bkti0 Xfi buedir kg kdsirvltckbs b cs tfi buedir kg res gkr wfcnf tfiri cs hltl. X-dlr cs tfi lvirlai buedir kg yilrs wctf kdsirvltckbs
pir re. Xfi buedir kg kdsirvltckbs B cs tfi prkhunt kg b lbh X-dlr . Hisnrcptcvi stltcstcns lri hcspmlyih gkr tfi kvirlmm slepmi, ls wimm ls,
hinkepksih cbtk ditwiib (lnrkss res) lbh wctfcb (kvir tcei) nkepkbibts.
Mkas virsus mivims
Xfi ldkvi hcsnussckb fls hisnrcdih tfi vlrcldmis tflt lri cbnmuhih cb tfi ekhims dut fls bkt
nkbschirih tfi princsi gkre cb wfcnf tfisi vlrcldmis ibtir tfi ekhims. Ekri princsimy, tfi cssuics wfitfir tfi bueircn ixpmlbltkry lbh hipibhibt vlrcldmis sfkumh ibtir tfi ekhims ls mivims kr
wfitfir tfiy sfkumh di mka-trlbsgkreih.
Cb riarissckb lblmyscs, ct cs nkeekb tk mkalrctfecnlmmy trlbsgkre vlrcldmis wfiri l bkb-mcbilr
rimltckbsfcp ixcsts ditwiib tfi cbhipibhibt lbh hipibhibt vlrcldmis. Xfcs lpprklnf elois tfi
iggintcvi rimltckbsfcp bkb-mcbilr, wfcmi stcmm prisirvcba tfi mcbilr riarissckb ekhim. Mkalrctfecn trlbs-
gkreltckbs lri lmsk l nkbvibcibt eilbs kg trlbsgkrecba l fcafmy soiwih vlrcldmi cbtk kbi tflt cs
ekri lpprkxceltimy bkrelm. Cb tfcs stuhy, tfi hcstrcdutckbs kg tfi pirgkrelbni vlrcldmi ls wimm
ls kg tfi stkno vlrcldmis lri fcafmy soiwih. Gcblmmy, ct cs lpprkprclti tk eloi l mkalrctfecn trlbsgkr-
eltckb wfib ct cs suspintih tflt l acvib pirnibtlai nflbai cb lb ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi wcmm milh tk lnkbstlbt pirnibtlai nflbai cb tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi.
Cb tfi nlsi kg ekhimmcba tfi ceplnt kg CZT stknos pir iepmkyii kb rivibui pir iepmkyii, ct siies
rilskbldmi tk lssuei tflt tfi ceplnt kg l acvib ldskmuti nflbai, sly, cb tfi buedir kg trlhi elros
pir iepmkyii wkumh hcggir hipibhcba kb tfi re–s ixcstcba stkno kg trlhi elros pir iepmkyii (c.i.
lb lhhctckblm trlhi elro cs mcoimy tk flvi l ariltir ceplnt cg ct cs tfi rst trlhi elro fimh dy tfi re
tflb cg ct cs tfi re–s <::tf trlhi elro, lmm imsi dicba iqulm). Dy nkbtrlst, kbi ecaft ixpint tflt
l < pir nibt nflbai cb tfi stkno kg trlhi elros pir iepmkyii wkumh flvi tfi slei pirnibtlai
ceplnt kb rivibui pir iepmkyii crrispintcvi kg tfi cbctclm stkno. Cg tfcs fypktfiscs cs nkrrint, tfi
rimltckbsfcp cs ekst lpprkprcltimy ekhimmih dy tlocba mkas kb dktf schis.
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6.9.4 Ekhim spincnltckbs
Nfkcni kg plbim riarissckb ekhim
Ls ixpmlcbih privckusmy, plbim hltl lblmysis lmmkw gkr tfi usi kg istceltckb tinfbcquis tflt lri
spincnlmmy hiscabih tk ecbcecsi tfi rcso kg kdtlcbcba spurckus risumts hrcvib prcelrcmy dy res–
chcksybnrltcn gilturis. Xfiri lri twk dlscn plbim hltl ekhims wfcnf nlb di lppmcih, tfi sk-nlmmih
”xih-iggints― ekhim lbh tfi ”rlbhke-iggints― ekhim.
➘ Gcxih-iggints ekhim0 Xfi cbnmusckb kg re-spincn xih iggints rimcis kb tfi lssuep-
tckb tflt tfiri lri skei ubkdsirvldmi re nflrlntircstcns wfcnf flvi l systieltcn (bkb-
rlbhke) iggint kb res– pirgkrelbni lbh ely di nkrrimltih wctf tfi ixpmlbltkry vlrc-
ldmis, c.i. CZT kwbirsfcp. Xfi vlmui lbh tfi iggint kg tfisi ubkdsirvih nflrlntircstcns lri
suppksih bkt tk vlry kvir tcei (c.i. tfiy lri xih).
➘ Tlbhke-iggints ekhim0 Kb tfi ktfir flbh, tfi cbnmusckb kg re-spincn rlbhke iggints
rimcis kb tfi lssueptckb tflt tfi re-spincn ubkdsirvldmi nflrlntircstcns flvi l bkb-
systieltcn (c.i. rlbhke) cbuibni kb res– pirgkrelbni lbh lri ubnkrrimltih wctf tfi
ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis.
Lb lhvlbtlai kg riarissckbs wctf rlbhke iggints mcis cb tfi pksscdcmcty kg cbnmuhcba tcei-cbvlrclbt
vlrcldmis cb tfi riarissckb risumts (i.a. re typi, nkubtry kg krcacb, sintkr), wfirils istceltckb wctf
xih iggints dy nkbstruntckb riekvis grke ripkrtih risumts lmm vlrcldmis tflt hk bkt nflbai kvir t
cei. Kb tfi ktfir flbh, tfi xih-iggints ekhim ecaft di dittir suctih tk nkbtrkmmcba gkr ubkdsirvihfitirkaibicty cb tfi prisibt nkbtixt. Ls tfi nfkcni ditwiib twk eitfkhs kg istceltckb cs bkt kdvc -
kus, ct wls hinchih tk nrkss-nfino tfi risumts kg dktf wfibivir lpprkprclti.
Lmm riarissckbs usi nmustir-rkdust stlbhlrh irrkrs.
6.9.4.< Gcre pirgkrelbni lbh CZT kwbirsfcp
Cb tfi rst sit kg riarissckbs, hcnfktkekus vlrcldmis kg CZT kwbirsfcp wiri usih ls ixpmlbltkry
vlrcldmis. Xfirigkri, tfi aibirlm plbim riarissckb ekhim fls tfi gkmmkwcba gkre0
mka (Zc,t) 5 l + CZT[kwb3c δ + V3c,tξ + ιc,t Iq.<
wfiri Zc,t hibktis tfi pirgkrelbni cbhcnltkr (rivibui pir iepmkyii) gkr re c cb yilr t . Cb tfi
rst riarissckb ekhim, CZT[kwbc riprisibts tfi aibirlm kwbirsfcp kg CZTs, cbhcnltcba wfitfir
re c kwbih lby typi kg CZT cb lby yilr t . Cb tfi sinkbh riarissckb ekhim, CZT[kwbc cs l vintkr
kg vlrcldmis gkr ilnf typi kg CZT (i.a. pltibt, hiscab, trlhi elro) kr l nkedcbltckb tfirikg.
Xfirigkri tfi vintkr δ wfcnf eilsuris tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib hcggiribt typis kg CZT lbh nkeplby
pirgkrelbni nkbtlcbs tfi oiy nkigncibts kg cbtirist.
^cbni tfi elcb vlrcldmis kg cbtirist CZT[kwbc hk bkt nflbai kvir tcei kbmy tfi rlbhke-iggints
ekhim cs lppmcnldmi gkr tfcs sit kg riarissckbs. Xfirigkri, tfrkuafkut lmm ekhims l buedir kg kdvc-
kus re-spincn nkbtrkm vlrcldmis tflt kbi wkumh ixpint l prckrc tk flvi lb iggint kb nkeplby
66 Lbbix
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Lbbix 63
pirgkrelbni wls cbnmuhih, sunf ls cbhustrclm sintkr, Eiedir ^tlti, re typi lbh tfi lai kg tfi
nkeplby.91 Xcei-spincn iggints wfcnf lggint lmm res cb tfi slei wly, i.a. inkbkecn nynmis, wiri
lmsk nkbtrkmmih gkr dy cbnmuhcba l vlrcldmi gkr ilnf tcei pirckh. Xfisi vlrcldmis lri riprisibtih dy
tfi rkw vintkr V3 cb lmm riarissckb iqultckbs, lbh ξ cs tficr nkigncibt vintkr. ιc,t cs tfi nkrrispkbh-
cba irrkr tire. Xfi riarissckb risumts lri ripkrtih cb Xldmis <9 lbh <7 cb Nflptir 7.
6.9.4.4 Gcre pirgkrelbni lbh CZT stknos
Gkr tfi sinkbh sit kg riarissckbs, vlrcldmis kg pltibt, hiscab lbh trlhi elro stknos wiri nkb-
struntih grke tfi rlw hltlsit. Xfi stkno eilsuris tfi buedir kg l plrtcnumlr gkre kg CZT tflt wls
fimh dy l re cb l acvib yilr. iplrlti stkno eilsuris wiri hibih gkr Iurkpilb hiscabs, bltckblm
hiscabs, Iurkpilb trlhi elros itn. sunf tflt l tktlm kg scx stkno vlrcldmis wiri nkbstruntih. Ls wctf
tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi, tfisi oiy ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis kg cbtirist wiri trlbsgkreih dy hcvchcba dy
tfi buedir kg iepmkyiis. ^cbni tfi hcstrcdutckbs kg tfisi vlrcldmis lri ixtrieimy soiwih lbh tfi
rimltckb ditwiib tfie lbh tfi pirgkrelbni eilsuri cs mcoimy tk di bkb-mcbilr, l mkalrctfecn trlbs-
gkreltckb wls lppmcih. Xfcs milhs tk l plbim riarissckb ekhim kg tfi gkmmkwcba gkre0
mka (Zc,t) 5 lc + mka(CZT[stkno c,t)3 δ + V3c,tξ + ιc,t Iq. 4
wfiri, Zc,t lalcb hibktis tfi pirgkrelbni cbhcnltkr, CZT[stkno c,t cs l vintkr kg tfi stkno kg
hcggiribt typis kg CZT kg re c cb yilr t , V3 riprisibts tfi vintkr kg tcei-vlrclbt lbh tcei-cbvlrc-
lbt nkbtrkm vlrcldmis lbh δ cs tfi vintkr kg nkigncibts kg cbtirist. ^cbni tfi vlrcldmis kg cbtirist,
mka(CZT[stknoc,t), lri tcei-vlrclbt, xih-iggints lbh rlbhke-iggints riarissckbs flvi diibnlrrcih kut lbh tistih lalcbst ilnf ktfir.
Tisumts grke tfi rlbhke-iggints ekhim
Lmtfkuaf tfi scab, krhir kg elabctuhi lbh scabcnlbni wiri nkbscstibt ditwiib rlbhke-iggints
lbh tfi xih-iggints eitfkhs, tfiri wiri skei hcggiribnis cb tfi elabctuhi kg istceltih nkig -
ncibts. Lhhctckblmmy, l rkdust Fluselb-typi tist sfkwih tflt tfiri lri stlt cstcnlmmy scabcnlbt hcggir -
ibnis ditwiib tfi twk istceltckb eitfkhs. Ls l nkbsiquibni tfi xih-iggints ekhims sfkumh di
prigirrih. Xfi risumts kg tfi xih-iggints ekhims lri ripkrtih cb Xldmis <1 lbh <6 cb Nflptir 7.
Xfi risumts kg tfi rlbhke-iggints ekhims lri sfkwb cb Xldmis 49 lbh 47.
91 Hui tk hltl mcectltckbs ct wls bkt pksscdmi tk usi lhhctckblm ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis. Qfcmi tfi KTDC^ hltldlsi nkbtlcbs l
nkbschirldmi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb, tfiri lri ecsscba kdsirvltckbs gkr elby res cb sivirlm yilrs, gkr elby kg tfi blbnclm
vlrcldmis. Cg tfisi giw alps lri sueeih tkaitfir, tfiy nkbschirldmy rihuni tfi lekubt kg cbgkreltckb lvlcmldmi lbh sk wkumh milh
tk elby kdsirvltckbs dicba mkst.
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Xldmi 490 Tisumts kg stknos kg hcggiribt CZTs, rlbhke iggints, lmm
gcres
Ekhim < (Nkig)
Hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Mka rivibui pir iepmkyii
Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis
Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<4
Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.>7***
Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.>4***
Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.94***
Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:8
Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1*** Nkubtry hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º
^intkr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih
Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih
^EI ~ ->4.3:***
Lai kg nkeplby :.::***
Nkbstlbt 9.49***
Xist kg kvirchibtcgycba ristrcntckbs0 xih vs rlbhke iggints
^lralb-Flbsib stltcstcn 39< 14> Nfc-sq(<8) Z-vlmui = :.:<
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 1:9 343 lbh buedir kg res 5 <>: 999 gkr lmm res ekhim
Ekhim dlsih kb kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.417? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::Ekhim dlsih kb kwbirs kbmy „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.47>? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::
Bkti0 ~ 5 hueey vlrcldmi? * 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim? ** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim? *** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim.
º Nkubtry, sintkr lbh yilr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt
cbnmuhih cb tfi tldmi. Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.
3: Lbbix
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Lbbix 3<
Xldmi 470 Ekhims kg CZT stknos, rlbhke iggints dy gcre typi
^EIs (Nkig) Mlrai nkeplbcis (Nkig)
Hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Mka rivibui pir iepmkyii
Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis
Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<< :.49
Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.>1*** :.4<
Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.>9*** -:.:6
Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.9>*** :.7:***
Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:> :.<>
Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1*** :.<4
Nkubtry hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih ^intkr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih
Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih
Lai kg nkeplby =:.:<*** =:.:<***
Nkbstlbt 8.18*** 9.>9***
Xist kg kvirchibtcgycba ristrcntckbs0 xih vs rlbhke iggints
^lralb-Flbsib stltcstcn 674 947 Nfc-sq(<8) Z-vlmui
=:.:<
<7> 19> Nfc-sq(<8) Z-vlmui
=:.:<
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 919 979 lbh buedir kg res 5 <:3 <93 gkr ^EIs ekhim
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 <>: >78 lbh buedir kg res 5 4< >37 gkr mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim
^EIs ekhim „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.478? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::
Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.449? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::
~ 5 hueey vlrcldmi? * 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim? ** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim? *** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim.
º Nkubtry, sintkr lbh yilr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt
cbnmuhih cb tfi tldmi. Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.
^lepmi simintckb
Cb lssisscba tfi rimltckbsfcp ditwiib res– pirgkrelbni lbh tficr stknos kg CZTs, twk lhhctckblm
ekhims wiri istceltih. Xfi rst kbi wls dlsih kb lmm res, wfitfir kwbirs kr bkb-kwbirs kg CZTs.
Cb tfi sinkbh ekhim tfi pktibtclm slepmi simintckb prkdmie lrcscba grke tfi glnt tflt kbmy CZT stknos
gkr res wfcnf kwb CZTs lri kdsirvih, wls lnnkubtih gkr. Xfirigkri Iqultckb 4 wls lmsk istceltih
kb l sud-slepmi tflt nkbscsts kg kbmy tfksi res tflt kwb gkrelm CZTs lbh nkrrintih gkr tfi slepmisimintckb prkdmie dy lhhcba tfi Ecmms rltck ls lb lhhctckblm ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi. Xfi Ecmms rltck wls
nlmnumltih grke lb ixpmcnct simintckb riarissckb kg tfi hincsckb wfitfir kr bkt tk usi CZTs kb sintkr
hueecis lbh tfi EI stltus.96 Ls nlb di siib cb Xldmi 41, tfi risumts gkr tfi nkigncibts kg cbtirist
hk bkt scabcnlbtmy hcggir grke tfi dlsimcbi riarissckb risumts uscba tfi gumm slepmi. Xfi nkigncibt
kg tfi Ecmms rltck cb tfi kwbirs-kbmy ekhim cbhcnltis tflt CZT kwbirs flvi fcafir rivibui pir ie-
pmkyii tflb hk bkb-kwbirs, wfcnf cs lmsk nkbscstibt wctf ktfir bhcbas.
96 ^cbni sintkr hueecis lbh ^EI stltus lri tcei-cbvlrclbt, tfi istceltckbs lri dlsih kb tfi rlbhke-iggints ekhim.
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34 Lbbix
Xldmi 410 Ekhims kg CZT stknos, rlbhke iggints, lmm gcres
Ekhim dlsih kb lmm res
(CZT kwbirs lbh
bkb-kwbirs) (Nkig)
Ekhim dlsih kb CZT
kwbirs kbmy (Nkig)
Hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Mka rivibui pir iepmkyii
Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis
Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<4 :.<4
Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.>7*** :.>8***
Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.>4*** :.><***
Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.94*** :.86***
Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:8 :.:>
Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1*** :.:1***
Nkubtry hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih
^intkr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih
Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih
^EI ~ ->4.3:*** -9:.8>***
Lai kg nkeplby =:.:<*** =:.:<
Ecmms - <.::***
Nkbstlbt 9.49*** 8.61***
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 1:9 343 lbh buedir kg res 5 <>: 999 gkr lmm res ekhim
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 >14 398 lbh buedir kg res 5 7> <1< gkr lmm kwbirs ekhim?
Ekhim dlsih kb kwbirs lbh bkb-kwbirs „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.417? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::
Ekhim dlsih kb kwbirs kbmy „ T4 kvirlmm 5 :.47>? Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::
~ 5 hueey vlrcldmi? * 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim? ** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim? *** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim.
º Nkubtry, sintkr lbh yilr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt
cbnmuhih cb tfi tldmi. Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.
Hyblecn plbim hltl ekhims
Xfi rltckblmi gkr cbnmuhcba mlas kg tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs tk lmmkw gkr tfi ekhimmcba kg l plrtclm
lh`usteibt einflbcse. Cb tfcs nlsi tfi lntulm vlmui kg tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs l nkeprkecsi
ditwiib cts vlmui cb tfi privckus tcei pirckh lbh tfi vlmui `ustcih dy tfi nurribt vlmui kg tfi
ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis. Xfi rltckblmi gkr spincgycba sunf l ekhim gkr lssisscba tfi rimltckbsfcpditwiib CZTs lbh pirgkrelbni cs tflt lhhctckbs tk tfi stkno hurcba tfi nurribt yilr ely bkt
ceeihcltimy di riintih cb tires kg lhhctckblm rivibui. Xfirigkri, tfi rivibui pir iepmkyii tfcs
yilr wcmm di l gubntckb dktf kg tfi privckus yilr –s vlmui lbh kg tfi vlmui ustcih dy tfi nurribt stknos
kg CZTs. Xfi cbnmusckb kg l mlaaih hipibhibt vlrcldmi eilbs tflt tfi stlbhlrh rlbhke-iggints plbim
ekhimmcba lpprklnf cs bkt lpprkprclti. Xfi mlaaih hipibhibt vlrcldmi wcmm di nkrrimltih wctf tfi
rlbhke iggint cb tfi irrkr tire kg sunf l ekhim, wfcnf wkumh milh tk dclsih istceltis.
Xk kvirnkei tfcs cssui, tfi Lrimmlbk-Dkbh istceltkr wls usih, wfcnf tlois rst hcggiribnis tk
riekvi tfi cbhcvchulm iggints lbh usis lmm tfi plst cbgkreltckb kg tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi ls cbstru-
eibts cb tfi riarissckb. Xlocba rst hcggiribnis cepmcis tflt lmm tcei-cbvlrclbt nflrlntircstcns kg tfire (i.a. Eiedir ^tlti lbh sintkr) lri hrkppih grke tfi ekhim. Gkr tfcs rilskb nkigncibts gkr
sunf vlrcldmis nlbbkt di istceltih cb l hyblecn plbim ekhim.
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Lbbix 3>
Xfi risumts kg l ekhim cb wfcnf l scbami mla kg tfi hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs cbnmuhih lmkbaschi
tcei-vlrycba ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis lri prisibtih cb Xldmi 46.93
Xldmi 460 Ekhim kg CZT stknos cbnmuhcba scbami mlaaih
hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Kvirlmm (Nkig) ^EIs (Nkig) Mlrai (Nkig)
Hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Mka rivibui pir iepmkyii
Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis
Kbi-yilr mla kg rivibui pir iepmkyii :.>7*** :.>17*** :.8<***
Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.<4 :.<> :.>:
Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.6:*** :.64*** :.94
Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.91*** :.7:*** :.43
Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.34*** :.3>*** <.:1***
Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.<>* :.<< :.>>*
Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.<4*** :.<>*** -:.<7
Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih
Lai kg nkeplby :.:1*** :.:6*** :.:8***
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 >39 744 lbh buedir kg res 5 <<6 4>3 gkr kvirlmm ekhim
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 ><8 6:4 lbh buedir kg res 5 31 634 gkr ^EIs ekhim
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 6: 64: lbh buedir kg res 5 4: >81 gkr mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim
Kvirlmm ekhim „ Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::^EIs ekhim „ Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::
Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim „ Zrkd 2 Nfc4 5 :.:::
~ 5 hueey vlrcldmi? * 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim? ** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim? *** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim.
º Silr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt cbnmuhih cb tfi tldmi.
Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.
Xfi risumts sfkw tflt tfi mlaaih hipibhibt vlrcldmi cs pksctcvi lbh scabcnlbt, prkvchcba ivchibni
gkr tfi fypktfiscs tflt rivibui pir iepmkyii ixfcdcts cbirtcl kvir tcei. Ls cb privckus ekhims, ct wls
gkubh tflt tfi nkigncibts kb tfi el`krcty kg typis kg CZT lri pksctcvi lbh strkbamy scabcnlbt cb tfi
kvirlmm ekhim lbh lmsk, ls digkri, tflt tfi nkigncibts kb bltckblm trlhi elros lbh pltibts ixniih
tflt kb bltckblm hiscabs. Fkwivir, gkmmkwcba tfi cbnmusckb kg l mlaaih hipibhibt vlrcldmi, tfi nkig-ncibt kb Iurkpilb hiscabs cs scabcnlbt lt tfi tib pir nibt mivim.
Cb lhhctckb, hyblecn plbim hltl ekhims wiri lmsk nkbschirih, cbnmuhcba mlas kg dktf tfi hipibhibt
lbh tcei-vlrycba ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis (stknos kg CZT) ls lhhctckblm riarisskrs. Xfi rltckblmi gkr
cbnmuhcba mlas kg CZT stknos, fkwivir, cs bkt nmilr. Xfi stkno vlrcldmi, dy hibctckb, cbnmuhis CZTs
tflt wiri arlbtih cb tfi nurribt pirckh cb lhhctckb tk lmm CZTs lnnueumltih cb tfi plst tflt rielcb
vlmch cb tfi rimivlbt yilr. Xfirigkri, plst hincsckbs lri lmrilhy nlpturih dy tfcs vlrcldmi lbh tfi
nflbai cb stkno pir iepmkyii grke kbi yilr tk tfi bixt wcmm, cb aibirlm, di mcectih. Xfcs eilbs tflt
cbnmuhcba l mla kg tfi stkno wkumh nkei wctf l nmilr rcso kg fcaf nkrrimltckb ditwiib twk ixpmlbltkry
93 Acvib tflt tfi mctirlturi skeitceis cbnmuhis up tk vi-yilr mlas, mkbair mla strunturis wiri ixpmkrih. Fkwivir, ct wls gkubh tflt
tfi buedir kg kdsirvltckbs hrkppih scabcnlbtmy gkr mlas mkbair tflb twk yilrs, lbh fibni ariltist nkbhibni mcis cb tfi risumts
prisibtih gkr l kbi-yilr mla.
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38 Lbbix
vlrcldmis, lbh tfcs wkumh milh tk l eumtcnkmmcbilrcty prkdmie. Gkr tfcs rilskb, mlaaih stknos wiri bkt
cbnmuhih cb tfi ekhims.7:
Ekhims kg CZT stknos wctf qulmcty-lh`ustih Iurkpilb pltibts
L mlrai mctirlturi fls ixpmkrih tfi cssui kg pltibt qulmcty. Xfi nkbstruntih cbhix cbnkrpkrltis tfi
oiy pltibt qulmcty cbhcnltkrs suaaistih cb tfi surviy kg tfi mctirlturi nkbhuntih dy tfi KINH lbh
fls tfi gkmmkwcba gilturis07<
➘ ct cs nkepksih kg vi vlrcldmis0 pltibt snkpi (eilsurih ls ubcqui 8-hcact CZN syedkms),
gkrwlrh nctltckbs, nmlces, buedir kg nkubtrcis wfiri vlmchltih lbh glecmy sczi (lnnkrhcba
tk HKNHD nmlsscnltckb)?
➘ bkrelmcsltckb0 mcbilr snlmi gkr ilnf kg tfi vi vlrcldmis, wctf ecbceue sit iqulm tk zirk
lbh elxceue sit iqulm tk kbi?
➘ iqulm wicafts kg lmm vi vlrcldmis?
➘ cb nkbtrlst tk tfi KINH plpir, tfi ixtriei vlmuis cb tfi hltl wiri bkt mcectih? lbh
➘ cb lhhctckb tk tfi scepmi cbhix hisnrcdih ldkvi, tfrii siplrlti nkubt eilsuris wiri
nkbstruntih0 buedir kg pltibts tflt flvi lb lsskncltih cbhix cb tfi mkwist, echhmi lbh
fcafist tfcrh kg tfi cbhix hcstrcdutckb, rispintcvimy.
Ls sfkwb cb Xldmi 43, tfi risumts kg tfisi ekhims lri lmekst chibtcnlm tk tfksi kg tfi ekhims wfiri
l scepmi nkubt kg Iurkpilb pltibts wls cbnmuhih ls lb ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmi.
7: Xfiri wkumh surimy di eirct cb cbnmuhcba mlaaih ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis cg tfi ekhims wiri dlsih kb CZT arlbts rltfir tflb stknos.Arlbts eilsuri tfi kw kg CZTs, lbh tfcs vlrcldmi cs mcoimy tk vlry ekri scabcnlbtmy grke kbi yilr tk tfi bixt tflb tfi stkno kg
CZTs. Lmsk, tfi ceplnt kg CZTs kb tfi pirgkrelbni kg l re tlois pmlni kvir tcei, bkt kbmy cb tfi nurribt yilr. Xfirigkri, ekhimmcba
tfi ceplnt kg CZT arlbts wctfkut cbnmuhcba mlaaih vlmuis cs mcoimy tk aibirlti dclsih risumts.
7< ^ii ^qucnnclrcbc it lm. (4:<>).
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Lbbix 39
Xldmi 430 Nkbtiepkrlbikus ekhims kg CZT stknos wctf qulmcty-
wicaftih Iurkpilb pltibts, gcxih iggints (lmm gcres, CZT kwbirs
lbh bkb-kwbirs)
Kvirlmm (Nkig) ^EIs (Nkig) Mlrai (Nkig)
Hipibhibt vlrcldmi
Mka rivibui pir iepmkyii
Ixpmlbltkry vlrcldmis
Mka IY pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii, qulmcty wicaftih :.4> :.4> :.97
Mka BLX pltibt stkno pir iepmkyii :.81*** :.83*** :.4>
Mka IY trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.46*** :.><*** -:.<:
Mka BLX trlhi elro stkno pir iepmkyii :.94*** :.9>*** :.98***
Mka IY hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:< =:.:< :.<< Mka BLX hiscab stkno pir iepmkyii :.:1*** :.:1*** :.<>
Silr hueecis Bkt ripkrtih º Bkt ripkrtih Bkt ripkrtih
Nkbstlbt 8.31*** 8.66*** 9.>8***
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 1:9 343 lbh buedir kg res 5 <>: 999 gkr kvirlmm ekhim
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 919 979 lbh buedir kg res 5 <:3 <93 gkr ^EIs ekhim
Buedir kg kdsirvltckbs 5 <>: >78 lbh buedir kg res 5 4< >37 gkr mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim
Kvirlmm ekhim „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:>? Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::
^EIs ekhim „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:>? Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::
Mlrai nkeplbcis ekhim „ T4 wctfcb 5 :.:9? Zrkd 2 G 5 :.:::
~ 5 hueey vlrcldmi? * 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi <: pir nibt mivim? ** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi 9 pir nibt mivim? *** 5 scabcnlbt lt tfi < pir nibt mivim.
º Silr hueey vlrcldmis wiri cbnmuhih cb tfi lblmyscs ls nkbtrkm vlrcldmis. Cb krhir tk elcbtlcb rilhldcmcty, tfisi lri bkt cbnmuhih cb tfi tldmi.
Xfi riarissckb risumts nlb di prkvchih kb riquist.
Lmtfkuaf tfi nkigncibts kb Iurkpilb pltibts lri smcaftmy mlrair cb tfi qulmcty-wicaftih ekhims, tfiy
rielcb cbscabcnlbt. Ekrikvir, l hcrint nkeplrcskb kg tfisi nkigncibts tk tfksi kg tfi nkubt ekhims
cs bkt lpprkprclti dinlusi tfi cbtirpritltckb kg tfi nkigncibts cs hcggiribt. Cb plrtcnumlr, tfi nkig-
ncibts cb tfi nkubt ekhims eilsuri tfi imlstcncty kg rivibui pir iepmkyii wctf rispint tk tfi pltibt
stkno pir iepmkyii. Dy nkbtrlst, tfi nkigncibts cb tfi qulmcty-wicaftih ekhims nlpturi tfi imlstcncty
kg rivibui pir iepmkyii wctf rispint tk l bkrelmcsih cbhix kg pltibt qulmcty.
Acvib tfi hcgnumtcis kg cbtirpritcba tfi qulmcty-wicaftih ekhims, l sircis kg riarissckbs wls lmskrub cb wfcnf tfi nkubt kg Iurkpilb pltibts wls siplrltih cbtk tfrii arkups0 fcaf-qulmcty pltibts?
eihcue-qulmcty pltibts? lbh mkw-qulmcty pltibts. Xfi tfrisfkmhs ditwiib tfi arkups wiri hibih kb
tfi dlscs kg tfi qulmcty cbhix, sunf tflt kbi-tfcrh kg Iurkpilb pltibts wkumh dimkba tk ilnf arkup.
Ilnf re nkumh fkmh l vlrcity kg pltibts kg hcggiribt qulmctcis. Lb inkbkeitrcn ekhim wls tfib rub,
wfcnf skuaft tk ixlecbi wfitfir fcaf-qulmcty pltibts flvi l ariltir ceplnt kb re pirgkrelbni
tflb hk mkw-qulmcty pltibts. Ct wls gkubh tflt lmm Iurkpilb pltibt vlrcldmis rielcb cbscabcnlbt ivib
wfib drkoib hkwb dy qulmcty.
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37 Ceprcbt
:3 / Tigiribnis
L. Lrrcafittc, G. Mlbhcbc, L. Mlslabc, ”Cbtlbacdmi lssits lbh re fitirkaibicty0 Ivchibni grke Ctlmy―,
Tisilrnf Zkmcny, vkm. 8>(<), Gidrulry 4:<8.
I. Dlsnlvuskamu-Ekrilu, D. Xitfir, ”Hiscab Inkbkecns Nflptir Xwk0 Tiacstirih Hiscabs &
Duscbiss Zirgkrelbni „ Ixpmkrcba tfi Mcbo―, Cbtimmintulm Zrkpirty Kgni, Tipkrt 4:<</7, <->7.
B. Dmkke, @. Wlb Tiibib, ”Zltibts, Tilm Kptckbs lbh Gcre Zirgkrelbni―, Inkbkecn @kurblm, vkm.
<<4, 4::4, 31-<<8.
S. Nfiba, G.-S. Oulb, ^.-N. Nfulba, S. Oib, ”Zrktldcmcty hinchih dy pltibt qulmcty; Lb iepcrcnlm
stuhy kg tfi Y.^. siecnkbhuntkr cbhustry―, ^ncibtkeitrcns 64, 4:<:, <19-<6>.
@. Nkkeds, Z. Dcirmy, ”Eilsurcba tinfbkmkacnlm nlpldcmcty lbh pirgkrelbni―, T&H Elblaieibt,
>7(8), 4::7, 84<-8>6.
F. Irbst, ”Zltibtcba strltiacis cb tfi Airelb einflbcnlm ibacbiircba cbhustry lbh tficr rimltckbsfcp
tk nkeplby pirgkrelbni―, Xinfbkvltckb <9(8), <339, 449-48:.
F. Irbst, ”Zltibt lppmcnltckbs lbh sudsiquibt nflbais kg pirgkrelbni0 ivchibni grke tcei-sircis
nrkss-sintckb lblmysis kb tfi re mivim―, Tisilrnf Zkmcny >:, 4::<, <8>-<91.
Iurkpilb Zltibt Kgni (IZK) lbh Kgni gkr Flrekbczltckb cb tfi Cbtirblm Elroit (KFCE), ”Cbtim-
mintulm prkpirty rcafts cbtibscvi cbhustrcis0 nkbtrcdutckb tk inkbkecn pirgkrelbni lbh iepmkyeibt
cb tfi Iurkpilb Ybckb―, ^iptiedir 4:<>.
Iurkstlt, ”Zltibt stltcstcns lt Iurkstlt0 Elppcba tfi nkbtrcdutckb kg ^EIs cb IY pltibtcba―, 4:<8.
N. Ariibflmaf, E. Tkairs, ”Xrlhi Elros Cbnibtcvis―, YO CZK Tipkrt, Mkbhkb0 4:<<.
N. Fimeirs, E. Tkairs, ”Hkis pltibtcba fimp fcaf-tinf stlrt-ups;―, Tisilrnf Zkmcny 8:, 4:<<, <:<7-
<:41.
S. Oce, O. Mii, Q. Zlro, O. Nfkk, ”Lpprkprclti cbtimmintulm prkpirty prktintckb lbh inkbkecn arkwtf
cb nkubtrcis lt hcggiribt mivims kg hivimkpeibt―, Tisilrnf Zkmcny, 8<, 4:<4, >96->19.
@. Mirbir, G. Pfu, ”Qflt cs tfi ceplnt kg skgtwlri pltibt sfcgts; Ivchibni grke Mktus v. Dkrmlbh―,
Cbtirbltckblm @kurblm kg Cbhustrclm Kralbczltckb, 49, 4::1, 9<<-943.
@. Elmlnokwsoc, O. Nlrhkzl, N. Arly, T. Nkbrky, ”Xfi Cbtimmintulm Zrkpirty Elroitpmlni0 Ieiracba
Xrlbslntckb lbh Cbvisteibt Wifcnmis―, Xfi Mcnibscba @kurblm, vkm. 4(4), Gidrulry 4::1.
37
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Gkriwkrh 31
I. Elrrknu, T. Zlnc, E. Zkbtcs, ”Cbtlbacdmi nlpctlm lbh res– prkhuntcvcty―, Cbhustrclm lbh Nkrpkrlti
Nflbai, vkm. 4<(4), @umy 4:<<.
G. Eublrc, ”Tivciw kg tfi Mctirlturi kb tfi Ysi lbh Ceplnt kg CZTs lt tfi Gcre Mivim0 Zltibts, Xrlhi
Elros, lbh Hiscabs―, Qkrocba Zlpir nkeecssckbih dy KFCE, 4:<4.
G. Eublrc, ^. ^lbtkbc, ”Ixpmkctcba nkepmieibtlrctcis cb CZT einflbcses0 tfi `kcbt usi kg pltibts,
trlhi elros lbh hiscabs dy ^EIs―, plpir prisibtih lt tfi ^trltiacn Elblaieibt ^kncity Lbbulm
Nkbgiribni, Tkei, CX, ^iptiedir 3-<4, 4:<:.
E. K–Elfkby lbh E. Winnfc, ”T&H, obkwmihai spcmmkvirs lbh nkeplby prkhuntcvcty pirgkrelbni―,
Tisilrnf Zkmcny, vkm. >6(<), Gidrulry 4::3.
KINH, ”KINH ^ncibni, Xinfbkmkay lbh Cbhustry ^nkridklrh 4:<>―, KINH Zudmcsfcba, 4:<>.
Z. nflutsnfcno, N. Ariibflmaf, ”Iepcrcnlm stuhcis kg trlhi elros - tfi ixcstcba inkbkecn mctirlturi―,
Qkrocba plpir Bk. 793, Hiplrteibt kg Inkbkecns Hcsnussckb Zlpir ^ircis, Ybcvirscty kg Kxgkrh,
@ubi 4:<>.
E. ^qucnnclrcbc, F. Hirbcs, ”L Nrkss-Nkubtry Nflrlntircsltckb kg tfi Zltibtcba Diflvckur kg Gcres
dlsih kb Eltnfih Gcre lbh Zltibt Hltl―, KINH ^ncibni, Xinfbkmkay lbh Cbhustry Qkrocba Zl-
pirs, KINH Zudmcsfcba, Ely 4:<>.
E. ^qucnnclrcbc, F. Hirbcs, N. Nrcsnukmk, ”Eilsurcba Zltibt \ulmcty0 Cbhcnltkrs kg Xinfbkmkacnlm lbhInkbkecn Wlmui―, KINH ^ncibni, Xinfbkmkay lbh Cbhustry Qkrocba Zlpirs, KINH Zudmcsfcba,
Elrnf 4:<>.
@. Qkkmhrchai, ”Cbtrkhuntkry Inkbkeitrcns. L ekhirb lpprklnf―, 9tf ihctckb, ^kutf-Qistirb
NIBALAI Milrbcba, 4:<>.
Tigiribnis 31
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Zudmcsfih lbh ihctih dy KFCE