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Transcript of DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIRE POLAR POLAR: A novel X-ray polarimeter Daniel...
DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
POLAR: A novel X-ray polarimeter
Daniel Haas
ISDC Versoix
ECRS 2008
Kosice, Slovakia
Outline
• GRBs and their Models• Why POLAR & The Detection Concept• POLAR Design• Testbench & First Results• POLAR EQM• Outlook/Challenges & Conclusions
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 2DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
Gamma Ray Bursts...• Gamma ray bursts (GRB): flashes of gamma rays at
random places in the sky and at random times• Brightest events in the universe• About 1 GRB/day observed
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 3DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
...Origin of GRBs...• Not clear, different models
From M.Lyutikov, 2003
See papers discussing various models:T.Piran, A.Dar & A. De Rujula, M.Lyutikov, D.Eichler, G.Ghisellini, D.Lazzatti, M.Medvedev, E.Rossi etc.
Plin ~ 10-20% Plin = 0 - 100%Plin ~ 50%
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 4DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
...GRB Polarization...
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Polarized ’s produced by:– Synchrotron radiation– Cyclotron emission– Bremsstrahlung– Compton Scattering– Magnetic photon splitting
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 5DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
...GRB Polarization - Measurements• Polarization of the prompt γ-ray emission from the γ-ray burst of 6
December 2002 (RHESSI), Coburn, W; Boggs, S. E., Nature, 2003, 423, 415 (122 citations): Plin = 80 ± 20% (highly significant detection!)
– Re-analysis of polarization in the γ-ray flux of GRB 021206, Rutledge, R. E.; Fox, D. B., MNRAS, 2004, 350, 1288
• Statistical Uncertainty in the Re-Analysis of Polarization in GRB021206, Coburn, W; Boggs, S. E., 2003astro.ph.10515B
– Gamma-Ray Burst Polarization: Limits from RHESSI Measurements, Wiggler, C. et al, ApJ, 2004, 613, 1088
• Evidence of polarisation in the prompt γ-ray emission from GRB 930131 and GRB 960924 (BATSE/GRO), Willis, D. R. et al, 2005, A&A, 439, 245
• Polarisation studies of the prompt γ-ray emission from GRB 041219a using the spectrometer aboard INTEGRAL, McGlynn, S., 2007, A&A, 466, 895
Large Uncertainty & Controversial, poor sample of events, Polarization should be added to priority programs for GRB’s
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 6DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
Detection principle...• Compton scattering:
– photons tend to scatter at a right anglew.r.t. the initial polarization vector
= azimuthal scatter angle = Compton scatter angle
• Klein-Nishina:• Level of Polarization:
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 7DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
0 30 60 90 120 150 180100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Counts (a.u.)
Azimuth Angle ζ
Modulation Curve...Detection principle
• Use two largest energy deposits with E > 5 keV
• GRB position is known or reasonably estimated
• Analysing power:100=A100/B100 (mod. factor)
modulation amplitude for 100% polarization
• MC predicts clear modulation signal with period
• Unpolarized photons create pattern with period /2
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 8DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
POLAR design...Requirements• Compton polarimeter• Simple, compact instrument:
– relies on given burst position and spectrum
– or provides a crude estimate in case of unique observation
• Dedicated for GRB observations only:
– Large area– Large modulation factor– Large field of view
• Energy range for incoming photons:
– 50 keV - 500 keV
Design• 40x40 uniform scintillator
array – Light, fast and low Z plastic– Scintillator size:
6x6x200 mm– Matching Hamamatsu
MAPM8500– Aeff ~ 400 cm2
100 ~ 35%– FoV ~ 1/3 of the sky– Passive shielding– Main electronics below
detector
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 9DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
...POLAR designElectronics
housing
Passive Shielding
25 DetectorModules
Module in Carbon Fiber
8x8 barsMAPM H8500
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 10DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
Testbench...
CAMAC/NIM readout of aprototype module
Prototype Moduleand scintillator bar testing
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 11DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
...TestbenchDemonstrator Electronicswith one prototype target
(custom made FPGA boardwith ASICS and place for 2 PMs)
Photon polarizer from Cs137 with NaI detector as scatterer (290 keV -rays)
Trigger ReadoutSignal
Source
Scatterer
Detector(here only a 2nd NaI)
90o
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 12DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
First Results... Tests with L-shape of 8+8 bars • Polarized photons (290 keV/60%)
from Cs137 after 90o scatterer• Coupling to MAPM H8500
(mod.fac x degree of polarization)
• Asymmetry up to 12 % confirms proof-of-principle
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Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 13DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
...First Results...Light collection studies• Simulation predicts:
– ~45% ’s reach PM– 10-20% difference top/bottom– Surface quality essential
Light Collection for 50 keV photons
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Incoming photon position
Opt Phot: Detected/ProducedAir Ref PaintTeflon Alu+AirTefl+Air
• Measurements confirm simulation – different wrapping tested– use Vikuiti (Alu-like, but
even higher reflectivity
very good surface quality
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 14DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
D e p e n d e n c e o f
1 0 0 o n E n e r g y a n d a n g le θ
0 .0 0
0 .0 5
0 .1 0
0 .1 5
0 .2 0
0 .2 5
0 .3 0
0 .3 5
0 .4 0
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 0 0
E n er g y ( k e V )
μ100
T h 0 P h i 0
T h 4 5 P h i 0
T h 6 0 P h i 0
T h 7 5 P h i 0
...First Results (MC)• Minimal detectable polarization
E=10-5 erg/cm2
– MDP3 ~ 10% for strong bursts– Several measurements per year
• Modulation factor as function of energy and theta– events from the side are harder
to detect than from the top– low energies are favored
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 15DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
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MAPM in TVT
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Frontend Design
Module in Carbon Fiber
8x8 barsMAPM H8500
Assembly studies
EQM
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 16DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
Outlook & Challenges
• Demonstrator will be tested on Polarizer soon• Preliminary qualification tests of EQM mechanics
underway (vibration, thermal stress etc.)• Beamtests at SLS by end 2008 (PSI Villigen/CH) and
ESRF (Grenoble/F) by end 2009• Optical crosstalk on PM pads is high (~10%),
Trigger/Online rejection has to take care of this• Gain calibration of 1600 scintillator bars is difficult• In-flight calibration still an issue• Localisation of GRBs stand-alone is challenging
– rough estimation seems feasible, more studies ongoing
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 17DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
Conclusions
• Accurate and statistical meaningful polarization measurements of GRBs can:
– constrain theoretical models– give crucial information about GRBs central engine
• POLAR - a compton hard X-ray GRB polarimeter may answer these questions:
– compact 40x40 array of low Z scintillators (6x6x200 mm)coupled to Hamamatsu MAPM H8500
– MDP3 ~ 10% for GRBs of ~ 105 erg/cm2
– Tens of detections/year expected– Proof-of-principle on polarizer testbench– Demonstrator will be used in testbeams for further studies– EQM under design, to be ready by 2010
Daniel Haas, ECRS ‘08, Kosice
Page 18DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE NUCLEAIRE ET CORPUSCULAIREPOLAR
The POLAR Collaboration
• Centre des Physique des Particules de Marseilles, (CPPM, France)
• Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (DPNC Genève, Switzerland)
• Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP Beijing, China)• INTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC Versoix,
Switzerland)• Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules
(LAPP, France)• Paul Scherrer Institut, (PSI Villigen, Switzerland)• Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ
Warsaw, Poland)
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