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TRATAMIENTO MEDICO DE LA ENDOMETRIOSIS DR JUAN CARLOS MENDOZA

Transcript of DE LA ENDOMETRIOSISacegyr.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/TTO-MEDICO...Abstract OBJECTIVE: To study...

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TRA

TAM

IEN

TO M

EDIC

O D

E LA

EN

DO

MET

RIO

SIS

DR JUAN CARLOS MENDOZA

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2- 22 % ASINTOMATICAS

40 - 60 % SINTOMATICAS

30 - 40 % INFERTILES

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CONSECUENCIAS

Físicas

Psicológicas

Trabajo

Económicas

Maritales

Sociales

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Matorras R, Cobos P. Epidemiology of endometriosis. En: García-Velasco JA and Rizk MRB Editores, Endometriosis Current Management and Future Trends

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Abstract OBJECTIVE: To study the association between endometriosis and risk of pre-eclampsia, cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, and small for gestational age (SGA), in a large Danish birth cohort, while taking fertility treatment into account. DESIGN: Population-based study. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): A total population of 82,793 singleton pregnancies from the Aarhus Birth Cohort (1989 through 2013); 1,213 women had a diagnosis of endometriosis, affecting 1,719 pregnancies. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pre-eclampsia, cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, and SGA. RESULT(S): Endometriosis was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37-2.05), with the risk being highest for very preterm birth (AOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.16-3.15). Compared with unaffected women, women with endometriosis also had an increased risk of pre-eclampsia (AOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.06-1.77) and cesarean section (AOR 1.83, 95% CI 1.60-2.09). Assisted reproductive technology did not explain these findings. No association was found between endometriosis and postpartum hemorrhage or SGA. CONCLUSION(S):

Women with endometriosis were at increased risk of pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, and cesarean section, irrespective of use of assisted reproductive technology.

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CLASIFICACION …..

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AFS – American Fertility Society

ENZIAN

EFI – Endometriosis Fertility Index

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ENDOMETRIOSIS

NO HAY CORRELACION ENTRE EL ESTADIO DE LA ENFERMEDAD Y EL GRADO DE

DOLOR O PRONOSTICO CON TRATAMIENTO EN TERMINOS DE EMBARAZO

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ENDOMETRIOSIS

1.-SUBJETIVO

2.-NO DIFERENCIA VIA DE CX

3.-DIFERENCIAS INTEROBSERVADOR

4.-NO ASOCIACION CON OTROS FX, NETAMENTE ANATOMICO

5.-ENDOMETRIOSIS PROFUNDA ?

6.-INFERTILIDAD?

7.-PREDICTIVA DE RESPUESTA A TRATAMIENTO ?

8.-RECURRENCIA ?

9.-RESPUESTA SISTEMATICA ?

10.-SINTOMATOLOGIA……

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ENDOMETRIOMA

ENDOMETRIOSIS SUPERFICIAL PERITONEAL Y OVARICA

ENDOMETRIOSIS PROFUNDA

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INFERTILIDAD

DOLOR

RECURRENCIA

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EFECTOS SECUNDARIOS

COSTOS

RIESGOS

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ANTIINFLAMATORIOS

HORMONALES

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ANALOGOS DE GnRH

• SUPRESION HIPOFISIARIA

• INDUCEN NIVELES HIPOESTROGENICOS

• EFECTOS SECUNDARIOS

• RIESGOS EN USO A MEDIANO Y LARGO PLAZO

• RECURRENCIA

AGONISTAS DE GnRH

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ANTAGONISTAS DE GnRH

• OCUPACION COMPETITIVA DEL RECEPTOR

• USO SEMANAL

• MENOS EFECTOS SECUNDARIOS

• RECIDIVA

• AGENTES ORALES ??

ANALOGOS DE GnRH

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Dispositivo intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel (LNG-IUD)

• Liberación de 20 ug día el primer año decreciendo paulatinamente durante los 5 años de uso • Atrofia endometrial, no necesariamente anovulación • Disminución de dismenorrea

• Control del dolor y reducción de nódulos en endometriosis rectovaginal

• Mas efectivo frente a placebo e igual de efectivo frente a análogos de GnRH en dolor

• Mujeres que necesitan tratamiento a largo plazo

• Efectos secundarios

• Intervención única

• No deseo de concepción

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INHIBIDORES DE AROMATASA

• CATALIZA LA CONVERSION DE ESTRONA A ESTRADIOL

• MUJERES CON ENDOMETRIOSIS TIENEN AUMENTADA LA ACTIVIDAD DE CITOCROMO P450 AROMATASA EN TEJIDO ENDOMETRIAL

• AUNQUE EL ENDOMETRIO TIENE NIVELES NO DETECTABLES DE AROMATASA, EL TEJIDO ENDOMETRIOSICO TIENE ALTOS NIVELES POR MEDIADORES INFLAMATORIOS QUE INCREMENTAN LA PRODUCCION LOCAL DE ESTROGENO

• EN PREMENOPAUSIA INDUCEN FOLICULOGENESIS - TTO COMPLEMENTARIOS ??

• FALLA EN RESPUESTA A TERAPIAS MAS CONVENCIONALES

• EFECTOS SECUNDARIOS

• NO USO DE RUTINA

• USO EN MENOPAUSIA ?

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MODULADORES SELECTIVOS DE RECEPTOR DE ESTROGENO (SERMs)

• AGONISTAS Y ANTAGONISTAS

• RALOXIFENO – EFECTO ANTIESTROGENICO EN TEJIDO ENDOMETRIOSICO

• EFECTO ANTIINFLAMATORIO ??

• FALTAN ESTUDIOS

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ANTAGONISTAS DE PROGESTERONA

Mifepristone- Onapristone

MODULADORES SELECTIVOS DEL RECEPTOR DE PROGESTERONA

Asoprisnil

INHIBIDORES DE ANGIOGENESIS

Estatinas- Rapamicina- Cabergolina- Quinagolida

INMUNOMODULADORES

Loxoribina- Interferon alfa- Inhibidores de FNT alfa- Pentoxifilina

OTROS

Inhibición de MMP- Doxiciclina 5 Fluoracilo Metformina

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Contraceptivos orales para dolor asociado a endometriosis

Progestágenos y anti progestágenos para dolor asociado a endometriosis

Análogos de GnRH para dolor asociado a endometriosis

Danazol para dolor pélvico asociado a endometriosis

Endoceptivo de levonorgestrel para endometriosis sintomática posterior a cirugía

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- La mayoría de tratamientos médicos existentes para endometriosis actúan hormonalmente directamente en los receptores de hormonas esteroides en las lesiones endometriosicas o creando un ambiente hormonal estable por bloqueo de la función ovárica y supresión del eje hipotálamo - hipófisis - ovario

- Todos los tratamientos hormonales corrientemente usados han mostrado ser igualmente efectivos en el dolor relacionado con endometriosis y la escogencia del tratamiento depende de la seguridad a largo plazo, efectos adversos y costos del tratamiento

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La practica actual erróneamente da por cierto que los tratamientos médicos no son efectivos en la endometriosis rectovaginal. Esta creencia indiscutida, basada supuestamente en patrones de receptores diferentes del endometrio eutópico lleva a la conclusión que la cirugía es la única opción terapéutica razonable exponiendo a las pacientes a morbilidad potencialmente severa especialmente si son los procedimientos son realizados por ginecólogos sin entrenamiento especifico en este difícil y técnicamente demandante campo

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Esta revisión muestra que el tratamiento medico en mujeres con endometriosis rectovaginal fue efectiva en términos de alivio del dolor, reducción de la lesión durante la terapia, mejoría en la calidad de vida y satisfacción del paciente

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PI3K/AKT SIGNALING

PI3K/AKT - Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT)

PTEN - Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)

mTOR - Mammalian target of rapamycin

WNT SIGNALING

WNT/Beta-Catenin

WNT Targets

CYTOKINES

IL-8 -IL-4-MCP-1-PGE2-TNFA-NFKB

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OTROS FACTORES INFLAMATORIOS

MAPK SIGNALING- Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)

ERK-JNK-P38/MAPK

VEGF SIGNALING

POTENCIALES TRATAMIENTOS

RTK –protein-tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors Statins

PPAR Activators- Peroxisome proliferating activating receptors (PPARs) Vitamins

Melatonin Metformin

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FENOTIPO = GENOTIPO + AMBIENTE

Fenotipo: - Rasgos anatómicos, fisiológicos y conductuales - Producto de la expresión genética

Genotipo: - Información heredada - Expresión genética síntesis de proteínas

Ambiente - Condiciones externas - Alimentación, clima, variables socioculturales, etc

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ENDOMETRIOSIS

- Alteraciones del ciclo ( Hormonal- Inmune)

- Síntomas Gastrointestinales y/o urinarios

- Alergias, Intolerancia alimenticia, asma, etc

- Disfunción Ovárica, fibromialgia, fatiga crónica

- Tiroiditis, Artritis reumatoide, lupus, prolapso de válvula mitral

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RINITIS

GASTRITIS, ESTREÑIMIENTO, COLON IRRITABLE,

CISTITIS INTERSTICIAL

FIEBRE

FATIGA

DOLOR MUSCULAR

DOLOR ARTICULAR

DEPRESION, SENSIBILIDAD, HIPERACTIVIDAD, ETC

ENDOMETRIOSIS

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SON VARIANTES DE UNA MISMA ENFERMEDAD o SON HALLAZGOS COMUNES A DIFERENTES PROCESOS CAUSADOS POR

MECANISMOS DIFERENTES ??

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Controversias en Ginecología y Obstetricia, 2003

Como entender la evolución asintomática de la enfermedad ?

Como entender la presencia de sus síntomas en pacientes en que no se hace aparente durante la exploración laparoscópica ??

Sera que si no la vemos, no existe ??

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• DIFERENTE ETIOPATOGENIA

• DIFERENTE HISTOLOGÍA

• DIFERENTE COMPORTAMIENTO BIOQUÍMICO, CELULAR Y MOLECULAR

• DIFERENTE COMPORTAMIENTO INMUNOLÓGICO

• DIFERENTE COMPORTAMIENTO CLÍNICO….

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Es mas importante conocer al paciente que tiene una enfermedad que la enfermedad que tiene el paciente

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En la formación médica: se enseñan enfermedades

En la práctica asistencial: se tratan enfermedades

En el registro epidemiológico: se contabilizan enfermedades, las muertes se remiten a enfermedades

En la interpretación patogénica: se agrupan las alteraciones en enfermedades

En la organización de servicios: se estructuran las especialidades a partir de enfermedades

En la autoimagen del paciente: se identifica o se asume como portador de una enfermedad

En el diseño y mercantilización de medicamentos y métodos diagnósticos: se conciben y comercializan

para enfermedades

Relevancia de la entidad nosológica en la biomedicina

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ESTA ENFERMA PORQUE TIENE ENDOMETRIOSIS

TIENE ENDOMETRIOSIS PORQUE ESTA ENFERMA

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Se debe replantear si es la misma enfermedad con estadios diferentes o son hallazgos comunes a

distintos procesos patológicos con fisiopatología diferente

Sin una examen detallado de la pelvis, apoyados en exámenes paraclínicos adecuados de acuerdo

a una excelente historia clínica una paciente con endometriosis puede dejar de ser diagnosticada

adecuadamente

Las Clasificaciones existentes no incluyen todos los procesos involucrados en la enfermedad

Es necesario evaluar mas detalladamente la influencia del estilo de vida, la genética y la

epigenética en la aparición, el desarrollo y evolución de la enfermedad

Dados los conocimientos respecto a la fisiopatología, es prudente considerar tratamientos

complementarios que busquen modular la respuesta inflamatoria sistémica y la proliferación

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SI NO CAMBIAMOS LA FORMA DE ENFOCAR LA ENFERMEDAD SEGUIREMOS …

• OBSERVANDO, CLASIFICANDO Y TRATANDO SOLO LA ANATOMIA DE LA PACIENTE

• DEJANDO PACIENTES SINTOMATICAS SIN UN ADECUADO DIAGNOSTICO Y CON PEOR PRONOSTICO CUANDO NO LA VEMOS

• OPERANDO Y REOPERANDO, MUCHAS VECES MEDIANTE CIRUGIAS RIESGOSAS, ABLATIVAS Y HEROICAS

• VIENDO COMO AUMENTA LA INCIDENCIA DE LA ENDOMETRIOSIS

• REALIZANDO TRATAMIENTOS MEDICOS TEMPORALES E INCOMPLETOS

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www.asociadosenreproduccion.com [email protected]

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CLASIFICACION IDEAL

• CONSENSO

• TERMINOS Y DEFINICIONES PRECISAS

• FACIL DE COMPRENDER

• FACIL DESCRIPCION DE LA ANATOMIA

• REFLEJE LA ENFERMEDAD

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ENDOMETRIOSIS

DESBALANCE HORMONAL E INMUNE

????

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Endometriosis, assisted reproduction technology, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcome

Olof Stephansson1,2,3, Helle Kieler1, Fredrik Granath1 and Henrik Falconer2 1 Clinical Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 2 Department of Woman and Child Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska University Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Human Reproduction 2009 24(9):2341-2347

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis, a common gynaecological disease, is characterized by local and systemic inflammation, which may cause infertility and consequently, increased utilization of assisted reproduction technology (ART). We aimed to estimate the risk for preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth, stillbirth, Caesarean section, pre-eclampsia and antepartal haemorrhage among women with a previous diagnosis of endometriosis compared with women with no previous diagnosis of endometriosis. METHODS: In a nationwide Swedish study including 1 442 675 singleton births we assessed the association between adverse pregnancy outcome, ART and a previous diagnosis of endometriosis. Information was obtained by linkage of data between 1992 and 2006 in the Medical Birth Register with the Patient Register between 1964 and 2006.

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Endometriosis, assisted reproduction technology, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcome

Olof Stephansson1,2,3, Helle Kieler1, Fredrik Granath1 and Henrik Falconer2 1 Clinical Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 2 Department of Woman and Child Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Karolinska University Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Human Reproduction 2009 24(9):2341-2347

RESULTS: There were 13 090 singleton births among 8922 women diagnosed with endometriosis. Compared with women without endometriosis, women with endometriosis had higher risks of preterm birth [adjusted odds ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.23–1.44]. Among women with endometriosis 11.9% conceived after ART compared with 1.4% of women without endometriosis. The risk of preterm birth associated with endometriosis among women with ART was 1.24 (95% CI, 0.99–1.57), and among women without ART 1.37 (95% CI, 1.25–1.50). Women with endometriosis had higher risks of antepartal bleeding/placental complications, pre-eclampsia and Caesarean section. There was no association between endometriosis and risk of SGA-birth or stillbirth. CONCLUSIONS: Endometriosis appears to be a risk factor for preterm birth, irrespective of ART. Women with endometriosis may be more likely to be delivered by Caesarean section and to suffer from antepartal haemorrhage/placental complications and pre-

eclampsia.

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CLASIFICACION IDEAL

• PREDICTIVA DE LA INFERTILIDAD

• PREDICTIVA DEL DOLOR

• PUEDA USARSE PARA ESCOGER EL TRATAMIENTO IDEAL

• ADVIERTA EL RIESGO DE RECURRENCIA

• FACIL DE EXPLICAR LOS PACIENTES

• IDENTIFIQUE LOS CASOS EN LA QUE NO ES APLICABLE

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• Biomarcadores

• Imágenes

• Genomica

• Histologia

• Biotipos