vi

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ...................................................................................... i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ....................................................................... ii

SURAT PERNYATAAN ............................................................................. iii

PRAKATA ................................................................................................... iv

DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................ vi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN .............................................................................. ix

DAFTAR TABEL ......................................................................................... x

DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................... xii

INTISARI ................................................................................................... xiii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................. 1

1.1. Latar Belakang ........................................................................................ 1

1.2. Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................... 4

1.3. Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................... 4

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ....................................................................................... 4

1.3.2. Tujuan Khusus ..................................................................................... 4

1.4. Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................. 5

1.4.1. Manfaat Teoritis .................................................................................. 5

1.4.2. Manfaat Praktis .................................................................................... 5

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................... 6

2.1. Metabolisme Purin ................................................................................. 6

2.2. Hiperurisemia ......................................................................................... 8

2.3. Faktor Resiko Asam Urat ....................................................................... 9

2.4. Daun Seledri ......................................................................................... 10

2.4.1. Deskripsi Seledri ................................................................................ 10

2.4.2. Klasifikasi Tanaman Seledri .............................................................. 10

2.4.3. Morfologi ........................................................................................... 11

2.4.4. Kandungan Kimia Seledri ................................................................. 11

2.4.5. Manfaat Seledri .................................................................................. 12

vii

2.4.6. Apiin (Apigenin 7-O-Apioglukosida) ................................................. 12

2.4.7. Mekanisme Kimia Seledri Terhadap Penurunan Asam Urat ............. 12

2.5. Kafein ................................................................................................... 13

2.5.1. Deskripsi Kafein ................................................................................ 13

2.5.2. Sifat Kafein ........................................................................................ 13

2.5.3. Sumber Kafein ................................................................................... 14

2.5.4. Efek Kafein Terhadap Ginjal ............................................................. 15

2.6. Hati Ayam ............................................................................................. 15

2.6.1. Deskripsi Hati Ayam ......................................................................... 15

2.6.2. Kandungan Nutrisi Hati Ayam .......................................................... 16

2.6.3. Efek Hati Ayam Terhadap Kadar Asam Urat Darah ......................... 16

2.7. Kerangka Teori ..................................................................................... 17

2.8. Kerangka Konsep ................................................................................. 18

2.9. Hipotesis ............................................................................................... 18

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN .............................................................. 19

3.1. Jenis Penelitian Dan Rancangan Penelitian .......................................... 19

3.2. Variabel Penelitian Dan Definisi Operasional ...................................... 21

3.2.1. Variabel Penelitian............................................................................. 21

3.2.2. Definisi Operasional .......................................................................... 21

3.3. Subjek Uji ............................................................................................. 23

3.4. Instrumen Dan Bahan ........................................................................... 24

3.4.1. Instrumen ........................................................................................... 24

3.4.2. Bahan ................................................................................................. 25

3.5. Cara Penelitian ...................................................................................... 25

3.5.1. Cara Pembuatan Air Rebusan Daun Seledri ...................................... 25

3.5.2. Cara Pembuatan Ekstrak Daun Seledri .............................................. 26

3.5.3. Dosis Penelitian ................................................................................. 26

3.5.4. Prosedur Penelitian ............................................................................ 28

3.5.5. Pemberian Perlakuan ......................................................................... 28

3.5.6. Cara Pengambilan Darah ................................................................... 30

3.5.7. Mengukur Kadar Hiperurisemia Dengan Spektrofotometer ............. 31

viii

3.6. Alur Penelitian ...................................................................................... 33

3.7. Tempat Dan Waktu Penelitian .............................................................. 34

3.7.1. Tempat Penelitian .............................................................................. 34

3.7.2. Waktu Penelitian ................................................................................ 34

3.8. Analisa Hasil ......................................................................................... 34

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN............................. 35

4.1. Hasil Penelitian ..................................................................................... 35

4.2. Pembahasan .......................................................................................... 37

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ...................................................... 41

5.1. Kesimpulan ........................................................................................... 41

5.2. Saran ..................................................................................................... 42

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................. 43

LAMPIRAN ................................................................................................ 45

ix

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

CO2 : Carbon dioksida

CPR : C-reactive protein

dl : desi liter

DNA : Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

EDTA : Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic Acid

gr : gram

kg : kilo gram

MTP-1 : Metatarsofalangeal 1

MSU : Mono Sodium Urat

ml : mili liter

mg : mili gram

PPAR : Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor

RCT : Randomize Control Trial

RNA : Ribonucleic Acid

WHO : Wold Health Organization

x

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 4.1. Hasil Analisis Statistik Kadar Asam Urat ...................................... 36

Tabel 4.2. Hasil Analisis Uji One Way Anova ................................................ 37

xi

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1. Bagan Metabolisme Purin ................................................................ 7

Gambar 2.4. Tanaman Seledri dari Bandungan.............................................. ..... 10

Gambar 2.5. Rumus Bangun Kafein............................................. ....................... 13

Gambar 2.7. Kerangka Teori ............................................................................... 17

Gambar 2.8. Kerangka Konsep ........................................................................... 18

Gambar 3.1. Skema Rancangan Penelitian ......................................................... 19

Gambar 3.6. Alur Penelitian ................................................................................ 33

Gambar 4.1. Rerata dan Standarisasi Deviasi Kadar Asam Urat ........................ 35

xii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Hasil Uji Deskriptif ................................................................. 45

Lampiran 2. Hasil analisis data outlier normalitas dan homogenitas varian

data kadar asam urat ............................................................... 45

Lampiran 3. Hasil analisis perbedaan data kadar asam urat dengan uji one

way anova ................................................................................ 46

Lampiran 4. Ethical Clereance .................................................................... 47

Lampiran 5. Surat Keterangan Pembuatan Ekstrak dari Laboratorium

Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Semarang ........................ 48

Lampiran 6. Surat Keterangan Penelitian dari Laboratorium Biologi

FMIPA Universitas Negeri Semarang ..................................... 49

Lampiran 7. Dokumentasi ............................................................................ 50

Lampiran 8. Hasil Uji Serum Darah Tikus dari Balai Laboratorium

Kesehatan dan Pengujian Alat Kesehatan .............................. 52