COURSE SYLLABUS - CCSJThe persuasive essay is an evidence-based essay that incorporates at least two...

9
2400 NEW YORK AVE. WHITING, IN 46394 TEL. 219-473-7770 773-721-0202 FAX 219-473-4259 COURSE SYLLABUS Term: Fall 2016 Course: EWPC 103A Instructor Information: Instructor Name Niki Avina Office Number: Adjunct office in the tutoring center Phone Number: 219-796-7107 Email: [email protected] Hours Available: Monday & Wednesday 12:00-4:30 and by appointment Feel free to e-mail, text, or call if you have questions. Instructor Background: After earning my undergraduate degree in Elementary Education from the University of Evansville, I began my teaching career while working to earn a graduate degree in Elementary Curriculum Design from Indiana Wesleyan University. As a middle school Language Arts teacher for ten years, I worked to build solid foundations in young writers. In 2005, I began teaching night classes to help foster not only a foundation for college writing but a love for the craft of writing as well. Outside of my teaching career, I am a founding board member of Hannah’s Hope, a charity that helps children in Northwest Indiana with special needs to purchase costly therapy and medical equipment. Course Information: Course Time: MW 10:15-11:45 Classroom: Prerequisites: EWPC 096 or equivalent Accuplacer score Required Books and Materials: The Concise Wadsworth Handbook, Kirszner & Mandell, 3 rd ed. A variety of readings will be provided to students. Students are required to read, annotate and be prepared to discuss the readings. Required readings will be handed out in class and provided in digital form via Blackboard. Learning Outcomes/ Competencies: · The student will write a unified, coherent, well-developed familiar essay, expository essay, and persuasive essay. · The student will understand and gain greater control over all the phases of the writing process – prewriting, writing, revising, and editing. · The student will apply various techniques for generating ideas, apply a variety of revision and editing strategies, and understand the role of a writer in relation to academic audiences. · The student will organize a familiar, expository, and persuasive essay using traditional academic

Transcript of COURSE SYLLABUS - CCSJThe persuasive essay is an evidence-based essay that incorporates at least two...

Page 1: COURSE SYLLABUS - CCSJThe persuasive essay is an evidence-based essay that incorporates at least two to three sources and a counter-argument. It teaches students the fundamentals of

2400 NEW YORK AVE. � WHITING, IN 46394 � TEL. 219-473-7770 � 773-721-0202 � FAX 219-473-4259

COURSESYLLABUSTerm:Fall2016

Course:EWPC103A

InstructorInformation:InstructorName NikiAvinaOfficeNumber: AdjunctofficeinthetutoringcenterPhoneNumber: 219-796-7107Email: [email protected]: Monday&Wednesday12:00-4:30andbyappointment

Feelfreetoe-mail,text,orcallifyouhavequestions. InstructorBackground:AfterearningmyundergraduatedegreeinElementaryEducationfromtheUniversityofEvansville,IbeganmyteachingcareerwhileworkingtoearnagraduatedegreeinElementaryCurriculumDesignfromIndianaWesleyanUniversity.AsamiddleschoolLanguageArtsteacherfortenyears,Iworkedtobuildsolidfoundationsinyoungwriters.In2005,Ibeganteachingnightclassestohelpfosternotonlyafoundationforcollegewritingbutaloveforthecraftofwritingaswell.Outsideofmyteachingcareer,IamafoundingboardmemberofHannah’sHope,acharitythathelpschildreninNorthwestIndianawithspecialneedstopurchasecostlytherapyandmedicalequipment.

CourseInformation:

CourseTime: MW10:15-11:45Classroom: Prerequisites: EWPC096orequivalentAccuplacerscoreRequiredBooksandMaterials:

TheConciseWadsworthHandbook,Kirszner&Mandell,3rded.Avarietyofreadingswillbeprovidedtostudents.Studentsarerequiredtoread,annotateandbepreparedtodiscussthereadings.RequiredreadingswillbehandedoutinclassandprovidedindigitalformviaBlackboard.

LearningOutcomes/Competencies:·Thestudentwillwriteaunified,coherent,well-developedfamiliaressay,expositoryessay,andpersuasiveessay.·Thestudentwillunderstandandgaingreatercontroloverallthephasesofthewritingprocess–prewriting,writing,revising,andediting.·Thestudentwillapplyvarioustechniquesforgeneratingideas,applyavarietyofrevisionandeditingstrategies,andunderstandtheroleofawriterinrelationtoacademicaudiences.·Thestudentwillorganizeafamiliar,expository,andpersuasiveessayusingtraditionalacademic

Page 2: COURSE SYLLABUS - CCSJThe persuasive essay is an evidence-based essay that incorporates at least two to three sources and a counter-argument. It teaches students the fundamentals of

2

form.·Thestudentwillwriteaclearandfocusedthesisforanexpositoryessay,supportthatthesiswithparagraphsthatexpressonegeneralmainideainatopicsentence,andsupportthosetopicsentenceswithbodyparagraphsthatdevelopthemainideathroughillustration,usinganaccumulationofspecificdetailsoroneextendeddetail.·Thestudentwillwritecoherentbodyparagraphswitheffectiveuseoftransitionsandcorrectpronounreference.·Thestudentwillwriteeffectiveintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.·Thestudentwillwriteclear,grammaticallycorrectsentences.·Thestudentwillwritecompletesentences,avoidingfragments,commasplices,run-ons,andothercommonerrors.·Thestudentwillwritesentenceswithactiveverbs,eliminatingwordiness,andcorrectlyutilizingparallelconstruction.·Thestudentwillwriteavarietyofsentencetypes:simple,compound,complex,andcompound-complex,distinguishcorrectlybetweensubordinatingandcoordinatingconjunctions.·Thestudentwillcorrectlyusecommonpunctuationmarks,includingperiod,comma,semi-colon,colon,dash,parentheses,andquotationmarks.

CourseDescription:Inthiscoursestudentslearntheconceptsandskillsneededtowriteaneffective,college-levelexpositoryessay.Throughbothtraditionalandworkshopmethods,studentsgaingreatercontroloverthewritingprocess,essayorganization,paragraphconstruction,andsentencegrammar.Beforesuccessfullycompletingthecourse,studentsmustdemonstratebasiccompetencyinaportfolioofsemesterwriting.LearningStrategies:DirectInstructionDirectinstructionwithPowerPointandothervisualaidswillbeusedtoprovidestudentswiththerequiredcontent.Inaddition,directinstructionwillallowstudentstopracticenotetakingandotherorganizationalskills.Itisrecommendedthatstudentsdedicateanotebookordigitalfiletocoursenotes.SmallGroupInstruction&ClassDiscussionsSmallgroupactivitiesbasedoncourseobjectiveswillbeprovidedtostudentsinclass.Theseactivitiesaredesignedtofosterhands-onpracticewiththeskillspresentedindirectinstruction,scaffoldlearningforallstudents,aswellastoencourageaconversationaboutthecraftofwriting.Writer’sWorkshopWriter’sworkshopwillbeusedtoimprovewritinginattheindividuallevel.Instructorwillworkone-on-onewithstudentstoprovidespecific,meaningfulfeedbackthatcanbeusedtoimprovewritingandpreparestudentsforthecompetencyportfolio.ExperientialLearningOpportunities:Studentswillparticipateinlearningcommunitylecturesandsocials.StudentswillalsoattendtheArtInstituteofChicagofieldtrip. Assessments:

Page 3: COURSE SYLLABUS - CCSJThe persuasive essay is an evidence-based essay that incorporates at least two to three sources and a counter-argument. It teaches students the fundamentals of

3

RequiredEssays1.TheFamiliarEssay(5Paragraphs)TheFamiliarEssayisafive-paragraphfamiliaressaywritteninanexpositoryformonsometopicofthestudent’spersonalinterestandknowledge.Itservestointroducethestudentstothestructureofacademicwritingandthecentralskilltothatformofwriting:namely,theabilitytomovegracefullybetweengeneralizationsandspecificdetails.2.TheExpositoryEssay(3-5Pages)TheExpositoryEssayisasemi-formalexpositoryessay,a3-5-pageexplanationofasetofideasaboutsometopicinwhichthestudentisalreadyan“expert.”Thetopicsstudentschooseshouldnotrequireresearch;themoretheyalreadyknowabouttheirtopic,thebetter.Bracketingtheproblemofgeneratingnewideasfreesstudentstofocusonbuildingeffectiveexpositionskills.Duringthewritingofthisessay,classroominstructionfocusesprimarilyonthelocalchallengesofeffectivesentenceconstructionandofusingcorrectsentencegrammar.Instructorsdemandmultiplerevisionsofthisessay.3.ThePersuasiveEssay(4-5Pages)Thepersuasiveessayisanevidence-basedessaythatincorporatesatleasttwotothreesourcesandacounter-argument.Itteachesstudentsthefundamentalsofacademicargument:howtomakeaclaim,howtosupportitwithevidence,howtoarguepersuasively,andhowtoprepareacounterargumenttoalternativeclaims.Theessayintroducesstudentstothechallengesofwritingwithsources,askillthatistakenupinearnestinEnglish104:AcademicReadingandWriting.PortfolioUponcompletionofthecourse,studentswillcompileacompetencyportfoliotobesubmittedtotheEWPCdepartment.StudentsmustpasstheportfolioinordertomoveontoEWPC104.Thefollowingarerequiredmaterialsfortheportfolio:•Anintroductorycoverletter(1-1.5pages)whichdescribesthecontentsoftheportfolio,andusesthecontentsasevidenceinadiscussionofthestudents’understandingoftheirwriting(includingbutnotlimitedto,thefinalproducts,theirprocess,andtheirstrengthsandweaknessesasreadersandwriters.)•TheExpositoryEssayorthePersuasiveEssay(3-5pages)plusoneroughdraft,includingcommentsfromtheinstructor•Anin-classcompetencyessay(2-3pages)administeredtowardtheendofthesemesterbasedonawritingpromptcommontoallEnglish103sectionsYoualsohavetheoptionofincludinganotherwrittenwork...perhapsfromanotherclassatCCSJ.Thisiscompletelyoptional.Youwillbepreparingallsemesterforthefinalportfolioandwillhavetheoptionofrevisingallofyourworkexceptforthein-classessayandthecoverletter.Ifyourportfoliofailstomeetminimalcompetencies,youmustpassEWPC100thefollowingsemester,andwillnotbeeligibleforEWPC104untilyouhavepassinggradesforbothcourses.Ifyourportfolioisdeemedexemplary,youmaybecomeeligiblefortheSt.Gaspar’sHonorsLearningCommunity.MajorAssignments:

FamiliarEssayExpositoryEssayPersuasiveEssay

ClassworkAssignments

100100100150

ClassParticipation Attendance&Discussions

TotalCoursePoints:

50500

Page 4: COURSE SYLLABUS - CCSJThe persuasive essay is an evidence-based essay that incorporates at least two to three sources and a counter-argument. It teaches students the fundamentals of

4

GradingScale 100–92:A91–90:A-89–88:B+ 87–82:B 81–80:B-79–78:C+ 77–72:C 71–70:C-69–68:D+ 67–62:D 61–60:D-59andbelow F

CourseSchedule:Thiscoursewillbesplitintofourdistinctmodulesinordertoencouragegrowthinspecificareasofwriting.Eachmodule’smainassessmentisoneoftherequiredcoursebenchmarks.Eachmoduleembedsstructuralandgrammaticalcontentaswellasanchortextsthatmodelhigh-qualitywritingtoimprovestudentwritingwhilemeetingtheobjectivesstatedabove.

Module1:TheFamiliarEssay

WorkshopFocusTopics:Organization&VoiceGrammarReviewTopics:PronounUsage&SentenceStructure

ClassDate Monday WednesdaySeptember5&7 LaborDay-Classwillnotmeet IntroductiontoCourse,College&

InstructorAssignmentFormattingGuidelines

September12&14 LearningCommunityLesson:• Notetakingfromalecture

TheWritingProcess&Traits

• Lecture&Activity

TraitFocus:Organization• Prewritingstrategies• ThesisStatements

FamiliarEssayAssignmentWorkshop:Essayprewriting

September19&21 LearningCommunityLesson:• ActiveReading

ReadingAssignment:ExcerptfromNarrativeoftheLifeofFrederickDouglass,anAmericanSlave*FamiliarDraftDue*

TraitFocus:Organization• Introduction&Conclusion

paragraphs

Workshop:FamiliarEssayRevisions

September26&28 DiscussionofexcerptfromNarrativeoftheLifeofFrederickDouglass,anAmericanSlave

• Mainideaofreading• Organizationalstructure• Audienceandvoice

SentenceStructureReviewActivity

Lecture:ImpactofSentencesSentenceAnalysisofexcerptfromNarrativeoftheLifeofFrederickDouglass,anAmericanSlave*FinalFamiliarEssayDue*

Module2:TheExpositoryEssayWorkshopFocusTopics:Ideas&SentenceFluency

GrammarReviewTopics:TransitionUsage&SentenceProblemsClassDate Monday WednesdayOctober3&5 Lecture:ExpositoryWriting

ReadingAssignment:BigRocks’BalancingActsbyDouglasFox

TraitFocus:Ideas• ChoosingIdeas• Supportingmainideas• Effectiveparagraphing

ExpositoryEssayAssignmentWorkshop:Essayprewriting

Page 5: COURSE SYLLABUS - CCSJThe persuasive essay is an evidence-based essay that incorporates at least two to three sources and a counter-argument. It teaches students the fundamentals of

5

October10&12 DiscussionofBigRocks’BalancingActs

• Mainideaofreading• Howdoesauthorsupport

mainideas?• Transitionusageforflow

*ExpositoryDraftDue*

TraitFocus:Fluency• Usingappropriatetransitions• Sentencevariation• Avoidingsentence-level

distractionsWorkshop:ExpositoryRevisions

October17&19 Lecture:ConductingResearch• Sources&Citations• MLAbasics• UsingSources

LearningCommunityActivity• LectureSeries#1

*FinalExpositoryEssayDue*

Module3:ThePersuasiveEssayWorkshopFocusTopics:WordChoice&Tone

GrammarReviewTopics:Parallelism&CommaUsageClassDate Monday WednesdayOctober24&26 Lecture:PersuasiveWriting

ReadingAssignment:WhenDoKidsBecomeAdults?Acollectionofargumentsfrom“RoomforDebate”intheNewYorkTImes

Workshop:PersuasiveResearch&TopicDevelopmentCounterargumentdevelopment*PersuasiveSources&OutlineDue*

Oct.31&Nov.2 DiscussionofWhenDoKidsBecomeAdults?

• Evaluatearguments• Identifycounterarguments• RelevantEvidence• Parallelstructure

*PersuasiveDraftDue*

SignatureAssessment:TimedWriting

November7&9 Workshop:ActiveWordChoicePersuasiveEssayRevisions

LearningCommunityActivity• LectureSeries#2

*FinalPersuasiveEssayDue*

Module4:TheCompetencyPortfolioWorkshopFocusTopics:Audience&Purpose

GrammarReviewTopics:Punctuation&CapitalizationReview/IssuesClassDate Monday WednesdayNovember14&16 Lecture:UsingaRubric

ReadingAssignment:LettheseAmericanSpiritsGrowByPopeFrancis

DiscussionofLettheseAmericanSpiritsGrow

• Evaluateorganizationalstructure

• AnalyzeEvidence• LCthemeconnection

Workshop:Humanitieslinkedassignmentprewriting

Page 6: COURSE SYLLABUS - CCSJThe persuasive essay is an evidence-based essay that incorporates at least two to three sources and a counter-argument. It teaches students the fundamentals of

6

November21&23 ArtInstituteFieldTrip PortfolioAssignmentOverviewWorkshop:coverletter

November28&30 Lecture:RevisingUsingWritingTraits

Workshop:RevisedEssay

December5&7 PunctuationBOLOReviewactivitySmallGroupActivity:Analyzingsampleportfolios

Workshop:Portfolioclean-up

December12&14 Finalsweek-SeeBlackboardforportfoliodeadline.Coursewillnotmeetduringfinalsweek.Pleaseseeinstructorasneededintutoringcenterforassistance.

AmoredetailedcourseschedulewillbepostedonBlackboardonceLearningCommunityactivitiesarefinalized.Ireservetherighttochangethisscheduletomeettheneedsoftheclass.

ResponsibilitiesAttendingClass

Youcannotsucceedinthisclassifyoudonotattend.Webelievethatintellectualgrowthandsuccessinhighereducationoccurthroughinteractionintheclassroomandlaboratories.However,wedonotwanttopenalizestudentsforparticipatingincollege-sponsoredevents.Whenyoumissclassbecauseofacollegeevent,youmustgivenoticeofyourabsenceinadvance,andyouareresponsibleforallmissedwork.Beingabsentdoesn’texcuseyoufromdoingclasswork;youhavemoreresponsibilitiestokeepupandmeettheobjectivesofthiscourse.InaccordancewithEWPCprogrampolicy,anystudentmissingmorethanNINE(9)hoursofclasswillreceiveanF.Theseninehoursincludebothexcusedandunexcusedabsences;italsoincludesalltardiesofmorethan15minutes.Pleasebeawarethesehoursincludebirthdays,sportevents,illness,work,etc.Yourgradewillbeaffectedbyeachclassyoumiss.Thesedeductionscannotbemadeup.Ifaproblemariseswithyourabsences,pleasecomeandtalktomeimmediately.Athletesmustnotifytheinstructorinadvanceofanyathleticcommitmentsthatwillresultinmissedclasstimeinorderforittobeexcused.

TurningInYourWork

Youcannotsucceedinthisclassifyoudonotturninallyourworkonthedayitisdue.Unlessstatedotherwise,allworkshouldbetyped,inMLAformat,andturnedinviatheassignmentlinkinBlackboard.

Lateworkwillbeacceptedforoneweekpasttheduedateforhalfcredit.Beyondoneweek,lateassignmentswillnotbegivenpoints.

UsingElectronicDevices

Electronicdevicescanonlybeusedinclassforcourse-relatedpurposes.IfyoutextoraccesstheInternetforotherpurposes,youmaybeaskedtoleave,inwhichcaseyouwillbemarkedabsent.

ParticipatinginClass Youmustbeontime,stayforthewholeclassandspeakupinawaythatshowsyouhavedonetheassignedreading.Ifyouarenotpreparedfor

Page 7: COURSE SYLLABUS - CCSJThe persuasive essay is an evidence-based essay that incorporates at least two to three sources and a counter-argument. It teaches students the fundamentals of

7

andactivelyattendingtotheclassdiscussion,youmaybeaskedtoleave,inwhichcaseyouwillbemarkedabsent.Inordertobesuccessful,studentsmustbeengagedandattentivetocourseactivitiesanddiscussions.Studentswillalsoberequiredtoactivelyanalyzeandrevisetheirownworkandtheworkofothers.Attendanceandparticipationpointswillbeawarded.

DoingYourOwnWork

Ifyouturninworkthatisnotyourown,youaresubjecttojudicialreview,andtheseprocedurescanbefoundintheCollegeCatalogandtheStudentPlanner.ThemaximumpenaltyforanyformofacademicdishonestyisdismissalfromtheCollege.Usingstandardcitationguidelines,suchasMLAorAPAformat,todocumentsourcesavoidsplagiarism.TheLibraryhasreferencecopiesofeachofthesemanuals,andtherearebriefchecklistsinyourStudentHandbookandPlanner.PLEASENOTE:Allpapersmaybeelectronicallycheckedforplagiarism.

WithdrawingfromClass

Afterthelastdayestablishedforclasschangeshaspassed(seetheCollegecalendar),youmaywithdrawfromacoursebyfollowingthepolicyoutlinedintheCCSJCourseCatalog.

ResourcesStudentSuccessCenter:

TheStudentSuccessCenterprovidesfacultytutorsatalllevelstohelpyoumasterspecificsubjectsanddevelopeffectivelearningskills.Itisopentoallstudentsatnocharge.YoucancontacttheStudentSuccessCenterat219473-4287orstopbytheLibrary.

DisabilityServices:

DisabilityServicesstrivestomeettheneedsofallstudentsbyprovidingacademicservicesinaccordancewithAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct(ADA)guidelines.Ifyoubelievethatyouneeda“reasonableaccommodation”becauseofadisability,contacttheDisabilityServicesCoordinatorat219-473-4349.

CCSJAlerts:

CalumetCollegeofSt.Joseph’semergencycommunicationssystemwilltellyouaboutemergencies,weather-relatedclosings,orotherincidentsviatext,email,orvoicemessages.PleasesignupforthisimportantserviceannuallyontheCollege’swebsiteat:http://www.ccsj.edu/alerts/index.html.Inaddition,youcancheckothermediaforimportantinformation,suchasschoolclosings:Internet:http://www.ccsj.eduRadio:WAKE–1500AM,WGN–720AM,WIJE–105.5FM,WLS–890AM,WZVN–107.1FM,WBBMNEWSRADIO78TVChannels:2,5,7,9,32

Page 8: COURSE SYLLABUS - CCSJThe persuasive essay is an evidence-based essay that incorporates at least two to three sources and a counter-argument. It teaches students the fundamentals of

8

Emergency Procedures MEDICAL EMERGENCY

EMERGENCY ACTION

1. Call 911 and report incident. 2. Do not move the patient unless safety dictates. 3. Have someone direct emergency personnel to patient. 4. If trained: Use pressure to stop bleeding. 5. Provide basic life support as needed.

FIRE EMERGENCY ACTION

1. Pull alarm (located by EXIT doors). 2. Leave the building. 3. Call 911 from a safe distance, and give the following information: • Location of the fire within the building. • A description of the fire and how it started (if known)

BUILDING EVACUATION 1. All building evacuations will occur when an alarm sounds and/or upon notification by

security/safety personnel. DO NOT ACTIVATE ALARM IN THE EVENT OF A BOMB THREAT.

2. If necessary or if directed to do so by a designated emergency official, activate the building alarm. 3. When the building evacuation alarm is activated during an emergency, leave by the nearest

marked exit and alert others to do the same. 4. Assist the disabled in exiting the building! Remember that the elevators are reserved for persons

who are disabled. DO NOT USE THE ELEVATORS IN CASE OF FIRE. DO NOT PANIC. 5. Once outside, proceed to a clear area that is at least 500 feet away from the building. Keep

streets, fire lanes, hydrant areas and walkways clear for emergency vehicles and personnel. The assembly point is the sidewalk in front of the college on New York Avenue.

6. DO NOT RETURN to the evacuated building unless told to do so by College official or emergency responders.

IFYOUHAVEADISABILITYANDAREUNABLETOEVACUATE: Stay calm, and take steps to protect yourself. If there is a working telephone, call 911 and tell the emergency dispatcher where you are or where you will be moving. If you must move,

1. Move to an exterior enclosed stairwell. 2. Request persons exiting by way of the stairway to notify the Fire Department of your location. 3. As soon as practical, move onto the stairway and await emergency personnel. 4. Prepare for emergencies by learning the locations of exit corridors and enclosed stairwells.

Inform professors, and/or classmates of best methods of assistance during an emergency.

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILL/RELEASE EMERGENCY ACTION

1. Call 911 and report incident. 2. Secure the area. 3. Assist the injured.

Page 9: COURSE SYLLABUS - CCSJThe persuasive essay is an evidence-based essay that incorporates at least two to three sources and a counter-argument. It teaches students the fundamentals of

9

4. Evacuate if necessary.

TORNADO EMERGENCY ACTION

1. Avoid automobiles and open areas. 2. Move to a basement or corridor. 3. Stay away from windows. 4. Do not call 911 unless you require emergency assistance.

SHELTER IN PLACE EMERGENCY ACTION

1. Stay inside a building. 2. Seek inside shelter if outside. 3. Seal off openings to your room if possible. 4. Remain in place until you are told that it is safe to leave.

BOMB THREATS EMERGENCY ACTION

1. Call 911 and report incident. 2. If a suspicious object is observed (e.g. a bag or package left unattended): • Don’t touch it! • Evacuate the area.

TERRORISM AND ACTIVE SHOOTER SITUATIONS EMERGENCY ACTION

1. Call 911 and report intruder.

RUN, HIDE OR FIGHT TIPS:

1. Prepare – frequent training drills to prepare the most effectively. 2. Run and take others with you – learn to stay in groups if possible. 3. Leave the cellphone. 4. Can’t run? Hide – lock the door and lock or block the door to prevent the shooter from coming

inside the room. 5. Silence your cellphone -- use landline phone line. 6. Why the landline? It allows emergency responders to know your physical location. 7. Fight – learn to “fight for your life” by utilizing everything you can use as a weapon. 8. Forget about getting shot – fight! You want to buy time to distract the shooter to allow time for

emergency responders to arrive. 9. Aim high – attack the shooter in the upper half of the body: the face, hands, shoulder, neck. 10. Fight as a group – the more people come together, the better the chance to take down the

shooter. 11. Whatever you do, do something – “react immediately” is the better option to reduce traumatic

incidents.