Conseil Ouest et Centre Africain pour la Recherche … · Web viewDecree N .348-PRES-ECNA of...

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West and Central African Council for agricultural Research in Africa (WECARD) WORLD BANK WEST AFRICA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAMME PEST AND PESTICIDES MANAGMENT PLAN REPORT Consultant : E1553 v 2

Transcript of Conseil Ouest et Centre Africain pour la Recherche … · Web viewDecree N .348-PRES-ECNA of...

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West and Central African Council for agricultural Research in Africa (WECARD)

WORLD BANK

WEST AFRICA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAMME

PEST AND PESTICIDES MANAGMENT PLAN

REPORT

Consultant : Dr Djibril Doucouré[email protected]; [email protected]

January 2007

E1553v 2

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:...................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION:.................................................................................................................................................9

I PRESENTATION:............................................................................................................................................11

I-1 BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME AREA........................................................................................111-1-1 Burkina Faso..........................................................................................................111-1-2 Ghana....................................................................................................................121-1-3 Mali........................................................................................................................131-1-4 Senegal..................................................................................................................14

I-2 METHODOLOGY USED TO DRAFT THE PLAN:.................................................................................................16

II POLITICAL FRAMEWORK:........................................................................................................................16

III: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY...............................................17

3-1: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK........................................................................................................................173-1-1 Senegal..................................................................................................................173-1-2 Burkina...................................................................................................................173-1-2 Burkina...................................................................................................................183-1-3 Mali........................................................................................................................193-1-4 Ghana....................................................................................................................19

3-2 THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................................................213-2-1 Senegal..................................................................................................................213-2-2 Mali........................................................................................................................233-2-3 Burkina Faso..........................................................................................................243-2-4 Ghana....................................................................................................................25

IV THE ISSUE OF PESTS IN AGRICULTURE AND THE HEALTH SECTOR.......................................27

4-1 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................................274-2 THE MAIN PESTS:..........................................................................................................................................324-3 PUBLIC HEALTH CONTEXT: MALARIA..........................................................................................................344-4 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION OF MALARIA:................................................................................................35

V PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACH: PESTICIDES AND ALTERNATIVES........................................36

5-1 CONTROLLING PESTICIDES USED IN CROP PROTECTION:..............................................................................365-2 STRATEGIES DEVELOPED FOR PEST CONTROL:.............................................................................................37

5-2-1 Preventive combat.................................................................................................375-2-2 Curative combat....................................................................................................37

5-3 MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO COMBAT MALARIA........................................................................................38

VI. MANAGEMENT AND USE OF PESTICIDES..........................................................................................38

6-1. PRODUCTION AND IMPORTATION OF PESTICIDES.........................................................................................386-2 COMMERCIAL POLICY ON PESTICIDES:........................................................................................................406-3 ORGANISATION AND PRACTICE USED IN SELLING AND DISTRIBUTION:........................................................416-4 USE OF PESTICIDES BY FARMERS:.................................................................................................................436-5 MANAGEMENT OF PESTICIDES CONTAINERS:................................................................................................436-6 PESTICIDES USE AND MANAGEMENT TO FIGHT AGAINST MOSQUITOES:.......................................................436-7 ACCIDENTS RESULTING FROM PESTICIDES:..................................................................................................446-8 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:......................................................................45

VII ACTION PLAN:.............................................................................................................................................46

7-1 INITIATIVES AND ACTIONS PLANNED IN ONGOING PROJECTS.......................................................................467-1-1 The Projects with some initiatives on pesticide.....................................................467-1-2 The projects with pests and pesticides management plans:.................................487-1-3 Conclusion.............................................................................................................50

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7-2 ACTIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE NATIONAL PROGRAMMES (PASAOP, PSAOP, AGSSIP, PAFASP).............................................................................................................................................50

7-2-1 Strengthening capacities in pesticides management............................................507-2-2 Mastery of the environment surrounding pesticides..............................................507-2-3 Supporting malaria control:....................................................................................51

7-3 ACTIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WAAPP:........................................................51

VIII STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION:............................................51

IX PARTNERSHIP FRAMEWORK FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION:......................................................55

X MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN...................................55

10-1 MONITORING:.............................................................................................................................................5510-2 EVALUATION..............................................................................................................................................56

XI FORECAST BUDGET....................................................................................................................................56

BIBLIOGRAPHY:................................................................................................................................................57

ANNEX 1: PEOPLE MET...................................................................................................................................58

ANNEX 2 : LIST OF PESTICIDES AUTHORISED BY CSP MARCH 1994 – MARCH 2005...................60

ANNEX 3 : PESTICIDES AUTHORISED AND BANNED IN GHANA DECEMBER 1ST 2006 EPA......66

ANNEX 4 : PESTICIDES OF THE AGREEMENT OF ROTTERDAM AND STOCKHOM.....................70

ANNEX 5 : MAXIMAL LIMITS OF RESIDUES OF PESTICIDES ( LMR) FIXED BY THE EUROPEEN UNION AND APPLICABLE TO THE FRENCH BEAN..........................................................71

ANNEX 6 : SENEGALESE STANDARD (APNS - 03 - 024) ON THE RESIDUES OF PESTICIDES IN AND ON FRUITS AND VEGETABLES............................................................................................................72

Annex 7 : Pesticides authorized by the Sahelian Committee of pesticides ( CSP) in vegetable farming...............74

TABLES

Tableau 1 : Baseline data on Burkina.......................................................................................11Tableau 2 : Baseline data on Ghana..........................................................................................12Tableau 3 : Baseline data on Mali.............................................................................................13Tableau 4 : Baseline data on Senegal.......................................................................................15Tableau 5 : A few International Agreements signed by the WAAPP countries.......................21Tableau 6 : Cereal production in Senegal:................................................................................27Tableau 7 : Evolution of off season vegetables in Senegal (expressed in tons).......................28Tableau 8 : Evolution of surface areas cultivated with off season vegetables in Senegal (in ha)

...........................................................................................................................................28Tableau 9 : Evolution of fruit productions in Senegal (in tons)...............................................28Tableau 10 : Fruits and vegetables exports in Senegal between 1996 and 2002 (in kg)..........29Tableau 11 : Volumes and prices of vegetables and fruits exports in Senegal.........................29Tableau 12 : Production achieved with some crops in Ghana: 1995 – 2005 in thousands of

tons....................................................................................................................................30Tableau 13 : Cultivated surface areas GHANA: 1995 – 2005 (in thousands of ha.)................30Tableau 14 : Volume of main agricultural exports between 1996 and 2004 in Ghana (Mt.).. .31Tableau 15 : Value of main exports: 1996-2004 (US $ ‘000)..................................................31Tableau 16 : Evolution of productions between 2000 and 2004 in tons in Burkina.................31Tableau 17 : Evolution of surface areas in (ha) cultivated with cereals (2000 – 2004) in

Burkina..............................................................................................................................32Tableau 18 : Production (in tons) and average surface areas (in ha) cultivated (2000 – 2005) in

Mali...................................................................................................................................32Tableau 19 : Evaluation of production losses due to enemies of crops in Senegal..................33

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Tableau 20 : Pests of some crops:.............................................................................................34Tableau 21 : Evolution of the primary causes of mortality in Senegal in % (1997 - 2001).....36Tableau 22 : Cases of malaria in Ghana from 2003 to 2005....................................................36Tableau 23 : Types of formulations by industrial unit in Senegal............................................39Tableau 24 : CIF Value of pesticides in billions of CFA in Senegal........................................39Tableau 25 : Importation of agro-chemical products in Ghana (Mt)........................................40Tableau 26 : Importation of Insecticides, Fungicides, Herbicides in Mali...............................40Tableau 27 : Retail price of pesticides in Senegal....................................................................40Tableau 28 : Importation is equally facilitated through tax reductions in Mali........................41Tableau 29 : Plant care products purchased by DHPS (Source: DHPS, 2006)........................44Tableau 30 : Situation of people trained as at December 31, 2005..........................................48Tableau 31 : Activities planned in the framework of the PSAOP and PAFASP pests and

pesticides management plan.............................................................................................48Tableau 32 : Activities planned in the framework of the PGIRE pests and pesticides

management plan..............................................................................................................49Tableau 33 : The Role of stakeholders.....................................................................................53

Abbreviation List

AgSSIP : The Agricultural services sub sector ProgrammeAPCAM : Permanent Assembly of Chambers of Agriculture of MaliANSSA : National Agency for Food Security and SafetyANCAR: National Agricultural and Rural BoardAPV : Provisional Sale AuthorizationAPE : Environmental Protection AgencyCAF  : Cost Insurance and FreightCEPS : Customs, Tax and prevention ServicesCDH  : Centre for Horticultural DevelopmentCDEAO : West African States CommunityCERE-Locustox: Ecotoxicological Research Centre in the SahelCIPV  :International Convention for Crop ProtectionCION : Integrated Pest ControlCSP : Sahelian Pesticides CommitteeCNCR : National consultation Board for Farmers CNGPC  : National Committee for Chemical Products ManagementCONACILSS :National Coordination Office of the Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the

SahelCSS  : Senegalese Sugar Manufacturing CompanyCEP : Farmer Field School CILSS : Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the SahelCMDT : Malian Company of Cotton Fibre ManufacturingCNGP : National Committee for Pesticides ManagementCSCOM : Community Health CentreDEEC  : Environment and Classified Establishments DirectorateDP : Powder for DustingDPV  : Plant Protection Directorate DPVC : Plant Protection and Packaging Directorate DRDR  : Regional Directorate for rural Development DHSP : Public Health and Safety Department DPLM : Prevention and Disease Control DepartmentDNACPN : National Water Sanitation, Pollution Control and Nuisance Directorate DNS : National Health Directorate DNCC : National Directorate for Trade and Competition DNA : National Agriculture DirectorateDRA : Regional Agriculture Directorate DGRC : General Directorate for Control and Regulation EISMV   : Interstate School for Veterinary Science and Medicine

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EC  : Emulsifiable concentrated solutionFAO : World Food ProgrammeFRP : Booting out MalariaWFO  : World Food OrganizationFPMN  : Federation of Vegetable Growing Farmers of the NiayesGIPD : Integrated Pest and Production ManagementHOM : Registration ISRA : Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research IPM : Integrated Pest ManagementLCV : Central Veterinary laboratoryLNS : National Health Laboratory LIV  : Integrated Vector ControlLMR : Maximum Residue Value MABSA : Ministry of Agriculture, Biofuels and Food SecurityMEA  : Ministry of environment and Water SanitationMTV : Vector Transmitted Diseases MoFA : Ministry of Food and Agriculture NIMP : International Standards for Plant Protection MeasuresONG : Non Governmental OrganizationsOP : Farmers’ Organizations OPV : Crop Protection Office OMS : World health Organization OMS/AFRO  :WHO West Regional Office ORSEC : Organization of Relief Services PASAOP : Agricultural Services and farmers’ Organizations Support Programme PPAAO : Agricultural Productivity Programme in West Africa PNLP :National Programme to Combat MalariaPOP : Persistent Organic Pollutants PRODIMAL : The Insecticides Manufacturing Company In MaliPIC  : Prior Information and Consentment Principle GDP ; Gross Domestic Product PROSEM  : Plant Care Products and SeedsPO  : Operational policyPNAE : Environmental National Action Programme PPRSD : Plant protection Directorate and regulatory services RBM : Roll Back Malaria (FRP)SGH : Harmonized General System SMPC : The Company of Chemical products of MaliSAED  : Company for the Development and exploitation of the Delta SENAGRO : The Senegalese Company for agricultureSENCHIM  : The Senegalese Company for Chemicals SOCAS  : The Senegalese Agricultural Trading CompanySOCHIM  : The Industrial chemicals Company SODAGRI  : The Agricultural Development Company SODEFITEX  : The Senegalese Cotton Fibre Development Company SPIA : The Industrial and agricultural products CompanySTP : Permanent Technical SecretariatTHA : African TrypanosomiasisVAT : Value Added Tax UE : European UnionULV  : Ultra Low volumeUSAID  : United Stated Agency for International Development UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme VALDAFRIQUE: Formulation Unit of Valda products WHO  : World Health OrganizationWHOPES  : World Heath Pesticide Evaluation Scheme

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Executive summary:

The most important share of the population of Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal and Ghana works in the agricultural sector and mainly in agriculture which contributes significantly in the GDP of each country. However this sector experiences other limiting factors apart climate related constraints, such as pests’ attacks at various levels which result in the use of chemical pesticides. These countries are also confronted at sanitary level with a major problem i.e. malaria which calls for the implementation of the anti-vector fight in association with therapeutic methods.

There is a whole set of legal texts integrating or based exclusively on chemical products including plant protection products in these countries because of the governments’ early awareness of the likely environmental and health impact of unsafe pesticides use. Thus, integrated control is used as a strategy to control agricultural pests and also for environmental protection. As regards malaria the strategy of treated mosquito nets has been used for years for the target populations (pregnant women and children under five) in combination with medicine-based prevention and occasionally home treatments.

However, the implementation of these texts by many stakeholders including technical ministries and their agencies in particular is hindered by financial difficulties that translate into the lack of logistical means.

Therefore, the current pesticides management practices especially in the fight against agricultural pests cause major problems that can worsen with the implementation of the West African Agricultural Productivity Programme which aims at improving productivity through research incentive in high quality centres. This system may indeed if successfully implemented, indirectly encourage an increased use of pesticide products with potential adverse health and environmental impacts. Indeed, it is noticed overall that in spite of the efforts made with the help of training programmes and projects, pesticides are not used according to security standards due to several factors including mainly the lack of supervisory staff with adequate means, the users’ slow changes of attitudes etc. The products are sold by retailers in unsafe conditions and used without any protection and empty containers used for other purposes.

At the light of the analysis of the situation of pesticides management, the key actions to be carried out are the following ones:

Capacity building particularly through training on the use of pesticides and alternative methods for crop protection departments, farmers, resellers

Raising the awareness of all interested parties on sound management practices Designing strategies for the disposal of empty containers

However, the WAAP programme is oriented on research activities and will in last resort be focussed on on-farm tests by research institutions before wider dissemination the scope of which depends on buy in rate from farmers. Consequently the WAAP does not cover production that justifies the increased use of pesticides as the indirect result of the WAAP.

Consequently the proposed action plan concerns the complementary activities to the ongoing programmes (PSAOP (Senegal), PASAOP (Mali), AgSSIP (Ghana), PAFASP (Burkina)) that include pest and pesticides management plans or pest and pesticides management components and also the testing the results of research in farms.

The pest and pesticides management plan is thus oriented towards the strengthening of capacity building in pesticides management through the training of customs officers, resellers, their census, the monitoring of pesticides using data banks, the support to programmes to combat malaria, awareness raising for the use of small capacity containers for pesticides, the purchase of protective and spraying equipment for farmers working in pilot farms including their training on pesticides use.

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The implementation of the plan is mostly dependant on the activities planned by the national programmes. Pilot activities on farms are tied to the development of research activities. Consequently, the implementation of the plan depends on these parameters.

The overall monitoring will be ensured by the implementation committee set up in the framework of the national programmes. However, the person in charge of following up the impacts in WECARD will periodically go on follow up visits during which he will be informed on progress of the implementation of the activities planned in the national programmes including on those managed by the WAAP which fall under the responsibility of WECARD

The assessment of the activities is conducted by the system set up by the national programmes.The impact monitoring officer based in WECARD will be informed by the national programmes on their assessment schedules to allow him take part in these. He will capitalize on these visits in order to assess the WAAP activities in pilot farms.

The estimated budget of us$24000 was built to only finance the capacity building activities and the farmer protection in pilot farms. The other activities mentioned in this plan will be funded by the national programmes while the monitoring will rest on WECARD.

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Introduction:

The West Africa Agricultural Productivity programme (WAAPP) is designed to last 12 years and includes 3 phases. The first 4 years phase concerns Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana. Ultimately it will involve all ECOWAS member countries.

The programme development objective is to enhance agricultural productivity through the improvement of agricultural technology dissemination at national and regional levels. The development objectives of phase 1 are as follows:

The promotion of the building of high quality centres for technology generation and disseminations in West Africa (TGD).

The strengthening of the coordination mechanisms for technology generation and dissemination at regional level.

The aim of the project is to contribute to the strategic objectives of the Global Environment Fund operational programmes on biodiversity, climate change and soil degradation while contributing gradually to the setting up of regional excellence centres and regional cooperation mechanisms in the area of biosecurity or soil and water management and also through the strengthening of the capacity of national institutions to adopt the regional approach.

The implementation of some activities of the Programme, the adoption of agricultural intensification technologies can whether directly or indirectly:

encourage the use of pesticides or increase the quantity of already used ones in agricultural activities ;

Induce pesticides use needs or other control methods owing to the growth of disease vector insect populations and the development of preventive activities against diseases like malaria and pest population growth.

However, the use of pesticides or other non integrated methods in the context of vector and/or damaging insect control may cause, depending on their nature and method use, social, health and environmental damages that can delay the attainment of the Project goals.

Thus, in line with the World Bank safeguard policy OP 4.09, Pest Management, this Plan was prepared to ensure the sound use of pesticides for pest control within the framework of the WAAPP.

The aim of this policy is to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods to reduce dependence on synthetic and chemical pesticides, and ensure that health and environmental risks associated with pesticides are reduced. In world Bank-funded agricultural projects, pests are controlled through Integrated Management approaches such as biological control, farming practices and the development and use of resistant varieties or those tolerant to damaging pests.

The World Bank can finance the acquisition of pesticides when their use is justified in within the framework of integrated management approach and the below mentioned pesticide selection criteria met:

The purchase of a pesticide in a World Bank funded project is subject to an evaluation of the nature and degree of the associated risk.

The pesticide selection and use criteria : (a) The unimportant negative impact on human health.(b) To have demonstrated their efficiency when used against target species;(c) To have a minimal effect on non target species and the natural environment.

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(d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of the ability to develop resistance to pesticides;

Pesticides must be prepared, packed, handled, stored, disposed of and used according to standards acceptable to the World Bank.

The World Bank does not finance formulated products belonging to the World Health Organisation IA and IB Classes or Classes II formulations if:

(a) When the country has no (regulatory or legal) provisions imposing restrictions to their distribution and use or

(b) If they might be used by or accessible to the people applying them, agricultural or other workers with no adequate training, equipment and infrastructure for handling, storing and properly applying these products.

One of the objectives of this Plan is to assess the regulatory framework of the countries involved in order to promote and support the safe, efficient and rational pest and pesticides management, and to include safeguard proposals in the Project.

The plan is made of several parts:

- The first chapter is a brief description of the countries involved in the first phase of the WAAPP;

- The second chapter is a presentation of the political context;- The third chapter with the regulatory and institutional framework of pesticides management;- Chapter 4 is about the agricultural sector with the main pests and presents the malaria

problem;- Chapter 5 is concerned with activities conducted to control pesticides and strategies

developed to fight against agricultural pests and Malaria vectors;- Chapter 6 reviews the state of pesticides management from their import through their use by

farmers before analyzing the environmental impacts of practices;- Chapter 7 deals with the global actions to be carried out which constitute the management

plan;- Chapter 8 lists the different stakeholders as well as their role I the implementation of planned

activities- Chapter 9 deals with the partnership framework in the implementation in order to make

optimal use of the management of the management plan,- Chapter 10 is focussed on the monitoring and assessment of the plan implementation.- Chapter 11 deals with the management plan financial aspects and includes the budget estimate

for planned activities.

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I Presentation:

I-1 Brief presentation of the programme area

1-1-1 Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso is a West African Country limited in the north and the west by Mali, in the east by Niger, in the South by Togo, Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. Its surface area is 274 200 sq. Km.

Burkina Faso is mainly an agricultural country, and its GDP is dependent on agricultural production which is dependant on climate vagaries, the modes of production and technologies. Overall, 90% of the production lies on agriculture and cattle breeding both of which account for about one third of the GDP.

The agricultural sector contributes for about 40% in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with 80% made of exports and it employs about 86% of the working population. Agriculture is extensive, insufficiently mechanised with the limited use of input and a prevalence of small family farms. Ever since the 1972 – 1973 drought, the country has faced considerable grain deficits so that it can hardly achieve self sufficiency in food supplies even in normal years. Food crops account for 80% of farmlands (millet, sorghum, corn mainly) and cotton is the main cash crop. In 1998 agriculture accounted for about 60% of export earnings. On the other hand, Burkina Faso has subsistence agriculture. Most products are self-consumed except for rice, peanuts, vegetables and fruits which are commercialised.

Livestock breeding is based on extensive exploitation of natural resources (pasturelands) with a limited use of agricultural and industrial by products. Livestock and meat are the second cash generating sectors. The cattle and meat industry is the second source of foreign currency after cotton and accounts for 25% of total exports and contributes on average for more than 10% of GDP.

The north region is the transhumant livestock breeding area by excellence, completed by the semi arid sub humid zone where the rather sedentary type cattle breeding activities are managed by agri-farmers.

Tableau 1 : Baseline data on Burkina

Official designation Burkina FasoCapital City OuagadougouSurface area 274 200 Sq kmMain cities (population)Ouagadougou 709 736 (1996)Bobo-Dioulasso 309 771 (1996)Demography Population 13 228 460 (estimate 2003)Growth rate of the population 2,60 p. 100 (estimate 2003)Population density 48 inhabitants by Sq km estimationUrbanizationUrban population Rural population

17 p. 100 (estimate 2001)83 p. 100 (estimate 2001)

Life expectancy TotalWomenMen

44,5 years (estimate 2003)45,9 years (estimate 2003)43 years (estimate 2003)

Infant mortality rate 100 p. 1 000 (estimate 2003)Literacy rate total 26,6 p. 100 (estimate 2003)

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womenmen

16,6 p. 100 (estimate 2003)36,9 p. 100 (estimate 2003)

ECONOMYGross Domestic Product (GDP)GDP per in habitant (U.S.$)

2 486 million dollars (2001)220 (2001)

GDP by economic sectorGDP: Share held by agricultureGDP: Share held by the industryGDP : Share held by services

38,2 p. 100 (2001)20,7 p. 100 (2001)41,1 p. 100 (2001)

exports : Cotton , gold, animal husbandry productsImportation : machinery and metallic products , oil products, foodstuff Main export partners are the EU countries (mainly France ) Taïwan, Côte d’IvoireMain import Partners are the EU countries (mainly France), Côte d’Ivoire, JapanIndustries and services : mining operations (manganese, gold), food processing (flour-mills, oil producing industries , sugar cane processing plants, breweries, refrigerator slaughterhouses, textile, cigarettesAgriculture: staple crops: groundnuts, sugar cane, karite butter, sesame, cotton. Food crops: sorghum, millet, maize, rice. Animal husbandry: poultry, caprines, bovines, ovines. Artisanal fishing in rivers.Natural resources : manganese, gold, bauxite, antimony, limestone, copper, nickel, phosphatesSource : Encyclopedia Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2004. © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

1-1-2 Ghana

Ghana is located between latitudes 4° 44’ and 11° 15’ in the north and longitudes 3° 15’ in the west 1° 12’ in the east. Its total surface area is 238,539 sq km. It is bound at the east by the Republic of Togo, at the west by Côte D’Ivoire and Burkina Faso. It is bound at the south by The Gulf of Guinea. Ghana has 18, 9 million inhabitants (census of the population and habitat of 2000) with a growth rate of 2,7%.

The country is subdivided into ten (10) administrative regions: Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Volta, Upper East, Upper West and Western. There are 138 districts which represent the basic administrative units. The economy of Ghana is dominated by agriculture which significantly contributes to GDP, employment, exports and food security.Agriculture and animal husbandry employ 55% of the active population and those people operate on a total cultivable surface area of about 12% out the total country surface area and account for 70 % of the labour force.Cocoa is the main cash crop and occupies 40% of arable lands. It accounts for 75% of agricultural exports.

Tableau 2 : Baseline data on Ghana Official designation Republic of Ghana Capital city AccraSurface area 238 500 km²Main cities (population)Accra 1 904 000 (estimate 1999)Kumasi 399 300 (estimate 1990)Tema 180 600 (estimate of 1990)Tamale 151 100 (estimate 1988)Sekondi 116 500 (estimate 1990)DemographyPopulation 20 467 747 (estimate 2003)Growth rate of population 1,45 p. 100 (estimate 2003)Population density 86 habitants by sq km by estimationUrbanisationUrban populationRural population

36 p. 100 (estimate of 2001)64 p. 100 (estimate of 2001)

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Life expectancy totalwomenmen

56,5 years (estimate 2003)57,4 years (estimate 2003)55,7 years (estimate 2003)

Infant mortality rate 53 p. 1 000 (estimate 2003)Literacy ratetotalwomen Men

74,8 p. 100 (estimate of 2003)67,1 p. 100 (estimate of 2003)82,7 p. 100 (estimate of 2003)

EconomyGross Domestic Product (PIB) 5 301 million dollars (2001)PIB per capita (U.S.$) 270 (2001)GDP per economic sectorGDP : share of the agriculture GDP: share of the industryGDP: share of services

35,9 p. 100 (2001)25,2 p. 100 (2001)38,9 p. 100 (2001)

Exports : cocoa, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminiumImports : oil, consumption goods, foodstuffs, equipment goodsMain export partners: Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, JapanMain import partners: The United Kingdom, The United States , Germany, JapanIndustries and services : mines, timber sale, light industry, aluminium, food processing industry Agriculture: Cocoa is the main cash crop. Other crops: rice, coffee groundnuts, maize, cassava, karite butter, timberNatural resources : gold, timber, diamonds, bauxite, manganese, poissons, rubber.Encyclopedia Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2004. © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

1-1-3 Mali

Mali has a total surface area of 1 241 248 Sq m. It is bound at the north by Mauritania and the Algerian Sahara, at the East and at the South East by Niger, in the South by Burkina Faso, Côte D’Ivoire and Guinea and at the West by Senegal over some 7000 kilometres.Two third of the country is arid and semi desertic. The country is not very hilly and is flat in its great majority; It is a country of plains and plateau. The average altitude is 500 mm. Between latitudes 10° South and 20° North and longitude 120° West and 4,5° East.

The population of Mali is estimated at 11, 5 million inhabitants in 2005 out of which 50,5 % are women. The demographic growth rate is of 2,2%. The majority of the population live in rural areas i.e. 73%. However, the urban population growth rate is more important, a 4,1 % annual growth rate compared to 1,4 % in rural areas. The population is very young and the below 15 years account for 46,1 % of the total population.

The economic activity is highly dominated by the primary sector which employs 83,4 % of the working population. The secondary and tertiary sectors employ respectively 4,1 and 12,5% of the working population.

During these last ten years, the agricultural production has significantly increased. The dry cereal growing industry has seen his production rise strengthening thus the exports to foreign markets particularly to those of the sub region. In 1998, Mali was part of the main cotton exporting countries (with 500.000 tons of cotton grains).

Tableau 3 : Baseline data on Mali

Official designation Republic of Mali Capital city BamakoSurface area 1 240 192 Sq km Main cities (population)Bamako 1 083 000 (estimate 1999)Segou 107 000 (1998)

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DEMOGRAPHYPopulation 11 626 219 (estimate 2003)Growth rate of the population 2,82 p. 100 (estimate of 2003)Density of the population 9,4 habitants per Sq km which is an estimationUrbanizationUrban populationRural population

31 p. 100 (estimate of 2001)69 p. 100 (estimate of 2001)

Life expectancy totalwomenmen

45,4 years (estimate of 2003)46,2 years (estimate of 2003)44,7 years (estimate of 2003)

Infant mortality rate 119 p. 1 000 (estimate of 2003)literacy rate totalwomen men

46,4 p. 100 (estimate of 2003)39,6 p. 100 (estimate of 2003)53,5 p. 100 (estimate of 2003)

ECONOMYGross Domestic Produc (GDP) 2 647 million dollars (2001)GDP per capita (U.S.$) 240 (2001)GDP per economic sectorGDP: share of agricultureGDP: share of the industrial sectorGDP : share of services

37,8 p. 100 (2001)26,4 p. 100 (2001)35,9 p. 100 (2001)

Exports: cotton, cattle, gold.Imports : industrial and transport equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals and oil products Main export Partners : French zone and Western Europe countriesMain import Partners: French zone and Western Europe countriesIndustries and services : mining activities (phosphates, salt, gold ), cotton industry , food processing industry (sugar, beer)Agriculture: food crops: millet, rice, sorghum, maize. Cash crops: cotton, groundnuts, sugar cane, animal husbandry (bovines, ovines, caprines, poultry) is an important activity. Fishing, practiced in the River Niger inland Delta which is the biggest in Africa.Natural resources: gold, silver, gypsum, marble, gem stones, limestones There are phosphate kaolin, salt, uranium, bauxite, iron, manganese, tin, diamond and copper deposits, but they are not well exploited.Encyclopedia Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2004. © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

1-1-4 Senegal

Senegal is situated at the western most part of Africa. With a surface area of 197 000km2 and a west coastline of about 400 kilometers on the Atlantic Ocean from Saint Louis to Cap Rouge. Senegal is bounded in the North by Mauritania, in the East by Mali, by Guinea and Guinea Bissau in the South and Gambia as well, which is an enclave of about fifteen kilometers along each bank of the River and separates the South of Senegal from the North.

Senegal is divided into 11 administrative regions, 67 communes, 34 departments, 103 french arrondissements and 324 rural communities.

In 2005, the population of Senegal was estimated at 11.1 million inhabitants, or an average population density of 58 inhabitants per square kilometer. However, the greater part of the population is concentrated on the coast and the groundnut cultivation belt in the centre. At the beginning of the 1990s, the annual population growth was 3.3 %. In 2005, life expectancy was 55 years for men and 59 years for women.

Arable lands represent 27 % of the area surface. Agriculture, which is the principal economic activity in the rural areas, contributes 10% to the GDP. Confined for a long time to traditional agricultural practices with means of production of very low performance, is a source of living for more than 60% of the Senegalese population. It is characterized by a reduction in productivity and the consequence is substantial revenue reduction for the farmers. In fact, this activity is conditioned by rainfall, which is

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characterized by its late arrival and sometimes very long pauses, which raises doubts about productions.

This state of dependence of the activity on climatic hazards made the authorities adopt new agricultural policies, putting emphasis on diversifying operations such as maize, sesame, cassava, cotton, beans, water melon and beref in order to, on the one hand, improve food security, and on the other hand fight poverty in the rural areas.

Senegal is one of the major groundnut producers, cultivated in the sandy soils of the centre but which is more and more colonizing the succulent land of Casamance. Efforts at diversification focusing especially on market gardening for export and the development of the delta of Senegal have brought about an expansion of tomato, rice and sugar cane cultivation. In 2004, the annual production figure was 465 000 tons for groundnuts, 648 426 tons for millet, 189 787 tons for sorghum and 231 805 tons for rice.

Tableau 4 : Baseline data on Senegal

Official designation Republic of SenegalCapital DakarSurface area 196 722 Sq kmMain cities (population)Dakar 2 079 000 (estimate 2000)Thies 216 381 (estimate1994)Kaolack 193 115 (estimate 1994)Ziguinchor 161 680 (estimate 1994)Saint-Louis 132 499 (estimate1994)DEMOGRAPHYPopulation 10 580 307 (estimate 2003)Rate of population growth 2,56 p. 100 (estimate 2003) Population density 54 inhabitants per sq km (estimation)UrbanizationUrban population Rural population

48 p. 100 (estimate 2001)52 p. 100 (estimate 2001)

Life expectancytotalwomenmen

56,4 years (estimate 2003)58 years (estimate 2003)54,8 years (estimate 2003)

Infant mortality rate 58 p. 1 000 (estimate 2003) Literacy ratetotalwomenmen

40,2 p. 100 (estimate 2003)30,7 p. 100 (estimate 2003)50 p. 100 (estimate 2003)

ECONOMYGross domestic product (GDP) 4 645 million dollars (2001)GDP per capita (U.S.$) 480 (2001)GDP by economic sectorGDP : share of agricultureGDP : share of industryGDP : share of services

17,9 p. 100 (2001)26,9 p. 100 (2001)55,2 p. 100 (2001)

Exports : groundnuts and derivatives, fresh and tinned fish, petroleum, products, phosphates, textilesImports : crude oil, food products (wheat and side products rice, dairy products), industrial and transport equipment, basic manufactured products, chemical productsPrincipal export partners : France and other countries of the European Union (Netherlands, Italy), India, Mali Principal import partners : France and other EU countries (Italy, Spain), Nigeria, Côte d’Ivoire, Algeria, United StatesIndustries and services : mining operation (phosphates), petroleum refining, agro-alimentary (groundnut oil, refined sugar, tinned fish and flour), cement production, shoes and textiles, fertilizer and pesticides, tourismAgriculture: Principal crops: groundnuts, millet, sugar cane, maize, sorghum rice, cotton, cassava, sweet potato, tomato, vegetables. Fishing (fishes and crustaceans)

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Natural Resources: phosphates, titanium, zirconium, iron mineral.Encyclopedia Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2004. © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

I-2 Methodology used to draft the plan:

The plan is drawn up on the basis of field visits in the four countries, institutional meetings with the main stakeholders particularly the relevant ministries concerned with pests and pesticides, documentary review of which the elements were obtained from several actors. More particularly documents on national pests and pesticides management plan projects from member countries concerning the support to production chains or farmers form the basis of the work.

II Political framework:

Among the efforts made to ensure self-sufficiency/food security, which remains a national priority in many African countries and more especially Burkina, Mali, Ghana and Senegal, a special emphasis has been laid on the search for techniques to combat enemies of crops effectively and other livestock parasites, which are major constraints to the development of the agricultural sector. In actual fact, increase in agricultural production is cardinal objective in the government policies of these countries. However, losses incurred before and after harvesting due to ravagers, diseases and weeds represent a significant constraint in agricultural production and food self-sufficiency.

During the meeting of the Council of Ministers held in Ouagadougou in April 1977, the member countries of the Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (ICDC) namely Senegal, Burkina and Mali approved the project entitled “Research and Development on the Integrated control of the main pest enemies of subsistence crops in the Sahel countries” (FAO 1987) and approved adopted an integrated control policy for the agricultural sector.

This project, financed by USAID and managed by the (ICDC) was implemented in the member States from 1980 to 1986 with the technical support of FAO. It made it possible to have a better knowledge of enemies of the principal subsistence crops in the Sahel, of relations between the moments when these enemies were spotted and the losses they caused as well as control methods.

Pilot actions were conducted on millet from 1985 in seven (ICDC) countries in order to test the applicability of available results for this cereal in rural areas (Dembélé, 1990). This project equally offered the opportunity to reinforce the countries in human and material means for a good conduct of research activities and development of integrated control. During the implementation of the integrated control, an approach based on economic threshold prevailed for a long time. The current trend conceptualized for developing countries is to prioritize the participatory approach.

The use of pesticides occupies the first place in the pest combat and presently initiatives are being multiplied to regulate the selling and use of pesticides particularly in West Africa ((ICDC) /Common Regulation on Pesticides Control). In animal health, pesticides meant for checking insects and animal diseases contribute a lot in maintaining their good health generally despite the low level of use.

Nonetheless, the commercial policy and the price levels applied do not encourage unrestrained use of pesticides and the search is now actively directed at biological combat, integrated combat as an alternative to the use of chemical pesticides. The integrated combat offers a large space for the use of bio-pesticides, better adapted cropping methods and plant materials resistant to diseases and which, in principle, should result in a more moderate utilization and better targeted chemical products. Operators of this policy are both Government establishments and those from the civil society.

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III: Regulatory framework and institutional capacity

3-1: Regulatory framework

Each of the countries in accordance with its needs has developed a stout regulatory framework concerning the management of pests and pesticides. It is however worthy of note that the texts are still suffering from insufficiency in taking overall charge of the subject and at the application level.

3-1-1 Senegal

Pesticides regulation is based on law N° 84-14 of February 02 concerning the control of agro-pharmaceutical specialties and assimilated specialties and decree N° 84-503 of 02 May 1984 on the enforcement of the said law. It is equally necessary to note that decree N° 47-47 of April 22, 1971 regulating packaging system used for conditioning agricultural pesticides formulated in Senegal. Other decrees were taken within the pesticides management framework in Senegal. The concerned decrees are:

Decree N°. 05381 of 20th May 1985, setting the components and organizational rules of the National Commission in charge of granting Authorizations for Agro-pharmaceutical Specialties and Assimilated Specialties;

Ministerial order N° 10777 of August 4, 1992 on the creation of a proceeds collection department in the Ministry of Rural Development and Water for the control of Agro-pharmaceutical and Assimilated Specialties;

Decree N° 000149 of January 11, 1994 establishing the nomination of the administrator of the state agency named Control of Agro-pharmaceutical Specialties and Assimilated Specialties;

Inter-ministerial N° 10390 of 02 December 1994 fixing the amount for getting an authorization license for Agro-pharmaceutical Specialties and Assimilated Specialties.

In addition to the decree that helped set up the National Authorization Commission, the other three decrees should ensure and complete the smooth operation of the structure in charge of pesticides registration in Senegal. Other laws deal only partially with pesticides:

Law N° 2001-01 of 15th January 201 on the environmental code; Prime Minister’s office decree N° 005161 of 26th May 1995 (National committee for Sustainable

Development Ministerial decree N° 000852 of 08 February 2002 (National Commission for the Management of

Chemical products; Catalogue of Senegalese Standards Edition 1996 (pesticides residues standards); Ministerial order N° 3504/MEA dated 09 May 2001 for the creation of a “National Monitoring

Committee of the programme for the promotion of the specific quality (pesticides residues) of export fruits and vegetables.

Draft decree on regulating the use of biological control products and bio-pesticides

3-1-2 Burkina

Decree N°.348-PRES-ECNA of 16/08/1961 establishing plant care controls and regulating the conditions for the importation and exportation of vegetables, vegetable parts, vegetable or animal products and other materials entering and leaving the territory of the Republic of Upper Volta.

Decree N°. 1- ECNA-DSA of 02/02/1962 restricting the importation and exportation of plants, parts of plants, vegetable products and various materials capable of hosting parasites.

Decree N°. 04/CNR/AGRI-EL/SG/DGA of 28/01/1985 stating the nomenclature and tariffs of transfers and services likely to be offered by the Plant Protection and Conditioning Department

Decree N°.99/377/PRES/PM/MS of October 2, 1999 on the creation of the Public Health National Laboratory

Law N°. 23/94ADP of 19th May 1994 on the public health code, chapter 2 Decree N°. 03-478/PRES/PM/MS of 22nd September 2003 modifying decree No. 99-377/PRES/PM/MS

of 28th October 1999 on the creation of the National Public health National Laboratory (LNSP) Law N°. 041/96 ADP of 8 November 1996 establishing the public health code in Burkina Faso. Law N°. 006-98AN of 26th March 98 modifying Law No. 041/96/ADP of 8 November 1996 establishing

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pesticides control in Burkina Faso. Decree N°. 98-472/PRES/PM/AGRI of 02 December 98 establishing the responsibilities, composition

and operation rules of the National Pesticides Control Commission (NPCC) Decree N°. 98 - 481 /PRES/PM/MCIA/AGRI of 09 December 98 establishing the conditions for the

issuance of free licenses for the importation, sale, display for sale, storage, distribution of services in connection with pesticides.

Decree N°. 99-00041/MA/MEF of 13th October 1999 setting the pricing of the fixed rate applicable in the area of pesticide control.

Decree N°. 99-00042/MA/MEF of 13th October 1999 organizing the distribution of the proceeds generated by the fixed rate applicable in the area of pesticides control

Decree No. 99-00045/PRES/PM/AGRI of 03 November 1999 on the nomination of the incumbent and acting members of the National Pesticides Control Commission.

Decree N°. 94-014/PRES/PM/MICM/MFPL of January 06, 94 establishing the delivery of a National Compliance Certificate for consumption goods in Burkina Faso;

Decree N°. 96-064/MCIA/MDEF/CFDE of 18th October 1996 setting the list of products requiring a National Compliance Certificate.

Law N°. 005/97/ADP of 30th January 1997 establishing the environmental code in Burkina Faso : Section 5 of the measures on pesticides and fertilizing materials

Notice to importers of 17th July 1998.

3-1-2 Burkina

Decree n° 348-PRES-ECNA of August 16th 1961 ordering a phytosanitary control and regulating the import and export conditions of plants parts of plants, products, animal products and other products entering or going out of the Republic of Upper Volta.

Order N° 1-ECNA-DSA of 02/02/1962 imposing restriction on plants, plant parts and plant related products imports that can contain pests.

Order n°1-ECNA-DSA of January 28th 1985 determining the list and prices of goods and services that can be provided by the Plant Protection and Packaging Directorate.

Order N° 04/CNR/AGRI-EL/SG/DGA of January 28, 1985 setting the classification and sales price and services likely to be provided by the Crop Protection and packaging Office.

Decree n°99/377/PRESS/PM/MS of October 2nd 1999 creating the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP)

Law n°23/94/ADP of May 19th 1994 creating chapter 2 of the Public Health Code; Decree n°03-478 PRES/PM/MS of September 22nd 2003 modifying the decree n°99-377/PRES/PM/MS

of October 28th 1999 creating the N.L.P.H = National Public Health. Laboratory; Law 041/96 of November 8 establishing pesticides control in Burkina Faso. Law n°006-98/AN of March 26th 98 modifying law n°041/96/ADP of November 8, 1996 managing

pesticide ordering in Burkina Faso. Decree n°98-412/PRESS/PM.AGRI of December 02, 98 establishing the operation rules of the National

Pesticides Control Committee for (NPCC). Decree n°98-481/PRESS/PM/MCIA/AGRI of December 9 , 1998 establishing the conditions of issuance

of authorization for the import, sale, storage, free distribution or the provision of pesticides related services

Order n°99-00045/PRES/PM/AGRI of November 3, 1999 appointing the permanent and temporary members of the National Pesticide Control Committee.

Order n °99-00042/MA/MEF of October 13, 1999 governing the allocation of the proceeds from fixed rights enforceable in the area of pesticides control.

Order n° 99-00045/PRES/PM/AGRI of November 03, 1999 nominating the permanent and temporary members of the National Pesticides Control Committee.

Decree n°94-014/PRES/PM/MICM/MFPL of January 06, 94 establishing creation of a National Compliance Certificate for consumption products in Burkina Faso.

Order n°96-064/MCIA/MDEF/CFDE of October 18, 1996 listing all the products that require a National Compliance Certificate.

Law n°005/91/ADP of January 30, 1991 creating the environmental Code in Burkina Faso – Section n°5 of measures on pesticides and fertilizers.

Notice to importers of July 17, 1998.

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3-1-3 Mali

The Constitution establishes the right for all to enjoy a healthy environment and stipulates in its 15th article that “ the protection, safeguard of the environment as well as the promotion of the quality of life is the responsibility of all including the state”

Law 89-61/ AN-RM of September 2nd 1989 repressing the import and transit of toxic wastes. Decree 90-353/PMR of August 08th 1990 defining toxic wastes. Law 91-047/AN-RM of February 23rd 1991 on Environmental Protection and the living environment. Decree 95-325/PRM of September 14th 1995 establishing the enforcement law 91-047/AN-RM of

February 23, 1991 on environmental protection; Law 01-20/AN-RM of April 2001 on pollution and nuisances stipulating that the chemical substances

that “are likely to pose a hazard for human health or his environment are under the control of the ministries of environment and health”.

Decision 01-046/PRM of September 20th 2OO1 authorizing the ratification of the commonly shared regulations on pesticides by Interstates Committee for drought control in the Sahel (ICDC) whose revised version was signed in NJAMENA on December 16th 1999.

Law 01-102/PRM of November 30, 2001 ratifying the decision 01 01-046/PRM of September 20, 2001 authorizing the ratification of the regulations commonly shared by the CILSS member states on pesticides regulation (revised version) signed in Ndjamana on December 16, 1999.

Order 01-2699/MICT-SG listing prohibited import and export products including pesticides such as “Aldrine”, “Dieldrine”, “Endrine”, “Nephtoclore”, “Chlordane”, hexachlorobenzen, Mirex Toxaphen, Polychlorobiphenyl and products not approved by the Sahelian Pesticide Committee (SCP).

Law 02-14/AN-PR of June 3rd 2002 creating the approval and control of pesticides in the Republic of Mali: It sets the general principles on imports, formulation, packaging or repackaging and storage of pesticides or pesticides control.

Order 02-306/PRM of June 03, 2002 setting the conditions for the enforcement of law 02-14/AN-PR passed on February 2002 establishing the registration and control of pesticides in the republic of Mali.

Order -2669/MAEP-SG setting the conditions for the delivery of an authorization to pesticides resellers. Decision 02-0674/MAEP-SG of November 18, 2002 appointing the members of the National Pesticides

Management Committee. Law 02-013 AN-PR of June 03, 2002 repressing the cases of non compliance to crop protection

regulation. Decree 02-305 regulating the protection of crops. Decree 03.594/PRM of December 31, 2003 on environmental Impact assessments setting the EIA rules

and procedures and define the private and public projects whose implementation are likely to have some impact on the environment and that require to primarily conduct an EIA.

Order 05-106/PR of March 09, 2005 setting the organization and conditions for the operation of the Plant protection office.

3-1-4 Ghana

The law creating the Environmental Protection Agency (Act 490) of 1994. This law aims at controlling the volumes, types, components, wastes effects or other sources of pollution elements or substances that are potentially dangerous for the quality of life, human health and the environment through the issuing of environmental permits and pollution reduction notices.

The law on pesticides control and management of 1996 (Act (528) provides the rules, for recording, manufacturing, using disposing of and non disclosure of the information, the classification, the granting of licence, the reporting, the labelling and pesticides inspections.

These laws offer a framework for the management of all chemicals and pesticides including POPs. Among the other laws governing chemicals in use in Ghana we can find:

The Food and medicines Act, 1992, (PNDCL 305B) passed to control the manufacturing, importation, exportation, distribution, sale, use and advertisement of foodstuffs, medicines, cosmetic products and domestic chemical products.

The act regulating plants, offices and shops, (Act 328) 1970 which aims at protecting the health and ensuring the security of workers from hazards associated with chemical products in occupational areas.

The law establishing pest control and plant diseases prevention, 1985 (Act 307). Decree establishing the prevention crop related damages 1968 (NLCD 245)

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The regulation of the cacao business 1968 (NLCD 278). The import and export law 1995 (Act 528). The environmental assessment laws , 1999 (LI 1652)

At sub regional level, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal are parties to the CILSS regulations establishing « the common regulation on pesticides registration of the CILSS countries». The Sahelian Pesticides Committee (SPC) located in Bamako is the backbone of the commonly shared regulation. In practice in supersedes national registration. It is a very important instrument in the national and joint management of pesticides.

The pesticides officially authorized in Senegal are those that have been granted Provisional Sale Authorization (PSA) or the REG by the Sahelian pesticides Committee (SPC) of Bamako (Mali). The SPC/CILSS registration request includes: A biological efficiency file, an environmental file, a physico-chemical file, an analytic, toxicological, a residue file and labelling and packaging file.

There is currently no valid licence request for the importation of pesticides, despite all the above mentioned legislative and regulatory arrangements. The draft bill relating to the management of chemicals in Senegal that follows the ratification of the agreement establishing «the common regulation on pesticides registration of the CILSS countries» provides for this prior authorization for pesticides import in Senegal.

The regulatory background even if very well provided for, is hampered by the definition of the management conditions within all the industry (primary storage, transport, secondary storage, use, containers disposal). However, LMR standards were defined. Thus, the transport and storage are not included in the SPC/CILSS file. But with the will clearly expressed by the government through the Ministry of the environment to enforce the Generalized and Harmonized labelling System (SGH) of chemical products this gap will be very soon filled. Generalized and Harmonized labelling System is a global and coherent approach that helps define and classify chemical hazards and inform users though labelling and security data filing. It is intended for workers, consumers, transporters, and emergency services (Anti poison centres, fire brigades, the ORSEC Plan, Civil protection staff). It would also be relevant that the order establishing the creation of the national Committee for Chemicals management be followed by the cancellation of the order 5381 of May 20, 1985 which had given power to the National Committee for the issuance of agri-phamaceutical and related products the power to register products in Senegal.

All the countries concerned by the PPAAO / WAAP are bound internationally by the main International Conventions in force in the CILSS member countries as indicated in the below mentioned table.

In Senegal, the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Information and Consentment Principle «PIC» and the Stockholm Convention on products recognized as Persistent Organic Pollutants «POP’S», both of which are related to pesticides and chemicals, were not supported by the national laws authorizing, prohibiting or restricting their use after the signature and ratification of the two Conventions. In other words, so far there is no law, order, decree or circular prohibiting a PIC pesticide or chemical or POPs on the national territory of Senegal. On the other hand, at the level of the SPC/CILSS, no pesticide targeted by these two Conventions is authorised for PAS and /or REG.

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Tableau 5 : A few International Agreements signed by the WAAPP countries

International Conventions Burkina Ghana Mali Senegalo Ethics code on the international trade of chemicals of April

1994 ;X

o International Code of Conduct for the distribution and use of FAO pesticides

X X X X

o International Convention for the Protection of Crop (ICPC) 1999

X X

o The Basel International Convention on the Transboundary movement of Hazardous Waste of March 22, 1989;

X X X X

o African Convention on the prohibition of the import of all forms of hazardous waste and the transboundary control of similar wastes generated in Africa - the Bamako Convention

X X X

o The Rotterdam Convention on prior Information and Consentment Principle (PIC)

X X X

o The Basel Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s);

X X X X

o International standards for plant care measures (ISPM ) FAO

X

o London Guidelines applicable on information exchange on chemicals traded internationally UNEP/GC/17 ;

X

o The Montreal Protocol X X

3-2 The institutional framework

3-2-1 Senegal

a) The main stakeholders involved in pest and pesticides management

The institutional build-up for pesticides management lies mainly on three ministerial departments i.e.: the ministry of agriculture, bio fuels and food security, MABSA, of health and medical Prevention, of the environment and Nature Conservation.

The way the Ministry of Agriculture, Biofuels and Food Security is structured allows for two levels of intervention:

- An intervention structure at national level : The Plant Protection Directorate (DPV)- Interventions structures at decentralized levels : The regional directorates in charge of rural

development (DRDR)

The Plant Protection Directorate is responsible for the overall protection of crops in the whole country and she is supported in this by the different services such as the customs office, research institutions, universities, the agriculture training schools and the armed forces, etc… The Plant Protection Directorate provides technical and logistic assistance to the regional development companies in case of the occurrence of wide infestation of their cotton, tomato, rice, sugar cane farms etc…

The main mandate of the Plant Protection Directorate is first to prevent the introduction of new pests in the national territory as set in the CIPV provisions by setting up at the terrestrial, water and air boundaries phytosanitary control posts assigned the task of checking, controlling all plant and plant parts imports from other countries. The mandate consists in combating the pests that are already present on the national territory using efficient and safe chemical means that protect as much as possible the environment and the populations’ health, but also biological and natural means.

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At regional level the DRDR are subdivided into departments among which we can find the Plant Protection Department. The Plant Protection office works in collaboration with the village control committees based in each village.

ANCAR is responsible for disseminating the techniques and technologies dissemination in the agricultural world. ANCAR, in partnership with the Plant Protection Directorate, the DRDR, SODEFITEX, the Council of Consultation with Farmers, SODAGRI, SAED, CERES-Locustox organized training and dissemination sessions for farmers in various areas ranging from past identification, prospection, phytosanitary spraying, dangers of pesticides for man and the environment, the importance of pesticides personal protective equipments, pesticides dosage, the technical and prior required conditions to pesticides application, etc….

Ministry of Environment and Nature Conservation: The environmental monitoring and control unit, hosted by the Environment, Classified Establishments and application of pesticides Directorate (DEEC); makes as assessment, and provides advice or even recommends a pesticide for use. The latter must already have got at the stage of Authorized product (PSA) or (REG) by the SPC/CILSS for it to be used in the country.

The Ministry of Health and Prevention: The National hygiene department is operational particularly as the regards the control of diseases carrying vectors (malaria, schistosomiasis); and the regional offices are operating in the regions.

Other stakeholders are operating within the circle of radius of the MABSA in order to ensure each on his side and area of responsibility compared to the prerogatives assigned a sound management of pests and pesticides (control, security of the populations) : The Home Ministry (the Civil Protection Directorate) is responsible for repressing, fighting and

controlling toxic and hazardous products and also the risks threatening the citizens. The Ministry of Finance (The Customs Head Office) is responsible for controlling the entrance and

exit of chemicals.

b) Subsidiary bodies:

The National Committee for Pesticides management which includes the pesticides, the other structures and institutions are straightforward members; they consist of: The Laboratory of Chemicals Analysis and Toxicology, The Chemistry and Medicine Directorate, The Senegalese Association for Standards, the Farmers National Consultation Board, the CERES-Locustox laboratory, The Civil Protection Directorate, The National Hygiene Office, The Customs Office, EISMV (the Interstate School for veterinary science and Medicine), The Association of Consumers, ISRA ( The Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research), The Industry Directorate, NGOS (CONGAD, Pan AFRICA), The labour and Social Security Directorate), ConaCILLS, the Oceanography and Fisheries Directorate, the Continental Fisheries and Aquaculture Directorate, and the Association of Pesticides Formulators and Distributors (Crop Life Senegal).

Some of these different offices have a control role such as for instance the laboratories, the other departments and institutions have prevention role towards the population, as regards environmental, health risks for farmers but also as regards the quality of the food I terms of pesticides residues availability. Others have a dissemination role of research results and those achieved by laboratories, and others training roles.

This institutional building has some limits that are situated at the level of the coordination problems between the different offices members to the National Pesticides Management Committee

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c) The Infrastructures used for pesticides control

In Senegal there are a number of laboratories equipped and fit for purpose for the control of the quality of residue analyses, training and research. However, there is no state laboratory structure for the analysis and control of the quality of distributed pesticides.

- The Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy at the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar : This laboratory undertakes some analyses relating to areas such as microbiology, pesticides residues, heavy metals contained in drinking water, food, mycocytin and industrial wastes.- The laboratory of Toxicological Pharmacy of the Interstate School for Veterinary Science and Medicine of Dakar. This Laboratory conducts the same activities as the Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology of the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar particularly applied to animals.- The CERES/LOCUSTOX Residues Analysis Laboratory: It is an ecotoxicologic and phytopharmacy laboratory hosted by the Plant Protection Directorate and aims at meeting the analyses needs in the area of pesticides residues, ecotoxicologic studies and training. It hosts the Research Centre in ecotoxicology of the Sahel which plays a major role in the pesticides registration activity conducted by the SPC of the CILLSS and on pesticides residues standards of export horticultural products.

3-2-2 Mali

a) The main stakeholders involved in pests and pesticides management

The management of pesticides involves mainly the Ministry of the environment and water sanitation; the Ministry of Agriculture; and the Ministry of Health.

The Ministry of the environment and Water SanitationThe main role of the Ministry of environment and Water Sanitation is to design the national policy and the state programmes in the field of environment and water sanitation. In the National environmental Action Plan, the Interministerial Council (CI) proposes among other things environmental protection measures and ensures the International Conventions are implemented that have been ratified by Mali. The Advisory Committee (AC) which is made of the representatives of the National Directorate and NGOS ensure the national stakeholders tale part in the environmental management activities at national level. The Permanent technical Secretariat (PTS) ensure the CI, CC and Environmental National Action Plan decisions are implemented and monitored. The Pollution Control and Nuisance Directorate hosted by the National Water Sanitation, Pollution Control and Nuisances Directorate is responsible among other things for “ identifying environmental pollution and nuisance factors and to propose all the relevant measures that will help prevent, abate, or eliminate them”. The National Water Sanitation, Pollution Control and Nuisance Directorate is responsible for implementing the environmental impact assessment and audit procedures. She is also assigned the role of providing technical advice on all matters regarding pollutions and potentially polluting products.

The Ministry of agricultureThe Regulation and Control Directorate is in charge of managing the pesticides in Mali. The National Agriculture Directorate (NAD) is mainly concerned in pesticides management, particularly agricultural pesticides through the legislation, plant care and control Directorate responsible for: drafting laws, regulations and standards in the area of plant production, phytosanitary control, and agricultural inputs; to control the quality of agricultural inputs and agri-pharmaceutical products and ensuring their registration; to control the quality of the conditioning of products and agricultural foodstuff, to control the quality of plant crop seeds; to control the activities of the professionals involved in the sector.

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The Plant protection office (PPO) has the mandate to ensure the implementation of the national plant protection policy. To this effect, it provides information and training various stakeholders (pesticides distributors, pesticides storekeepers, officers supervising farmers.

The Ministry of health (MH)The Ministry of Health is involved in pesticides management, particularly through is programmes to combat diseases such as the programmes to combat malaria, schitomosiasis, onchocercocis, etc…. (HND). The officers of the Department in charge of public hygiene and salubrity (DHPS) and the National Health Directorate (DNS) are the implementing hand of the Anti Vector fight within the Ministry of Health. The Community Health Centres (CSCOM) are specialised units fin mosquito treating.

Other involved ministerial departments

Other ministerial departments are concerned by the management of pesticides: The Ministry of animal husbandry and Fishing: Through its control unit, the National

veterinary Services Directorate and its support Unit, the Central Veterinary laboratory (LCV). The Ministry of Industry and Trade through its control structures being the National Trade and

Competition Directorate and the National Industry Directorate The Ministry Of Economy and Finance through the Customs General Directorate. The National Food Safety Agency created by law 03-043 of December 30 2003. The ANSSA

is a public owned establishment with scientific prerogatives which is responsible for coordinating all the food security related and the assessment of the risks that food can constitute for men and animals, food additives, and phytosanitary products residues.

b) The subsidiary bodies

The National Pesticides management Committee (CNGP): the National Pesticides Committee management (CNGP) has the responsibility to propose principles and general guidance for pesticide regulation; to decide on a list of pesticides prohibited for use, to propose to the Ministry of Agriculture all the measures likely to help standardize, define and set the conditions for pesticides use, to give advice on importations or authorizations requests.

c) Pesticides control infrastructures:

The National Health laboratory (LNS) and the veterinary Control Laboratory (LCV) make the analysis of the pesticides residues in food, soils and the water. They are not equipped to be able to identify active matters and concentrations.

3-2-3 Burkina Faso

The National Pesticides Management Committee – NPMC- was officially created on August 1st

2000 after the signature of decree N°98-472 du 02/12/98 and order N°99 -00045 of November 03, 1999. Assigned with the task of implementing the policy of the government in the field, she is made of the representatives of the administration, farmers’ organizations, consumers, distributors and NGOS. She has the core task of:

The monitoring and evaluation of the legislation on pesticides, The study of the request for registration files; The monitoring and evaluation of the decisions and recommendations of the Sahelian

Pesticides Committee. The study and provision of advice on the products relevant to the Rotterdam and Stockholm

Conventions. The checking of the registration of authorised, regulated and prohibited pesticides;

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The advice provided on pollution related issues associated with pesticides.

The Ministry of Environment and Life Quality is responsible for implementing the environmental policy of the government. She is organised by Decree n°2005-040/PRES/PM/MECV of January 03, 2005 around the following structures:

At central level two (2) general Directorates being the general Directorate for Nature Conservation and the General Directorate for the Improvement of the Living Environment one of the Technical Directorate of which is the Environmental Assessments Directorate.

At decentralised level, thirteen (13) regional Directorates, forty five (45) provincial Directorates, responsible for implementing the environmental policy at local and regional levels.

A dialogue and coordination structure which is the Permanent secretariat of the National Council for Environment and Sustainable Development (SP-CONEDD). It is planned to create within this institution, a committee specialized in legislations and environmental assessments.

She is responsible for managing the International Conventions (PIC, POPs), and controlling the implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessments.

Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Fisheries:The Plant Protection and Packaging Directorate of this Ministry has in all the Country boundaries, rail stations ad at the International Airport of Ouagadougou, phytosanitary control posts that can help in the control of imports. The officers working in these posts are qualified and equipped to check the quality of both import and exports products. They also check the compliance of pesticides entered Burkina Faso and thus any expired, prohibited or non registered products by the SPC is sent back or distrained upon at entrance. Samplings are done for laboratory analysis in order to confirm the active substance content mentioned on containers.

The ministry of health: The Ministry of Health is concerned by the Management of pesticides, mainly through its programmes to combat diseases such as malaria and schistomiasis, etc…

3-2-4 Ghana

The national institutional capacity for the safe management of chemicals is represented by the below mentioned institutions:

a) Environmental Protection Agency (APE)

The Environmental protection Agency next to some other institutions, research ad industrial institutions, has the mandate to regulate, coordinate and manage the environment. The functions of the NPE include:

Edict standards and guidelines relating to air, water, and soil pollution and other forms of environmental pollutions including the discharge of toxic wastes and the control of hazardous waste.

Promote research, the monitoring and analysis for environmental improvement and protection and the safeguard of safe ecologic systems in Ghana.

Coordinate the activities in the ecosystems with the aims of controlling the generation, treatment, storage, transport and disposal of industrial waste.

In her position of unique regulator and manager of the environment the National environmental Agency has the following prerogatives:- The registration of pesticides- The limitation or banning of the use of a pesticide if necessary- The granting of licences to all categories of pesticides’ resellers - The levying of penalties.

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b) The Ghana Standards Board (GSB)

The GSB has the full responsibility of ensuring the quality of the infrastructure including the metrology, the standards, the assessment and the Quality control (MSTQ). She ensures the goods and services are of acceptable quality for both local and international consumers. The Board makes routine analyses of pesticides residues in fruits and vegetables in order to facilitate the exportations of these products and also protect the public health and ensure safety.

c) The food and drug board (drugs)

The Board is also responsible for ensuring that any activity concerning chemicals be registered including, pesticides. Indeed, Section 18 of law 305B stipulates that no person will be allowed to manufacture, prepare, sell, export or import any type of chemical product unless the product has been primarily registered with the FDB. According to the above mentioned provision (Supply) no product can be imported in Ghana without is prior registration by the FDB, and the appropriate fees paid. The word “chemical product” is however, defined according to the law as “any product or mix of prepared products, sold or represented for use as a germicide, antiseptic product, disinfectant, pesticide, insecticide, rodenticide, vermicide or detergent. The agents of this structure are authorized tat any normal hour to pen, inspect any container or package, if they suspect it to contain any type of pesticide. They are also vested with the authority to seize such products.

d) The customs, Tax and prevention Office (CEPS)

The CEPS works in close collaboration with the EPA and reviews the EPA documents, certificates/licences to make sure they concern the importation of chemicals, plastics, meat and agro-chemical products. The importation reports of chemical products are submitted by the CEPS to the EPA on a three monthly basis. The CEPS staff are members to the various technical committees of the EPA including the hazardous waste committee, the pesticide technical Committee and other projects undertaken by the EPA. The CEPS is member of the national Coordination team of the Convention of Stockholm on the POPs.

e) The ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA)

The Ministry of Food and Agriculture is slight responsibility in the regulation of pesticides use in the country. The Crop Protection and Regulation Directorate (PPRSD) of the MoFA has the mandate to control or regulate specific farms products. The Ministry controls also the quality of agricultural inputs including pesticides ad is involved in the safe use of agricultural chemicals.

f) The National Information Centre on poisons

The National Information Centre on poisons has the following functions: Help health professionals in making diagnostics and managing intoxications by chemicals

(including POPs), toxins, venons and drugs. Provide information to health professionals on the toxic effects of poisons Provide information to the public on prevention and the management of first aid in case of

acute intoxication. Train the public on the devastating effects of chemicals on the environment Provide toxicological surveillance through the collection of data on chemical induced

incidents, exposure and poisoning Organise training sessions on the prevention and management of cases of intoxication for

public health inspectors and all authorized agents such as PPRDS.

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IV The issue of pests in agriculture and the health sector

4-1 Agricultural background

The economy of the WAAPP countries is essentially agriculture driven and employs an important share of the population. The agricultural sectors contributed respectively for 17, 9% in Senegal 37,8 % in Mali, 35,9% in Ghana and 38,2% in Burkina Faso in the building of the gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the year 2001.

Agriculture is a particularly strategic area in the rural areas that still host the greatest majority of the total population of the concerned countries even though urbanisation is progressing at high speed due to the fact that she is in one hand the main area of activity and also of manpower intake for the population and on the other hand one of the main sources of revenue generation and satisfaction of the food needs of the populations.

The main crops are:Senegal: groundnuts, millet, sugar cane, sorghum, rice, cotton, cassava, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, vegetables.Mali: millet, sorghum, corn (food crops), cotton, groundnuts, sugar cane (cash crops)Ghana: cocoa, rice, coffee, groundnuts, corn, Karité butter, timber.Burkina Faso: groundnuts, sugar cane, karité butter, sesame, cotton, (cash crops), sorghum, millet, maize, rice, (food crops)

Cash crop agriculture is establishing itself more ad more via horticultural activities, cotton growing etc. The data on surface planted and farmed surface areas for Senegal ad Ghana confirm the dynamism of the sector and particularly as regards foreign currency generation. However the losses are still very high.

Tableau 6 : Cereal production in Senegal:

Millet Sorghum Maize Rice Fonio CerealsGreen beans Cassava TOTAL

cereal YEARS PROD PROD PROD PROD PROD PROD PROD PROD 1994/95 670 843   108 233 162228 623 941 927 28 980 76 915 1 047 822 1995/96 794 133   106 509 155152 570 1 056 364 41 911 55 515 1 153 790 1996/97 601359 133 009 88 634 148780 515 972 297 20 626 36 985 1 029 908 1997/98 426481 118 297 80281 173702 465 799 226 19 335 46 564 865 125 1998/99 441 418 119 574 44 339 123 519 1 485 730 335 40 620 65 608 836 563 1999/00 675 000 147 444 66 132 364 000 3 053 1 255 629 68 000 104 009 1 427 638 2000/01 600 221 143 750 78 593 202 293 1 064 1 025 921 47 290 132 859 1 206 070 2001/02 556 655 149 649 108 546 206 989 772 1 022 611 31720 137 893 1 192 224 2002/03 414 820 116 929 80 372 172 395 880 785 396 12 805 106 960 905 161 2003/04 628 426 189 787 400 907 231 805 966 1 451 891 34 705 181 721 1 668 317

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Tableau 7 : Evolution of off season vegetables in Senegal (expressed in tons)

OFF SEASON VEGETABLES

years1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Egg plant 4176 6797 5463 4646 4445 4392 4059 3300 5051 5674Carot 7028 4746 2463 2986 3064 4942 3509 3064 4781 5527Round cabbages 22671 26169 18252 18324 13330 21553 17370 22582 24787 27837Okra 7599 7590 8122 9340 7010 7538 5777 7653 8669 9736Green bean 2835 5850 4463 4038 4960 6493 7050 9281 7467 8387Jaxatu 2735 4203 4195 3817 2980 5458 4876 5924 7052 8110Turnip 4848 3673 2482 1260 3500 4963 6759 6589 5707 6411Onion 38191 43637 45160 36851 63785 69336 60833 67725 79736 91696Sweet potatoe 10056 11085 8902 14255 14825 36428 35700 38251 39016 41892Pepper 2152 2140 1853 2891 2350 2211 1766 2178 2583 2902Potatoe 17044 14032 10351 10039 7680 6046 8136 7746 6952 7810Tomato 19884 18098 19772 23258 31360 23294 19271 24244 26788 30087Other 10519 22631 15897 11999 8101 8101 5537 8448 9318 10462Total 149738 170651 147375 143704 167390 200755 180643 206985 227907 256531

Tableau 8 : Evolution of surface areas cultivated with off season vegetables in Senegal (in ha)

Off season vegetables YEARS1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Egg plant 315 257 510 432 377 321 369 330 415 415Carrot 586 396 206 216 315 318 449 327 307 307round cabbages 1705 1367 1526 1449 1454 1371 1154 1454 1768 1768Okra 428 427 493 673 720 853 702 889 1101 1101Green beans 134 270 470 602 801 734 810 874 947 947Jaxatu 215 215 248 300 483 429 438 483 554 554Turnip 1616 1224 827 420 591 481 560 591 621 621Onion 1900 1894 2185 2986 3412 3783 3421 3482 4877 4877Sweet potatoe 1007 1109 891 1426 1483 3643 3570 3825 3898 3898Piment 440 266 221 235 186 249 186 241 328 328Potatoe 1220 1052 895 640 520 384 500 476 496 496Tomatoe 1165 1269 1191 1410 1462 1626 1426 1771 2097 2097Other 877 2102 1659 1221 588 781 583 795 1008 1008Total 11608 11848 11322 12010 12392 14973 14168 15538 18417 18417

Tableau 9 : Evolution of fruit productions in Senegal (in tons)

SPECIES years1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Mangoes 56700 72735 70170 73678 73890 78141 75236 80 020 83 418 95931Citrus fruits 24000 23323 30547 32074 31770 30963 31696 32 994 34 190 39319Bananas 14853 17354 14399 19195 17916 18311 14136 17243 15843 15670Pumpkins 255481 264628 269330 266979 219540 282919 301304 313784 137948 155264Other 17600 4056 4798 5038 5700 5529 5422 6 340 6 575 7561Total 368634 382096 389244 396964 348816 415863 427794 450381 277974 313745

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Tableau 10 : Fruits and vegetables exports in Senegal between 1996 and 2002 (in kg)

Species YEARS1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02

Green beans. Filet 309 000 15 042 280 734 573 533 1 148 640 1 578 392 1 240 712Green beans. Bobby 4 408 012 3 305 518 4 615 756 4 774 581 5 110 296 3619 667 4 479 248Tomatoe 5 66 553 511 435 676 521 616 501 755686 2 576 236Pepper 19 015 771 43 635 33 079 1 180 838 9 694Melon 396 023 86 034 91 586 497 238 61 983 68 067Okra 60 002 79 365 243 986 39 695 26 248 406 385 257 931Jaxatu - 18 038 42 683 15 891 12 0372 125 025 70 330Asparagus - - - - 236 -Bissap 9 304 15 090 30 669 7 832 926 811 312 037 37 131Mangoe 200 080 200 434 350 342 500 047 371 977 843 396 2 051 721Onion 28 000 - - - 7 456 - 14 125potatoes 112 037 22 500 - - 300 - 1 065Hibiscus - - 13 100 37 108 671 907 735 554 335 688Egg plant - - - 500 - 150 350Other 605 527 463 212 275 632 402 975 628417 402 697 51 256TOTAL 6 157 000 5 013 857 6 500 000 7 559 000 9 575 670 8 998 094 11 125 137

Tableau 11 : Volumes and prices of vegetables and fruits exports in Senegal

2000 2001 2002crops Volume

( kg )Price (f cfa/kg)

Volume ( kg )

price(f cfa/kg)

volume( kg )

price(f cfa/kg)

Breen bean. Filet 1 148 640 1 800 1 578 392 1 800 1 241 712 1 800Breen bean. Bobby 5 110 296 1 600 3619 667 1 600 4 479 248 1 600Tomatoe 616 501 755686 2 576 236Pepper 1 180 838 9 694Melon 61 983 68 067Okra 26 248 406 385 257 931Jaxatu 12 0372 125 025 70 330Bissap 926 811 312 037 37 131Mangoe 371 977 1 250 843 396 1 250 2 051 721 1 250Onion 7 456 - 14 125Hibiscus 671 907 735 554 335 688Egg plant - 150 350OTHER 628 417 402 697 51 256

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Tableau 12 : Production achieved with some crops in Ghana: 1995 – 2005 in thousands of tons

YEAR

CROP

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005**

Maize

Rice*

Millet

Sorghum

Cassava

Cocoyam

Yam

Plantain

Groundnuts

Coconuts

Oil Palm

Beans

1034.2

221.3

209.0

360.1

6611.4

1383.2

2125.7

1637.5

-

-

-

-

1007.6

215.7

193.3

353.4

7111.2

1551.8

2274.8

1823.4

-

-

-

-

996.0

197.1

143.5

332.6

6999.5

1529.8

2407.9

1818.4

-

-

-

-

1015.0

281.1

162.3

355.4

7171.5

1576.7

2702.9

1912.6

-

-

-

-

1014.5

209.8

159.8

302.0

7845.4

1707.4

3249.0

2046.2

-

-

-

-

1012.7

214.6

169.4

279.8

8106.8

1625.1

3362.9

1932.5

208.6

-

-

-

938.0

253.2

134.4

279.7

8965.8

1687.5

3546.7

2073.8

286.8

-

1768.8

62.5

1400.0

280.0

159.12

316.1

9731.0

1860.0

3900.0

2278.8

520.0

-

1826.8

140.0

1289.0

239.0

176.0

337.7

10239.3

1804.7

3812.8

2328.6

439.0

-

1889.4

145.6

1157.6

241.8

143.8

287.4

9738.2

1715.9

3892.3

2380.8

389.6

-

1955.3

141.4

1171.4

236.5

185.0

305.0

9567.2

1685.8

3922.8

2791.6

420.0

Source: STATISTICS, RESEARCH AND INFORMATION DIRECTORATE (SRID), MIN. OF FOOD AND AGRIC. – FEB., 2006

Tableau 13 : Cultivated surface areas GHANA: 1995 – 2005 (in thousands of ha.)

YEAR

CROP

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005**

Maize

Rice*

Millet

Sorghum

Cassava

Cocoyam

Yam

Plantain

Groundnuts

Coconuts

Oil Palm

Beans

688.6

99.9

193.4

334.5

551.3

204.5

176.1

212.5

-

-

-

-

665.0

105.3

189.6

314.3

590.7

213.7

178.0

228.8

-

-

-

-

651.6

117.7

170.0

323.6

589.3

206.2

187.4

224.8

-

-

-

-

696.6

130.4

180.7

332.4

629.7

217.8

210.9

245.9

-

-

-

-

696.9

105.3

186.3

311.7

640.3

372.4

242.7

252.6

-

-

-

-

694.7

93.6

208.3

288.7

660.1

247.5

261.0

244.4

217.9

-

-

-

713.3

88.0

193.0

329.1

726.4

262.4

287.4

265.1

254.5

-

-

101.5

939.6

122.8

198.0

337.2

794.4

282.2

300.0

276.9

384.9

-

-

180.6

791.9

117.7

206.6

346.0

807.2

276.7

321.4

286.5

464.7

-

-

190.4

732.9

119.4

182.2

298.1

783.9

269.5

310.9

281.2

431.7

183.4

966.5

161.3

175.7

290.9

921.5

201.9

362.9

354.4

308.9

-

-

-Source: STATISTICS, RESEARCH AND INFORMATION DIRECTORATE (SRID), MIN OF FOOD AND AGRIC. – FEB., 2006

* Paddy. ** Provisional Figures

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Tableau 14 : Volume of main agricultural exports between 1996 and 2004 in Ghana (Mt.)

Commodity

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Gap in % 03-04

Horticultural:Pineapple 27,603 25,124 21,941 33,440 28,512 34,933 46,391 45,145 71,805 59.1Cotton Seed 5,722 6,658 4,396 17,699 10,051 15,578 6,297 9,145 9,933 8.6Kola nut 10,940 7,674 5,752 9,344 6,413 6,435 11,559 9,032 2,353 -73.9Yam 8,086 7,018 7,421 9,763 12,463 9,630 13,025 7,973 16,169 102.8Vegetable/Condiment 2,319 625 495 389 980 988 1,548 4,490 4,689 4.4Oranges (Fresh) 556 330 451 707 1,242 1,336 15,213 4,307 742 -82.8Tinda - 822 879 878 1,126 1,256 1,137 1,136 - -Tomatoes 1,814 816 534 471 2,033 4,539 4,961 4,369 607 -86.1Pepper/Chillies 732 1,420 2,088 2,420 2,819 5,281 4,687 4,674 282 -94.0Garden Eggs 514 1,018 1,184 1,338 1,080 1,295 1,512 1,867 697 -62.7Banana 3,295 4,008 2,905 3,383 3,883 3,251 3,233 364 725 99.2Mangoes 43 80 136 167 268 232 126 234 376 60.7Pawpaw 949 1,430 936 1,780 1,748 1,792 1,474 1,917 3,752 95.7

Source: Ghana Export Promotion Council (GEPC), Accra.

Tableau 15 : Value of main exports: 1996-2004 (US $ ‘000)

Commodity 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Gap in%(03-04)

Horticultural:Pineapple 10,987 9,632 8,769 13,055 11,853 13,450 15,520 14,378 22,069 53.5Cotton Seed 840 578 578 1,250 855 2,588 363 220 1965 793.2Kola nut 1,110 810 771 1,151 755 663 1,122 948 1893 99.7Yam 5,143 4,549 4,756 6,497 7,172 4,739 2,428 4,442 8,400 89.1Vegetable/Condiment 1,084 649 620 272 431 348 521 726 2536 249.3Orange (Fresh) 45 36 78 141 249 126 672 329 94 -71.4Tinda - 334 355 445 474 532 587 636 - -Tomatoes 389 150 125 128 446 757 1,096 427 56 -86.9Pepper (Chillies) 228 598 880 1,221 1,255 1,938 1,782 1,822 107 -94.1Garden Eggs 143 395 468 596 434 519 455 522 260 -50.2Banana 1,722 1,835 2,688 3,220 3,695 3,189 3,250 227 209 -7.9Mangoes 27 41 110 103 118 78 70 108 164 51.9Pawpaw 872 1,107 725 1,218 161 993 864 737 1267 71.9

Source: Ghana Export Promotion Council (GEPC), Accra.

Tableau 16 : Evolution of productions between 2000 and 2004 in tons in Burkina

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 sorghum 847 297 1 371 569 1 373 331 1 610 254 1 134 212 Groundnut 169 146 301 092 323 642 358 121 245 307 sesame 7 390 31 230 14 706 18 472 11 794 soja 3 475 3 814 2 533 5 687 2 473 Beans 127 682 376 225 330 210 456 600 276 349 yam 54 965 70 669 25 187 35 487 89 695 Sweet potatoe 27 366 41 646 37 001 28 511 40 864 Voandzou 21 979 37 680 36 246 35 184 27 848 cereals 1 844 396 3 109 093 3 119 050 3 559 839 2 901 973

Source: MAHRH/DGPSA/DSA

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Tableau 17 : Evolution of surface areas in (ha) cultivated with cereals (2000 – 2004) in Burkina

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Groundnut 236 880 330 904 342 637 404 110 352 528 sesame 24 587 60 921 26 076 30 945 24 913 soja 4 079 2 922 2 278 4 941 2 142 Bean 27 098 47 224 50 191 33 790 42 427 Yam 6 628 10 171 3 021 2 955 12 087 potaoe 2 055 5 311 5 966 2 143 5 908 voandzou 24 489 32 240 35 525 35 193 35 533 cereals 2 661 304 3 212 574 3 308 690 3 561 650 3 084 961 cotton 209 113 345 578 412 138 443 739 521 466

Source: MAHRH/DGPSA/DSA

Tableau 18 : Production (in tons) and average surface areas (in ha) cultivated (2000 – 2005) in Mali

Millet Sorghum Rice Maize Fonio Wheat Barley Total2000-2001 759114 564661 742808 214548 22738 6114 94 23100772001-2002 792548 517748 965726 301931 21398 9130 123 26086042002-2003 795146 641695 710446 363629 16321 4562 59 25318582003-2004 1260498 728717 931925 451018 22437 7479 147 34022212004-2005 974673 664083 718086 459463 19655 8942 2844902

Average values 00/01-04-05

916396 623381 813798 358118 20510 7245 96 2739532

Average of cultivated lands

1293035 771832 351836 273588 32841 2781 85

4-2 The main pests:

Agriculture is subjected to various disturbing factors notably climatic effects particularly drought, late rains or premature rains, which are exacerbated by the important impact of pests like large scale locust invasion and other more insidious pillagers. The losses suffered before and after the harvest is a major constraint.

In Senegal it has been estimated that the enemies of cultivation cause annual losses of about 290.750 tons in cereals production estimated at more than 29 billion F CFA, according to an average annual cereals production of 975.833 tons between 1987-1996 and a low hypothesis loss of 30% and 100 F CFA/ kilogram of cereals.

According to the rain gauge system observed, the overall features of ravagers and diseases, the preparation of land for cultivation, the specific plagues noted, average production losses are estimated for the main crops in Senegal. According to estimates an average general loss of 20% can be attributed to the enemies of crops for the different crops.

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Tableau 19 : Evaluation of production losses due to enemies of crops in Senegal

2002-2003 operations 2003-2004 operationsAverage

cultivation yield (in t/ha)

Average rate of production

loss due to enemies

Special observations

Average rate of cultivation yield (in t/ha)

Average rate of production

loss due to enemies

Special observations

Millet (Souna Sanio) 0.6 to 1,5 t/ ha 15 to 25 %

Fairly good rainfall, except for frequent rainfalls in October

0.6 to 1,5 t/ ha 30 to 45 %

scan

ty ra

infa

ll, h

eavy

locu

st in

vasi

on,

north

ern

half

alm

ost w

ithou

t har

vest

Millet (sorghum) 0,7 t to 2,5 t/ha 10 to 20 % 0,7 t to 2,5 t/ha 15 to 30 %Maize 0,8 to 3 t/ha 12 to 25 % 0,8 to 3 t/ha 30 to 40 %Rice *Senegal River valley*Planted out (Casamance)

3 to 5 t/ha1 to 2,5 t/ha

20 to 35 %15 to 20 %

3 to 5 t/ha1 to 2,5 t/ha

20 to 25 %15 to 20 %

Groundnut * Kaolack* Thiès - Diourbel

0,8 t to 2,2 t/ha0,4 t to 0,6 t/ha

15 to 25 %20 to 35 %

0,8 t to 2,2 t/ha0,4 t to 0,6 t/ha

20 to 30 %40 to 60 %

Beans 0,2 to 0,5 t /ha 10 to 15 % 0,2 to 0,5 t /ha 30 to 60 %Cotton (Kolda, Velingara)

1,2 t to 3 t/ha 25 to 35 % 1,2 t to 3 t/ha 30 to 40 %

Tomato 20 to 35 t/ha 20 to 40 % Cool dry season having benefited from late October rains

20 to 35 t/ha 25 to 40 % Off season crops attacks by

crickets here and there

Onion 20 to 39 t/ha 10 to 20% 20 to 39 t/ha 15 to 30 %Round cabbage 15 to 35 t/ha 25 to 40 % 15 to 35 t/ha 20 to 35 %French bean 16 to 25 t/ha 15 to 25 % 16 to 25 t/ha 20 to 30 %

In 2003-2004 in the northern half and in certain areas, production loss due to cricket attacks is almost 100%.

Several enemies of crops and according to the operations act ruthlessly in the WAAPP countries. In the CMDT area in Mali, several ravagers were noticed during the 2006-2007 operations. On cotton it is observed: phyllophages (Sodoptera caterpillar sp, Cosmophyla flava and Syllepte derogata); carpophages (Helvicoverpa armigera, Earias sp,Diparopsis watersi); stinging suckers (Aphis gossipii (green flies), Bermisa sp (white flies), Empoasca fascialis (jassides); diseases like floral Virescence. Concerning cereals, the mildew has been observed on millet and on maize striate while green flies have been identified on sorghum and Chrysomeles on millet. The table below gives an overall vision of pests living on some crops particularly in Senegal.

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Tableau 20 : Pests of some crops:

Crops Pests and diseases Control product or methodShort bean Drills of cloves Maruca testilalis pyrethrinods (deltamethrin)

Tomato noctua Helico verpa armigera idemRed spider Tetranychus urticae Abamectin, Endosulfan, sulphurLeaves miner Liriomyzatrifolii cyromazine, abamectin

Melon Fruit fly Didacus spp Dimethoate, malathion, trichlorfon, imidaclopride, methomyl

Cucurbit beatles Henosepilchna elaterii Dimethoate, malathion, trichlorfon, imidaclopride, méthomyl

Greenflies Aphis gossypii Bifenthrin, imidaclopride, pyrethrinoïds (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin)

Mildew Pseudoperonospora chlorothalonil, metalaxyl Resistant variety, maneb, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, metalaxy

oïdium Erysiphe cichoracearum Triforine, sulphur, triadimefonTomato Tomato noctua Helico verpa armigera Li : use of intervention thresholds binairy

application baculovirus- deltamethrin, release of trichogrammes (egg parasites)

GreenflyWhite fly

Mysus persicae Bifenthrin, deltamethrin, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrine, acephate, thiametoxame

Tanned acariose Aculops lycopersici Abamectin, Endosulfan, cyhexatin, azoxyclotin, dicofol

Le blanc Leveillula taurica Sulphur and triforinFruit decay Rhizoctonia solani Captafol, metirame-zinc, manèbe, mancozèbe,

chlorothalonil, iprodioneBacterial gall Xanhomonas vesicatoria Cu

Onion Thrips Thrips tabaci pyrethrinoïdes (deltamethrine, lambda-cyhalothrine), bifenthrineTomato noctua

Rose root Pyrenochaeta terrestris Fusarium spp

Crop rotation with other crops like onion, garlic, shallot leek

Cabbages Insects (20) pyrethrinoïds (deltamethrine, lambda-cyhalothrine), bifenthrine, acephate, quinalphos, product made with Bt

mildiou Peronospora parasitica manèbe, mancozèbe, chlorothalonilMillet Stem driller

Ear suckerLépidoptères (lema planifrons Ws, sesamia sp, etc.)

Tolerant varieties and integrated combat (lâchers de bracon hebetor ( enemy heliocheilus Ibipunctella)

Sorghum Termites (microtermes sp), locusts, leave eating sworm (mythimna lorei), stem drillers (sesamia calamistis), panicle bug.

Resistant variety, chemical combat (laddock), biological combat and cultivation methods (eliminating harvest residues, early seedling, rotations)

Source : Evaluation of agricultural and food processing research in Senegal 1964 – 2004 ISRA –ITA –CIRAD

4-3 Public health context: Malaria

Vectorial transmitted diseases (VTD): malaria (Anopheses gambiae) bilharziosis (Schistosoma haematobium), onchocercose (Onchocerca volvulus volvulu), lymphatic filariose ( Wuchewria bancrofti),the arboviroses (Aedes furcifer, Aedes luteocephalus, Aedes taylori, Aedes neo africanus Aedes vitatus and Aedes aegypti), dracunculose (Dracunculus medinensis), and the african human trypanomiasis ( THA) ( Glossina palpalis gambiensis, Glossina morsitans submorsitans) constitute a major health problem in West Africa.

Senegal, Burkina, Mali, and Ghana have several programmes to combat these diseases combining curative measures, which target the parasite with preventive measures integrating anti-vector operations, which for a long time depended exclusively on the use of insecticides having consequences on the environment.

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This strategy follow from the WHO resolution 50.13 on chemical security adopted at the 50th World Health Assembly, which urged member States to «  take measures to reduce dependence on insecticides, to combat vector diseases through the promotion of integrated approaches of fight against vectors in accordance with these directives”

In fact, it resulted in the adoption of the integrated combat against the vectors (LIV) by the OMS Regional Office for Africa (OMS/AFRO) during its workshop, held in Harare (Zimbabwe) in February 2001, as a strategic approach to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with vector diseases. A regional elaboration and implementation framework was set up to that effect.

The choice of this approach by the WAAPP countries is justified by its effectiveness, given that utilising the combination of technological means to arrive at a reduction or a suppression of vectors, with such a low impact on the environment. The permeation of mosquito nets, curtains and other materials with insecticides recommended by the WHOPES group of the WHO, as well as larva control, pest control are included in this programme.

4-4 Epidemiological situation of malaria:

Malaria is a major public health and development problem because it represents the first cause of morbidity and mortality. The most vulnerable are children under five years of age and pregnant women. Protection in the adult population is low. Three parasites are responsible for malaria in man.: Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum, which is the most widespread species and responsible for severe and, at times, deadly attacks.

With the setting up of National Programmes to combat Malaria, significant efforts have been made within the framework of initiatives associated with sensitising the population: (“Roll back Malaria initiative)” and prevention reinforcement (treated mosquito nets), training of health personnel and community agents and the availability of treated mosquito nets.

In Senegal, the number of deaths recorded is estimated at about 8000 cases annually and the disease remains the first mortality. In Burkina, in 2005, severe malaria was the primary motive for hospitalization at the district level with a total of 78 659 cases representing 52.5% of the reasons for hospitalization. 13136 cases of simple malaria and 3328 cases of severe malaria concerned external consultations in CHR/CHU; 20 788 cases of hospitalization due to severe malaria of which 1380 were also recorded in these centres.

In Mali, malaria constitutes the primary cause of mortality with 13% of the deaths, the primary cause of morbidity with 15.6% of cases in the general population and the primary cause of anemia among infants aged between 0 and 5 years and pregnant women. Moreover, 33% of the consultations are linked to malaria, whereas 80 to 90% of infants carry the plasmodium during the rainy season. But since 2004, there has not been any malaria epidemics in any village in the country. On the whole, 44.125 cases, of which 18 deaths were notified by the arid northern regions (Tombouctou, Gao and Kidal), which have been placed under surveillance given their susceptibility to malaria epidemics. The threshold of alarm has not been attained at any time within a circle in the entire national territory. The low lethality recorded results from improvement in taking charge of some cases, an insufficiency in notifying cases linked to a problem of follow-up.

In Ghana, malaria is still on the first position in consultations with about 40% of the cases. Nonetheless, a decrease in the number of cases was observed between 2004 and 2005 concomitant with the decrease in the number of cases among infants of less than 5 years of age and among pregnant women. The table gives an insight of malaria cases between 2003 and 2006.

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Tableau 21 : Evolution of the primary causes of mortality in Senegal in % (1997 - 2001)

DISEASES 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Malarial access 39.2 36.8 45.8 30.5 40Diarrhoeic diseases 9 8.7 7.8 6.5 3.9Acute respiratory infections 6.3 6.4 7.0 6.2 4.2Measles 4.9 4.6 4.7 3.6 0.7Arterial hypertension 4.9 3.4 4.6 3.4 1.8Malnutrition 4.2 3.3 3.1 2.1 0.7Meningo/meningites 1.8 2.2 3.0 1.8Tuberclosis 1.8 1.7 2.8 1.7 1.7Anemia 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 2.8Source : DSD/MSPH

Tableau 22 : Cases of malaria in Ghana from 2003 to 2005

2003 2004 2005Total number of cases 3 552 000 3 416 000 3 045 949Number of cases among infants of less than 5 years 543 000 629 000 546 000Total admissions 234 000 348 000 118 000Number of cases among pregnant women 7 252 6548 4563Admissions among infants of less than 5 years 181 000 295 000 62 000Total deaths 3094 2688 2718Deaths among pregnant women due to malaria 83 74 37Deaths among infants of less than 5 years 1680 1266 1579Rate of fatal cases ( deaths in the whole hospitals) 1.54 1.68 1.71Rate of fatal cases among infants of less than 5 years 2.91 2.62 2.29

V Pest management approach: pesticides and alternatives

5-1 Controlling pesticides used in crop protection:

As stated in the chapter on regulatory Framework, a wide array of texts are in force concerning the management of pesticides in the different PPAAO countries. These texts indicate the will to control the pesticides use channels.

Thus, in principle every product used in a country should be subjected to approval notably for its importation. This constitutes the primary barrier making it possible to filter the products entering the countries.

In order to ensure that it is done, phytosanitary Control at the borders (sea ports, airports, and roads) is contemplated. It is done by the plant protection services (DPV – Senegal, PPRSD – Ghana, DPVC- Burkina, DGRC – Mali) also in charge of pesticides control. The control of products is also done in principle at the distribution level in the villages through decentralized services, which see to it that distributors abide by the established texts (sales permit).

Finally, in order to ensure the efficient use of the products for the fight against ravagers, the maximum residues limits (MRL) have been defined in Senegal, if not it is the codex alimentarus that is considered or the EU standard (see annex 5). Indeed, the WAAPP countries are required such as the other countries to comply with sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) and especially the pesticides residue values available in farm products that should not exceed the acceptable maximum residue limit.

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Many laboratories are qualified for the analysis of the MRL in the different countries especially CERES Locustox Senegal and LNS/LCV Mali. It is important both from an economic point of view (exports) and also from a sanitary to systematically carry out the monitoring of MRL. Indeed it is admitted by all countries that the presence of residues in food stuff is a reality.

The standard established in Senegal (See annex 6) is applicable to pesticides residues under registered by the Sahelian Pesticides Committee and/or in Senegal or whose use is authorized in the conditions provided for by the codex alimentarius commission. Consequently, the Sahelian Pesticide Committee has defined a list of pesticides to be used for market gardening. (see annex 7).

It must be pointed out that practical problems exist throughout this chain. Actually, with regard to control at the borders, the presence of plant protection agents is not systematic. The primary cause is related to available personnel and the second concerns the logistical aspects. Control of retailers experiences the same constraints although punctual actions are taken. These retailers were not registered on a list and the absence of official recognition or authorization is tolerated. Apart from the budgetary aspect reported everywhere, the institutional constraints are explained through restructuring/devolution undertaken by MA in Mali and Senegal.

5-2 Strategies developed for pest control:

5-2-1 Preventive combat

Preventive fight has to do more with crickets. With the aid of international cooperation, prospecting teams are at work during the periods of the year indicated in order to follow the evolution of the demographic situation. Control of other agricultural pests is the responsibility of farmers. However, the plant protection services also carry out pests identification in order to determine the areas of infestation risk concerning food security.

5-2-2 Curative combat

Concerning the curative combat, locust invasions are managed at the national and even the sub-regional levels. With regard to other ravagers, the peasants confronted with pest problems contact appropriate services for counseling about the fight to adopt in the field. In this way, the decentralized plant protection services play a very important counseling support role at this level.

The integrated control is a strategy adopted for the fight against pests in practically every country. However, the use of alternative methods and more specifically the integrated combat is not widespread despite the efforts undertaken even though the use of pesticides is not so systematic and important given the high cost of the products relative to the financial capacity of the majority of the farmers.

Research Institutions in the various WAAPP countries have also obtained interesting results with regard to the efficient use of products, the alternatives. In actual fact, several institutes (Crops Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture/KNUST, UGL, Savannah Agricultural Research Institute) in Ghana have conducted projects concerning the integrated management of pests in several operations (maize, mangoes, lemon, rice, cucumber, cotton), the development of a control system for the use of pesticides for communities practicing urban related agriculture, IPM Kit development, demonstration and transfer of technology in IPM.

The IER in Mali, INERA in Burkina and ISRA in Senegal have developed resistant varieties for certain pests, conducted studies on the impact of ravagers and the effective means to combat them, developed technologies in order to achieve higher productivity.

Also in the move to identify research programmes, actors at the low level are involved (NGOs, Technical establishments, such that the populations on the ground are taken care of. Thus, the combat

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strategies notably non chemical ones are conceived by ISRA in consideration of the problem on the ground: e.g. The development of mechanical protection technology with clods for the fight against nematodes on the roots of tomatoes (80% organic matter and 20% sand), works on neem and pepper.

In order to share the research results, a whole range of products have been elaborated and field demonstrations held and restitution workshops organised.

5-3 Management approach to combat malaria

The fight against is currently based on early treatment and on the prevention of the disease: use of preventive medicaments and to combat mosquitoes.

The popularisation of permeated mosquito nets and their free of charge distribution to pregnant women and children of less than 2 years of age during prenatal consultations and vaccination sessions as well as sensitising pregnant women for prenatal consultations and the use of mosquito nets will reduce morbidity rates

These past years mass campaigns have been organised in the countries for the permeation of mosquito nets with products authorised by the WHO; pyrethrinoïds like deltamethrin. In addition to health services, community organisations have been involved in this strategy. The personnel employed receive training on the impregnation with the necessary precautionary measures notably with regard to the elimination of product residues. However, the present trend is to use mosquito nets permeated in advance.

VI. Management and use of pesticides

6-1. Production and importation of pesticides

In the PPAAO 1 countries, there are no industrial units ensuring the synthesis of active materials through brandy laboratories. Thus, production of pesticides in the proper way is not effective in the whole of these countries. So, finished products are rather imported notably through mother companies represented at the national level or active matters for formulation purposes.

Four formulation units exist in Senegal: Industrial and Agricultural Products Company (IAPC), the (SENCHIM), (SOCHIM) and (VALDAFRIQUE), which import active matters used in the formulation of pesticides.

In Mali, the formulation units are the Malian Chemical Products Company (MCP) and the Insecticides Products Manufacturing Company (IPMC). In Ghana the following can be cited – Abuakwa Formulation unit, Wienco (Gh) Sarl, Dizengoff (GH) Sarl, CHEMICO Sarl, Reiss & Co. (Gh) Sarl, Calli Ghana Sarl, Saroagrosciences (GH) Sarl. These companies are regrouped in Ghana under the Croplife Ghana affiliated to Croplife Africa/Middle East.

Most of the phytosanitary products sold in Senegal are currently formulated there by SENCHIM and SPIA, for reasons having to do essentially with transport costs (especially in the case of low concentration products like powders for powdering) and the weight of taxation for formulations imported from abroad. These companies formulate phytosanitary products either on their own account or for other foreign or local companies such as CALLIOPPE, SUMITOM, Roussel-ULCAF, ICI, BAYER, RHONE, POULENC, FMC, etc. SENCHIM and SPIA invest essentially in order to improve and diversify their production (quality of products formulate to ISO-9001/2000 and ISO-9002 standards). SOCHIM and VALDAFRIQUE formulate agro-pharmaceutical products for public hygiene only.

Let us point out in this connection that Senegal has significant production possibilities with these companies, their formulated products can be excellent, given the modernity of the installations and the

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high quality of local charges (in the case of powders and granules). In the table below, we give the different types of formulations by industrial unit, quantities formulated annually and their formulation capacity.

Tableau 23 : Types of formulations by industrial unit in Senegal

Industrial units Type of formulation Quantities formulated per year CapacitiesSPIA UL Formulation

EC Formulation DP Formulation

Granulated Formulation

900 to 1000 000 L300 000 L3 500 T250 T

50 000 L/D

50 T/D1 000 T/YR

SENCHIM-AG. ULV Formulation EC Formulation DP Formulation

700 000 L500 000 L1 500 T

20 000 L/D20 T/D

SOCHIM (BAYGON)Spray(YOGON)Pulverizing Liquid

300 000 L/yr20 000L/yr

VALDAFRIQUE (YOTOX), Spray, Pulverizing Liquid

Serpentine-Plates : 2 300kg Sprays : 180.000 litres

However, in all these countries, a significant part of unauthorised importation has been noted. The tables below provide information on the quantities imported in the countries.

In Senegal importation (active matters, finished products) are summarised in value of CAF and FCFA on the table hereunder. On the fifteen, an average annual amount of 4.4 billion CFA is recorded for insecticides, 1 billion for fungicides and herbicides and about 300 million for the others.

To this situation, it will be necessary to add locally manufactured and consumed quantities in the countries. Also, these importations are not subjected to prior approval by the Plant Protection Service or the CNGP Permanent Secretariat in order to establish control for a better management of these pesticide products.

Tableau 24 : CIF Value of pesticides in billions of CFA in Senegal

Year Insecticides Fungicides Others1984-1985 2 0,5 0,05 0,081985-1986 2,5 0,7 0,1 0,0851986-1987 4 0,7 0,5 0,11987-1988 2,5 0,9 0,6 0,21988-1989 4,5 0,9 0,7 0,251989-1990 4,8 0,88 0,78 0,31990-1991 4,9 0,95 0,8 0,361991-1992 5,1 0,99 0,855 0,381992-1993 6,4 1 0,9 0,41993-1994 5 1 1 0,451994-1995 5,1 1,2 1,4 0,41995-1996 4,2 1,2 1,7 0,441996-1997 4,9 1,5 1,8 0,41997-1998 5,1 1,7 1,8 0,451998-1999 5,7 1,9 2 0,4Total 66,7 16,02 14,985 4,695Average/yr 4,446 1,068 0,999 0,313

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Tableau 25 : Importation of agro-chemical products in Ghana (Mt)

Chemical Group

Year1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004

Insecticide 194 670 1,519 349 1,203 1,195 907 1,090 610 Fungicide 134 192 130 183 718 673 618 1,345 770Herbicide 89 55 132 225 195 224 598 582 1,096 Nematicide 21 22 51 5 - - - - -Rodenticide - - - - 22 257 384 563 -Total 438 939 1,832 762 2,138 2,349 2,507 3,580 2,476Sources: 1. CEPS (1995-1998) and 2. GSS (1999-2004)- unavailable; 2003 data unavailable also.

Tableau 26 : Importation of Insecticides, Fungicides, Herbicides in Mali

YEAR 2005 VALUE WEIGHTInsecticides, Fungicides Herbicides 14 550 768 990 1 725 147 YEAR 2004 VALUE WEIGHTInsecticides, Fungicides, Herbicides 13 699 168 482 5 510 444 YEAR 2003 VALUE WEIGHTInsecticides, Fungicides Herbicides 11 498 659 131 4 421 107

6-2 Commercial policy on pesticides:

In Senegal, it is necessary to observe that the commercial policy and the price levels applied do not encourage the unrestrained use of pesticides. Actually, the prices of pesticides and pulverizing and sprinkling materials are not always accessible notably to small producers especially in the areas outside market gardening.

Tableau 27 : Retail price of pesticides in Senegal

Formulation of Pesticides

Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides

ULV Formulation 2.800 to 3.800 CFA/ L

CE Formulation 3.500 to 4.500 CFA/L 4.000 F CFA/L

PP Formulation 450 to 1200 CFA/Kg 3.000 to 6500 CFA/kg

Granulated Formulation 800 to 1.900 CFA/Kg 9000 F CEA/ Kg

WP Formulation 2.500 to 8.000 CFA/Kg

Likewise, subventions and/or credit rates charged on small financial loans in banking institutions for the purchase of pesticides for agricultural operations are not favourable. The level of taxes imposed on the importation of pesticides (insecticides relative to weight/volume <=1kg: 44.48% of total taxation; 1kg: 26.78% of total taxation) and the imposition of VAT on the importation of pesticides ready for use restrain some producers. Nevertheless, it is necessary to point out the support given to pesticide formulating industries relative to the suppression of tax on imported technical materials needed in the formulation of commercial specialties on the spot.

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Tableau 28 : Importation is equally facilitated through tax reductions in Mali.

 NTS UEMOA   Merchandise designation  US DD RS PCS PC (I) ISCP

Other Tax (II) VAT

Fiscal Pressure

38.08 antirodents, fungicides      

 

germination Inhibitor and growth regulators for plants, disinfectants and similar products, presented in the form of packaging or retail sale or in the process of preparation or under the form of articles like ribbons, wicks and brimstone candles and fly spray paper      

         insecticides      3808.10.10.00 -- Retail sales conditions kg 20 1 1 0.5     18 44,283808.10.90.00 -- Others kg 5 1 1 0.5     18 26,583808.20.00.00 - Fungicides kg 5 1 1 0.5       7,503808.30.00.00 - Herbicides, germination inhibitors        and growth regulators for plants kg 5 1 1 0.5       7,503808.40.00.00 - Disinfectants kg 5 1 1 0.5       7,503808.90.00.00 - Others kg 5 1 1 0.5       7,50

6-3 Organisation and practice used in selling and distribution:

The distribution channel is entirely private. Suppliers who import the products feed the market through distributors, retailers who supply traders who display for sale. Certain distribution spots – sales point- are well kept and abide by commercial rules; in general the products are well displayed on shelves. However, at the level of many retailers and traders who display for sale there are great risks. Thus, on account of the low financial capacity of peasants and other buyers, the products are sold in retail. This practice is carried out without caution notably with decanting Some retailers are polyvalent and therefore engage in other types of commerce in the same premises notably the same of food products. Distribution is also carried out sometimes without authorisation as required by the regulation and with the personnel not having received any training in the pesticides chemical products domain in general. In actual fact many of these actors do not have permits or quite simply temporary permit. Nevertheless, retailers affiliated to suppliers receive this type of training through the suppliers themselves.

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6-4 Use of pesticides by farmers:

Farmers themselves spray the plant products. The protection of farmers against any type of contamination by pesticides is lacking. Farmers use various types of applications. Hand dusting without gloves and protection mask is used. Treatment by ferti-irrigation is used in association with drip irrigation. The plant products and soluble fertilizers are directly injected in the irrigation system. The treatment method involves less risk for users but it is not affordable by the vast majority of farmers because of the high level of investment.

As regards the bad use of pesticides, the treatments are done several times which leads to product waste but also to a lack of good judgement as regards their efficiency. The documents that allow to monitor product traceability are very scarce or even inexistent as well as the notification of product usage. All of this could lead to the availability of residues in the products with the associated difficulties to export these.

6-5 Management of pesticides containers:

The management of pesticides containers is under the responsibility of resellers because of the retail sales system. They find themselves with the most important share of the empty containers which are differently managed.

Sales to pesticides buyers who do not have empty containers and who straightforward reuse these containers;

Sales for other uses: some containers are reused for storage purposes.

In the framework of the country programmes implemented in order to find against locusts, some equipment for the treatment of empty containers are installed with the help of the FAO or are waiting to be installed. Those equipments will be used for the treatment of high capacity drums. The objective pursued is to collect all empty pesticides containers and to dispose them of or even recycle them (PVC for plastic barrels and steel reinforcement bar for metallic barrels, the use of barrels for the protection of trees in reforestation activities, etc…) A collection system is put is place by the plant protection department. The remaining task consists then in managing all the containers particularly plastic ones with a big capacity 11, 51 l used by some farmers and available with some resellers.

6-6 Pesticides use and management to fight against mosquitoes:

The products used in order to treat the mosquito nets are very often managed by the programmes that aim at ensuring a safe storage, transport and distribution of products. The quantities used decrease progressively in the countries since pre- treated mosquito nets are used. Consequently the re-impregnation is not frequent because of the long remanence and retention of the product in the textile.

Below mentioned the quantities used by the DHPS in Mali for impregnation purposes.

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Tableau 29 : Plant care products purchased by DHPS (Source: DHPS, 2006)

Insecticides Classes 2003 2004 2005

SOLFAC CE 50%

SOLFAC CE 05%

CAP 88 CE 20%

FURY 212 CE 10 %

PERMETHRINE CE 50%

DELTAMETHRINE CE 0,13%

DURSBAN CE 50%

DUSRBAN CE 4%

DURSBAN WP 5%

PROPOXUR CE 20 %

RACUMIN 0,004%

DIAZINON ULV 50%

DIAZINON CE 50%

Pyrethrinoids

Pyrethrinoids

Pyrethrinoids

Pyrethrinoids

Pyrethrinoids

Pyrethrinoids

Organophosphous

Organophosphous

Organophosphous

Organophosphous

Chemical rodenticide

Organophosphorous

Organophosphous

359 l

350 l

439 Kg

190 l

190 l

300 l

22 l

60 Kg

195 l

2000 l

1200 l

5000 l

1500 l

135 l

2500 l

650 Kg

600 l

130 Kg

6-7 Accidents resulting from pesticides:

As regards the sanitary consequences of the use of pesticides we have often cases of death or intoxication. Indeed, in the course of the years, many cases of lethal intoxication have been recorded for men, the cattle of fish stocks, (This list is not exhaustive). PAN Africa keeps a database on the cases that occurred in Senegal and in some countries of the sub region. This initiative has to be supported for the collection and keeping of accurate statistics on these events. Indeed, at country level, the data are not yet recorded or very much fragmented. The below mentioned box shows the urgency to start awareness raising actions that will target the different users in order to avoid accidents and incidents.

1998, Keur Ibra N’doye (Department of Rufisque), a child mistakenly swallowed some Lanale 90 against some milk (which he found under his father pillow). He died a few minutes after.

In a village near Ndoffane (Darou/IRHO), in 1992, a night guard was found dead the following morning in front of the strong room where shell grounds were being fumigated with methyl bromide (CH3Br). He was lying on a mat on the floor in front of the door, of which the rubber joints were not watertight. During the night, he inhaled the bromide, which was coming out through the door as it was not watertight.

At Keur Abdou Ndoye, 17 cows died as a result of intoxication after the shepherd had treated their bodies with Fenpropathrin 20% CE against teaks (June 2001).

At Velingara, on 12th August 2001, a mother and one of her four children were intoxicated to death after eating soup prepared with groundnuts (groundnut seeds treated with fungicide, granox, spinox T or other fungicide). The remaining three children were saved at the Velingara Health Centre ( Radio Senegal, Radio Sud FM and Walfadjiri).

In some villages in Kolda region, 23 people died after touching and eating foodstuff or groundnut seeds treated with Granox TBC or Spinox-T (July-August 2000). Raports and interviews conducted by Dr GOMEZ from the SNGE of Dakar.

In February 1996, from Thilé Boubacar to Thiangaye in the Fleuve region, a hecatomb of fishes (11 different species of fish) three kilometres long hit the headlines in Senegal. According to investigation, an agricultural enterprise in the region, which uses two types of pesticides, was said to be responsible for the brutal death of the fishes; the pesticides were Thimul 35 (of m.a endosulfan at 150 g/l and Kelthane (m. a dicofol at 350 g/l) and added to TOXIMUL, which is a distilling adhesive ( increases the adhesion of the product on the leaves).

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Source Ousmane BOYE Crop Protection Department Dakar

6-8 Environmental assessment of management systems:

Stage Factors Risks Mitigation measures Public health environment Staff

Transport Lack of training

Accidental spill Pollution of ground waters by lixiviation

Product, gaz, dust inhalationRisk of contact with the skin

- Training - in depth awareness raising of the staff in charge of managing pesticides on all the aspects of the industry as well as the emergency responses- Provide staff with protective equipment and incite them to wear them all.

- Provide appropriate storage equipment, rehabilitate existing sites.

- Raising the awareness of the public on pesticides and containers use.-Training on container management I order to ensure safe disposal- Ban big capacity containers in order to avoid decanting the products.-Reduce the quantities of pesticides used through the effective use of alternative products.

Storage Lack of means

Lack of training on pesticides management

Accidental contamination Discomfort nuisance to neighbouring populations

Soil contamination

Contact with the skin though spill caused by the that narrow premises

Handing Manipulation

Lack of training and awareness raising

Contamination of water sources through & the cleaning containers

Soil contamination by spill resulting from accidents or intentional ones.

Inhalation of gas, contact with the skin through spills during decanting operations

Disposal of containers

Lack of training and awareness raising information

Product ingestion by reuse of containers

Contact with the skin and respiratory track

Cleaning of containers

Lack of training, information and awareness raising

Contact with the skin, contamination of wells

Acute Intoxication of fishes and other crustacean, pollution of wells and ponds and ground waters.

Contact with the skin.

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VII Action plan:

The below key points summarise the status of pesticides management in Burkina, Senegal, Mali and Ghana.

The alternative methods are scarcely used in order to fight against the crop enemies The conditions for the sale of pesticides entail some risks for resellers. The empty containers are not managed except when it consists in fighting against locusts The vast majority of farmers still do not know the proper and relevant use of pesticides

including the different alternative methods used in the framework of integrated pest control.

These conclusions call for action directions.

The strengthening of capacities particularly the training on the use of pesticides and the alternative methods: crop protection department, farmers, the management of pesticides’ stocks (resellers)

Raising the awareness of all involved parties on sound pesticides management practices. Drafting disposal strategies of empty containers

However pests and pesticides management activities were carried out or planned for implementation in the WAAPP intervention area within the framework of the agricultural services and farmers’ associations’ projects and other development projects that include these attempts to improve the situation. In the framework of research activities the institutions have had the opportunity to tackle issues associated with the safe use of pesticides and the development of alternative methods.

The WAAPP programme is focussed on research and will at the most stop at on-farms tests level by research institutions before wide dissemination the scope of which will be dependant on the rate of use by farmers. Consequently the scope of the WAAPP will not reach production justifying thus a potential increased use of pesticides as an indirect result of the WAAPP.

7-1 Initiatives and actions planned in ongoing projects

Ongoing projects in the countries like PASAOP in Mali, the AgSSIP in Ghana, the GIPD in many countries of the West African sub-Region, integrated pesticides management in their components and accomplish a lot of activities. The PSAOP in Senegal and the PAFASP in Burkina have pest ad pesticides management plans with a number of activities to be carried out.

In the case of malaria, the National Programmes to combat malaria have designed control strategies as well as field activities in each country for the effective of the disease and regional programmes such as the PGIRE of the OMVS (Organization for the development of the Senegal River) also are operating in the intervention zones in the framework of this fight but also in the management of pest and pesticides.

In the field of information and awareness raising, the ECOWAS is implementing a sub regional information programme that includes pesticides management aspects.

7-1-1 The Projects with some initiatives on pesticide

At the PASAOP level for example, notably in the Special Initiative on the control of harmful organisms component, the following activities have been completely or partially accomplished:

review of legislation on pesticides regulation and control (importation and commercialization),

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supporting the DGRC at the national and regional levels for : pesticides quality control, regulation and control of pesticides distribution and utilization, management of stocks and control of distribution centres, training DRGC personnel and private retailers

supporting the National Pesticides Management Committee establishment of a system for the prevention of phytosanitary risk supporting laboratories for the analysis of pesticides and residues supporting Research Programmes in Integrated Control of Harmful organisms (CION) initiating popularization agents into the CION techniques sensitization programmes, exchange visits among farmers, training producers in CION (school

of agriculture)

Within the framework of the agricultural services sub sector Programme in Ghana (AgSSIP), the Plants protection and regulatory services Department (PPRSD) developed guides notably, conducted training for 500 sellers and applicators on the sound management of pesticides, 200 agricultural officers on security and application equipment, inspection of national storage equipment for import companies, inspections of pesticides sales stores and organized a forum with retailers on the management of pesticides.

A sub regional participative training programme in Production Management and Pillagers of crops across Farmlands – Producers’ Schools (GIPD/CED) (FAO Netherlands) which is interested in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal will be set up in the years running from 2006-2010. It is a continuation of a primary phase (2001-2005) in which Benin was not interested. The programmes of this first phase were:

To develop a sub-regional capacity in GIPD by using comparative advantages of the 3 member countries (market gardening for Senegal, cotton for Mali and rice for Burkina Faso);

To sensitize public opinions, political and technical decision makers and development partners on GIPD;

To promote exchange of experience among experts and producers from the three countries.

The programme is directed at three agricultural channels being cotton, market gardening and rice cultivation for which the use of pesticides still remains a significant concern.

This sub-regional programme has made it possible to develop a capacity in GIPD for agricultural popularization officers as well as producers trained and producers’ trainers. The number of people trained within the framework of the programme is shown in the table below.

With the utilisation of GIPD practices, evaluation reports have pointed out that the number of treatments applied has decreased. In Senegal, the reduction in the use of pesticides in market gardening varied between 8 and 100%. In Burkina Faso, a survey conducted on the rice cultivation area of the Kou Valley, in the west of the country has shown that only 50% of trained producers against 94.44% of untrained ones would use insecticides in the open farm. Trained producers would use on average 0.31 of the products/ha against 0.71/ha for the untrained. In Mali, the use of pesticides in rice cultivation is becoming rare. Generally, the GIPD programme has contributed to a better preservation of the environment through the promotion of bio pesticides and natural pesticides, which are alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides and which are more respectful of the human, animal and environmental health.

Tableau 30 : Situation of people trained as at December 31, 2005

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RiceAF PF P

Market gardeningAF PF P

CottonAF PF P

Burkina MaliSenegal

34-15

14419625

46543743748

363846

090102

336240795244

4205

0400

561071109

Total 49 365 9145 120 192 12685 29 40 1236NB: AF: Facilitating officers ; PF : Producers facilitators; P : Producers

The second phase envisages notably: The training of 425 technical facilitators (TF) and 1235 producers facilitators (PF), of which at

least 25% women. In that regard, 14 long season trainers training programmes will be held for the whole countries

The in-house training of about 550 technical trainers and 1500 producers trainers (of which at least 25% women

The training of around 120 000 producers, of which at least 30% women by running more than 2480 CEP and 2250 CEP extensions (consolidation)

7-1-2 The projects with pests and pesticides management plans:

Two projects, the PSAOP au Senegal and the PAFASP in Burkina, have been proposed a pest and pesticides management plan; the activities selected are capacity building, the purchase of infrastructures and logistic equipments.

Tableau 31 : Activities planned in the framework of the PSAOP and PAFASP pests and pesticides management plan

Main activity DetailStrengthening of extension mechanisms Information programmeFighting against granivorous birds Driving outFighting against nematodes Testing plots Setting up of pesticides management infrastructures

Protective and spraying equipmentStorage of the pesticides in the CLV, DRDRSystem for the disposal of empty containers including: storage room, burial pit, incineration unit.

Strengthening of the control system of distributed pesticides

Dissemination of the list of registered pesticidesPurchase of motorbikes and assisting the plant crop protection services to operate for one year

Strengthening of the environmental control of pesticides

Training of 4 technicians Specific surveys (laboratories)

Strengthening of the regulation Drafting lawsDissemination of the laws drafted and in force

Strengthening of capacity in integrated control and pesticides management

Training for ANCAR, DRDR, IRSV, OPDesigning and/ Distribution of manuals

The Environmental Observatory Department (EOD) of the OMVS which monitors the situation of the environment and the natural resources of the River Senegal Basin ((345000km2 in Mali, in Mauritania in Senegal and in Guinea) has set up a monitoring system of pesticides consumption and control of the use and circulation of phytosanitary products. The existing system in Mali is shown in the below figure wit the main involved stakeholders. This contributes in pesticides environmental control through the database of the Observatory fed by 28 local coordination committees.

OMVS has also an action plan as part of the health component of the PGIRE programme (Project for the management of water resources and the environment of the River Senegal basin) a project with a malaria component that will be implemented with a funding from the World Bank, The Netherlands, and France in 2007. The plan for the management of pest and pesticides prepared in the framework of the PGIRE has planned to implement the activities contained in the below mentioned table.

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Figure 1 : Diagram for the monitoring of pesticides of the Environmental Observatory Department of OMVS

Tableau 32 : Activities planned in the framework of the PGIRE pests and pesticides management plan

 Promotion f pesticides management

Building/equipment/rehabilitation of pesticides storage premisesBuilding of a pesticides analysis laboratoryBuilding and equipping of the laboratory for the analysis of the quality o waters and soils Monitoring of plant cover and wildlife evolutionTraining of staff in the management of intoxicationsSupporting the enforcement of the phytosanitary legislation: strengthening the regulatory texts, dissemination of the list of registered products, strengthening of the fraud control department.

Promotion of integrated pest control

Conduction of studies: research and development of alternative control methodsFarmer field school: Training of trainers, teaching aids, fees for CEP trainers

Strengthening of the regional surveillance network and signalling of transboundary pests.

Purchase of rolling stock equipment: prospection cars (4x4), motorbikes for prospection, mobile ER wirelessesPurchase of computer and audio equipmentOrganization and coordination of joint prospection activitiesPurchase of treatment cars.Purchase of technical equipment : GPS, lens, small laboratory equipment,Purchase of protective equipment, health monitoring kit -

Training of crop protection technicians

Postgraduate training: ornithologist, ecotoxicologist, phytopharmacist, technicians specialised in crop protection, pesticides management pesticides, pest management technicians, continuing training at Agrhymet (01 month) , internships, study travels, and workshopsDraft manualsPurchase of training aids

Support to farmers organizations

Training of phytosanitary squads, farmers, raising the awareness of the populations

Anti-vector control Dust spraying cars, Kit to rid of mosquitoes, promotion of BT use, promotion of Tilapia use, promotion of the neem use , training LIV, training in the detection of larvae nests.

The promotion of the use of alternative control strategies is a recurrent activity in the management plans since the alternative methods are very scarcely used in order to kill crop enemies or disease carrier insects. Indeed, the promotion of the use of alternative strategies goes through the

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strengthening of extension/advice provision and information mechanisms. The management of pesticides can only be efficient if a wide response is given to sound practices, precaution measures, environmental risks and health. This wide sensitization requires the use of wide audience channels. In addition to national programmes, the ECOWAS has launched a sub regional information programme that includes pests and pesticides management and alternative methods.

7-1-3 Conclusion 

These plans concern the strengthening of stakeholder capacity (farmers’ organizations, crop protection departments staff), the installation of storage infrastructures but also of disposal of empty containers, the support to the operation f crop protection departments, the promotion of the use of alternative control strategies and the strengthening of regulation.

However, at the light of the developments on the limits of rational management of pesticides, the activities carried out as well as those planned to take place, and also owning to the fact that the WAAPP is not an investment programme in production, the role of the WAAPP is tied essentially around awareness raising activities for the implementation of the activities particularly capacity building, the understanding of the pesticides environment, the promotion of the use of alternative control strategies that includes the financing of some activities that have not been planned in the ongoing strategies.

7-2 Actions to be carried out in the framework of the national programmes (PASAOP, PSAOP, AgSSIP, PAFASP)

7-2-1 Strengthening capacities in pesticides management

The customs officers are working in collaboration with crop protection staff but they very often do not know the products. This is a risk factor particularly as regards the smuggling of non registered products. It is of extremely important to involve the customs office staff in the training sessions planned by the national programmes during which they will be trained on labelling systems, informed on the products that have been banned in each country and on products authorised for sale etc…

The greatest majority of resellers are not trained in pesticides management and consider pesticides to be like any other kind of product. The most informed distributors often spend most of their time promoting their new products. Consequently, many pesticides resellers have knowledge gaps in the area of the risk associated with pesticides, the handling of the latter, the management of containers and also the understanding of regulatory requirements. In the implementation of national programmes (PASAOP, PSAOP, AgSSIP, PAFASP) there will be some levelling and training that will include even those who said they have received a training with the help of the suppliers on areas such as pesticides storage, handling, repackaging, security practices etc. This training is a prior aspect for the issuance of the registration document as stipulated by country regulations. These trainings are given by crop protection departments and also at decentralised level (region, province, etc.)

7-2-2 Mastery of the environment surrounding pesticides

Packaging on the basis of the financial means of users

The content of the currently used containers has as a consequence repackaging practices using small bottles with all the risks involved by resellers because of the fact that some farmers cannot for instance by one litre of product or do not need the whole content of the bottle. Thus they prefer buying in retail. The work to be done will consist in raising the awareness of industries specialised in formulating pesticides so that they propose products with a smaller container. For this purpose, the most used products will be selected on the basis of the treatment system. The sensitization will be conducted by the national heads of programmes, the ministries of agriculture, NGOS, etc.

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Census of pesticides distributors

The programmes have planned to provide support to crop protection departments that have the responsibility to control the distribution of pesticides. Consequently, it would be relevant to raise their awareness for the conduction of a census of distributors, an operation conducted in the framework of the controls carried out.

Quantitative and qualitative monitoring of pesticides used and poisonings:

The monitoring of quantities of pesticides used in the different countries is still very low. Apart from big consumers that place larger orders using and that particularly resort to call for tenders and that take in charge themselves the monitoring, the other consumption share is very often less known both in terms of quantity, quality and typology.

Thus it would be relevant that national programmes such as the PGIRE an OMVS programme builds a databank in each country for feeding the databank, fostering collaboration among crop protection services, customs offices, the Ministry of trade, the big phytosanitary products consumers, the formulation firms, importers etc… will be necessary. Thus, PO and other cooperatives will be sensitized in order to provide the consumption data they have available with them.

A system to monitor the intoxication incidents and accidents currently operational at PAN AFRICA Dakar tries to compile at sub regional level the different cases that have been recorded. The national programmes, the crop protection departments, the agencies and other extension departments could increase the efficiency by raising the awareness of operators to state and notify the intoxication case that occur and also the health systems to be set up. This will help have some statistics date available in each country and also at sub regional level.

7-2-3 Supporting malaria control:

The drying strategy can be relevant since it cuts the reproduction cycle of the anopheles populations and other mosquitoes. Farmers’ awareness will be raised through existing programmes (PASAOP, PSAOP, AgSSIP, PAFASP) in collaboration with the national programmes for malaria control and the other stakeholders involved, to a better management of irrigation systems. It consist in filling the channels and drains, located in irrigated crop areas, with water in order to avoid waterlogging. This allows them to get dried once the feeding channels are closed at the appropriate moment and in perfect harmony with farmers.

7-3 Actions to be carried out in the framework of the WAAPP:

For the tests scheduled to take place in pilot farms, the research institutions will provide pesticides application and protective equipments to involved farmers in case pesticides use. The latter will also receive some training given by researchers on the sound use of products and alternative technologies identified in the area of research. This activity is supported by the WAAPP. This activity is financed by the WAAPP on the basis of 4 technologies tested on five sites in each country.

VIII Stakeholders and their role in the implementation:

The implementation of the action plan will require the involvement of many individual stakeholders or the building of partnerships (Table below):

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It consists of WECARD at regional level. At country level the first stakeholders are national programmes as well as the WECARD/WAAPP focal points i.e. the reference centres of the national agricultural research systems (NARS). The other relevant stakeholders are: - The technical ministries and their decentralised departments (agriculture: control, extension; health; department responsible for combating malaria)- The pesticides distribution channel stakeholders (distributors, resellers, stall keepers)- Farmers and their associations- Formulation and packaging industries- The media for the dissemination of the information as regards the pesticides’’ management- The NGOs involved in the agricultural sector

The implementation of the plan will be supervised at regional level by WECARD and the specially the WECARD officer in charge of impacts monitoring.

At country level, the already built monitoring structures in the plans of the national programmes including WAAPP focal point representative will be assigned the responsibility of monitoring the implementation of the activities in each country.

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Tableau 33 : The Role of stakeholders

Capacity building on integrated pesticides control and management

Pesticides environment control Health, combat malaria

Training Diversification of conditioning

Controlling distributors

Pesticides control

Monitoring intoxications

Supporting malaria control

Activities

Actors

Customs officials

FarmersDistributors,Retailers, shopkeepers

Awareness raising ofIndustrialists

census of distributors

Databank construction and exploitation

Databank building and exploitation

Awareness raising for better use of irrigation systems

SEN : MABSA/ MEPN, CNGP /min of industry

Awareness raising ofIndustrialists

Organize census process

Organize data collection processMALI : MEA, CNGP,

min of industryGhana : EPA, CTP MoFA/min of industryBurkina : MAHRH / /CNGP/ min of industryMin. of Health, national malaria combat programmes

Awareness raising ofIndustrialists

Organising and setting up of information collection system,

Raise farmers awareness

National programmes (PASAOP, PSAOP, AgSSIP, PAFASP)

Organize trainings sessions

Organize trainings sessions

Inform and sensitize industrial authorities

Databank management

Raise awareness of heath authorities on the setting up of the system

Raise farmers awareness

Research institutes Organize trainings sessions

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and provision of equipment

DPV(sen), DPVC (Bur),DLCP (Mali), PPRSD (Ghana) and decentralised structuresDRDR (Senegal), DPVC/DRAHRH/DPAHRH (Burkina), PPRSD (Ghana), DLCP-OPV (Mali)

Give training sessions

Conduct censuses

Information gathering

Awareness raising for the statement of intoxication cases

Extension structuresANCAR Senegal, DVRD Burkina, PPRSD Ghana, DCAFAR Mali

Awareness raising for information availability

Awareness raising for the statement of intoxication cases

Producers and groupings, federations, cooperatives

Participate in training sessions

Inform and sensitize industrial authorities

Provide information

Provide information on intoxication cases

NGO Inform and sensitize industrial authorities

Awareness raising for information availability

Provide information on intoxication cases

Raise farmers awareness

Importers and big users, customs services, DNCC (Mali)

Inform and sensitize industrial authorities

Make information available

Retailers/Suppliers Participate in training sessions

Make information available

Provide information on intoxication cases

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IX Partnership framework for the implementation:

Activities Implementation Control Country supervision

Overall Supervision

Capacity strengthening on pesticides management Implementation committee

reference centres of the national agricultural research systems (NARS)(ISRA,INERA, IER, CSIR)Representatives of technical ministries(MABSA/MAHRH/MEA/APE)Farmers organization,distributors

WECARD World Bank

Training for

Customs officers

Resellers

DPV, DPVC, DLCP-OPV, PPRSD

National programmes MABSA/MAHRH/MEA/APE

Farmers in pilot farms Research institutes

Pesticides environment controlSensitization for packaging diversification

MABSA/MAHRH/ MEA/APENGO, Distributors, Importers, National programmes

Census of distributors DPV, DPVC, DLCP-OPV, PPRSD

National programmes MABSA/MAHRH/MEA/APE

pesticides databank building and exploitation

DPV, DPVC, DLCP-OPV, PPRSD

National programmes MABSA/MAHRH/MEA/APE

Pesticides intoxication databank building and use

Health service Ghana : National information Centre on poisons

Health ministries

Pilot farmsPurchase and distribution of spraying and personnel protective equipment

Research institutes

WAAPP Focal point

Supporting malaria controlFarmers sensitization NGO, Extension

structures , MCNP

National programmes

X Monitoring and assessment of implementation of the plan

10-1 Monitoring:

The implementation of the plan is dependant on the activities planned by the national programmes for the most important share. Pilot activities on farms are tied to the development of research activities. Consequently, the implementation of the plan depends on these parameters.

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The overall monitoring will be ensured by the implementation committee set up in the framework of the national programmes. However, the WECARD officer in charge of the impacts’ monitoring will periodically go on follow up visits and will be updated on both progress of implementation of the activities planned by the national programmes and also on the WAAP ones managed by WECARD.

Below attached a few monitoring indicators.

Monitoring indicator Pilot farms: Number of equipments for spraying distributed, number of personnel protective equipment distributed, number of farmers trainedNumber of customs officers and resellers trainedThe list of available resellersLow capacity containers on the marketStatistics available on intoxicationsStatistics on imports, formulations, and on the use of available pesticides (quantity, type)

10-2 Evaluation

The assessment of the activities is conducted by the system set up by the national programmes.The officer in charge of monitoring the impacts at WECARD will be informed by the national programmes on their assessment schedules to allow him take part in these. He will capitalize on these visits in order to assess the WAAP activities in pilot farms.

XI Forecast budget

Main activity Detailing of activity Unit

Number (of session) Unit price Total CFA

Total WAAPP

Strengthening the capacity of pilot farmers

Training of farmers U (20) 50 000 1 000 000 4 000 000

 

Purchase of spraying and personal protective equipment U 20 100 000 2 000 000 8 000 000

TOTAL         3 000 000 12 000 000Grand total en US$ 1 US = 500 FCFA       6 000 24 000

The budget is drafted on the basis of the testing of four technologies in each country during phase 1 of the WAAPP. Each technology is tested in five sites in the country. It will be necessary to buy a crop duster, protective equipments (gloves, boots, masks, smocks) and give training to some 10 farmers.

The visits of the WECARD impact monitoring officer in the different countries will be supported by the WECARD.

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Bibliography:

- Socio economic survey on pesticides use in Mali INSAH the sahelian monographs/CILSS Mamadou Camara, Fadimata Haidara, Adramane Traoré

- Annual report 2002-2003 ISRA Senegal. The 2005-2006 Agricultural Campaign Plan Ministry of Agriculture National Directorate for the Support to Farmers Senegal

- Results of the market gardening surveys: - Annual report of the Rural Economy Institute Mali 2005- Annual report of the Rural Economy Institute Mali 2006- Statistics directory/Health 2006 Ministry of health/Directorate for studies and planning Burkina Faso- The stakes of plant protection and cotton production in Mali World bank Facility for Integrated Control

FAO, Rome 2002.- Evaluation of agricultural and food processing research in Senegal 1964 – 2004 ISRA –ITA –CIRAD- Survey o the maximum pesticides residues limits in Senegal, pesticides management in the Sahel

SPC/INSAH, Ousmane Boyer Consultant, sept 2005- Environmental Protection Agency, Strategic environmental assessment, Agricultural Services Sector

Investment Programme (AGSSIP) MoFA March 200- Geogaphic office of Burkina Faso in charge of studies, research and advisory services support and

training, January 2006: Pest and pesticides management plan – final report of the project for the support to agro-sylvopastoral industries. Ministry of agriculture, water and halieutic resources of Burkina Faso.

- DNACPN, August 2006 Environmental assessment report of Phase of the PASAOP, Project for the support of agricultural services and farmers organizations, Ministry of Agriculture Mali.

- Plant Protection Regulatory services Directorate, annual report 2005- Mbaye Mbengue Faye, Lamine Diawara, July 2006 Socio sanitary development programme

(PRODESS 2) Republic of Mali, pest and pesticides management Plan- John Buursink, Djibril Doucouré Pest and pesticides management plan of the PNDL Senegal.- Mbaye Mbengue Faye, Djibril Doucouré Pest and pesticides management plan PSAOP Senegal- FAO : Approval of a new Code of Conduct on pesticides- Guidelines for the disposal of pesticides residues and pesticides containers in farms, FAO, 1985.- Guidelines for people using pesticides in tropical environments, FAO, 1990.- Guidelines for the retail distribution of pesticides and especially their storage, handling in distribution

points and to supply to developing countries farmers FAO, 1988- Code of Conduct for pesticides distribution and use, FAO, 1986- The World Bank Operational Manual Bank Procedures Environmental Assessment BP 4.01 January

1999- The World Bank Operational Manual Bank Procedures Environmental Assessment BP 4.01 Annex A

January 1999 - The World Bank Operational Manual Bank Procedures Application of EA to projects involving Pest

Management BP 4.01 Annex C January 1999.- The World Bank Operational Manuel Operational Policies OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment January

1999.- The World Bank Operational Manual Operational Policies OP 4.01 Annex C Environmental

Management Plan January 1999- The World Bank Operational Manuel Operational Policies OP 4.09 Pest Management December 1998- Pesticides registered by the Sahelian Pesticides Committee. March 1994 to January 2004.- Laws on pesticides regulation commonly shared by the CILSS members states - Pest and pesticides management plan – PDRC- MDRE Djibril Doucouré March 2004- Pest and pesticides management plan – PDMAS Faye Consultancy firm/Djibril Doucouré July 2005- Analysis of the management of quality of pesticides used in farming and public in Mali Ministry of

Health/National Directorate for Public Health programme Mali –WHO Dr Yavi NUTO, Consultant 2000

- Laws

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Annex 1: People met

NAME AND SURNAME POSITION ADDRESSBurkina FASO1. Dao Bassiaka President of the professional Federation of

Burkina Faso farmers (FEPABE)FEPABE/ Ouaga

2. Sawadago Ouedraogo Mariam Secretary General FEPABE/ Ouaga3. Traoré Véronique Treasurer FEPABE/ Ouaga4. Birba Athanasse Member FEPABE/ Ouaga5. Gansonré Marc Member FEPABE/ Ouaga6. Zongo Moumini Treasurer FEPABE/ Ouaga7. Ouedraogo Windimpoui Organisation manager FEPABE/ Ouaga8. badiort Ouattara Managing Director

Directorate in charge of environment improvement (DGACV/MECV)

DGACV/MECV

9. Denis TOE Environmental Assessment Director DGACV/MECV10. Attanasse Director of the environment DGACV/MECV11. Désiré Ouédraogo POPS Focal Point DGACV/MECV12. Coulibaly Mamadou Director Plant Production and Packaging DGPV/Ministry of

Agriculture13. Kaboré Etienne Director DGPV/Ministry of

Agriculture 14. Toe Jean Bassama Extension Services Director DGPV/Ministry of

Agriculture15. Traoré Soungalou Entomologist Ministry of health 16. Gnissa Traoré DG/INERA INERA17. Michel SEDOGO Director of Research, President of

CST/WECARDCNRST

Ghana18. Dr. Felix NYOKO Scientific Advisor CSIR 19. Dr ; Joseph COBBINA Scientific Advisor CSIR20. Daniel AGGREY Principal programme Officer

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)EPA

21. John A. PWANWANG Director /Pesticide Registrar EPA22. John A. Dziwornu Coordinator of Ghana Natural Association of

farmers and fisheries (GNAFF)GNAFF

23. kiofi Brobbey KYEI Director AGLOW FARMS24. Joseph FALLON Coordinator of AgSSIP MOFA25. Vesper SUGLO Director , Plant Protection and Regulation

Services DirectorateMOFA

26. Frederick B. BOAMPONG Program officer Croplife Ghana27. Juliet BINEY Executive Secretary Ghana agricultural

Association Business & Information Centre GAABIC

28. Nashiru KADRI President APFOG29. Gabriel MILLES Program officer APFOGMali30. Abdourahamane SIDIBE Head of the legislation and plant protection

control departmentDNA

31. Dr Amadou CISSE Deputy General Director IER32. Mme Diarisso Niamoye Scientific coordinator of irrigated crops IER33. Dr Ousmane CISSE Head of the research funding Department CMDT34. Oumarou AYA Head of the department Research and CMDT

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Development 35. Mme Tatadjiri CISSE CMDT36. Yacouba SANOGO Deputy General Director LNS37. Mr Dembélé Director OPV38. Mr Toure OPV39. Mr Souleymane COULIBALY Coordinator GIPD40. Aboubacar MAIGA DHPS41. Moussa SOW Department in charge of hygiene of the

environment in charge of anti-vector controlDHPS

42. Abdoukarim Makalou Head of the Study and planning department DNACPN43. Mme Sitan TRAORE Anti vector control officer PNLP44. Dr DIARRA Interim Coordinator PNLP45. Dr Adama TRAORE Executive Secretary CNRA46. Amaïguèré NAPO Technical Advisor at the Permanent Assembly

of the Chambers of Agriculture of Mali (APCAM)

APCAM

47. Abdoulaye NDIAYE Technical Advisor APCAMSenegal48. Taïb Diouf General Manager /ISRA ISRA49. Demba Farba Mbaye Researcher, Special projects manager of the

Managing DirectorISRA

50. Cheikh LO Researcher, Plant production ISRA51. Victor Emole Coly Researcher, Manager of UNIVAL ISRA52. Ndaiga Mbaye Researcher, Plant production, CT/DG ISRA53. Jean Pierre Ndiaye Pedologist ISRA54. Ousmane BOYE Plant protection Inspector DPV55. Magaye Thioune Head of Department / Directorate of

Agriculture (DA)DA

56. Ababacar Diouf Head of Department/ DA DA

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Annex 2 : List of pesticides authorised by CSP march 1994 – march 2005Spécialité commerciale Classe OMS Firme Matière(s) active(s) Numéro Domaines d'utilisation

ACTALM SUPER UALMInternational

pyrimiphos-méthtl (17 g/l) et cyfluthrine (3 g/l)

0097/I/05-00/APV-SAHEL0097/I/05-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide authorized against beetles, weevils and acarids of stored foodstuffs

ACTION 90 DF IV La Cigogne diuron (800 g/l) 0191/H/06-02/APV-SAHELWeed-killer of taken against the annual dicotyledon and certain grasses of the cotton plant

ACTRIL DS UBayerCropScience

loxynil (100 g/l) et 2,4-D (577 g/l)

0067-H11-99/APV-SAHEL0067/H11-02/APV-SAHEL

Weed-killer authorized to fight against the dicotyledon of the sugar cane

ADONIS 4 UL III Rhône Poulenc fipronil (4 g/l)0065/I/11-99/APV-SAHEL0065/I/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide authorized to fight against larvas and adults of acridiens in treatments of total coverage.

ALSYSIN 050 UL IIIBayerCropScience triflumuron (50 g/l)

0109/I/12-00/APV-SAHEL0109/I/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against lucustes and sautériaux in treatments of embryonic bands(strips)

AMIRAL 155 EC II Senchim AGlambda cyhalothrine (15 g/l) et profénofos (150 g/l) 0179/I,A/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide / acaricide against caterpillars carpophages, phyllophages and the acarids of the cotton plant

AMIRAL 212 EC II Senchim AGlambda cyhalothrine (12 g/l) et profénofos (200g/l) 0180/I,A/06-02/APV-SAHEL phyllophages et les acariens du cotonnier

AMIRAL 660 EC II Senchim AGlambda cyhalothrine (60 g/l) et profénofos (600 g/l) 0181/I,A/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide / acaricide against caterpillars carpophages, phyllophages and the acarids of the cotton plant

APPLAUD 40 SC III Nihon Nohyako buprofezine (400 g/l)0110/I/12-00/APV-SAHEL0110/I/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against the white flies and the acriens of the cotton plant and against floury cochineal of fruit trees

AVAUNT 150 SC III Asteria indoxacarb (150 g/l)0039/I/06-99/APV-SAHEL0039/I/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against the main devastating phylophages and carpophages of the cotton plant

BERETA 221 EC II Senchim AGcyperméthrine high cis (21 g/l) et triazophos (200 g/l) 0215/I,A/06-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide - acaricide against caterpillars phylophages, carpophages and the acarids of the cotton plant

BINDJOUGOUTAN A IIDowAgrosciences atrazine (500 g/l) 0224/H/01-04/APV-SAHEL

Selective weed-killer used in pre-emergence against adventitious annual (grasses and dicotylédonées) some corn

CAIMAN 250 EC II STEPC endosulfan (350 g/l)0111/I/12/00/APV-SAHEL0111/I/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Inscecticide / acaricide against caterpillars phylophages and carpophages, the sucking piqueurs and the acarids of the cotton plant.

CAIMAN ROUGE II STEPCEndosulfan (250 g/l) et thirame (205 g/l) 0231/I,F/09-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide / fungicide used in treatments of semens for the protection of the cotton plant of the sowing in the levying of the plant

CALLIFOR 500 SC III Calliopefluométuron (250 g/l) et prométryne (250 g/l) 0177/H/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Systematic weed-killer of the cotton plant used there taken by the culture and the adventitious

CALLIFOR G III Calliope

prométryne (250 g/l), fluométuron (250 g/l) et glyphosate (60 g/l) 0187/H/06-02/APV-SAHEL Weed-killer used there taken by the cotton plant

CAPORAL 500EC II STEPC profenofos (500 g/l) 0230/I,Ac/09-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide and acaricide used against caterpillar phylophages and carpophages, the sucking etles acriens piqueurs of the

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cotton plant

CAPT 88 EC IIALMInternational

Acétamipride (16 g/l) etcypermétrine (82 g/l) 0225/I/01-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against caterpillars and piqueurs-sucking of the cotton plant

COTODON PLUSGOLD 450 EC III Syngentas-métolachlore (245 g/l) etterbutryne (196 g/l) 0209/H/11-02/APV-SAHEL

Weed-killer of meadow levying against the adventces of the cotton plant

CONQUEST 88 EC IIBayerCropScience

acétamipride (16 g/l) etcypermétrine (72 g/l) 0114/I/12-00/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against caterpillars and shall prick them of the cotton plant

COTOFORCE 500 SC IV Senchim AGfluométuron (250 g/l) et prométryne (250 g/l)

0139/H/06-01/APV-SAHEL0139/H/06-04/APV-SAHEL

Systematic weed-killer used against grasses and annual dicotylédonées of the cotton plant

COTOGARD 500 SC III Agan Chemicalfluométuron (250 g/l) et prométryne (250 g/l)

0089/H/05-00/APV-SAHEL0089/H/05-03/APV-SAHEL

Systematic weed-killer used against grasses and annual dicotylédonées of the cotton plant

COTOVIC 500 SC III Afridisfluométuron (250 g/l) et prométryne (250 g/l) 0199/H/06-02/APV-SAHEL Herbicide

CRUISER 350 FS III Syngenta thiamethoxam (350 g/l) 0208/I/11-02/APV-SAHEL IInsecticide in treatment of seeds

CYANOX L-50 IISumitomoCorporation cyanophos (500 g/l)

0107/I/12-00/APV-SAHEL0107/I/12-03/APV-SAHEL

IInsecticide / avicide against locusts and sautériaux and against Quelea quelea

CYCLOPE 684 EC II Senchim AGcyperméthrine high cis (80 g/l) et chlorpyriphos (600 g/l) 0205/I/11-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against caterpillars phylophages and carpophages of the cotton plant

CYHALON 4 ULV II Syngenta cyhalothrine (40 g/l) 0175/I/06-02/APV-SAHEL Insecticide used for the fight against sautériaux and locusts

CYPERCAL 50 EC III Calliope cyperméthrine (50 g/l)0037/11-98/APV-SAHEL0037/11-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against the main phyllophages lepidoptera of vegetable farmings

CYPERCAL 185 EC II Calliopecyperméthrine (36 g/l) et profenofos (150 g/l)

0124/I,A/12-00/APV-SAHEL0124/I,A/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insectice / acaricide against the main insects carpophages and phyllophages of the cotton plant and against acarids

CYPERCAL P 230 EC II Calliopecyperméthrine (60 g/l) et profénofos (200 g/l)

0125/I,A/12-00/APV-SAHEL0125/I,A/12-03/APV-SAHEL

IInsecticide / acaricide against the main insects carpophages and phyllophages of the cotton plant and against acarids

CYPERCAL P 720 EC II Calliopecyperméthrine (120 g/l) et profénofs (600 g/l) 0226/I,A/01-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide / acaricide against the main insects carpophages and phyllophages of the cotton plant and against acarids

DANGELE IIIDowAgrosciences haloxyfop méthyl R (104 g/l) 0229/H/09-04/APV-SAHEL

Selective weed-killer used in post-levying against the grasses of the cotton plant

DANGOROBA IIIDowAgrosciences gyphosate (360 g/l) 0221/H/01-04/APV-SAHEL

Not selective systematic weed-killer against grasses and annual and long-lasting dicotylédonées

DIMILIN OF 6 IIUniroyalChemical diflubenzuron (60 g/l)

0001/I/03-94/APV-SAHEL0001/I/10-97/APV -SAHEL0006/I/12-00/HOM-SAHEL IInsecticide against locusts

DOMINATOR 360 SL IIIDowAgrosciences gyphosate (360 g/l) 0222/H/01-04/APV-SAHEL

Not selective systematic weed-killer against grasses and annual and long-lasting dicotylédonées

DUEL 185 EC II Senchim AGcyperméthrine (36 g/l) et profenofos (150 g/l)

0141/I/06-01/APV-SAHEL0141/I/06-04/APV-SAHEL

IInsecticide used against caterpillars phyllophages and carpophages of the cotton plant

DUEL 230 EC II Senchim AGcyperméthrine (30 g/l) et profénofos (200 g/l)

0134/I/06-01/APV-SAHEL0134/I/06-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide used against caterpillars phyllophages and carpophages of the cotton plant

DUO 171 EC II Senchim AG cyperméthrine high-cis (21 g/l) et profénofos (150 g/l)

0144/I/06-01/APV-SAHEL0144/I/06-04/APV-

Insecticide used against caterpillars phyllophages and carpophages of the cotton plant

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SAHEL

DUO 684 EC II Senchim AGcyperméthrine high-cis (84 g/l) et profénofos (600 g/l) 0207/I/11-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against caterpillars phylophages and carpophages of the cotton plant

DURSBAN 450 ULV IIDowAgrosciences chlorpyriphos-éthyl (450 g/l)

0007/I/10-94/APV-SAHEL0001/I/07-97/HOM-SAHEL0001/I/07/02/HOM-SAHEL Insecticide against lucustes and sautériaux in treatments foliaire

DURSBAN 5 % DP IIIDowAgrosciences chlorpyriphos-éthyl (50 g/l)

0008/I/10-94/APV-SAHEL0002/I/07-97/HOM-SAHEL0002/I/07-02/HOM-SAHEL Insecticide tales sautériaux, ants and termites

DURSAN 5G IIIDowAgrosciences chlorpyriphos-éthyl (50 g/l)

0009/I/10-94/APV-SAHEL0003/I/07-97/HOM-SAHEL0003/I/07-02/HOM-SAHEL

Insecticide against termites, noctuelles, tampins, maggots on corn and sorghum

DURSAN 24 ULC IIDowAgrosciences chlorpyriphos-éthyl (240 g/l)

0040/I/10-94/APV-SAHEL0004/I/07-97/HOM-SAHEL0004/I/07-02/HOM-SAHEL Insecticides against sautériaux and desert locust

DURSAN 4 EC IIDowAgrosciences chlorpyriphos-éthyl (480 g/l)

0011/I/10-94/APV-SAHEL0005/I/07-97/HOM-SAHEL0005/I/07-02/HOM-SAHEL

Insecticide against the devastating of citrus fruits, coffee tree, cotton plant and maraïchères cultures

ELSAN 50 EC II Tomen phenthoate (500 g/l)0052/I/06-99/APV-SAHEL0052/I/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide / ovicide against insects (lepidoptera, hémiptères and coléophères) some rice, some corn, maraïchères cultures, the niébé, fruit trees and the cotton plant

FANGA 500 EC IIALMInternational profenofos (500 g/l) 0203/I/11-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against caterpillars phylophages and carpophages of the cotton plant

FLUORALM P 500 SC IVALMInternational

fluométuron (250 g/l) et prométryne (250 g/l) 0204/H/11-02/APV-SAHEL

Selective weed-killer against adventitious annual of the cotton plant

FOURALAN 480 SL III Agan Chemical glyphosate (480 g/l) 0220/H/06-03/APV-SAHELNot selective systematic weed-killer applied before the sowing of the culture and in post-levying of adventies.

FUJI-ONE 40 EC III Nihon Nohyako isoprothiolane (400 g/l)0034/F/11-98/APV-SAHEL0034/F/06-02/APV-SAHEL Fungicide against the pyriculariose of the rice

FURY P 162 EC II FMCzéta-cyperméthrine (12 g/l) et profénfos (150 g/l)

0117/I,A/12-00/APV-SAHEL0117/I,A/12-03/APC-SAHEL

Insecticide / acaricide against main sorts phyllophages and carpophages and acarids of the cotton plant

FURY P 212 EC II FMCzéta-cyperméthrine (12 g/l) et profénfos (200g/l) 0118/I,A/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide / acaricide against main sorts phyllophages and carpophages and acarids of the cotton plant

GALLANT SUPER IIIDowAgrosciences haloxyfop-R méthyl (104 g/l)

0146/H/06-01/APV-SAHEL0146/H/06-04/APV-SAHEL

Selective weed-killer of raised post used to fight against the grasses of the cotton plant

GARIL IIDowAgrosciences

triclopyr (72 g/l) et propanil (360 g/l)

0145/H/06-01/APV-SAHEL0145/H/06-04/APV-SAHEL

Selective weed-killer of raised post used to fight against the adventitious of the rice

GAUCHO 70 WS III BayerCropScience imidacloprid (700 g/l) 0201/I/11-02/APV-SAHELInsecticide against piqueurs - sucking of the cotton plant in treatment of semens

GAZELLE C 88 EC IIBayerCropScience

acétamipride (16 g/l) et cypermétrine (72 g/l) 0227/I/01-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against caterpillars, pucerons and cochineal of the cotton plant

GLYPHONET 360 SL IV DTE Glyphosate (360 g/l) 0232/H/09-04/APV-SAHEL Systematic weed-killer foliaire not selective used against

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adventitious annual and long-lasting

GLYPHONET 360 SL III Afridis Glyphosate (360 g/l) 0198/H06-02/APV-SAHELNot selective systematic weed-killer against the long-lasting weed

GRAMOXONE SUPER II Syngenta paraquat (200 g/l)0096/H/05-00/APV-SAHEL0096/H/05-03/APV-SAHEL

Not selective weed-killer of contact authorized against weed generally

GREEN MUSCLE III Calliopemétarhizium flavoviride (5.1010 spores/g)

0152/I/06-01/APV-SAHEL0152/I/06-04/APV-SAHEL

Myco antiacridien insecticide used to fight against locusts and sautériaux

HERBEXTRA 720 SL II La Cigogne 2,4 - D (720 g/l) 0190/H/06-02/APV-SAHELSystematic weed-killer of post-levying against the weed of the cultures

KABAZINE 50 SC III Comptoir 2000 atrazine (500 g/l) 0174/H/06-02/APV-SAHELWeed-killer of taken selective against dicotyledon and adventitious grasses of the corn

KALACH 360 SL III Calliope Glyphosate (360 g/l)0049/H/06-99/APV-SAHEL0049/H/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Not selective systematic weed-killer against the long-lasting weed taken by the cultures

LASER 480 SC IVDowAgrosciences spinausad (480 g/l)

0156/I/11-01/APV-SAHEL0156/I/11-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against caterpillars phyllophages and carpophages of the cotton plant

LASSO GD III Monsantoalachlore (350 g/l) et atrazine (250 g/l) 0210/H/06-03/APV-SAHEL

Selective weed-killer of pre-emergence against the adventitious of the corn and the sugar cane

LASSO GD MICROTECHN III Monsantoalachlore (300 g/l) et atrazine (180 g/l) 0211/H/06-03/APV-SAHEL

Selective weed-killer of pre-emergence against the adventitious of the corn and the sugar cane

LONDAX 60 DF III Dupont de Nemours bensulfuron-méthyl (600 g/l)0053/H/06-99/APV-SAHEL0053/I/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Selective weed-killer of the irrigated rice recommended against cypéracées and and so effective against dicotyledon and possessing an additional effect against grasses.

MAGNUM 388 EC II Senchim AG

cyperméthrine (72 g/l) acétamipride (16 g/l) et triazophos (300 g/l)

0196/I,A/06-02/APV/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide / acaricide against caterpillars carpophages, phyllophages and the sucking piqueurs and the acarids of the cotton plant

MARSHAL 2 % DP III FMC Europe carbosulfan (20 g/kg)0047/I/06-99/APV-SAHEL0047/I/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against locusts and several kinds(genres) of grasshoppers

MISTRAL 450 DP II Senchim AGendosulfan (250 g/l) et chlorothalonil (200 g/l) 0219/1,F/06-03/APV-SAHEL

IInsecticide - Fungicide against caterpillars phyllophages, carpophages, the sucking piqueurs and the fongiques diseases of the cotton plant

NURELLE D 36/150 EC II Dow AgroSciencescyperméthrine (36 g/l) et chlorpyrifos éthyl (150 g/l)

0147/1/06-01/APV-SAHEL 0147/1/06-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide used in cotton culture to fight against the main devastating lepidoptera of the cotton plant

NURELLE D 36/200 EC II Dow AgroSciencesCyperméthrine (36 g/l) et chlorpyrifos éthyl (200 g/l)

0148/1/06-01/APV-SAHEL 0148/1/06-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide used in cotton culture to fight against the main devastating lepidoptera of the cotton plant

ONCOL 5 G IISumitomo Corporation benfuracarb (50 g/kg) 0185/1,A/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide / nématicide against the devastating of the rice, the corn, the sorghum and the market garden culturs

ONCOL 10 EC IISumitomo Corporation benfuracarb (100 g/kg) 0184/1,A/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide / nématicide against pucerons, jassides and thrips of the cotton plant as well as the mineuses of sheets(leaves) in vegetable farmings

PADAN 4 G IISumitomo Corporation cartap (4 g/kg) 0188/1/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Systematic insecticide against the borers, the enrouleuses caterpillars of the sheets(leaves), hispides, and mineuses caterpillars some rice

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PERCAL M DP III Calliopeperméthrine (4 g/kg) et malathion (16 g/kg)

0050/1/06-99/APV-SAHEL 0050/1/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against the main sorts of beetles and devastating lepidoptera of stored foodstuffs

PHOENIX 44 EC IV Senchim AGcyperméthrine (36 g/l) et acétamipride (8 g/l) 0197/1/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against carpophages caterpillars and sucking piqueurs of the cotton plant

RELDAN 40 EC III Dow AgroSciences chlorpyriphos-méthyl (400 g/l) 0192/1/06-02/APV-SAHELInsecticide against the défoliateurs of subsistence and market garden crops

RICAL 345 EC III Calliopepropanil (230 g/l) et thiobencarb (115 g/l) 0212/H/06-03/APV-SAHEL

Selective systematic weed-killer applied in post-levying (adventitious and rice) against the adventitious of the rice

ROCKY 350 EC II Calliope endosulfan (350 g/l) 0189/1/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide / acaricide not systematism against insects sucking piqueurs, défoliateurs, mineuses caterpillars as well as acarids of the cotton plant

RECKY 386 EC III Calliopeendosulfan (350 g/l) et cyperméthrine (36 g/l) 0228/1/09-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide used against caterpillars phyllophages and carpophages of the cotton plant

ROUNDUP 360 SL IV Monsanto glyphosate (360 g/l) 0194/H/06-02/APV-SAHELNot selective systematic weed-killer against the annual, long-lasting weed and vicaces

ROUNDUP 68 SG (MON 14420) IV Monsanto glyphosate (68 g/l) 0195/H/06-02/APV-SAHELNot selective systematic weed-killer against the annual, long-lasting and long-lived weed

SANAZINE II Dow AgroSciences atrazine (500 g/l) 0223/H/01-04/APV-SAHELSelective weed-killer used in pre-emergence against adventitious annual (grasses and dicotylédonées) some corn

SELECT 120 EC III Calliope cléthodime (120 g/l) 0233/H/09-04/APV-SAHELSelective weed-killer used in post-levying against the grasses of the cotton plant

SUMICOMBI 30 EC IISumitomo Corporation

fénitrothion (250 g/l) fenvalérate (50 g/l)

0099/1/12-00/APV-SAHEL 0099/1/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against the main insects of the cultures and against the locusts and the sautériaux

SUMICOMBI-ALPHA 25 ULV IISumitomo Corporation

fénitrothion (245 g/l) esfenvalérate (5 g/l)

0100/1/12-00/APV-SAHEL 0100/1/12-03/APV-SAHEL Insecticide against locusts and sautériaux

SUMITHION 3 D USumitomo Corporation fénitrothion (30 g/kg)

0101/1/12-00/APV-SAHEL 0101/1/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against the main insects of the culture, the stored grains(beads) and against the locusts and the sautériaux

SUMITHION 5 D USumitomo Corporation fénitrothion (50 g/kg)

0102/1/12-00/APV-SAHEL 0102/1/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against the main insects of the cultures and against the locusts and the sautériaux

SUMITHION 50 EC IISumitomo Corporation fénitrothion (500 g/l)

0103/1/12-00/APV-SAHEL 0103/1/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against the main insects of the cultures and against the locusts and the sautériaux

SUMITHION L-20 USumitomo Corporation fénitrothion (200 g/l)

0104/1/12-00/APV-SAHEL 0104/1/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against the main insects of the cultures and against the locusts and the sautériaux

SUMITHION L-50 IISumitomo Corporation fénitrothion (500 g/l)

0105/1/12-00/APV-SAHEL 0105/1/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against the main insects of the cultures and against the locusts and the sautériaux

SUMITHION L-100 IISumitomo Corporation fénitrothion (1000 g/l)

0106/1/12-00/APV-SAHEL 0106/1/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against the main insects of the cultures and against the locusts and the sautériaux

TENOR 500 SC II Senchim AG profénofos (500 g/l)0135/1/06-01/APV-SAHEL 0135/1/06-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide used against caterpillars phyllophages and carpophages of the cotton plant

TENOR C 168 EC II Senchim AGcyfluthrine (18 g/l) et profénofos (150 g/l) 0182/1/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against caterpillars carpophages and phyllophages of the cotton plant

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TENOR C 218 EC II Senchim AGcyfluthrine (18 g/l) et profénofos (200 g/l) 0216/1/06-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against caterpillars phyllophages, carpophages and the sucking homoptères piqueurs of the cotton plant

THIOFANEX 350 EC II Senchim AG endosulfan (350 g/l)

0142/1,A/06-01/APV-SAHEL

0142/1,A/06-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide and acaricide used against caterpillars phyllophages and carpophages, the sucking piqueurs and the acarids of the cotton plant

THIOFANEX 500 EC II Senchim AG endosulfan (500 g/l)

0137/1,A/06-01/APV-SAHEL

0137/1,A/06-04/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide and acaricide used against caterpillars phyllophages and carpophages, the sucking piqueurs and the acarids of the cotton plant

TOPSTAR 400 SC III Bayer CropScience oxadiargyl (400 g/l)0084/H/05-00/APV-SAHEL 0084/H/05-03/APV-SAHEL

Weed-killer authorized there taken against the adventitious of the pluvial rice

TORPEDO D 210 EC II Senchim AGdeltaméthrine (10 g/l) et triazophos (200 g/l) 0206/1,A/11-02/APV-SAHEL Insecticide / Acaricide in cotton culture

TORPEDO L 212 EC II Senchim AGlamdacyhalothrine (12 g/l) et triazophos (200 g/l) 0183/1,A/06-02/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide / acaricide against caterpillars carpophages, phyllophages and the acarids of the cotton plant

TRIAZOPHOS HOSTATHION 40 EC II Bayer CropScience triazophos (420 g/l)

0112/1/12-00/APV-SAHEL 0112/1/12-03/APV-SAHEL Insecticide against insects sucking piqueurs of the cotton plant

UNDEN 2 DP III Bayer CropScience propoxur (20 g/kg)0108/1/12-00/APV-SAHEL 0108/1/12-03/APV-SAHEL

Insecticide against locusts and sautériaux, insects of the rice and the vegetable farmings

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Annex 3 : Pesticides authorised and banned in Ghana December 1st 2006 EPA

InsecticidesNo. Trade Name Registration No. / Date

of Issue Concentration of Active Ingredient

Hazard Class

Crops/Uses Company

1 Actara 25 WG FRE/0606/00104GJune 2006

Thiamethoxam(250g/kg)

III Insecticide for the control of stem weevil borer in banana Calli Ghana Company Limited, Tema

2 Actara 240SC FRE/0606/00105GJune 2006

(Thiamethoxam)(240g/L)

III Control of capsids and other insect pests of cocoa Calli Ghana Company Limited, Tema

3 Actellic Super Dust FRE/0406/00051GDecember 2004

Pirimiphos methyl (16g/kg) + Permethrin (3g/kg)

III Insecticide for control of larger grain borer, weevils and other pests in stored grains

Calli Ghana Company Limited, Tema

4 Akate Master FRE/06/05/00096G May 2006

Bifenthrin (27g/L) II Control of capsids and other insect pests of cocoa Chemico Limited, Tema

5 Bistar 10 WP FRE/0606/00103GJune 2006

Bifenthrin (10%) II Insecticide for public health purposes Calli Ghana Company Limited, Tema

6 Black mosquito Repellent Incense

FRE/0641/00111GJune 2006

D-Allethrin (0.33%) III Insecticide for the control of mosquitoes AD&R Enterprise Limited, Accra North

7 Callidim 400EC FRE/0506/00066GJune 2005

Dimethoate (400g/L) II Broad spectrum insecticide for control of mealybugs, mites, thrips, greenflies and borer larvae in vegetables, pineapples and ornamentals

Calli Ghana Company Limited, Tema

8 Cocostar 210EC FRE/0405/00007GMarch 2004

Bifenthrin (1.088g/L) + Pirimiphos methyl (24.57g/L)

III Insecticide for control of cocoa pests Chemico Limited, Tema

9 Confidor 200SL FRE/0401/00001GMarch 2004

Imidacloprid (210.5g/L) III Insecticide for control of cocoa pests Wienco Limited, Accra

10 Cyhalon 2.5EC FRE/0518/00088GDecember 2005

Lambda cyhalothrin (25g/L) II Insecticide for control of pests in cotton, cowpea, groundnuts, vegetables, maize and rice

Rhemaco Enterprise, Kumasi

11 Cypercal 50EC FRE/0406/00008GMarch 2004

Cypermethrin (50g/L) II Insecticide for control of cotton pests Calli Ghana Company Limited, Tema

12 Decis 25 EC FRE/0402/00002GMarch 2004

Deltamethrin (25.5g/L) II Insecticide for control of various crop pests Agrimat Limited, Accra

13 Degesch Plate FRE/0401/00009RMarch 2004

Magnesium phosphide (60%) 1b Insecticide for control of pests in stored grain. Wienco Limited, Accra

14 Deltapaz 1.25EC FRE/0508/00077GDecember 2005

Deltamethrin (12.5g/L) II Insecticide for the control of insect pests in various crops Dizengoff (Ghana) Limited, Accra

15 Detia Gas Ex-B FRE/0401/00010RMarch 2004

Aluminium phosphide (67%) 1b Insecticide for control of pests in stored grain. Wienco Limited, Accra

16 Dursban 4E FRE/0405/00044GOctober 2004

Chlorpyrifos (480g/L) II Broad spectrum Insecticide for coffee, vegetables and cotton and public health use for control of household pests

Chemico Limited, Tema

17 Evisect S FRE/0406/00053GDecember 2004

Thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate (500g/kg)

II Insecticide for control of Leaf miner defoliator beetles in Oil Palm

Calli Ghana Company Limited, Tema

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18 Exterior Solignum FRE/0536/00087GDecember 2005

Permethrin (0.2%) III Insecticide for wood treatment MBC Trading Company Limited, Accra

19 Falcon 10EC FRE/0527/00064GJune 2005

Cypermethrin (10% w/v) II Non systemic Insecticide for control of insect pests in vegetables

Multivet Enterprise, Accra

20 Farco Rapid Kill Aerosol Insecticida

FRE/0407/00011GMarch 2004

S. Bioallethrin (0.12%) +Permethrin (0.06%)

III Insecticide for Public Health Purposes WABCOG Enterprise, Accra

21 Farco Rapid Kill Powder Insecticide

FRE/0407/00012GMarch 2004

Permethrin (0.005%) III Insecticide for Public Health Purposes WABCOG Enterprise, Accra

22 Fenitrothion 50EC FRE/0402/00059G

December 2004

Fenitrothion (50%) III Insecticide for control of chewing, sucking & boring insects in fruits, cereals, vegetables and control of flies in animal houses

Agrimat Limited, Accra

23 Furadan 3G FRE/0405/00045ROctober 2004

Carbofuran (3%) 1b Insecticide and Nematicide for various crops Chemico Limited, Tema

24 Hockli Combi 40EC FRE/0402/00058GDecember 2004

Fenvalerate (10%) +Fenitrothion (30%)

III Insecticide for control of aphids, mites and weevils in cotton, fruits and vegetables

Agrimat Limited, Accra

26 Iconet FRE/0410/00038GOctober 2004

Lambda cyhalothrin (25g/L) III Insecticide for public health purposes Reiss and Co. Ltd, Accra

27 K-Otab FRE/0402/00016RMarch 2004

Deltamethrin (25%) II Insecticide for Public Health purposes. Agrimat Limited, Accra

28 K-Othrine Moustiquaire SC1%

FRE/0402/00017GMarch 2004

Deltamethrin (1% w/w) III Insecticide for Public Health purposes. Agrimat Limited, Accra

29 Lord Insecticide FRE/0411/00018GMarch 2004

Permethrin (0.1%) + Tetramethrin (0.2%) + Piperonyl butoxide (0.8%)

III Insecticide for Public health purposes Beatex Enterprise, Accra

30 Lord Mosquito Coil

FRE/0511/00063GJune 2005

D-Allethrin (0.32%) III Insecticide for the control of mosquitoes Beatex Enterprise, Accra

31 Master 2.5EC FRE/0522/00086GDecember 2005

Lambda cyhalothrin 25g/L) II Insecticide for control of pests in vegetables, mango, maize and rice

Annoh and Sons Agro-chem, Accra.

32 Miraculous Insecticide Chalk

FRE/0412/00019GMarch 2004

Deltamethrin (0.4%) III Insecticide for Public Health purposes. O’Sheen Products, Kumasi

33 Palmisect L FRE/0601/00095GMay 2006

Thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate (50%)

III Insecticide for control of insect pests of Oil Palm Wienco Limited, Accra

34 Perfekthion FRE/0416/00054GDecember 2004

Dimethoate (400g/L) II Insecticide for control of sucking and biting insects and spider mites

Kurama Company Limited, Accra

35 Phostoxin tablets FRE/0401/00024ROctober 2004

Aluminium phosphide (56%) 1b Insecticide/ Fumigant for control of insect pests in stored commodities, processed foods and animal feed

Wienco Limited, Accra

36 Polythrine 10 FRE/0625/00099GMay 2006

10% Cypermethrin III Insecticide for control of insect pests of cowpea and vegetables

Bentronic Productions, Kumasi

37 Pyrinex 48EC FRE/0408/00037GOctober 2004

Chlorpyrifos (480g/L) II Broad spectrum Insecticide for wood treatment, agricultural use, public health and termite control

Dizengoff Ghana Limited, Accra

38 Raid All Purpose Killer

FRE/0534/00071GAugust 2005

Tetramethrin (0.15%) + Allethrin (0.25%) + Deltamethrin (0.5%)

II Insecticide for Public Health purposes SC Johnson Wax Co Ltd, Accra

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39 Raid Cockroach & Ant killer

FRE/0534/00072GAugust 2005

Imiprothrin (0.10%) + Deltamethrin (0.05%)

III Insecticide for Public health purposes SC Johnson Wax Co Ltd, Accra

40 Raid Coil FRE/0534/00074GAugust 2005

D-allethrin (0.33%) III Insecticide for Public health purposes SC Johnson Wax Co Ltd, Accra

41 Raid Flying Insect Killer

FRE/0534/00073GAugust 2005

Permethrin (0.10%) + Tetramethrin (0.30%) + Transfluthrin (0.05%)

III Insecticide for Public health purposes SC Johnson Wax Company Limited, Accra

42 Regent 50SC FRE/0402/00028GOctober 2004

Fipronil (50g/L) II Broad spectrum contact and ingestion insecticide for control of insect pests in cabbage, onion, egg plant, maize, mango, sugarcane, and watermelon and for control of termites

Dizengoff Ghana Limited, Accra

43 Rimon 10EC FRE/0508/00081GDecember 2005

Novaluron (100g/L) III Insecticide for the control of insect pests in cabbage, tomato and pepper

Dizengoff Ghana Limited, Accra

44 Seed Plus 20 WS FRE/0508/00082GDecember 2005

Imidacloprid (5%) + Metalaxyl (5%) + Carbendazim (10%)

III Insecticide/fungicide for seed treatment Dizengoff Ghana Limited, Accra

45 Solignum colourless TK

FRE/0636/00101GJune 2006

Permethrin (0.2%) III Insecticide for wood preservation MBC Trading Company Ltd, Accra

46 Solignum exterior FRE/0536/00087GDecember 2005

Permethrin (0.2%) III Insecticide for wood preservation MBC Trading Company Ltd, Accra

47 Super Guard 50 EC

FRE/0402/00057GDecember 2004

Pirimiphos methyl (400g/L) + Permethrin (100g/L)

III Insecticide for control of larger grain borer, weevils and meal moths in stored produce

Agrimat Limited, Accra

48 Super Guard Dust FRE/0402/00056GDecember 2005

Pirimiphos methyl (1.6%) + Permethrin (0.4%)

III Insecticide for control of larger grain borer, weevils and meal moths in stored produce

Agrimat Limited, Accra

49 Tanalith C3310 FRE/0532/00069R

August 2005

Cupric oxide (11.2% w/w) + Chromium trioxide (30.2% w/w) + Arsenic pentoxide (17.3 % w/w)

II Insecticide/fungicide for wood treatment Du Paul Wood Treatment Limited, Accra

50 Terminus 480 EC FRE/0416/00046GNovember 2004

Chlorpyrifos (480g/L) II Insecticide for control of insect pests in cotton, coffee, citrus, vegetables and public health uses in control of mosquitoes, cockroaches, ants and termites

Kurama Company Limited, Accra

51 Titan FRE/0606/00106GJune 2006

Acetamiprid (25g/L) IV Insecticide for the control of insect pest in tomato Calli Ghana Company Limited, Tema

52 Total Flying & Crawling Insecticide

FRE/0421/00049G

December 2004

Deltamethrin (0.17%) + Cyphenothrin (0.14%) + Parallethrin (0.1%) + Tetramethrin (0.3%)

IV Insecticide for the control of flying and crawling insects Total Ghana Limited, Accra

53 Total Mosquito Coil FRE/0421/00048GDecember 2004

D-Allethrin (0.2%) III Insecticide for the control of mosquitoes Total Ghana Limited, Accra

54 ULV 600 S FRE/0414/00022GMarch 2004

Tetramethrin (6%) + Piperonyl butoxide (10%)

II Insecticide (fumigant) for control of pest in stored produce Afropa Limited, Accra

55 Vertimec 1.8 EC FRE/0506/00084GDecember 2005

Abamectin (18g/L) II Insecticide/acaricide for the control of insect pests and mites on vegetables, papaya, and other crops

Calli Ghana Company Limited, Tema

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BANNED PESTICIDES

1. 2,4,5-T and its salts and esters2. Aldrin3. Binapacryl4. Captafol5. Chlordane6. Chlordimeform7. Chlorobenzilate8. DDT9. Dieldrin10. Dinoseb and its salts and esters11. Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and its salts (such as ammonium salt, potassium salt and sodium salt)12. Endrin13. HCH (mixed isomers)14. Heptachlor15. Hexachlorobenzene16. Parathion17. Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters18. Toxaphene19. Mirex20. Methamidophos (Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 600 g active ingredient/l)21. Methyl-parathion (emulsifiable concentrates (EC) with at or above 19.5% active ingredient and dusts at or above 1.5% active ingredient)22. Monocrotophos (Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 600 g active ingredient/l)23. Parathion (all formulations - aerosols, dustable powder (DP), emulsifiable concentrate (EC), granules (GR) and wettable powders (WP) - of this substance are included, except capsule

suspensions (CS))24. Phosphamidon (Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 1000 g active ingredient/l)25. Dustable powder formulations containing a combination of Benomyl at or above 7%, Carbofuran at or above 10% and Thiram at or above 15%

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Annex 4 : Pesticides of the Agreement of Rotterdam and Stockhom

Pesticides of the Agreement of RotterdamPesticides

Aldrine Binapacryl Captafol Chrlordane Chlordiméforme Chlorobensilate 2, 4, 5 T DDT Dieldrine Dinosèbes Dichlorure d’éthylène Fluorocétamide H.C.H. Heptachlore Hexachlorobenzène Lindane Mercures Méthamidophos Monocrotophos Oxyde d’éthylène Parathion Parathion-Méthyl Pentachlorophéhol Phosphamidon Toxaphène 1, 2 Dibromoéthane

Industrial chemicals: Crocidolite ( asbestos), Phosphates of sortings 2, 3 dibromophropyles, Polybromobiphényles ( PBB), Polychrorobiphényles ( PCB), Polychloroterphényles ( PCT)

Pesticides of the Agreement of Stockhom : Classification of 12 POPs of UNEP

chemicals Pesticides Industrial chemicals

Sub products

AldrineChlordaneDDTDieldrineEndrineHeptachlorePerchlordécone (Mirex)ToxaphèneHexachlorobenzènePolychlorobiphényles (PCB)

XX

XX

Dioxines chlorésFurannes chlorés

XX

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Annex 5 : Maximal limits of residues of pesticides ( LMR) fixed by the Europeen Union and applicable to the French bean

N° Substance activeActive substance

LMR EU (mg/kg)

1 Atrazine 0,12 Benomyl 0,13 Bentazone ?4 Captan 25 Carbosulfan 0,16 Chlorpyrifos-Etyl 0,057 Cypermethrine 0,5 7 jours8 Deltamethrine 0,2 3 – 7 jours9 Diazinon 0,0210 Diméthoate 111 Endosulfan 0,05 Value at 01-07-200112 Fenitrothion 0,5 > 5 jours13 Isazophos Threshold of

detectionLMR = 0

14 Lambdacyalothrine 0,2 > 7 jours15 Linuron ?16 Malathion 3 > 7 jours17 Mancozeb 118 Maneb 119 Methomyl 0,05 Value at 01-07-2001 7 jours20 Pirimithosmethyl 0,05 Value at 01-07-200121 Thiabendazole 0,05 Value at 01-07-200122 Thiram 3 > 7 jours23 Tralométhrine Threshold of

detectionLMR = 0

24 Triadimefon ?Source : COLEACP (These pesticides were advised by APEFEL / B to the producers during the campaign 2001-2002)

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Annex 6 : Senegalese standard (APNS - 03 - 024) on the residues of pesticides in and on fruits and vegetables

Usual naming of the pesticide

Fruits and vegetables Maximal limits of residues (mg/kg)

Dichlorpropane Fruits and vegetables 0,05Dichlorvos Fruits and vegetables 0,1Dicofol Orange

TomatoFruits of the passionCourgettes, cucumbers, the other fruits and vegetablesVegetables (gourds, melons, watermelons)

210,20,02

0,5Ethoprophos Sweet potato, pineapple, pepper, watermelon

Banana, tomato, cucumber0,02*

Fenarimol Fruits and vegetables Bananas Cucumber, courgettes, leek the Other Cucurbitaceae Fruits with pit and with pit(core) (pepper, tomato)

0,020,30,20,050,5

Fénitrothion OrangeFruits and vegetables (except orange)

20,5

Esfenvaleriate +Fenvalerate

Pomes and in pit(core) grape 00,02

Fonophos Carottesradis

0,50,2

Iprodione Salad, strawberry Tomato, French bean, onion egg plant, round cabbages, pepperCucumber, courgette Endive, carrots, melon the OtherOther fruits

10

520,370,02

Izophonphos bananas 0,1Malathion Vegetables except vegetables roots

Vegetables roots, fruits30,5

Méthamidophos Lettuce, egg plant, orangefruits with pit and with pit(core), grapecitrus fruitsTomato and brassicae Cucumber

0,2

0,010,51

Méthidathion Citrus fruitsFruits with pit the Other fruits and the vegetables

20,020,02

Méthiocarbe Haricot vert et fruits de la passionFrench bean and fruits of the passion

0,05

Méthomyl Fruits and vegetablesegg plant and tomatoFruits with pit and pit(core)Grape

0,050,512

Mévinphos Fruits et légumes (sauf orange)orange

0,10,2

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Monocrotophos Fruits with pit, citrus fruits, grapes 0,2Ométhoate Vegetables roots

the Other vegetables and the fruits0,10,2

Parathion Fruits and vegetables 0,5Parathion méthyle Fruits and vegetables 0,2Phosethyl alluminium Grape, Citrus fruit, strawberry, salads

ApplePineapple, tomatoes, endive

511

Phosphamidon Fruits and vegetables 0,15Acéphate Family of cabbages

TomatoGrape, lettuce, orange the Other fruits and the vegetables

20,510,02

Azinphos Ethyl All Fruits and vegetables 0,05Azinphos méthyl Grape, citrus fruits

the Other fruits and the vegetables10,5

Benzoximate Fruits with pit Grape 12

Bromophos éthyl All Fruits and vegetables 0,05Bromophos All Fruits and vegetables 0,05Bromopropylate Citrus fruits, banana

Fruits, in pit and in pit(core) grapeVegetables the Other fruits

3210,05

Carbaryl Grape, cabbages, saladthe Other fruits and the vegetables

31

Carbofuran Carrots, onion, orange, garlicCabbages flower, watermelon, gourdsPepper, the other fruits and vegetables

0,30,20,1

Pyrazophos Gourd, melon, fruits with pit 0,3Pyrèthres Fruits and vegetables 0,1Pyrimicarbe Fruits and vegetables 0,5Quintozène Salads, endive 0,5Soufre Fruits and vegetables 50Trichlorfon Fruits with pit vegetables 0,5Triforine Fruits and vegetables

Cucumber and courds0,050,5

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Annex 7 : Pesticides authorized by the Sahelian Committee of pesticides ( CSP) in vegetable farmingsCommercial Name Active material CATEGORIES KARATE 5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrine (50 g/l) InsecticideKARATE 2,5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrine (25 g/l) InsecticideFUSILADE SUPER 125 EC Fluazifop-p-butyl (125 g/l) HerbicideCYHALONE 10 EC Cyhalothrine (100 g/l) InsecticideDURSBAN 4 EC Chlorpyriphos-éthyl (480 g) InsecticideTRACKER 16,5 ULV Tralométhrine (66 g/l) InsecticideUNDEN 75 WP Propoxur (750 g/kg) InsecticideVYDATE 10 G Oxamyl (10 g/kg) InsecticideCYPRECAL 50 EC Cyperméthrine (50 g/l) InsecticideDIAZINON 20 ULV Diazinon (200 g/l) InsecticideDIAZINON 90 ULV Diazinon (900 g/l) InsecticideDIAZINON 40 ULV Diazinon (400 g/l) InsecticideDIAEINON 60 ULV Diazinon (600 g/l) InsecticideBENLATE 50 WP Bénomyl (500 g/l) Fongicide systémiqueELSAN 50 EC Phenthoate (500 g/l) Insecticide / OvicideAPRON PLUS 50 DS Métalaxyl (100 g/kg)

Carboxine (60 g/kg)Furathiocarb (340 g/kg)

Insecticide / Fongicide

APRON R STAR 42 WS Thiaméthoxam (200 g/kg)Difénoconazole (20 g/kg)Métalaxyl (200 g/kg)

Insecticide / Acaricide

POLO 500 SC Diafenthiuron (500 g/l) InsecticideTREBON 10 EC Ethofenprox (100 g/l) InsecticideTREBON 20 EC Ethofenprox (200 g/l) InsecticideUNDEN 2 DP Propoxur (20 g/kg) InsecticideONCOL 10 EC Benfuracarb (100 g/l) Insecticide / NèmaticideONCOL 5 G Benfuracarb (5 g/kg) Insecticide / NèmaticideRELDAN 40 EC Chlorpyriphos-Méthul (400 g/l) Insecticide

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