Compilation of Methodologies

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Establishment of ICRM Centers in Regions II and III

Part of Component B (ICRM and Biodiversity Conservation) of the Integrated Coastal Resources Management Project (ICRMP) Loan No. 2311-PHI/ Grant 0071-PHI

22 March 2012

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Contents

LIST OF ACRONYMS/ ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................................................IV

LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................................................................VI

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8

2 COMMISSIONED BASELINE ASSESSMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 10

2.1 Baseline assessments of fisheries resources ...................................................................................................................... 10

2.1.1 Determination of fishing pressure .............................................................................................................................. 10 2.1.2 Determination of catch rates....................................................................................................................................... 11

2.1.3 Determination of catch composition........................................................................................................................... 12

2.1.4 Determination of catch sizes ...................................................................................................................................... 12

2.2 Baseline assessments of coral reef communities and reef fish assemblages .................................................................. 13

2.2.1 Surveys of coral reef communities using phototransects (PHOT) .......................................................................... 14

2.2.2 Surveys of coral reef associated fish communities .................................................................................................. 17

2.3 Model-based estimations of sediment load from adjacent watersheds ............................................................................. 17

2.3.1 Sediment Assessment Tool for Effective Erosion Control (SATEEC) .................................................................... 18

3 RESEARCH PROJECTS ................................................................................................................................................................. 21

3.1 Towards an ecosystem-based management of mangroves and seagrasses in the Philippines (UP-IESM/ DLSU/ MERF) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

3.1.1 Study 1: Determination of the historical and present extent of mangroves and seagrasses in selected biodiversity corridors (Sta. Ana, Cagayan and Masinloc, Zambales) – an initial assessment ............................. 22

3.1.2 Study 2: Characterization of the ecological and bio-economic factors association with seagrass and mangrove management in a pilot corridor site in Masinloc, Zambales – an initial description ............................................... 23

3.1.3 Study 3: Development and application of a bio-economic model towards an ecosystem-based management of mangroves and seagrasses – the first workshops ................................................................................................... 23

3.2 Filter-net fishery resources of the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (RIC-II/ CSUA)............................................................ 23

3.2.1 Study 1: Catch dynamics, effort, and socio-economics of filter-net fisheries in the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (ACRE) ........................................................................................................................................................... 25

3.2.2 Study 2: Growth, recruitment, reproductive periodicity, and feeding biology of selected dominant and economically important filter-net fishery species from the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (ACRE) ..................... 27

3.3 Biodiversity assessment of coastal ecosystems in selected municipalities of Zambales (RIC-III with RMTU) .............. 29

3.3.1 Study 1: Biological assessment and biodiversity mapping of coastal ecosystems in selected municipalities of Zambales – a preliminary study ................................................................................................................................. 30

3.3.2 Study 2: Preliminary assessment of coastal environments in selected municipalities of Zambales .................... 30

3.3.3 Study 3: A pilot scan of socio-economics and anthropology in selected municipalities of Zambales.................. 31

4 LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31

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List of Acronyms/ Abbreviations

constant derived from the length-weight relationship equation

ACRE Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary

AI Assisting institution

constant derived from the length-weight relationship equation , which provides information on fish growth

BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (of the Department of Agriculture, DA)

BMC Babuyan marine corridor

C Crop management raster map input needed to run the SATEEC GIS system

CENRO Community Environment and Natural Resources Office (of DENR)

CEP Coastal Environment Program (of DENR)

CLSU Central Luzon State University (designated RIC-III)

CRM Coastal resources management

CSUA Cagayan State University at Aparri

DEM Digital elevation model

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DLSU De La Salle University

EBM Ecosystem-based management

EIA Environmental impact assessment

EMB Environmental Management Bureau (of DENR)

ESR Empty stomach ratio

FGD Focus group discussion

Frequencies of occurrence (of food items) in guts

FISH-BE model Fisheries Information for Sustaining Harvests – Bio-economic model

FL Fork length (of fish)

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Global positioning system

GSI Gonadosomatic index

Food item

ICRMP Integrated Coastal Resources Management Project

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

K Soil erosivity raster map input needed to run the SATEEC GIS system

KI Key informant

Length (of fish species) expressed as total length (TL), used to calculate corresponding weights (of fish, )

(continued)

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List of Acronyms/ Abbreviations, continued

LGU Local government unit

LS Slope length and steepness thematic maps generated from maps of estimated flow direction and flow accumulation, using DEM raster maps

MERF Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc

mKBA marine Key Biodiversity Area

MPA Marine Protected Area

MPDO Municipal Planning and Development Office

Number of guts where food item occurred

NSO National Statistics Office

OR1 First stage ovary ripeness, i.e., the ovary fills <1 4⁄ of the carapace (for crustaceans)

OR5 Fifth stage ovary ripeness, i.e., ovary fills almost the entire carapace (for crustaceans)

P Practice factor raster map input needed to run the SATEEC GIS system

PCRA Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment

PHOT Photo-transect

PIPLS Palaui Island Protected Landscape and Seascape

R Rainfall erosivity raster map input needed to run the SATEEC GIS system

RIC Regional ICRM Center

RIC-II Regional ICRM Center of Region II, the Cagayan State University at Aparri

RIC-III Regional ICRM Center of Region III, Central Luzon State University

RIC-VII Regional ICRM Center of Region VII, Cebu Technological University

RMTU Ramon Magsaysay Technological University, co-operator of RIC-III and host of the RIC-III Field Facility

RO Regional Office (of DENR)

RUSLE Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation

SATEEC Sediment Assessment Tool for Effective Erosion Control

SDR Sediment delivery ratio

SEAFDEC Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center

SFI Stomach fullness index

SL Standard length (of fish)

TL Total length (of fish)

UP-IESM University of the Philippines-Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology

UPMSI University of the Philippines-Marine Science Institute

UPV University of the Philippines in the Visayas

Weight (of fish) expressed in grams, in the length-weight relationship equation , used to estimate standing stock biomass

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List of Figures

Page

Figure 1 Types of fishing gear considered for the fishing experiments of the baseline fisheries resource assessments – a, bottom set longline or kitang, b, fish corral or baklad, c, gill net or lambat. Photo credits: S Mamauag

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Figure 2 The signif icance of nearshore habitat connectivity in fish life history vis-à-vis fishing. Source: Slide from presentation (S Mamauag)

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Figure 3 A phototransect frame overlaid with 5 marker-points (red arrow heads) where benthic lifeforms are scored. Lifeforms captured by these arrow heads are identified and recorded. Photo credit: V Ticzon

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Figure 4 Overview of the protocol in the prototype version of the SATEEC GIS system (from Lim et al., 2003).

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Figure 5 The Global Digital Elevation Map extracted from the Philippine domain as input to the SATEEC GIS system in this Study.

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Figure 6 Map of rainfall, averaged from January 1998 to December 2007, considered in this Study for the SATEEC GIS system.

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Figure 7 Map of major soil types in the Philippines considered in this Study for the SATEEC GIS system. 20

Figure 8 The 2004 land cover map of the Philippines considered in this Study for the SATEEC GIS system. 21

Figure 9 Aparri, Cagayan – proposed sites (1-6) where filter-net fishers will be interviewed for their filter-net fishing activities in the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (ACRE). Samples for further analyses shall be obtained from landing sites 4 to 6.

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Figure 10 Illustrations of filter-nets used in the Philippines – the drifting type (left) and stationary (right). Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ac370e/AC370E06.gif

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ABSTRACT

This Report describes the methodologies to be applied in the baseline assessments and in the research projects to be implemented by MERF-UPMSI’s collaborating academic institutions and by RIC-II and RIC-III together with RMTU. Between October 2011 and March 2012, the baseline

assessments are focused in Sta. Ana, Cagayan and Candelaria (and Masinloc), Zambales. From these assessments, the baseline parameters for fisheries resources, coral reef/ reef fish communities in vicinities of marine protected areas (MPAs) will be established. Sediment loads from adjacent watersheds in these areas will be estimated through modeling. The reference state of these resources will be used after one year in the evaluation of management efforts initiated and/ or enhanced by ICRMP, i.e., whether these interventions helped improve the conditions of coastal and marine resources in the respective areas.

Three research projects that focus on nearshore coastal areas will be also initiated during this period. Areas with mangroves and seagrasses will be defined and ecologically characterized so that scenarios for their management could be developed, refined, and then presented. The filter-net fishery resources of the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (ACRE) will be pursued by RIC-II/CSUA and will initially characterize the catch, effort, and socio-economics of filter-net fisheries as well as describe the growth, recruitment, reproductive effort, and feeding biology of the alamang, espada, and croakers. RIC-III amd RMTU will assess the biodiversity and describe the physical environment of coastal ecosystems Candelaria, Zambales. They will also commence with an anthropological study of ethnolinguistic groups among coastal residents.

In the implementation of RICs research, MERF-UPMSI will be providing technical assistance and mentoring, during which Projects partners may also benefit from and contribute to. Results from the baseline assessments and research projects shall be communicated to stakeholders of Sta Ana, Candelaria, and Masinloc before the end of this engagement.

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Compilation of Methodologies

Baseline resource/ biophysical assessments and research projects with collaborating institutions and of RICs-II and III (October 2011 to March 2012)

1 Introduction

This Compilation contains methodologies to be used in the baseline resource/ biophysical assessments commissioned to the Assisting Institution (AI) by ICRMP and in the research projects that are to be implemented by the AI’s collaborating academic institutions and by the Regional ICRM Centers (RICs) of Regions II and III. For the period between October 2011 and March 2012, the study sites of the commissioned work are in Sta. Ana, Cagayan and Candelaria (and Masinloc), Zambales. Sta. Ana was chosen because its 300-ha marine sanctuary, strategically located within the Naval Reserve and the Palaui Island Protected Landscape and Seascape (PIPLS) (MERF/DENR/NOAA 2006), was the earliest to be established in the province (ca. 1997). The Project has also initiated zoning within the sanctuary as among a number of interventions for the municipality (cf E Pasion, pers. comm.). Candelaria was considered because data on its coastal resources are still limited to date and the benefits of established fish sanctuaries and MPAs remain to be realized under the Project, in contrast to its neighboring municipalities, Masinloc and Sta. Cruz.

The following studies are to be undertaken:

1. Baseline assessment of fisheries resources in Sta. Ana, Cagayan and Candelaria, Zambales (“Determining baseline parameters of coastal fisheries in Sta Ana, Cagayan and Candelaria, Zambales towards ecosystem-based management”);

2. Baseline assessment of coral reefs and reef fish communities in Sta Ana, Cagayan and Candelaria, Zambales (“Establishing baselines on key indicators of coral and fish communities for long-term monitoring of MPAs in Sta Ana, Cagayan and Candelaria, Zambales”); and,

3. Baseline estimates of sediment load from adjacent watersheds based on model simulations and other threats to marine and coastal habitats in Sta Ana, Cagayan and in Candelaria and Masinloc, Zambales.

The first two studies aim to establish the baseline parameters for fisheries resources, coral reef communities, and reef fish assemblages in vicinities of marine protected areas (MPAs) of Sta. Ana, Cagayan and Candelaria, Zambales. The third study shall estimate sediment loads from adjacent watersheds in Sta. Ana and in Candelaria and Masinloc (Zambales).

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The parameters that will be obtained from these areas will form the reference values of the state of these resources, which will be used for the subsequent evaluation of whether management efforts initiated and/ or enhanced by ICRMP are able to improve the conditions of coastal and marine resources in the respective areas after at least one (1) year. Moreover, these baseline reference values are deemed to be useful in fine-tuning management strategies to further improve the conditions of the coastal resources in these areas.

Three research projects will be also initiated during this period –

1. Towards an ecosystem-based management of mangroves and seagrasses in the Philippines, with 3 Studies, namely –

a. Determination of the historical and present extent of mangroves and seagrasses in selected biodiversity corridors (Sta. Ana, Cagayan and Masinloc, Zambales) – an initial assessment;

b. Characterization of the ecological and bio-economic factors associated with seagrass and mangrove management in a pilot corridor site in Masinloc, Zambales – an initial description; and,

c. Development and application of a bio-economic model towards an ecosystem-based management of mangroves and seagrasses – the first workshops.

2. Filter-net fishery resources of the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (ACRE), with 2 Studies, namely –

a. Catch, effort, and socio-economics of filter-net fisheries in the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (ACRE) – a preliminary study; and,

b. Growth, recruitment, reproductive periodicity, and feeding biology of selected dominant and economically important filter-net fishery species in the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (ACRE) – a preliminary study.

3. Biodiversity assessment of coastal ecosystems in Zambales, with 3 Studies, namely –

a. Biological assessment and biodiversity mapping of coastal ecosystems in selected municipalities of Zambales – a preliminary study;

b. Preliminary assessment of coastal environments in selected municipalities of Zambales; and,

c. A pilot scan of socio-economics, anthropology, and policies on biodiversity and coastal resource management in selected municipalities of Zambales.

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2 Commissioned Baseline Assessments

2.1 Baseline assessments of fisheries resources1

The science-based fishery management-precautionary approach and the integration of traditional/ local knowledge through participatory approaches are considered good practices in fishery assessment. The best scientific evidence and local knowledge available should be used in order to evaluate the state of fishery resources and the impact of proposed measures on the resource.

The baseline assessment of fisheries resources is an essential element towards effective management as it provides benchmark indicators for subsequent monitoring and evaluation. The important indicators and parameters for baseline assessments of fisheries ecosystems include stock abundance and distribution of various fisheries resources, gear-fisher history, some physico-chemical characteristics of the water body, and key parameters describing the quality and/ or characteristics of habitats (coral reef, seagrass, and mangroves). The measures of habitat quality include species composition, richness, diversity, and abundances or cover. The indicators and parameters listed under this section should be included in the subsequent monitoring and evaluation exercise.

The objectives of the baseline assessment of fisheries resources in Sta. Ana, Cagayan and Candelaria, Zambales are (1) to determine the conditions of various fisheries resources, and, (2) to derive insights on likely trajectories of the condition of fisheries resources, so that options may be evaluated and management decisions could be pursued effectively. The key parameters that need to be obtained include (a) the dominant types of or commonly used fishing gears (fishing pressure), (b) information on key nearshore habitats, (c) catch rates (fishing effort and catch volume) for the gear types, (d) catch composition (species and volume of catch) for the gear types, (e) catch sizes (lengths of fish in a catch), and (f) some aspects on the reproductive biology of the dominant catch. These parameters are sufficient to establish the condition of fish stocks in the two study areas. Similarly, these parameters are to be used as indicators in the monitoring studies. To remove bias from the fishery-dependent approach and to provide measures of the type and volume of fish remaining in the fishery, fishery independent methods will be employed (e.g., experimental fishing).

Aside from determining the above, the parameters will be compared between sites inside and outside of the protected areas and between sites that include the habitat continuum (coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds) and sites that have any one of the habitat types degraded or absent.

2.1.1 Determination of fishing pressure

The characterization of how fisheries resources in a study area are exploited in space and over time provides a handle of the level of fishing pressure. This is best achieved by conducting

1 Proponents: Samuel Mamauag PhD (Project Leader), Severino Salmo III PhD (Study Leader), Richard Muallil (Study Leader), Robert Casauay (Research Assistant)

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experimental fishing activities using dominant or commonly used types of fishing gears. This, therefore, requires the information on the number of fishers using the various gear types. The location of the fishing areas of the gears is also important as it provides information on the extent of the fishing grounds in relation to productive areas such as the nearshore habitats (e.g. coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangroves). The association of the gear types and habitat types is highlighted in the design of the experimental approach, and, therefore the selection of the gear types to be used in the experiments will consider any pattern of association that also elucidates biological processes (e.g., nursery hypothesis, ontogenetic habitat movement) of key target species. A commonly used gear that is recognized to be associated with any of the nearshore habitats (coral reef, seagrass bed, and mangrove area) will be considered in the experimental studies. The bottom set longlines (Fig. 1, a) will be used to consider fishing conditions generally for the three habitat types. Fish corrals (Fig. 1, b) will be used to consider seagrass and mangrove habitats. Finally, surface gill nets (Fig. 1, c) will be used to capture conditions of mobile target species encompassing coral reefs and seagrass beds. Available recent secondary data on dominant or commonly used fishing gear types will be taken into account for the selection of gear types. Alternatively, a rapid initial assessment (e.g., key informant interviews) to get a handle of fishing pressure of the area can be conducted.

2.1.2 Determination of catch rates

Catch rates of commonly used fishing gear at critical habitats provide managers an indication of the condition of fish stocks in an area. Catch rates are determined through catch monitoring and obtaining measures of effort and volume of catch over a number of observations for a selected gear. This monitoring scheme will be initiated by conducting experimental fishing activities using three common gear types. The importance of the various nearshore habitats (and their

Figure 1 Types of fishing gear considered for the fishing experiments of the baseline fisheries resource assessments – a, bottom set longline or kitang, b, fish corral or baklad, c, gill net or lambat. Photo credits: S Mamauag

a

c

b

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connectedness to each other) to the fisheries will be emphasized in this study as well as the significance of marine protected areas (MPA) to the fisheries. Bottom set longlines, gill nets and fish corrals will be deployed following a systematic sampling design and scientific approach, which will demonstrate the variation in catch rates between the protected and fished areas in relation to the connectivity of habitats and stocks. Catch rates (in kg) will be derived from the total catch of replicate gear (for each gear type) per fisher per unit time. Experiments will run for seven days. Towards the end of the Project, i.e., after a year, another experimental activity of a similar design and approach will be carried out. When monitored over time, trends in catch rates will show how much fish are left in the wild in a particular area. Thus, a decrease in catch rate is indicative of declining fish stocks, and, conversely, an increase in catch rate would indicate improvement, and, hence, will elucidate the relevance of habitat conditions, especially protected areas and the connectivity between habitats.

2.1.3 Determination of catch composition

Catch composition refers to the proportion of different species of fish recruiting into each type of fisheries and hence caught by the different gear. Changes in catch composition occur when the abundances of initially targeted species are severely diminished by intense exploitation and fishers shift to fish other species. It is therefore essential to establish records of catch composition and volume over time. Catch composition is obtained by recording the fish species and volume of the catch (in kg) of each gear type over a period of observation.

2.1.4 Determination of catch sizes

Sizes of the catch are indicators of the status of fish stocks. Established life history characteristics of fish provide indicative size ranges for each life stage of fish, i.e., juveniles, sexually mature, and adults. Catch size information also illuminates the connectivity of habitats based on the movement of species during their various life stages across adjacent but different habitat types (Fig. 2). Hence, abundances of the relative sizes of fish caught in a fishery from a specific habitat type indicate the life stage of the stock in that habitat relative to the general area. Also, it is expected that the sizes of fish would differ in protected and fished areas (i.e., larger mean sizes in the protected area versus smaller mean sizes in the fished sites). This information provides managers the trajectory of the stock population size. The following data are acquired from fish samples obtained at random from the catch: total length (TL), standard length (SL) and/ or fork length (FL), and the fresh wet weight (in grams). Lengths are measured (in mm) using a standard fish measuring board while wet weights are measured using a standard top loading balance (to the nearest tenths of a gram).

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Figure 2 The significance of nearshore habitat connectivity in fish life history vis-à-vis fishing. Source: Slide from presentation (S Mamauag)

2.2 Baseline assessments of coral reef communities and reef fish assemblages2

Baseline assessments of coral reefs and fish communities include the determination of locations and extent of coral reefs, as well as marking locations of critical coastal habitats such as seagrass beds and mangrove stands, since these habitats significantly contribute to the productivity of reefs (Ogden and Gladfelter 1984). This can be achieved by using indigenous information (e.g., interviews of local fishers), satellite images, and actual mapping of habitat boundaries with the aid of a global positioning system (GPS). Local knowledge on locations and extent of the habitats can be overlaid on satellite image, and information can then be ground-referenced using available imaging software.

Sandin et al. (2008) used rigorous baseline surveys of pristine conditions to demonstrate how severely human activities have degraded conditions of coral reefs in the northern Line Islands (Pacific). In the Philippines, the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) has become a de facto management strategy to improve conditions of coral reef resources and rebuild fish stocks (e.g., Russ et al., 2004). Although over 900 MPAs have been established in the country (cf. Weeks et al., 2010), very few of these MPAs have reliable baseline information on the

2 Proponents: Vincent Hilomen PhD (Project Leader), Michael Atrigenio/ Victor Ticzon/ Fleur Panga (Coral reef Specialists), Badi Samaniego/ Melchor Deocadez/ Renmar Martinez (Reef fish Specialists)

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condition of coral and fish communities. Many of the MPAs were established based on data from participatory coastal resource assessments (PCRA), which can hardly be used as a measure to determine change (improvement or even deterioration). Information on conditions of coral and fish communities inside and outside of the MPAs established in the provinces of Zambales in Region III and Cagayan in Region II may be lacking (or incomplete), hence, it will be difficult to assess the efficacy of protection on the resources inside MPAs.

The main aim of this Study is to establish reliable baseline information on the current condition of coral and fish communities inside and outside of the MPAs in Candelaria, Zambales and Sta. Ana, Cagayan, against which the effects and impact of management interventions may be compared with in future monitoring work. The specific objectives are the following:

1. To determine locations and extent of coral reefs and the locations of MPAs in Sta Ana, Cagayan and Candelaria, Zambales;

2. To determine the cover, species richness, and species composition of benthic attributes (e.g., live hard corals, dead corals, soft corals, algae, other fauna, and abiotic reef materials) of coral reefs in these sites; and,

3. To determine species richness, species composition, individual abundance, and estimated biomass of associated reef fish assemblages inside and outside of MPAs.

The relevant parameters to determine the condition of coral reefs and reef fish assemblages consist of measures of species richness, species composition and abundances. In determining species richness, divers are required to identify corals and fish to the lowest taxonomic level possible (i.e., species). Species composition requires a priori knowledge about ecological groups of species, e.g., fish trophic guilds (herbivores, corallivores, small benthic predators, piscivores, etc.) and coral physiognomic functions like various types of growth forms. Measures of abundance vary between coral and fish communities. For coral communities, abundances of major benthic lifeforms, which comprise typical benthic characters of a reef, are reported as cover on bottom and expressed as proportions (%). Abundances in coral-reef associated reef fishes are expressed as densities, i.e., number of individuals per unit area, and as biomass, i.e., in kg per unit area.

It is expected that during the Study, key staff of units involved in the ICRMP, including RICs II and III, will be exposed to the methods of assessment. It is envisioned that they will sustain the effort of monitoring the key indicators of coral and fish communities in order to determine changes in the state of these resources over time and to determine if management is effective.

2.2.1 Surveys of coral reef communities using phototransects (PHOT)

The major benthic characteristics of a reef include five categories namely, live hard corals, algae, other fauna, dead corals and abiotic reef materials (Table 1). The first three categories make up the living material of a reef and the last two are the non-living components of reefs. Each of these categories is composed of attributes (Table 1) following English et al. (1994) --

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Table 1 Attributes of coral reef benthos described during field surveys

Lifeform Categories and Attributes Code (1) Hard corals

(a) Acropora species (i) Tabulate ACT (iii) Branching ACB (iv) Digitate ACD (v) Encrusting ACE (vi) Submassive ACS

(b) Non-Acropora Species (i) Branching CB (ii) Massive CM (iii) Encrusting CE (iv) Submassive CS (v) Foliose CF (vi) Mushroom CMR (vii) Heliopora CHL (viii) Millepora CME

(2) Algae (a) Macro-algae MA (b) Turf algae TA (c) Coralline algae CA (d) Halimeda HA (e) Algal assemblage AA

(3) Other fauna (a) Soft corals SC (b) Sponges SP (c) Zoanthids ZO (d) Others OT

(4) Dead corals (a) Dead corals (recent) DC (b) Dead corals with algae

(long dead colonies) DCA

(5) Abiotic reef materials (a) Sand S (b) Rubble R (c) Silt Si (d) Water Wa (e) Rock RCK

The bottom cover (%) of each benthic lifeform category is obtained using the Phototransect (PHOT) Method, which is currently and widely accepted, providing a permanent record of benthic cover. The method is also deemed more precise in demonstrating changes on reefs through time (Leujak and Ormnond, 2007), hence, making the method applicable for coral reef long term monitoring programs.

The method consists of laying three 50-meter transect lines along the contour of the reef. Digital photographs are taken at one-meter intervals at a camera-to-substrate distance of 75 cm. The

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consistency of the camera distance to the substrate is ensured by using a stainless distance bar with a camera mounting provision. The camera is set at full wide angle to capture the largest possible large area of the substrate. There are 51 photographs taken for each transect (or 102 per site).

Before scoring, the digital photographs are first refined using Adobe Photoshop software where colors, contrast, and brightness are adjusted/ corrected. Each photo is also overlaid with five points, i.e., four near each corner and one at the center, using the same software (Fig. 3). During analysis, the lifeforms intercepted by the five points are recorded and scored. The cover of each lifeform is computed using the following equation:

% ∑ 100∑

On the basis of live coral cover, the status of the reef is categorized as follows (Gomez et al. 1994):

Excellent >75.0% live coral cover Good 50.0-74.9% live coral cover Fair 25.0-49.9% live coral cover Poor < 25.0% live coral cover

Figure 4 A phototransect frame overlaid with 5 marker-points (red arrow heads) where benthic lifeforms are scored. Lifeforms captured by these arrow heads are identified

and recorded. Photo credit: V Ticzon

Figure 3 A phototransect frame overlaid with 5 marker-points (arrow heads) where benthic lifeforms are scored. Lifeforms captured by these arrow heads are identified

and recorded. Photo credit: V Ticzon

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2.2.2 Surveys of coral reef associated fish communities

Observers assess the fish communities in the same 50-meter transect lines used for the coral surveys. Fish encountered at 2.5 m on each side and above the transect lines are identified to

species level whenever possible. Fish are identified based on photographic field guides, e.g., Allen (1991), Randall et al. (1997), Lieske and Myers (2002), Allen et al. (2003), and FishBase (Froese and Pauly, 2004). Fish abundances are determined by actual counts, and the total

lengths (TL) of individual fish for each species are estimated to the nearest cm. For schooling or aggregating species, fish abundance is estimated by determining the number of fish within a given cluster and is extrapolated to the size of the aggregation formed. Estimates of fish species richness and abundance are obtained every 5-m segments of the 50-m transect line or a total of 10 segments of 5 m (length) by 10 m (width) sections.

The standing stock biomass of fish is calculated using the length-weight formula –

where W is the weight in grams, L the total length in cm, and a and b are constants derived from length-weight relationships. The values of a and b are obtained from the works of Kulbicki et al. (1993), Letourneur (1998), Letourneur et al. (1998), Gonzales et al. (2000), and those compiled in Froese and Pauly (2004). For species with no known values of a and b, the constants of the closest relative with the most similar body shape are used instead.

Fish are categorized as indicator, major or target species, based on the importance and diet information in FishBase 2004 (Froese and Pauly, 2004). Indicator species are fish that are highly associated to the habitat, such that their presence and abundance in an area give an indication of the relative condition of the reef (Crosby and Reese, 1996). These are mostly coral-feeding butterflyfishes (Family [F.] Chaetodontidae), some wrasse (F. Labridae) and damselfishes (F. Pomacentridae). Major fish are important members of fish communities because they occupy important niches and are important trophic links. These fish are mostly damselfish and wrasses, which are visually conspicuous and are often the most abundant in an area. Target fish are commercially important fish species, known to be targeted in fisheries and have varying commercial value. Fish in this category include groupers (F. Serranidae), snappers (F. Lutjanidae), jacks (F. Carangidae), threadfin breams (F. Nemipteridae), goatfishes (F. Mullidae), and some wrasses, to mention a few.

2.3 Model-based estimations of sediment load from adjacent watersheds3

An effective estimate or evaluation of sediments reaching the critical coral reef habitats requires the identification of areas vulnerable to soil erosion and the quantification of the amount of eroded materials from its surrounding watersheds. A collection, however, of field data to measure sediment load will require at least 1 year of data on river discharge and suspended sediment

3 Proponents: Cesar Villanoy (Project Leader) and Erlinda Salamante (GIS Specialist)

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Figure 4 Overview of the protocol in the prototype version of the SATEEC GIS system (from Lim et al., 2003)

concentrations to come up with an estimate. The very limited time available to establish the baseline characterization necessitates the use of modeling tools to compute for sediment load.

2.3.1 Sediment Assessment Tool for Effective Erosion Control (SATEEC)

Developed in 2003, the Sediment Assessment Tool for Effective Erosion Control (SATEEC) is one of the upgraded models that have already been integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) for the spatiotemporal analysis of soil loss and sediment yield at a watershed scale. The prototype version of the SATEEC GIS system was developed to provide an easy-to-use sediment assessment tool for soil erosion decision makers with Avenue programming within the ArcView GIS software (Lim et al., 2003), and uses the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the spatially distributed sediment delivery ratio (SDR). Figure 4 provides an overview of the prototype version of the SATEEC GIS system.

By multiplying the thematic maps of rainfall erosivity (R), soil erosivity (K), slope length and steepness (LS), crop management (C), and practice factor (P), as shown in Figure 4, The SATEEC GIS system can generate spatially explicit annual average maps of soil loss and

sediment yield in a study area. To explain the possible deposition of eroded materials as these travel to the channel networks and eventually to the watershed outlet, the spatially distributed SDR is computed in the SATEEC GIS system (Lim et al, 2005). SDR is, basically, the ratio of the amount of eroded material that reaches the watershed outlet (i.e., sediment yield) and the gross erosion for the entire watershed. The estimated value of this ratio can be mainly influenced by the physical characteristics of the watershed, e.g., size and shape of watershed, total runoff, runoff, etc.

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Figure 5 The Global Digital Elevation Map extracted from the Philippine domain as input to the SATEEC GIS system in this Study.

The input data needed to run the SATEEC system are raster maps of digital elevation model (DEM), R, K, C, and P (Fig. 4). Figures 5 to 8 show the basic information where the data are to be extracted and the corresponding re-sampled maps for the two study areas, Masinloc/Candelaria, Zambales and Sta. Ana, Cagayan. A gridded DEM gives the elevation value of each grid (Fig. 5), such that the integrated hydrologic model can estimate the direction of flow in the specified watershed. From the estimated flow direction and flow accumulation maps using DEM, LS thematic maps can then be generated. As this factor represents the effect of topography on soil erosion, the higher values of LS mean higher risk of erosion.

The factor R is the product of total storm kinetic energy and the maximum 30-minute storm intensity – this reflects the effect of raindrop impact as well as the amount of runoff associated with the rain. The SATEEC time-variant R module will be used to run the rainfall data (Fig. 6) to generate the rainfall erosivity index map. The specific values for K, C and P factors are to be obtained from the studies of David (1988). The factor K basically illustrates how quickly the soil will erode within the area of interest. This can be estimated using the local information on the soil texture, soil structure, permeability, and content of organic matter. Since these data are not yet available, published values of soil erodibility for various Philippine soil types (Fig.7) will be used to generate the K factor map. The C and P factors are mainly based on land use prevailing within the area (Fig. 8), with the factor C representing the effects of cropping and management practices on the rate of erosion, and the factor P as the ratio of soil loss associated with a specific practice to the soil loss without it. The values of these two factors range from 0 to 1; low C values indicate very strong cover effect resulting in no erosion (e.g., for undisturbed forests) while high P values refer to areas with high erosion risk.

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Figure 7 Map of major soil types in the Philippines considered in this Study for the SATEEC GIS system.

Figure 6 Map of rainfall, averaged from January 1998 to December 2007, considered in this Study for the SATEEC GIS system.

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Figure 8 The 2004 land cover map of the Philippines considered in this Study for the SATEEC GIS system.

3 Research Projects

3.1 Towards an ecosystem-based management of mangroves and seagrasses in the Philippines (UP-IESM/ DLSU/ MERF)

Anthropogenic activities (i.e., construction of pier, human settlement, agricultural and domestic pollution) increase the vulnerability of coastal habitats to the ancillary impacts of climate change (i.e., increase in sea surface temperature, sea level rise, increased storminess and precipitation). Particularly for mangroves and seagrasses vulnerabilities are increased even more strongly by the paucity of information on the current condition of these habitats. The present extents of mangroves and seagrasses in the Philippines are estimates of satellite images which lacks information on whether these are natural mangrove or seagrass areas or an afforested sites which in the case of mangroves extend to mud-, reeflat, and seagrass areas (Primavera and Esteban, 2008; Samson and Rollon, 2008). There are relatively few studies conducted and being reported on the status of mangroves and seagrasses in different areas of the Philippines. Available studies conducted focused mostly on density and cover and less on the ecological and economic values of these ecosystems. The lack of public knowledge on the condition of these habitats vis-a-vis their ecological and economic importance perpetuate the exploitative nature of utilization of these valuable areas (Duarte et al, 2008).

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In the design of most MPAs in the Philippines, mangrove and seagrass areas, if and when included, are usually just in the buffer zone, and only rarely included in the core zone. This may be reflective of the lack of information and appreciation of the services that these ecosystems provide. Also contributing to this could be the lack of tools that could be used to determine the size that needs to be protected in order to sustain corresponding levels of catch and effort in a given area.

In this context, this research project aims to 1) determine the extent of mangroves and seagrasses in selected biodiversity corridors (Study 1); 2) characterize the ecological and bio-economic factors relevant to the formulation of appropriate management strategies for mangroves and seagrasses in selected areas of the Philippines (Study 2); and, 3) develop a bio-economic decision tool to help in the design of an ecosystem based management strategy to maintain the integrity and sustain the productivity of these ecosystems (Study 3). The main question being addressed by this project is “How can mangrove and seagrass ecosystems in selected sites of the Philippines be managed, considering the various ecological and bio-economic factors associated with these resources?”

The results of the assessments and the model output will be used to formulate management and policy options that could facilitate the sustainable management and utilization of mangrove and seagrass resources.

3.1.1 Study 1: Determination of the historical and present extent of mangroves and seagrasses in selected biodiversity corridors (Sta. Ana, Cagayan and Masinloc, Zambales) – an initial assessment4

This Study will involve the following tasks – (1) digitizing of historical or potential mangrove and

seagrass areas using available satellite and topographic maps using the Arcview GIS platform, and (2) geo-referencing and ground validation mapping of mangroves and seagrasses in Sta. Ana, Cagayan, Masinloc, Zambales, and, if possible, Daanbantayan, Cebu. The available satellite images for these selected sites will be used to estimate the extent of the two habitats. With the participation of staff of RIC-II, RIC-III, RMTU, and RIC-VII, the estimates will then be calibrated during the surveys/ on-site mapping to be conducted in early 2012 and then validated by a second survey after three months,

4 Proponents: Rene Rollon PhD (Project Leader/ Study Leader) and 1 Research Assistant

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3.1.2 Study 2: Characterization of the ecological and bio-economic factors association with seagrass and mangrove management in a pilot corridor site in Masinloc, Zambales – an initial description5

A detailed assessment of the ecological and bio-economic factors associated with mangrove and seagrass ecosystem management is the main task here, to be initially conducted in one of the pilot corridor sites in Masinloc, Zambales. Available information on the flora and fauna of mangroves and seagrasses in Masinloc, Zambales will be reviewed and analyzed. The field assessments will be conducted together with staff of RICs II, III/RMTU, and VII. Focus group discussions will be conducted to determine the present use and potential threats to the habitats. Species composition, abundances of flora and fauna, and zonation patters in the areas will be assessed from observations in transect-plots (for mangroves) and from 50 x 50 cm quadrats and sample cores (for seagrasses). The fisheries and associated fauna of seagrass and mangroves will be assessed by conducting experimental fishing exercises and focus group discussions (FGDs). The age-reconstruction technique will be applied in selected seagrass and mangrove species to determine the spatio-temporal patterns in their growth and the demographic structure of seagrass areas.

3.1.3 Study 3: Development and application of a bio-economic model towards an ecosystem-based management of mangroves and seagrasses – the first workshops6

A FISH-BE (Fisheries Information for Sustaining Harvests - Bio-Economic) Model (Licuanan et al. 2006) type will be developed to identify appropriate management approaches that will help in the sustainable management and utilization of mangrove and seagrass areas. The model will attempt to determine the extent of an area that needs to be managed as well as establish sustainable levels of catch of associated organisms and effort in a given area. This Study will involve (1) an initial workshop on the development of the bio-economic model towards an ecosystem-based management (EBM) of mangroves and seagrasses, in which the framework and interface of the bio-economic model will be set, (2) pilot-testing of the developed model in Masinloc, Zambales, to obtain inputs for the subsequent refinement of the model, and (3) a second workshop where a prototype bio-economic model will be developed and finalized. This final model will be imparted to RIC-III and RMTU in a series of trainings and workshops.

3.2 Filter-net fishery resources of the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (RIC-II/ CSUA)

The Cagayan River is a priority area for studies of diversity and endemicity of fish and invertebrate fauna. The estuary, particularly the coastal areas near the river mouth (Aparri-

5 Proponents: Maricar Samson PhD (Study Leader/ Mangrove and Seagrass Management Specialist), Severino Salmo III PhD (Fisheries Specialist), 1 Research Assistant

6 Proponents: Wilfredo Roehl Licuanan PhD (Study Leader/ Bioeconomic Modeling Specialist), Miledel Christine Quibilan (MPA Specialist)

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Cagayan River Estuary or ACRE) is a rich aquatic habitat known to nurture species of fish and invertebrates that are economically important, e.g., the catadromous freshwater mullet or ludong (Cestreaus plicatilis), hair tail or espada (Trichiurus spp.), dolphin fish or dorado (Coryphaena hippurus), red/ spider shrimps or alamang (Nematopalaemon tenuipes/ Penaeus spp./ Acetes spp.) (Ayson and Encarnacion 2008), and croakers (Sciaenidae). The ludong populations inhabit the upper reaches of the River. Between October and December, ludong adults migrate to the river mouth off Aparri and the Babuyan Channel to spawn and then return to the upper reaches with their fry from December to February, coinciding with the ipon-run phenomenon (dela Cruz 2008).

The alamang, espada, dorado, and other small and large pelagic species also make up an important fishery resource from filter-nets operated in the ACRE. The alamang is a major fishery and export product, hence, a major source of income of the Aparrianos and of the Cagayan Valley region in general. Between 1994 and 2004, the alamang accounted for over 39% of the catch (Villarao et al. 2006) and peaked in 2008, yielding 3,534 MT (unpubl. data, MAO, LGU-Aparri). To date, the dynamics of the fisheries and aspects of the biology of these vital resources of the estuary and the Babuyan marine corridor (BMC) remain undescribed fully hence, least understood. Although a so-called gentleman’s agreement for fishing alamang in the ACRE is practiced, a science-based regulation of filter-net fisheries needs to be in place.

Fish stocks caught by filter-nets (including the ludong) appear to have dwindled in recent years. This has been linked with habitat degradation (from coastal erosion and flooding , , the risks of which would be increased by dredging, sand extraction, and magnetite mining activities), pollution from coastal development (Ayson and Encarnacion 2008), and unregulated fishing, brought about by the increased demand for food by the growing population. These causes, together with current changes in local climate, are assumed to negatively affect the biological productivity of the ACRE and the BMC, which, in turn, could directly affect its fisheries and other threatened species (e.g., cetaceans frequenting the area), hence, the income of fisher folks.

This research project is put forward to address the knowledge gap on the fisheries and aspects of the biology of these resources except for the ludong, research studies on which are currently on-going and led by BFAR Region II. Two preliminary studies to be conducted within two months are subsumed herein – Study 1 will describe the filter-net fishery the of the ACRE and its fishers,and Study 2 will elucidate biological information on dominant components of the catch. During the collections, research collaborators of the Project – BFAR, DENR, the LGU of Aparri, the Provincial Government of Cagayan, and MERF-UPMSI shall be notified and invited to witness/ participate in the sampling activities. The specific objectives are:

1. To determine the dynamics of catch, rates, and composition of filter-net fisheries of the ACRE;

2. To determine catch, effort, and socio-economic status of filter-net fishers; and,

3. To determine aspects of the population biology of the dominant filter-net catch (alamang, espada, and croakers) – growth, recruitment, reproduction, and feeding.

This preliminary work shall initiate the data that are much needed to address the knowledge gaps. In particular, there will be a compilation of local knowledge on filter-net fisheries in the ACRE,

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Figure 9 Aparri, Cagayan – proposed sites (1-6) where filter-net fishers will be interviewed for their filter-net fishing activities in the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (ACRE). Samples for further analyses shall be obtained

from landing sites 4 to 6.

profiles of fishery catch and effort, and information on the population biology of the dominant species in the filter-net catch. These results will be packaged as databases, summary tables, and reports.

3.2.1 Study 1: Catch dynamics, effort, and socio-economics of filter-net fisheries in the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (ACRE)7

This study aims to address objectives 1 and 2 (see previous page) and includes the following activities:

3.2.1.1 Interview survey

Fishers using filter-nets in the ACRE will be interviewed; their locations/ fishing grounds mapped out, and their fishing practice – effort, catch composition, catch rates – noted. From previous surveys, most fishers resided in Brgy. Linao in Aparri West (S1), Bisagu (S2), Toran (S3), Macanaya (S4), Minanga (S5) and Punta in Aparri East (S6) (Fig. 9). The interview survey among fishers (and/or their wives) will be carried out to determine the types and sizes of fishing gear they use (including mesh size of nets), boat/ engine type, boat hours spent for fishing, and estimated incomes. A standard questionnaire will be prepared for this activity. About 10% of all fishers will be selected as co-operators, from whom fish catch will be monitored and experience/ information on filter-net fishery practice will be obtained for 16 months. The proponents will also ensure that the local government unit of Aparri is approached for the necessary social preparations and consent prior to conducting the interview surveys.

7 Proponents: Simeon Rabanal Jr PhD (Project Leader), Wilma Urmeneta (Study Leader), Lenimfa Molina PhD (Co-Study Leader), 1 Research Assistant, 3 Research Enumerators

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3.2.1.2 Collections of fishery dependent samples and measurements of total sample wet weight

Fishers of both drift (n=3) and stationary filter-nets (or filter-net boats) (n=3) (Fig. 10) will be commissioned to obtain samples weekly from each of their source areas in the estuary. Landing sites of filter-net catch (i.e., Macanaya (S4), Minanga (S5), and Punta (S6); Fig. 9) will also be accessed weekly. Total wet weights of samples from each filter- net (=commissioned fisher) will be measured (in kg). Samples from the commissioned fishers and from the landing sites will be obtained for 16 months.

3.2.1.3 Laboratory analyses: (a) Taxonomic identification

After the collections and weight determinations (direct catches from the fishers and from the landing sites), around 10% of the alamang catch and at least 30 individuals of other species in the catch will be taken to the laboratory at CSU-Aparri for subsequent sorting. Dichotomous key guides will be prepared (from standard taxonomic keys) as aids in the identification. Samples will also be sent out to experts for verification/ validation of species identities. Photographs of each species will also be taken for documentation purposes. These will be sent to the WorldFish Center at Los Baños (Laguna) for verification and subsequent upload in FishBase (www.fishbase.org) once validated. The classification of each species will be organized, including information on common and local names and notes on their biology and ecology, based on information from the interview survey.

3.2.1.4 Laboratory analyses: (b) Wet weight/ morphometric measurements of sorted samples

The wet weights of each species in the catch will be measured (in kg) in each filter-net sample (=commissioned fisher) to determine the relative contribution of each species in the total catch.

Figure 10 Illustrations of filter-nets used in the Philippines – the drifting type (left) and stationary (right). Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ac370e/AC370E06.gif

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Morphometric and meristic data from at least 30 individuals of each species will also be obtained. At a later stage, these data will be grouped by collection date, source area, and landing site.

3.2.1.5 Data encoding and initial analyses

Databases will be created to encode data from the interview survey, filter-net catch, and morphometric/meristic measurements. Frequency tables, catch summaries, profiles, and graphs will be generated from the monthly databases. The whole range of sizes will be categorically grouped as small, medium and large and the relative contribution of the sizes to the total catch will also be computed.

3.2.2 Study 2: Growth, recruitment, reproductive periodicity, and feeding biology of selected dominant and economically important filter-net fishery species from the Aparri-Cagayan River Estuary (ACRE)8

This study aims to determine aspects of the population biology of the alamang or red/ spider shrimps (Nematopalaemon tenuipes), espada or hair tail (Trichiurus spp.), and croakers (Sciaenidae) – that are altogether dominant in the filter-net catch from the ACRE (see objective 3). The following activities are included in this Study:

3.2.2.1 Collection of samples

Samples of alamang, espada, and croakers (5 to 15 kg each; to accumulate at least 30 individuals) will be obtained monthly (preferably at the same time of day) for two months from the catch of commissioned fishers (as above) upon their arrival at the landing site. Composite samples (around 3 kg from the 5 kg obtained) will be prepared for subsequent measurements of lengths/ weights and segregation into sexes; a separate subsample will be immediately preserved for later analyses of gut contents.

3.2.2.2 Laboratory analyses: (a) Growth measurements

Lengths, weights, and recruitment size – In the laboratory, 1 kg of alamang and at least 30 individuals of espada and croakers will be obtained and then individually measured for total length (TL, in mm) and wet weight (in g).

8 Proponents: Romeo Culasing PhD (Study Leader), Eunice Layugan PhD (Co-Study Leader), Samuel Amaba (Research Assistant)

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3.2.2.3 Laboratory analyses: (b) Determination of reproductive effort (fecundity, GSI)

About 2 kg of the composite alamang samples obtained will first be segregated into their sexes. The abdominal region of the segregated female individuals will then be inspected for the presence of eggs to distinguish berried (with eggs) from the non-berried individuals and then counted. At least 30 berried individuals will be randomly selected, from which measures of individual lengths, weights, and fecundity will be taken. The stages of the maturity of the oviposited eggs will be determined (cf Kunju 1979). The breeding stages (maturity stages of gonads) of at least 30 non-berried female individuals will also be assessed following the classification of Kunju (1979) that is based on the ripeness of the ovary, i.e., the extent to which the ovary fills the space beneath the carapace, and certain characters of the ovum (discernible under the microscope). These stages will be expected to range from OR1 (ovary fills less than one-fourth of the carapace; ovum with yolk granules; nucleus is clearly visible under microscope) to OR5 (ovary fills almost the entire carapace and a large part of the first abdominal segment).

For the selected fin fishes, reproductive effort will be determined from fecundity data and from computed gonadosomatic indices (GSI). At least 30 individual samples each of hair tails and croakers will be dissected and then the ovaries will be removed and weighed (in g). The stage of gonad maturity will be classified into 1of 5 stages, i.e., from immature/resting stage to spent (cf Yamaguchi et al 2006) following established histological procedures.

3.2.2.4 Laboratory analyses: (c) Determination of food types and feeding mode

Gut contents of the animals will be analyzed in the laboratory following standard procedures, e.g., cf Hyslop (1980) in Eduardo et al. (2001). Preserved specimens will be degutted, the guts will be weighed with the contents still in (in g), and then these will be emptied of its contents by dissection. The recovered gut contents will be sorted under a stereomicroscope – the discernible prey items will be identified to the lowest possible taxon level and will be submitted to experts (e.g., SEAFDEC and UPV) for verification and/or if difficult to identify.

3.2.2.5 Data encoding and initial analyses

Databases will be created to encode size and weight data of collected samples (specimens, gonads, eggs, guts, food items), henceforth updated until the end of the collection period. Frequency and summary tables and graphs will be subsequently generated from the databases. Fecundity and the gonadosomatic index (GSI) for each species will be computed as:

100

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From the gut contents data of each species, the relative abundance of identified food items will be recorded as frequencies of occurrence ( ): 100

where is the frequency of occurrence of food item i in the sample; is the number of guts where food item i occurred; and n is the total number of guts analyzed. Gut fullness will also be determined as stomach fullness index (SFI), calculated as: 100

and the empty stomach ratio (ESR) will be computed as the percentage of the number of specimens with an empty stomach vis-à-vis the total number of examined specimens (Chiou et al. 2006).

3.3 Biodiversity assessment of coastal ecosystems in selected municipalities of Zambales (RIC-III with RMTU)

This research project is also composed of 3 Studies and aims to assess the biodiversity and physical environment of coastal and marine ecosystems in selected municipalities of Zambales and to document the indigenous knowledge system, cultural, and resource management practices of coastal communities in the conservation of biodiversity. These activities are meant to enhance the capacities of RIC-III/ CLSU and RMTU research staff, with technical assistance from MERF-UPMSI, in better understanding the dynamics of various pressures acting on the coastal ecosystems of Zambales, to which management strategies could be formulated and implemented by the locals in the future.

During the preliminary phase of 2 months, the research activities will focus in Candelaria, Zambales. This municipality was chosen because of its simple coastal configuration where important coastal habitats occur in proximity such as riverine mangrove patches, seagrass beds and coral reefs. Moreover, this is an area where little is known about the diversity of these important coastal habitats. The coastal habitats of adjacent municipalities such as those of Masinloc, Zambales have been covered in other studies. Also, the proximity and accessibility of the RIC III center will provide support to field activities within Candelaria.

Study 1 will assess the biodiversity in critical coastal ecosystems; Study 2 will describe the coastal environment; and Study 3 will describe (in a pilot scan) the local communities of mKBAs (marine Key Biodiversity Areas) and obtain indigenous knowledge on biodiversity conservation. The expected outputs include (a) geo-referenced databases of coastal living resources/ ecosystems of Candelaria, with lists of endangered/ endemic marine species/ and possiby foreign/invasive species, (b) maps of critical coastal ecosystems and of shoreline traces; and, (c) a preliminary ethnographic monograph on the coastal communities.

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3.3.1 Study 1: Biological assessment and biodiversity mapping of coastal ecosystems in selected municipalities of Zambales – a preliminary study9

This Study will conduct biological assessments and obtain the status of biodiversity in coral

reefs, mangroves, and seagrass areas of Candelaria and will include information on whether key organisms are in a state of decline, are either threatened, endangered, or endemic, and foreign and/or invasive, based on the IUCN Red List.

Initially, the location and extent of mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs in the municipality of Candelaria will be determined. This can be achieved by plotting the boundaries of each coastal habitat on a map with the aid of a GPS unit operated under the track mode or static positioning surveying technique. The total area covered by each habitat can then be estimated using available GIS and mapping software.

The condition of each habitat will be assessed by determining species composition and various measures of abundance (e.g., density or visual estimates of relative cover on bottom) of the different components of the habitat. Abundances will be classified into levels so that the organisms’ status in a habitat can be qualitatively described – ‘poor’, ‘fair’, or ‘good’ if evaluating relative cover, or ‘few’, ‘several’, or ‘abundant’ to describe counts or occurrences. The existing and potential threats to the habitats within the area will also be identified.

3.3.2 Study 2: Preliminary assessment of coastal environments in selected municipalities of Zambales10

This focus of this Study during this initial phase will be the gathering of existing geo-referenced secondary data on e.g., surface water temperatures (time-series, if available), coastal land use, mangrove cover, coastal etc., and porting these into Google Earth or a similar platform so that GIS-assisted information are made available (as maps and overlays). RIC-III and RMTU shall endeavor to cull out environmental data from the regular environmental impact assessment (EIA) or monitoring reports of the coal-fired power plant in Masinloc submitted to DENR-Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) and the CENRO-Masinloc. Permissions to access and use GIS-assisted information on coastal resources and watersheds shall be sought from DENR-RO III, BFAR (on fisheries resources). If funds would be permitting, thermistors could be procured and then deployed so that relatively long-term temperature data may be obtained from several stations at least within the Oyon Bay Protected Seascape. Changes in the shoreline of

Candelaria will be determined by analyzing maps, available satellite images, and shoreline traces.

9 Proponents: Annie Melinda Paz-Alberto PhD (Project Leader/ Study Leader), Raymundo Sazon (Project Staff), Engr Marvin Cinense (Project Staff), 1 Research Assistant

10 Proponents: Armando Espino Jr PhD (Co-Project Leader/ Study Leader), Dinah Abugho (Project Staff), Engr Marvin Cinense (Project Staff), Shirly Serrano (Project Staff), 1 Research Assistant

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3.3.3 Study 3: A pilot scan of socio-economics and anthropology in selected municipalities of Zambales11

Since local ecological knowledge (perception, use, and management) must be integrated to obtain comprehensive information on community-based and participatory biodiversity conservation and CRM, this Study will embark on tasks for the first activity focusing on socio-economics, traditional/local ecological knowledge and practices of biodiversity conservation of coastal resources in Candelaria and, if possible, Sta Cruz, Zambales. Secondary data on socio-demographic and economic profiles and traditional and local ecological knowledge and practices on biodiversity conservation for CRM will be secured from the LGUs (barangays and MPDO), the NSO, BFAR, and DENR. Published works, ethnographic and case studies, theses, and dissertations will be reviewed as well. The historical background, local histories, and settlement of communities will be noted to highlight the dynamic interactions between different stakeholders of the coastal communities.

The proponents will undergo immersion for a week to be able to document the current local

and traditional knowledge system and practices of ethno-linguistic groups from coastal communities on biodiversity conservation for CRM. A questionnaire will be developed within two weeks and then a full census of heads of households among local residents, who are stakeholders of the coastal region, will be conducted, including potential key informants (KIs). Field immersions, direct observations, in-depth interviews of KIs, and pakikipagkwentuhan using local dialect will be employed to obain the communities’ prevailing community belief system, livelihood and dietary-health practices, gender relations, and the existence of a community support system. These will later on be reconstructed and analyzed. A review of secondary

data and a preliminary ethnographic monograph on local ecological knowledge system, practices and processes along the framework of a participatory ecosystem management will be the outputs of these activities.

4 Literature Cited

Allen GR (1991) Field guide to the freshwater fishes of New Guinea. Publ. 9. Christensen Research Institute, Madang, Papua New Guinea

Allen GR, Midgley SH, Allen M (2003) Field guide to freshwater fishes of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne

Ayson JP, Encarnacion AB (2008) Marine resources in areas along the Kurushio in the Cagayan Valley Region, Philippines. Kuroshio Science 2-1, 59-66

Chiou WD, Chen C-Y, Wang C-M, Chen C-T (2006) Food and feeding habits of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus in coastal waters of south-western Taiwan. Fisheries Science 72: 373–381

11 Proponents: Oliva Parico (Project Leader), Jurelac Marquez (Project Staff), 1 Research Assistant

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Crosby MP, Reese E (1996) A Manual for Monitoring Coral Reefs with Indicator Species: Butterflyfishes as Indicators of Change on Indo-Pacific Reefs. Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Silver Spring MD

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dela Cruz T (2008) Feature story: Chasing the elusive ludong: the best tasting and most expensive fish in the Philippines. BAR R&D Digest (formerly BAR Today) – Official Quarterly Publication of the Bureau of Agricultural Research 10(3) July-September (cf Ame EC, Research and development studies for the sustainable management and conservation of Cestraeus plicatilis (Ludong) in Cagayan Valley, DA-BFAR Regional Office II-Research Division), http://www.bar.gov.ph/bardigest/2008/julsep08_ featstory.asp

Duarte CM, Dennison WC, Orth RJW, Carruthers TJB (2008) The charisma of coastal ecosystems: addressing the imbalance. Perspective in Marine and Coastal Sciences 31:233-238

English S, Wilkinson C, Baker V (1994) Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. ASEAN-Australia Marine Science Project: Living Coastal Resources, Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville Mail Centre, Australia 4810, 368 p.

Froese R, Pauly D (eds) (2004) FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org version (12/2004)

Gonzales BJ, Palla HP, Mishina H (2000) Length-weight relationship of five serranids from Palawan Island, Philippines. Naga, ICLARM, 23, 26-28

Gomez ED, Alino PM, Yap HT, Licuanan WY (1994) A review of the status of Philippine Reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 29, Nos. 1-3 pp. 62-68

Hyslop EJ (1980) Stomach content analysis: a review of methods and their applications. J Fish Biol, Southampton, v. 17, no 4, p 411-429

Kulbicki M, Mou Tham G, Thollot P, Wantiez L (1993) Length-weight relationships of fish from the lagoon of New Caledonia. Naga (ICLARM Quarterly) 16 (2-3): 26-30

Kunju MM (1979) Studies on the biology of Nematopalaemon tenuipes (Henderson) in Bombay Coast. Indian Journal of Fisheries 26(1&2): 65-81

Letourneur Y (1998) First length-weight relationships of some marine fish species of Réunion Island, SW Indian Ocean. Naga ICLARM Q. 21(4):37-39

Letourneur Y, Kulbicki M, Labrosse P (1998) Length-weight relationships of fish from coral reefs and lagoons of New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific Ocean: an update. NAGA, ICLARM (4):39-46

Leujak W, Ormond RFG () Comparative accuracy and efficiency of six coral community survey methods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 351, p 168-187

Licuanan WY, Aliño PM, Campos WL, Castillo GB, Juinio-Meñez MA (2006) A Decision Support Model for Determining Sizes of Marine Protected Areas: Biophysical Considerations. The Philippine Agricultural Scientist 89(1): 34-47

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