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    ~ ~~ ~~

    ~

    C I E

    7 0

    87

    9006345 0003038 703

    COMMISSION

    INTERNATIONALE DE

    L ECLAIRAGE

    INTERNATIONAL

    COMMISSION

    ON

    ILLUMINATION

    INTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOMMISSION

    THE

    MEASUREMENT

    OF

    ABSOLUTE

    LUMINOUS INTENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS

    PUBLICATION CIE Ni) 70 (1987)

    A- I033 VIENNA. P . O BOX 159 AUSTR IA

    CENTRAL

    BUREAU

    OF

    THE

    CIE

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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    ~~

    C I E 70 8 7 006145 0003019 6 4 T

    Thi s Techni cal Repor t has been pr epar ed

    by CI E

    Techni cal Comm t t ee 2. 2

    Detectoorc ( now wi t hi n CI E Di vi s i on 2) and has been appr oved by t he Counc i l o f

    t he Comm ss i on I nt e rnat i ona l e de 1 Ec l a i r age f o r s t udy and appl i cat i on. The

    document r epor t s on cur r ent knowl edge and exper i ence wi t hi n t he spec i f i c f i e l d

    o f

    l i ght and l i ght i ng des c r i bed, and i s i nt ended t o be used by t he CI E

    members h i p and ot her i nter est ed par t i es . i t shoul d be not ed, however , t hat t he

    s t a t u s

    of

    t hi s document i s advi sor y and not mandat or y. The l at est

    CI E

    pr oceedi ngs or J our nal shoul d

    be

    consul t ed r egard i ng poss i bl e subsequent

    amendment s .

    Ce r appor t t echni que a ét é pr épar é par l e Com t é Techni que CI E 2. 2, Détecteurs

    ( mai nt enant par t i e d e l a Di v i s i on 2 de l a C IE ) , et a ét é appr ouvé, par l e

    Consei 1 de

    1

    a Comm ss i on I nt ernat i ona l e de 1 Ecl ai r age, pour ét ude et

    appl i cat i on. Le document t r a i t e des connai ssances cour ant es et de l expér i ence

    dans l e domai ne s péc i f i que i ndi qué de l a l um ér e et d e l éc l ai r age, et i l e s t

    ét abl i

    pour l usage des membr es de l a

    CI E

    et aut r es gr oupement s i nt éressés . I l

    f aut cependant no te r q ue ce document es t i ndi cat i f et non obl i ga to i r e. Pour

    c onnai t r e d évent uel

    s

    amendement s, consul t er l es p l us r écent s compt esr endus ou

    l e J our nal de l a CI E.

    Di eser Techni sche Ber i cht i s t vom CI E- Techni schen Kom t ee 2. 2 Detektoren

    z. Z.

    i n der CI E Di v i s i on 2) ausgear be i t e t und vom Rat de r Comm ss i on I nt e rnat i ona l e

    de 1 Ecl a i r age gebi l l i gt worden. Das Dokument ber i cht et über den derz e i t i gen

    St and von W ssen und Er f ahr ung i n dem behandel t en Gebi et von L i cht und

    Bel euchtung;

    es

    i s t zur Verwendung dur ch CI E- Mi t g l i eder und dur ch ander e

    I nter ess i er t e best i mmt . Es so l l t e j edoch beachtet werden, da6 das Dokument

    e i ne Empf ehl ung und ke i ne Vorschr i f t i s t . Di e neue- s t en CI E- Tagungsber i chte

    oder das neues t e CI E- J our nal s ol l t en i m Hi nbl i c k auf mögl i c he s pät er e

    Änder ungen z u Rat e gezogen wer den.

    Any ment i on

    o f

    organi sat i ons or pr oducts does not i mpl y endors ement by

    t he CI E. Whi l s t ever y ca re has been t aken i n t he compi l a t i on o f any

    l i s t s , up t o t he t i me of go i ng t o pr ess , t hese may not be compr ehens i ve.

    Tout e ment i on d or gani sme ou de pr odui t n i mpl i que pas une pr éf ér ence de

    l a CI E. Mal gr é l e s oi n appor t é

    4

    l a compi l at i on

    de

    t ous ? es document s

    j usqu à

    l a

    m s e sous pr es s e, c e t r avai l n e s aur ai t êt r e exhaus t i f .

    Di e Er wähnung von Or gani sat i onen oder Er zeugni ss en bedeut et kei ne

    Bi l l i gung dur ch di e CI E. Obgl ei ch gr oße So rg f a l t bei de r Er s t e l l ung von

    Verze i chni s sen b i s zum Zei t punkt der Dr uck1 egung angewendet wur de, i s t

    es mögl i c h, d aß di e s e ni c ht v ol l s t ändi g s i nd.

    O CI E 1987

    I I

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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            `  ,  ,

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    C I E

    70 8 7 9006145 0003020

    3 b L

    The

    f o l l o w i n g members

    o f Committee T C - 2 . 2

    t oo k p a r t i n t h e p r e p a r t i o n o f

    t h e t e c h n i c a l r e p o r t :

    Les membres s u i v a n t du c o m i t é TC-2.2 o n t p a r t i c i p é s a l a p r e p a r a t i o n

    d u

    r a p p o r t t e c h n i q u e :

    Die

    f o lg e n de n M i t a r b e i t e r d e s K o m it ee s

    T C - 2 . 2

    h a b e n

    s i c h

    a n

    der

    A u s a r b e i t u n g d e s T e ch n i sc h en B e r i c h t e s b e t e i l i g t :

    Chairman:

    H e n g s t b e r g e r , F*

    Cogno, J A

    Farmer, A

    J D

    Reiter, H*

    Pact ie l s ,

    R

    A n d r e y t c h i n e ,

    R

    Budde, W

    Krt il J

    Nielsen, O*

    J a n e s t ,

    A

    Timonen , T

    Riemann , M

    G e u t l e r , G

    Betts,

    D

    B

    S c h a n d a , J*

    Artom,

    M

    N a n j o ,

    M

    Balder, J

    J

    H i s d a l ,

    B

    L i p o w s k i , M

    Musa, G

    C o r r o n s ,

    A*

    O t t o s o n , A

    Blaser, P*

    Z a l e w c k i , E F

    I g n a t i e v , V G

    S o u t h Africa

    A r g e n t i n a

    A u s t r a l i a

    A u s t r i a

    B e l g i u m

    B u l g a r i a

    C a n a d a

    C z e c h o s l o v a k i a

    Denmark

    F r a n c e

    F i n l a n d

    Germany, D e m . Rep.

    Germany, Fed. Rep.

    Great B r i t a i n

    Hungary

    I t a l y

    J a p a n

    N e t h e r l a n d s

    Norway

    P o l a n d

    Romania

    S p a i n

    Sweden

    S w i t z e r l a n d

    U S A

    U S S R

    S u b c o m m i t t e e

    on

    " Me as ure me nt o f l u m in o us i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s " :

    Chairman:

    Krochmann , J

    Rotter ,

    F

    V a n d e r m e e r s c h ,

    M

    G

    Bas t i e ,

    J

    Germany, Fed. Rep.

    A u s t r i a

    B e lg iu m

    F r a n c e

    I I I

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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    ____

    C I E 70

    87

    9006345 0003021 2 T B

    Moore,

    3 R

    Rattunde,

    R

    Förste,

    D

    D e z s i ,

    G

    G e n t i l e ,

    C

    d e

    Groot,

    J

    J

    De

    Veer,

    S

    M

    and members o f

    TC-2.2

    m ark ed *

    E o i t o r i a l C o m m i t t e e :

    Chairman:

    Krochmann , J

    V a n d e r m e e r s c h M G

    Moore,

    J

    R

    V erm eu len ,

    J

    H e n g s t b e r g e r , F

    F i n a l e d i t i n g :

    B i l l m e y e r , F

    Great B r i t a i n

    Germany, F e d .

    Rep.

    Germany, Fed . Rep .

    Hungary

    I t a l y

    N e t h e r l a n d s

    Nether

    a n d s

    Germany, Fed. Rep.

    B e l g i u m

    Great Britain

    N e t h e r l a n d s

    South Africa

    USA

    I V

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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    `   ,  ,`   ,  ,`   ,`   ,  ,` ---

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    CONTENTS

    Page

    1 T E R M I N O L O G Y

    ......................................................

    1

    1.1 Q u a n t i t i e s

    ...................................................

    1

    1.1.1 L u m i n o u s i n t e n s i t y .....................................

    1

    1 . 1 . 2 I l l u m i n a n c e

    ............................................

    1

    1.1.3 L u m in an ce ..............................................

    1 .2 L um inous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n body ......................... 2

    1 . 3 Luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n c u r v e

    ........................

    2

    1 . 4 I s o c a n d e l a d ia g ra m ........................................... 2

    1.5 M e a s u r i n g f i e l d and m e a s u r i n g - f i e l d a n g l e i n

    l u m i n a n c e mea-

    s u r e m e n t s .................................................... 2

    1 .6 T erm s for m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t s

    ..............................

    3

    1 . 6 . 1 P h o t o m e t e r

    .............................................

    3

    1 . 6 . 2 G o n i o p h o t o m e t e r

    ........................................

    3

    1 . 6 . 3 P h o t o m e t e r h e a d

    ........................................

    3

    1 . 6. 4 A c c e p t a n c e a r e a ........................................ 3

    1 . 7 P h o t o m et r i c c e n t r e o f a l am p or l u m i n a i r e ) ..................

    4

    1.8 S t r a y l i g h t ..................................................

    4

    1 . 9 L i m i t i n g p h o t o m e t r ic d i s t a n c e

    ...............................

    4

    2

    .

    PRINCIPLES OF LUMINOUS INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS

    ....................

    4

    2 .1 P h o t om e t r i c d i s t a n c e law .....................................

    4

    2 .2

    L u m i n a n c e i n t e g r a t i o n ........................................ 6

    3 . TYPES OF PHOTOMETER HEADS ........................................ 6

    3 . 1 P h o t o m e t e r h e a d f o r measuring i l l u m i n a n c e

    .....................

    6

    3 . 2

    P h o t o m e t e r head f o r l um i na n ce i n t e g r a t i o n .................... 7

    3 .2 .1 C o n s t r u c t i o n ...........................................

    7

    3 . 2 . 1 . 1 P h o t o m e t e r h e a d w i t h l e n s

    ......................

    7

    V

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

        -    -        `        `        `  ,  ,    -        `    -        `  ,  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `    -    -    -

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    C I E 70 87 9006345 0003023 070

    3.2.1.2 Photometer head w i t h p a r a l l e l o r i e n t e d o p t i c s

    .. 8

    3.2.1.3 Photometer head

    w i t h

    tubes

    ..................... 8

    3.2.2 Influence

    o f

    inhomogeneous i l lumination .............. 11

    3.2.3

    In f lu ence o f the measur ing- f ie ld ang le ............... 12

    4

    .

    MEASURINC

    PLANES

    .................................................

    13

    4.1 A-Planes .................................................... 13

    4.2 B-Planes

    .................................................... 14

    4.3 C-Planes .................................................... 14

    4.4 Conica l surfaces ............................................ 16

    4.5

    Symbols f o r

    plane angles

    ....................................

    16

    4.6 Relat ionships

    ...............................................

    17

    G O N I O P H O T O M E T E R W I T H FACILITY FOR TURNING THE LIGHT SOURCE ....... 18

    5 . 1 P r i n c i p l e ................................................... 18

    5.2 Appl icat ion

    .................................................

    18

    5

    .

    5.3

    Co ns t ru c ti o n p r i n c i p l e s

    .....................................

    18

    5.4 Au x i l i a r y d e t e c t o r s ......................................... 19

    6 . GONIOPHOTOMETER WITH M O V I N G PHOTOMETER HEAD ...................... 21

    6 . 1 P r i n c i p l e

    ...................................................

    21

    6.2 App l ica t ion .................................................

    21

    6.3 Const ruct ion Pr inc ip l es

    ..................................... 21

    7

    . GONIOPHOTOMETER WITH

    R O T A T I N G M I R R O R ............................. 24

    7 . 1 P r i n c i p l e

    ...................................................

    24

    7 . 2 App l i ca t ion ................................................. 25

    7.3 Cons truc tion p r i nc i p l es

    .....................................

    25

    ANGLE MEASUREMENT

    ................................................

    26

    .

    8 . 1

    P o s s i b i l i t i e s

    ............................................... 26

    8.2 Requirements

    ................................................

    27

    9

    . PHOTOELECTRONICS AND D A T A PROCESSING .............................

    27

    V I

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIENot for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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    C I E

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    T O 7

    M

    10. GENERAL MEASURING

    C ON D IT ION S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    8

    1 0 . 1 Operat ing condit ions

    .......................................

    28

    10.2 Ageing ..................................................... 29

    10.3 Burn ing pos i t ion

    ...........................................

    29

    10.4 Ambient temper atu re

    ........................................

    29

    10.5 Vibrat ion and shock ........................................ 30

    10.6 S t a b i l i z a t i o n p e r i o d ....................................... 30

    10.7

    Electr ical measurements .................................... 30

    10.7.1 Measurement un c er ta i nt y ............................. 30

    10.7.2

    Power type and operating

    mode

    .......................

    31

    10.7.3

    Wir ing .............................................. 31

    10.7.4 Execution

    o f

    the e l e c t r i c a l measurements ............

    31

    10.7.5 Measu r ing c i r cu i t ................................... 31

    10.8

    Ba l l a s t s

    ................................................... 32

    10.9

    S u p p l y vo l tage ............................................. 32

    10.10

    Execut ion

    o f

    t h e

    measurements

    ..............................

    32

    11. C O R R E C T I O N

    OF

    MEASUREMENT RESULTS ................................ 33

    1 2.

    PRESENTATION

    OF

    RESULTS

    .......................................... 33

    1 3. MECHANICAL ADJUSTMENT

    ............................................ 34

    13.1 Goniophotorneter

    w i t h

    f a c i l i t y f o r t r a i n i n g

    t h e

    l i g h t s our ce

    .

    34

    13.2 Goniophotorneter

    with

    moving photometer head

    ................. 35

    1 3 . 3

    Goniophotometer

    wi th

    r o t a t i n g mirror

    ........................

    35

    1 4. CALIBRATION ...................................................... 35

    1 4 . 1

    Luminous in tensi ty standard ................................. 36

    14.2 Calibrated i l luminance meter ................................

    36

    14.3

    Relative measurements

    ....................................... 36

    1 5

    . E R R O R

    SOURCES

    AND MEASUREMENT A C C U R A C Y ........................... 36

    1 5 . 1

    Mechanical arrangement

    ......................................

    36

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    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

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    CIE

    70

    87 006345 0003025 9 4 3

    1 5 . 2 A n g l e

    measurements

    a nd a n g u l a r s t e p size

    ....................

    37

    15.3 I n f l u e n c e

    o f

    r o t a t i n g

    mirror o r

    p h o t o m e t e r head f o r l u m i n a n c e

    i n t e g r a t i o n .................................................

    37

    15.4

    S t r a y l i g h t ................................................. 38

    1 5. 5 R e l a t i v e s p e c t r a l r e s p o n s i v i t y

    ..............................

    39

    15 .6 I l l u m i n a n c e and l u m i n a n c e

    meter

    ............................. 39

    1 5 . 7 Da ta p r o c e s s i n g ............................................. 39

    15 8 L i m i t i n g photometric d i s t a n c e ............................... 39

    1 5 . 9 O p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s ........................................ 39

    15.10

    Photometric s t a n d a r d ....................................... 40

    16

    .

    C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N

    OF

    GONIOPHOTOMETERS

    .............................

    40

    1 6 . 1 M e c h a n i c a l a r r a n g e m e n t s ..................................... 40

    16.2

    A n g l e e n c o d i n g

    .............................................. 41

    1 6 . 3

    P h o t o m e t e r h e a d ............................................. 41

    16.4 P h o t o e l e c t r o n i c s an d d a t a p r o c e s s i n g ........................

    41

    17

    . LITERATURE ....................................................... 42

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    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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    ~ ~~~

    C I E

    70 87 9006345 0003026

    B A T

    SU IMARY

    T h i s t e c h n i c a l report c o n t a i n s t h e t e r m i n o l o g y r e q u i r e d

    f o r

    m e a s u r e m e n t s o f

    l um in o u s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s .

    I t

    a l s o s u m m a r i z e s t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f l u -

    m i nous

    i n t e n s i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d

    t h e requirements

    f o r t h e p h o to m e te r h e a d s

    e m p l o y e d

    fo r such

    m e a s u r e m e n t s . The c o o r d i n a t e systems u s e d f o r t h e mea-

    s u r em e n t a nd r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f l u m in ou s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s are d e s -

    c r i b e d . The t y p e s o f g o n i o p h o t o m et e rs , p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r a n g l e e n c o d i n g ,

    c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

    o f t h e

    p h o t o - e l e c t r o n i c system a n d t h e a c q u i s i t i o n a n d p ro -

    c e s s i n g o f t h e d a t a i n m e as ur e m e nt s o f l um i n ou s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s are

    d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l . O t h e r s u b j e c t s c o v e r e d a r e t h e pow er s u p p l y , t h e mea-

    s u r i n g c o n d i t i o n s a nd t h e e x e c u t i o n , c o r r e c t i o n a nd r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f l u m i -

    n o u s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n m ea su r e me nt s .

    The

    v a r io u s s e c t i o n s c o n t a i n

    s u f f i c i e n t d a t a on t h e r e q u i r e d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n

    o f

    g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r s .

    T h e r e p o r t is b a s e d m a in l y o n t h e T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t

    o f

    C I E T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t -

    tee

    TC-2.2 o n " M e th od s o f c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f r a d i o m e t e r s a n d

    p h o t o m e t e r s

    [l]

    as w e l l a s on C I E p u b l i c a t i o n s 24 [ 2 ] , 2 7 [ 3 ] a n d 43 [ 4 ] .

    The

    t e r m i n o l o g y is l a r g e l y b a s ed on t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l L i g h t in g V o ca b u l a ry

    PI

    L A MESURE DES DISTRIBUTIONS

    D'INTENSITE

    LUMINEUSE ABSOLUE

    Ce r a p p o r t t e c h n i q u e c o n t i e n t

    l a

    t e r m i n o l o g i e n é c e s s a i r e p o u r

    l a

    m e s u r e d e s

    d i s t r i b u t i o n s d ' i n t e n s i t é l u m i n eu se . 11 r é s u m e a u s s i

    l es

    p r i n c i p e s d e me-

    s u r e de l ' i n t e n s i t é l u m i ne u s e

    e t

    les q u a l i t é s r e q u i s e s p o u r l a

    tete

    p h o t o -

    m é t r i q u e u t i l i s é e p o u r d e

    te l les

    mesures. Les systémes d e c o o r d o n n é e s

    ut i l i sés p o u r l a m e s u r e

    e t l a

    r e p r g s e n t a t i o n d e s d i s t r i b u t i o n s d ' i n t e n s i t é

    l u m i n eu s e s o n t d é c r i t s . Les types de g o n i o p h o t o m è t r e ,

    l e s

    p o s s i b i l i t é s d e

    r e p é r a g e a n g u l a i r e , l e s c a r a c t é r i s t i q u e s

    ch

    system é l e c t r o n i q u e e t

    ce l l es

    d e l ' a c q u i s i t i o n

    e t du

    t r a i t e m e n t d e s d o n n é e s d a n s les m e a su re s d e d i s t r i

    b u t i o n d e l ' i n t e n s i t é l um i n eu se s o n t d é c r i t e s e n d é t a i l .

    Les

    a u t r e s s u j e t s

    t r a i t é s

    s o n t l ' a l i m e n t a t i o n é l e c t r i q u e ,

    les

    c o n d i t i o n s

    de

    m e s u r e s e t l e u r

    e x é c u t i o n , l a c o r r e c t i o n e t l a r e p r é s e n t a t i o n des m es ur e s d e d i s t r i b u t i o n

    d' i n t e n s i t é l um i ne u se . Les d i f f é r e n t e s s e c t i o n s c o n t i e n e n t d e s do nn ée s

    s u f f i s a n t e s sur les c a r a c t é r i s t i q u e s r e q u i s e s p o u r

    les

    g o n i o p h o t o m è t r e s .

    Ce r a p p o r t s 'a p p u y e p r i n c i p a l e m e n t s u r l e r a p p o r t t e c h n i q u e du c o m i t é tech-

    n i q u e

    2.2

    de l a C I E "M eth od s o f c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f r a d i o -

    meters

    a n d p h o t o m e t e r s " [i] a i n s i q u e s u r

    les

    p u b l i c a t i o n s

    C I E

    no

    24 [Z],

    27 [ 3 1 , e t 43 [4].

    L a t e r m i n o l o g i e est l a r g e m e n t e m p r u n t é e au V o c a b u l a i r e

    I n t e r n a t i o n a l

    de

    1

    E c l a i r a g e

    [

    51 .

    IX

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

        -    -        `        `        `  ,  ,    -        `    -        `  ,  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `    -    -    -

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

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    9006245 0003027 716

    ZUCANENFASSUNG

    D I E MESSUNG

    D E R

    A B S O LUT

    EN

    L

    I H sT

    ÄRK E

    VE

    R T E

    IL

    UNG

    D i e s e r Technische Bericht enthal t zunächst die für Lichtstarkemessungen

    wi ch tig en ßegriffsbectimmungen. Danach werden di e Pr in zi pi en der

    Lich t -

    stärkemessung

    u n d

    4ngaben Über

    d i e

    dementsprechend zu verwendenden

    P h o t o -

    meterköpfe zusammengestellt.

    D i e

    fü r die Messung und Darstellung

    d e r

    L i ch ts tä rkev e r te i l i J ng verwendeten Ebenensysteme werden angegeben. ßeson-

    ders werden die Arten

    von

    Goniophotometern,

    d i e

    Mögl ichkei ten der

    Winkelerfassung, Aussagen Über di e Ph oto ele kt ron ik und di e Re gi st ri er un g

    und Datenverarbeitung be i der Messung der Li ch ts tä rk ev er te i l ung behandelt .

    Auch Aussagen

    zur

    Spannungcversorgung, ZU den tkß edingungsn und zur

    Durchführung, Korr ektu r und Dar ste l l ung

    der

    L i c h t s grkemessungen werden

    gemacht. Re i den ei nz elnen Ka p i t e l n werden ausreichende Angaben Über d i e

    notwendige Kennzeichnung von Goniophotometern aufgeführt.

    D iese r ße r ich t s tü t z t s i ch vo r a l lem a u f den Technischen Bericht des C I E

    Technischen

    Komi

    tees

    TC-2.2

    Me

    thocis o f

    charact

    er

    i z i n g t he

    p e r f ormance o f

    radiometers and photometers [11 sowie uf d i e CIE-Publicat ionen No. 24

    [21,

    Wo. 27

    [ 3 ] , und No. 43

    141.

    Rei den Begri f fsbest immungen sind d ie

    ilngaben des I n te rna t iona len Wörterbuchs der L ich t techn ik [51 weitgehend

    zugrunde gelegt.

    X

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --` ` `   ,  ,-` -`   ,  ,`   ,  ,`   ,`   ,  ,` ---

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    1 .2 SURFACE OF LUMINOUS INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION

    The

    surface

    o f l u min ou s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n

    is

    t h e

    surface

    f o r m e d

    b y

    t h e extremit ies o f a l l t h e r a d i u s v e c t o r s d raw n fro m a co m m o n o r ig in ,

    t h e l e n g t h o f e a ch r a d i u s v e c t o r b e in g p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e l u m i n o u s i n t e n -

    s i t y

    of

    t h e s o u r c e i n t h e c o r re s p on d i ng d i r e c t i o n .

    1 . 3

    LUMINOUS INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION

    CURVE

    The I iJm inous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n c u r v e ( f o r a lam p

    or

    l i g h t f i t -

    t i n g )

    i s t h e

    c u r v e , g e n e r a l l y p o l a r , w hic h r e p r e s e n t s t h e lu m in ou s i n t e n s i -

    t y i n a p l a n e p a s s i n g t h r ou g h t h e s o u r c e ,

    as

    a f u n c t i o n o f t h e an g le m ea-

    sured from soine

    g i v e n d i r e c t i o n .

    N o t e

    :

    a ) When t h e s o u r c e h a s

    a

    s ym m e tr ic a l l um in ou s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h e

    b) When t h e r e f e r e n c e d i r e c t i o n is v e r t i c a l , a n g l e s a r e m ea su re d f r o m t h e

    p l a n e

    i s

    g e n e r a l l y a m e r i d i a n p l a n e .

    downward ver t ica l .

    1.4

    ISOCANDELA DIAGRAM

    T h e i s o c a n d e l a d i a g r a m is t h e a r r a y o f i s o c a n d e l a c u r v e s . T he se are

    curves

    t r a c e d on an i m ag in a ry s p h e r e w i t h t h e s o u r c e a t

    i t s

    c e n t r e a nd

    j o i n i n g

    a l l t h e

    p o i n t s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h o s e d i r e c t i o n s i n w hic h t h e l u m i -

    n ou s i n t e n s i t y is t h e

    same, or

    a

    plane

    p r o j e c t i o n

    o f

    t h i s c ur ve .

    1.5 MEASURING F I E L D AND MEASURING-FIELD ANGLE I N LUMINANCE MEASUREMENTS[ 61

    T he m e as u ri ng f i e l d o f a l u m i n a n c e

    meter

    is t h e t o t a l i t y

    of

    a l l p o i n t s

    i n t h e external s p a c e t h a t r a d i a t e

    i n t o

    t h e a c c e p t a n c e

    area

    a n d a r e s e n s e d

    by t h e d e t e c t o r a nd e v a l u a t e d by i t w i t h

    a

    d i r e c t i o n - d e p e n d e n t r e s p o n s i v i t y

    o f a t

    l eas t

    10%

    o f t h e maximum r e s p o n s i v i t y .

    Note:

    The m e as ur in g f i e l d

    is

    u s u a l l y c i r c u l a r .

    a r e a l s o p o s s i h l e , h ow ever ( e . g . , t r a p e z o i d a l , r e c t a n g u l a r , q u a d r a t i c )

    O t h e r f i x e d

    or

    v a r i a b l e s h a p e s

    The m e e s u r i n g - f i e l d e n g l e tr is t he a n g l e u n d e r which t h e m e as ur in g f i e l d

    a p p e a r s when v i ew e d f ro m t h e m e a s u r i n g p l a n e .

    2

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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    1 .6

    TERMS FOR

    M E A S U R I N G INSTRUMENTS

    1.6 .1 P H O T O M E T E R

    A

    p h o t o m e t e r

    i s

    a n i n s t r u m e n t

    quant i t ies .

    f o r

    t h e m e a s u r e m e n t

    o f

    p h o t o m e t r i c

    N o te :

    P h o t o m e t r i c q u a n t i t i e s

    are

    q u a n t i t i e s t h a t c a n b e d e r i v e d fro m

    r a d i o m e t r i c q u a n t i t i e s by m eans o f c e r t a i n c o n v en t io n s ( l a w o f

    a d d i t i v i t y ,

    V X

    )

    f u n c t i o n , d e f i n i t o n o f t h e u n i t o f l u m i no us i n t e n s i t y )

    Dl

    1 . 6 . 2 G O N I O P H O T O M E T E R

    A g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r is

    a

    p h o t o m e t e r for t h e me as ur em en t o f t h e a n g u l a r

    d e p e n d e n c e o f

    a

    p h o t o m e t r i c q u a n t i t y .

    Note:

    A

    g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r

    f o r

    t h e m e a s u r e m e n t

    o f

    t h e s p a t i a l l u m i n ou s i n t e n s i t y

    d i s t r i b u t i o n

    i s

    a l s o c a l l e d a l u m i n ou s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n

    p h o t o m e t e r .

    A g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r f o r t h e m ea su re me nt o f t h e s p a t i a l l um i no us i n t e n s i t y

    d i s t r i b u t i o n u s u a l l y c o n s i s t s o f a m e c h a n i c a l d e v i c e for t h e s u p p o r t a nd

    p o s i t i o n i n g o f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e a n d t h e p h ot om e t er h e ad and o ne (o r m o r e ) -

    o f t e n m o v e a b l e

    -

    p h ot om e t er h e a ds t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e necessary t r a n s d u c e r s

    a n d r e a d o u t s as well as d e v i c e s f o r a c q u i r i n g a nd p r o c e s s i n g d a t a .

    1 . 6 . 3 PHOTOM ETER

    HEAD

    A p h o t o m e t e r h e a d c o n s i s t s

    o f

    a

    l i g h t - s e n s i t i v e d e t e c t o r and f a c i l i -

    t i e s

    f o r t h e s p e c t r a l e v a lu a t i o n (e.g., c o l o u r f i l t e r s ) or for

    t h e

    s p e c t r a l

    d i s p e r s i o n e . g . , g r a t i n g s )

    o f

    t h e l i g h t .

    I t may

    a l s o c o n t a i n f a c i l i t i e s

    f o r t h e d i r e c t i o n a l e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e l i g h t , e .g . , d i f f u s i n g w i n d o w s , l e n -

    s e s , a p e r t u r e s . The l i g h t - s e n s i t i v e d e t e c t o r c o n v e r ts t h e i n c i d e n t l i g h t

    i n t o a n e l e c t r i c a l q u a n t i t y .

    1.6.4 ACCEPTANCE A R E A

    T h e

    a c c e p t a n c e a r e a

    i s

    t h e

    area of

    t h e p h o t o m e t e r head which

    i s

    re-

    c e i v i n g and d i r e c t i o n a l l y e v a l u a t i n g t h e i n c i d e n t l i g h t .

    3

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --` ` `   ,  ,-` -`   ,  ,`   ,  ,`   ,`   ,  ,` ---

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

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    -

    ~

    CIE 70 87

    006345

    0003033 147

    1 . 7 P H O T O M E T R I C C E N T R E (OF

    A LAMP

    O R L U M I N A I R E )

    The

    p h o t o m e t r i c c e n t r e

    o f

    a

    l a m p or

    l u m i n a i r e

    is

    t h e r e f e r e n c e p o i n t

    fro m wh ic h t h e p h o t o m e t r i c d i s t a n c e la w i s a p p l i c a b l e ( s e e sec t ion 2 . 1 ) .

    F o r

    l a m p s t h e p h o t o m e t r i c c e n t r e c o r re s p o n d s

    t o

    t h e c e n t r e o f g r a v i t y o f

    t h e l i g h t - e m i t t i n g a r e a . F o r l am ps w i th r e f l e c t o r s t h e ph o t om e t r ic c e n t r e

    i s

    s i t u a t e d a t t h e c e n t r e

    o f

    t h e

    e x i t

    a p e r t u r e .

    F o r

    l u m i n a i r e s

    data

    a b o u t

    t h e p h o t o m e t r i c c e n t r e a r e c c n t a i n e d i n t h e T e c h n ic a l R e p o r t "P ho to m et ry of

    L u m i n a i r e s " [ 81.

    Yote :

    For

    t h e m e a s u r e m e n t

    o f t h e

    l u m i n o u s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n t h e p h ot o -

    metric cent re o f

    t h e l i g h t s o u r c e s h o u ld l i e o n

    t h e

    c r o s s p o i n t

    o f

    t h e

    a x e s o f the

    g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r .

    1 . 8

    S T R A Y L I G H T

    - -

    S t r a y l i g h t is t h e p a r t o f t h e l u m in ou s

    f l u x

    i n c i d e n t o n and e v a l u a t e d

    by t h e p ho t o m e t e r he a d t h a t d o e s n o t r e a c h t h e

    measuring

    a r e a of t h e p h o t o -

    m e t er he ad i n a d i r e c t l i n e f ro in t h e l i g h t s o u r c e .

    1.9 L L M I T I N G P H O TO M E TR IC D I S T A N C E--

    The l i m i t i n g p h o t om e t r ic d i s t a n c e i s t h e a l l o w e d m inimum d i s t a n c e b e-

    t w e e n L i g h t

    source

    a n d p h o t o m e t e r h e a d ,

    For

    w h ic h t h e m e a s u r i n g

    e r ro r i s

    smal ler t h a n t h e p e r m i t te d e r r o r .

    2.

    PRINCIPLES

    OF

    LWINOUS INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS

    L um ino us i n t e n s i t i e s c an b e m ea s ur ed v i a

    a measurement

    of

    the

    i l l u m i -

    n a n c e a n d c a l c u l a t i o n v ia the p h o t o m e t r i c d i s t a n c e

    law,

    o r

    by

    i n t e g r a t i o n

    o f t h e lu m i na n c e. B oth p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o l lo w f ro m t h e b a s i c law of

    p h o t o m e t r y .

    2 . 1 P H O T O M E T R I C D I S T A N C E LAW

    --

    T he p h o t o m e t r i c d i s t a n c e lavJ allows o n e t o d e t e r m i n e

    the

    l u m i n o u s i n -

    t e n s i t y a c c o r d i n g t o

    I E

    r2

    / ( c o s €2

    80

    (4 )

    I L u m i n o u s i n t e n s i t y i n t h e d i r e c t i o n t o t h e a c ce p ta n c e a r e s

    E

    I l l u m i n a n c e on t h e a c c e p t a n c e a r e a

    r D i s t a n c e be tw e en l i g h t s o u r c e a nd a c c e p t a n c e a r e a

    E 2

    Q O

    s r

    ( u n i t s o l i d a n g l e )

    A n g l e o f i n c id e n c e , m ea su re d r e l a t i v e t o t h e normal t o t h e

    ac-

    c e p t a n c e a r e a

    4

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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    C I E 7 0 87 ï OObLL t 5 0003032

    O ô 3

    T h e q u a n t i t y 80

    i s

    u s e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e f o u r t h e d i t i o n of

    t h e

    C I E

    v o ca b u l a ry ( i n p r e p a r a t i o n ) , w h ic h p e r m i t s

    i ts

    o p t i o n a l u s e . T h e re i s no

    c o m p l e t e a g r e e m e n t

    on

    t h e n ee d t o

    use

    80,

    w h ich may e q u a l l y well b e o m i t t e d

    or r e p l a c e d by t h e nu m be r 1.

    T h e E q u a t i o n

    (4)

    o n l y a p p l i e s

    f o r

    d i s t a n c e s

    r

    t h a t e xc ee d t h e l i m i t i n g

    p h o t o m e t r i c d i s t a n c e .

    m e a s u r i n g e r r o r d e p e n d s o n :

    - t h e l a r g e s t d im e ns io n of t h e l i g h t s o u r c e

    - t h e s p a t i a l an d d i r e c t i o n a l l u m in an ce d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e

    - t h e s p a t i a l an d d i r e c t i o n a l r e s p o n s i v i t y o f t h e a c c e p t an c e area of the

    p h o t o m e t e r h e a d .

    Y o t e

    1:

    For a c i r c u l a r e m i t t i n g a r e a w i t h c o n s t a n t l u m in an ce ( l a m b e r t i a n r a d i a -

    t o r ) a n d a c i r c u l a r r e c e i v i n g a r e a t h e l i m i t i n g p ho to m e t r i c d i s t a n c e r

    i s t ak e n a s 10 times (5

    times)

    t h e d i a m e te r o f ' t h e l a r g e r o f t h e

    two

    a r e a s .

    I n

    t h i s case t h e e r r o r

    o f

    I i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e a x i s

    o f t h e

    d i s k i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p h o to m e t r ic d i s t a n c e

    law

    is

    less t h a n 0,5 X

    (1

    X).

    N o t e 2:

    F o r n ar ro w l um in ou s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s t h e l i m i t i n g p h o t o m e t r i c

    d i s t a n c e is g r e a t e r t h a n f o r a L a m b er t i a n r a d i a t o r [ 9,101.

    N o t e

    3 :

    When c a l c u l a t i n g t h e l u m i no us i n t e n s i t y a c c o r d i n g t o e q u a t i o n

    (4) it

    s h ou ld be a s c e r t a i n e d , i f n e c e s s a r y

    by

    m ea ns of m e a s u r e m e nt s a t

    d i f f e r e n t d i s t a n c e s , w h e th er t h e l i m i t i n g ph o t o m e tr ic d i s t a n c e is

    e x c e e d e d . For g o n i op h o t om e t e r s w i t h s t a t i o n a r y p h ot o m e te r h e a ds

    f o r

    w hi ch t h e m ea s ur in g d i s t a n c e

    i s smaller

    t h a n t h e l i m i t i n g p h o to m e t r i c

    d i s t a n c e , t h e m e a su ri ng d i s t a n c e can b e e x t e n d e d by t h e u s e

    of

    a

    s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e d e f l e c t i n g m i r ro r . The p o l a r i z a t i o n

    o f

    t h e l i g h t by

    t h e d e f l e c t in g m i r r o r a s well a s t h e s p e c t r a l r e f l e c t a n c e of t h e

    d e f l e c t i n g m i r r o r m ust be t a k e n i n t o ac c o u n t.

    N o t e 4 :

    When t h e l u m in o u s i n t e n s i t y i s d e r i v e d a c c o r d i n g t o e q u a t i o n 4) t is

    i m p o r t a n t t o l i m i t t h e i n c i d e n c e of s t r a y l i g h t o n t h e ph o to m e te r he a d

    by means o f b a f f l e s b e tw e en t h e l i g h t s o u r c e a n d t h e ph o to m e te r he ad .

    5

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --` ` `   ,  ,-` -`   ,  ,`   ,  ,`   ,`   ,  ,` ---

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

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    4 1 1

    p a r t s o f

    t h e background o f t h e

    l i g h t s o u r c e t h a t a r e v i s i b l e f r om

    t h e

    m e a s u r i n g a r e a

    o f

    t h e p h o t o m e t e r head s h o u l d b e a s black a s p o s s i b l e

    (113. 4s l a rge a d i s t a n c e a s p o s s i b l e s h o u l d be k e p t b e t w e e n t h e l i g h t

    source

    a n d the b a c k g r o u n d ( F i g .

    I.).

    BAFFLES

    / /

    \

    BLACK

    BACKGROUND

    I

    LIGHT

    SOURCE

    F i g . 1 R e d u c t i o n o f s t r a y l i g h t i n l u m in ou s i n t e n s i t y m ea su re me nt s

    2.2

    L U M I N A N C E I N T E G R A T I O N

    Luminous

    i n t e n s i t y c a n be d e t e r m i n e d by means o f l u m i n a n c e i n t e g r a -

    t i o n :

    A l

    e m i t t i n g a r e a

    d

    A l

    e l e m e n t

    o f

    t h e e m i t t i n g a r e a

    L k 1 )

    l u m i n a n c e

    o f

    t h e a r e a e l em e nt

    c o s € 1 5 )

    dA, i n t h e d i r e c t i o n i n wh ic h

    t h e l um in ou s i n t e n s i t y i s t o be d e t e r m i n e d

    e m i t t i n g a n g l e

    o f

    t h e a r e a e l e m e n t dA, b e t w ee n i ts a r e a n o r m a l

    and t h e d i r e c t i o n

    f o r

    w hi ch t h e lu m in ou s i n t e n s i t y

    i s

    t o b e

    d e t e r m i n e d .

    € 1

    3 , TYPES

    OF

    PHOTOMETER HEADS

    D e p e n d i n g

    on

    t h e t h e o r e t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p u s e d f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n

    of

    t h e lu m in ou s i n t e n s i t y ( e q u a t i o n

    ( 4 )

    o r

    5 ) ) , t h e r e a r e two t y p e s o f p h o t o -

    meter h e a d s i n use

    in

    g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r s .

    3 . 1 PHOTOMETER H E A D FOR MEASURING ILLUMINANCE

    F o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e l u m i n o u s i n t e n s i t y a c c o r d in g t o e q u a t i o n

    ( 4 )

    a

    p h o t o m e t e r h e a d for t h e m e a s u r e m e n t

    o f

    illuminance m u s t b e em p lo y ed .

    S u c h a p h o t o m e t e r h e a d m u s t comply

    with t h e

    f o l l o w i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s

    [

    1,6 ]

    :

    6

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

        -    -        `        `        `  ,  ,    -        `    -        `  ,  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `    -    -    -

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

    17/54

    - good

    f i t of

    t h e r e l a t i v e

    s p e c t r a l r e s p o n s i v i t y t o t h e

    V h

    f u n c t i o n

    -

    l i n e a r i t y ( e r r o r

    f 3 )

    -

    -

    i n de p en d e nc e fro m t h e a m b ie n t t e m p e r a t u r e ( t e m p e r a tu r e c o e f f i c i e n t

    a )

    - a s small a s o l i d a n g l e

    a s

    p o s s i b l e f o r t h e a c c e p t a n c e a r e a o f t h e p ho to -

    ( e r r o r f i

    1

    low

    f a t i g u e ( e r r o r f5

    1

    meter

    head a s s e e n froin t h e p h o t o m e t r i c c e n t r e .

    UGHT

    %URCE

    T h e t e r m i n o l o g y f o r t h e

    er rors

    f i t o

    f 5

    and

    a

    c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of i l l u m i n a n ce

    meters have

    been

    c o m p i l e d

    by

    t h e C I E

    [6 ]

    ~ - - - - ---- ACCEPTANCE

    AREA

    -,--, - - -

    -

    --

    OR APERTURE

    (DIAMETER a )

    r

    L f 4

    3.2

    PHOTOMETER

    HEAD FOR L U M I N A N C E I N T E G R A T I O N

    3.2.1 CDNSTRUCTION

    3 . 2 .1 . 1 P h o t o m e t e r h e a d w i t h

    l ens

    [U]

    A

    p h o to m e te r he ad f o r lu m i na n ce i n t e g r a t i o n

    by

    means

    o f

    a l e n s

    c o n s i s t s o f

    a

    l e n s w i t h a d i a m e t e r l a r g e r t ha n t h e l i g h t s o u r c e an d a de-

    t e c t o r ( i n c l u d i n g f i l t e r

    f o r V ( h )

    c o r r e c t i o n ) t h a t

    is

    p o s i t i o n e d b e h i n d

    a

    d ia ph ra gm a t t h e f o c a l p o i n t o f

    t h e

    l e n s ( a l s o c a l l e d t h e f i e l d s t o p )

    ( F i g . 2 ) .

    a

    =

    2

    a r c t a n ( a / î f )

    The m e a su r in g f i e l d a n g l e

    a

    of s u c h a p h o t o m e t e r h e a d is

    (61

    f

    f o c a l l e n g t h o f l e n s

    a

    d i a m e t e r

    o f

    m e a s u r i n g - f i e l d s t o p

    F i g . 2: Pho t om e t e r head w i t h lens f o r l um i no u s i n t e n s i t y m e a su re m en ts

    by

    means

    o f

    l u m i n a n c e i n t e g r a t i o n

    T he l a r g e s t d i a m e t er

    D

    o f a l i g h t s o u r ce t h a t c an be m easur ed w i t h a pho t o -

    meter

    head

    f o r

    l u m i n an c e i n t e g r a t i o n by m ea ns

    o f

    a l e n s

    is

    g i v e n

    b y

    D

    d

    -

    r

    9 a / f

    7

    1

    D l a r g e s t

    p e r m i s s i b l e e x t e n t of

    t h e

    l i g h t

    source

    d

    diameter

    of

    t h e

    l e n s

    r dis tance b etw ee n l e n s a nd l i g h t s o u r c e

    7

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --` ` `   ,  ,-` -`   ,  ,`   ,  ,`   ,`   ,  ,` ---

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

    18/54

    ~

    CIE

    70 8 7 9006345 0003035 892

    The

    n e a s u r e m e n t s c a n b e made a t

    an

    a r b i t r a r y d i s t a n c e

    r

    b e t w e e n l i g h t

    s o u r c e

    a n d l e n s as l o n g as t h e c o n d i t i o n a c c o rd i ng t o e q u a t i o n ( 7 ) and

    c o n d i t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e l i m i t i n g p h o to m e t r i c d i s t a n c e ( l i m i t i n g t h e r a t i o

    ?/r

    t o a

    maximum value)

    are

    s a t i s f i e d (see

    a l s o 3 . 2 . 3 ) .

    3 . 2 . 1 . 2

    P h o to m et er hea d w i t h p a r a l l e l o r i e n t e d o p t i c s

    I n s t e a d o f a s i n g l e l e n s i t is a l s o p o s s i b l e

    to

    use s e v e r a l l e n -

    s e s t h a t are p o s i t i o n e d i m m ed ia te ly n e x t t o e a c h o t h e r . By m ean s o f su ch

    EI^

    a r r a n g e m e n t

    i t is

    p o s s i b l e

    t o

    m e as ur e l i g h t s o u r c e s w i th l a r g e r e m i t t i n g

    a r e a s .

    A

    p ho to m et er h ea d w i t h p a r a l l e l o r i e n t e d lenses

    can

    a l s o b e c o n s t r u c t e d

    i n s u c h a

    way

    t h a t t h e lenses

    are merely

    p o s i t i o n e d n ex t t o each o t h e r

    i n a

    s i n g i e

    l i n e .

    T h i s row

    of l e n s e s c a n

    be

    moved or t i l t e d i n a p l a n e

    i io rm a l t o t h e m e a s u r i ng d i r e c t i o n , a nd t h e l u m in a nc e i n t e g r a t i o n (summa-

    t i o n ) p e r p e n d i c u la r t o t h e row of lenses must b e p e r f o r m e d n u m e r i c a l l y

    [131.

    3 . 2 . 1 . 3

    P h o t o m e t e r head w i t h t u b e s [ 14 , 15 1

    A

    p h o t o m e t e r h e a d for l um i n an c e i n t e g r a t i o n ca n a lso be c o n s t r u c -

    t e d by m eans of p a r a l l e l t u b e s f o ll o w e d by a l i g h t c o l l e c t i n g d e v i c e a nd a

    p h o t o - e l e c t r i c d e t e c t o r ( w i th V h ) r e s p o n s e ) .

    F i g u r e

    3

    sh o w s su ch

    an

    ar-

    r an ge m en t, i n w hic h t h e l i g h t - c o l l e c t i n g d e v i c e

    is

    r e a l i z e d

    by

    means

    of a

    s p h e r i c a l d e v i c e l o c a t e d b e h i nd t h e t u b e s a nd with a n e f f e c t similar t o a n

    i n t e g r a t i n g s p h e r e . The d e t e c t o r c an

    be

    l o c a t e d a t t h e s i d e of t h e s p h e r i -

    c a l d ev ic e . A s p a t i a l l y c o n s t a n t e v a l u a t i o n

    of the

    l u m i n a n c e

    can

    be

    a c h i e v e d by m ea ns of a p e r t u r e s i n f r o n t

    o f

    t h e d e t e c t o r .

    -

    Il

    I

    I

    l i l i

    I

    Il

    r

    I

    PHOTOMULTI

    PUER

    CAP

    OFTHE

    SPHERE

    J i g . 3 : P h o t o m e t e r h e a d w i t h t u b e s f o r l u m i n a n c e i n t e g r a t i o n

    8

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

        -    -        `        `        `  ,  ,    -        `    -        `  ,  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `    -    -    -

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

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    C I E 7 0 87 900b145 O003036 7 2 9

    The r e l a t i v e s p e c t r a l r e s p o n s i v i t y

    o f such

    a photometer h e a d

    is

    d e t e r m i n e d

    d e c i s i v e l y by t h e s p e c t r a l r e f l e c t a n c e

    of t h e

    i n t e r i o r p a i n t of t h e spheri-

    c a l

    c o l l e c t i n g d e v ic e . P o l l u t i o n o f t h e p a i n t - e v e n if i t i s

    n o n - s e l e c t i v e - c a n l e a d t o

    a

    c h a n g e i n t h e r e l a t i v e s p e c t r a l r e s p o n s i v i t y

    a n d

    i n

    the

    a b s o l u t e r e s p o n s i v i t y

    o f

    t h e d e v i c e

    a s

    a w h o le .

    Note:

    A test

    o f

    t h e r e l a t i v e s p e c t r a l r e s p o n s i v i t y of t h e w h o le m e a s u r i n g h e a d

    is n o t p o s s i b l e

    i n

    p r a c t i c e .

    Figure 4 s h o w s a n o t h e r a r r a n g e m e n t o f

    t h e

    p h o t o m e t e r h e a d w i t h p a r a l l e l

    o r i e n t e d t u b e s ,

    f o r w h i c h a h i g h u n i f o r m i t y

    o f

    t h e s p a t i a l r e s p o n s i v i ty c a n

    b e a c h i e v e d a n d w h i c h h a s a

    s t a b l e a n d

    m e as ur ab le s p e c t r a l r e s p o n s i v i t y

    [

    161

    TUBES

    HOUSING

    ETECTOR

    F i g

    4:

    P h o t o m e t e r h e a d f o r l u m i n a n c e i n t e g r a t i o n

    The d i s t a n c e b etw ee n t h e l i g h t s o u r c e a nd t h e a c c e p t a n c e a r e a o f t h e p h o t o -

    meter h ea d c a n i n f l u e n c e t h e r e s u l t

    o f

    t h e m e a s u r e m e n t .

    I n

    o r d e r c o m p l e t e l y

    t o

    c o ve r t h e e m i t t i n g a r e a o f

    a

    l i g h t s o u r c e , t h e

    smallest d i s t a n c e r m i n between the a c c e p t a n c e a r e a a nd t h e l i g h t source

    s h o u l d c o m p l y w i t h (Fig . 5)

    where

    R

    d

    f

    m i n

    d i s t a n c e be tw ee n a d j a c e n t tubes i n tube p l a t e

    tube d i a m e t e r

    thickness

    o f

    t u b e

    plate

    9

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

        -    -        `        `        `  ,  ,    -        `    -        `  ,  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `    -    -    -

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

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    C I E

    7 0

    157 9006345 0003037 665

    For

    mechanical

    r e a s o n s , r,,-,in must a l s o e x c ee d h a l f o f t h e l a r g e s t e x t e n t

    c9)

    o f t h e L i g h t s o u r c e . Thus a c o n s e r v a t i v e l i m i t fo r

    the

    l a r g e s t d i i n e n -

    s i o n

    (Dma, o f t h e l a r g e s t l i g h t s o u r c e t h a t may be measu r ed

    w i t h

    t h e i n -

    s t r u m e n t w o uld b e

    se t

    by r e q u i r i n g t h e sum o f rmin and Dmax /2 t o

    e q u a l

    t h e f i x e d r ad ius o f r o t a t i o n

    ( r ) o f

    t h e g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r . From t h i s c o n d i -

    t i o n ilmax

    a n be s p e c i f i e d

    a s

    Dmax

    rinin

    a c c o rd i n g t o e q u a t i o n

    ( 8 )

    l a r g e s t e x t e n t

    o f t h e

    l a r g e s t p e r m i s s i b l e l i g h t s ou r c e

    P

    g i v e n r a d i u s o f r o t a t i o n

    f o r a

    p a r t i c u l a r g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r

    LIGHT

    EMITTING AREA

    HORIZONTAL

    PROJECTION

    TUBE PUE

    i

    VERTICAL

    PR03

    ECTION

    O

    F i g .

    5 :

    D i m e n s i o n s

    fo r

    photometer h e a d

    f o r

    l um i na nc e i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h

    t u b e p l a t e

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --` ` `   ,  ,-` -`   ,  ,`   ,  ,`   ,`   ,  ,` ---

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

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    C I E 70

    87

    M

    7006345

    0003038 5 T L

    T h e

    minimum diameter

    6

    o f

    t h e

    acceptance area

    of t h e

    photometer head should

    be

    It

    should be ascer ta ined whether the r es ul t i s independent

    o f

    the d is tance

    between l i g h t source and acceptance area.

    3 . 2 . 2

    INFLUENCE OF INHOMOGENEOUS

    ILLUMINATION

    [

    2,3,15]

    A s p a t i a l l y inhomogeneous luminance o f th e l i g h t source can cause measuring

    e r ro rs ,

    i f

    t h e r e s p o n s i v i t y

    o f

    the photometer head i s

    n o t

    un i fo rm over the

    acceptance area.

    The

    measur ing error

    w i l l

    depend on the luminance d is t r ibu t ion o f

    t h e

    l i g h t

    sou rce, t he s i ze o f t h e source and th e magn itude and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

    respons iv i t y d i f f e rences over the acceptance area.

    I f a

    ca l i b r a t io n i s pe rformed, t he measur ing e r ro r

    w i l l

    depend on

    t h e

    r e l a -

    tive p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e c a l i b r a t i o n s o ur ce and t h e sourc e t o be measured as

    well

    as on t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e s o u r c e s r e l a t i v e t o t h e acceptance area.

    I f possib le the ca l ibrat ion source and the source to be measured should be

    p laced

    i n

    the same posi t ion.

    To

    prov ide

    a

    b a s i s

    f o r

    t he eva lua t ion o f poss ib le measu r ing

    e r ro r s

    t h e

    respon s iv i ty d i s t r i bu t i on over the acceptance area should be de termined.

    This may be done by b r i n g i n g th e photometer head t o a h o r iz o n t a l p o s i t i o n

    with the normal t o t he acceptance area p o i n t i n g upwards and moving

    a

    l i g h t

    source

    i n

    a ho r i zo n t a l p lane a t a d is tance g rea te r t han the

    m i n i m u m

    d i s -

    tance

    rmin

    (see equat ion

    8)

    i n such a way that i t covers success ive ly the

    whole area above the photometer head.

    T h e

    l igh t source shou ld have

    an

    approx imate ly constan t luminous in tens i ty

    d i s t r i b u t i o n i n d i r e c t i o n s c l o s e t o t h e no rmal a nd i t s e m i t t i n g a re a s h ou ld

    not exceed

    1/10 o f

    the acceptance area

    or 10

    cm2 (whichever

    i s

    smal le r ) .

    A

    100 W

    f r os t ed incandescent

    lamp

    may be used.

    The

    read ings o f

    t h e

    photometer f o r t h e v a r i o u s p o s i t i o n s o f

    t h e

    lamp may be

    used t o c a l c u la t e t h e

    e r r o r

    f g by inhomegeneous i l l um in a t io n re levan t t o

    t h e

    in tended use of

    t h e

    photometer.

    A worst-case e r r o r i s obta ined i f f g i s determined

    as

    t h e la rgest percen-

    tage d i f ference between readings.

    1 1

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

    22/54

    CIE 70 87 9 0 0 b L 4 5

    0003039

    438

    Y minimum reading

    Y v a x

    maximum r e a d i n g

    I f t h e

    p h o t o m e t e r i s t o be u s e d f o r t h e m e a s u re m e nt o f compact l i g h t

    sources, fg

    s h o u l d

    h e determiiieá a s t h e l s r g e s t p e r c e n ta g e d i f f e r e n c e o f

    ,s:i

    t h e

    mean

    o f

    t h e

    r e a d i n g s

    t a k e n

    a l o n g t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e

    of

    any

    c i r c l e

    cor i ta ined

    w i t h i n t h e a c c e p ta n c e a r e a a nd c e n t r e d on t h e m i d p o i nt of t h e

    8 i - w and (b ) t h e m i d p o i n t reading

    Y O nii d po

    i n r ea d i n

    g

    Au

    a n g u l a r

    step size of readings

    i n d e g r e e s

    (1

    Y,),,, maximum o f t h e mean r e a d i n g a l o n g a

    c i r c l e

    Y, ,i, minimum

    o f

    t h e

    mean

    r e a d i n g a l o n g a c i r c l e

    I f t h e p h o t o m e t e r i s t o b e u s e d f o r t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f L i n e a r L i g h t

    s o u r c e s , f g s h o u l d

    be

    d e t e r m i n e d a s

    the

    l a r g e s t p e r ce n t a g e d i f f e r e n c e

    o f

    t h e mean r e a d i n g a l o n g an y d i a m e t e r s o f t h e c i rc les a nd t h e m ean r e a d i n g

    a l o n g t h e c i r c l e diameter parallel t o t h e h o r i z o n t a l a x i s o f t h e p h o t o -

    metsr.

    I f t h e p h o t o m e t e r i s to

    be

    used f o r b o t h c o m p a c t a n d Linear l i g h t sources

    t h e l a rger

    o f

    t h e above er rors s h o u l d

    be

    s t a t e d .

    R e a d i n g s s h o u l d

    be

    t a k e n a t

    t he m a l l e s t p o s s i b l e i nc re m en ts i n circle d i a -

    meters a nd a n g u l a r d i s t a n c e b e tw e en d i a m e t e r s . in t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of f g

    p e r c e n t a g e d i f f e r e n c e s f o r i n c r e m e n t s

    o f

    c i rc le d i a m e t e r s of 20 cm and i n -

    c r e m e n t s

    o f

    a n g u l a r d i s t a n c e

    of 5

    o s h o u l d

    be

    c a l c u l a t e d .

    3 + Z .

    3

    INFI-IJENCE OF THE MEASURING-FIELD

    ANGLE

    When t h e l um in ou s i n t e n s i t y is d e t e r m i n e d by a n i l l u m i n a n c e m e a s u r e -

    m e n t

    t h e l imi t ing p h o t o m e t r i c d i s t a n c e r d e t e r m i n e s a maxim um v a l u e for t h e

    r a t i o D/r (D b e i n g t h e l a r g e s t e x t e n t o f t h e l i g h t

    source).

    T h i s l i m i t i n g

    r a t i o m i x t

    a l s o

    be

    t a k e n

    i n t o

    a c c o u n t i f t h e l um in ou s i n t e n s i t y is d e t e r -

    m i n e d v i a

    a

    h m i n a n c e m e a s i i r e t n e n t . F o r a p h o t o m e te r h ea d w i t h l e n s t h i s

    means

    -< t 4 e as u r in g - f i e ld a n g l e a c c o r d i n g t o e q u a t i o n 6 )

    12

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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    C I E i 0 87 9006345 0003041 096

    4 . 2

    B P L B N E C

    See

    Fig .

    71

    The t o t a l i t y of B - p l a n e s is t h e

    group

    o f p l a n e s fo r which the l i n e

    o f

    i n t e r s e c t i o n goes t h r o u g h t h e p h o t o m e t r i c c e n t r e a n d

    is parallel t o t h e

    assumed a x i s

    o f

    t h e l i g h t

    source

    and

    i s

    p e r p e n d i c u l a r

    t o

    t h e

    l i n e o f

    i n t e r s e c t i o n o f

    t h e

    A - p l a n e s .

    Note :

    The system of B -p lan es is c ou pl ed r i g i d l y t o t h e l i g h t

    source

    and

    f o l -

    lows i t s

    t i l t

    i f t h e

    light source

    is t i l t e d .

    LINE

    OF

    NTERSECTION

    AND

    'AXIS OF LIGHT

    SOURCE

    F i g . 7: 6 - p l a n e s

    4 . 3

    C-PLANES

    ( S e e F i g .

    8 )

    The

    t o t a l i t y

    of

    C - p l a n e s i s t h e g r o u p o f planes Por w hich t h e l i n e o f

    i n t e r s e c t i o n

    is

    t h e ver t ica l l i n e t h r ou g h t h e p h o t o m e t r ic c e n t r e .

    Wote :

    The

    s y s t e m

    of

    C - p l a n e s

    is

    g e n e r a l l y o r i e n t e d r i g i d l y i n

    space

    a n d

    does

    n o t

    f o l l o w

    8 t i l t i n t h e l i g h t s o u r c e . The l i n e

    o f

    i n t e r s e c t i o n of C-

    p l a n e s is o n l y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e l i n e s o f i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e A-

    and

    8 - p l a n e s

    f o r

    zero

    t i l t

    6

    = O)

    of

    t h e

    l i g h t s o u r c e .

    I n some c a se 5 t h e t o t a l i t y

    o f

    C - p l a n e s

    is also

    referred t o a s t h e

    group

    of

    p L a n es w ho se l i n e

    o f

    i n t e r s e c t i o n is t h e l i n e o f i n t e r s e c t i o n of

    A o -

    a n d

    B o - p l a n e s ( s e e F i g .

    9 ) .

    I n t h a t

    cace

    t h e system

    o f

    C - p l a n e s i s

    a l s o

    r i g i d -

    l y

    c o u p l e d

    to the

    l i g h t

    source

    as is t h e case f o r t h e A- a n d ß - p l a n e s ) .

    14

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --` ` `   ,  ,-` -`   ,  ,`   ,  ,`   ,`   ,  ,` ---

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    ~

    C I E 70 87

    900bL45

    00030Y2 T22

    AXIS OF

    LIGHT

    SOURCE

    ‘270

    (PERPENDICULAR TO

    MEASURING PLANES)

    F i g .

    8:

    C-planes

    ( 6

    t i l t

    a n g l e o f

    l u m i n a i r e )

    LINE OF INTERSE

    (OF A,-

    ANO

    Bo -

    A X I S

    OF

    LIGHT SOURCE

    :CTI

    PL

    ON

    AN€)

    F i g . 9:

    C-planes w i t h r i g i d

    c o u p l i n g t o t h e

    l i g h t

    s o u r c e

    i 5

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --` ` `   ,  ,-` -`   ,  ,`   ,  ,`   ,`   ,  ,` ---

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    C I E i 0 8 7 e 9006145

    0003043 969

    4.4 CONICAL SURFACE5 (F ig .

    1 0 )

    For some

    g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r s

    i t

    is c o n v e n i e n t

    t o

    m a s u r e

    t h e

    l u m i n o u s

    i n -

    t e n s t y d i s t r i b u t i o n

    curves

    a t c o n s t a n t

    po la r

    a n g l e s

    and t o

    d e s c r i b e

    t he

    r e s u l t s

    as

    c u r v e s on c o n i c a l s u r f a c e s . The a x i s

    o f t h e

    c o n e c o r r e s p o n d s t o

    t he

    l i n e

    o f

    i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e C - p l a n e s .

    LIGHT

    SOURCE

    LUMINOUS INTENSITY

    DISTRIBUTION

    - C I

    J

    /

    F i g .

    1 0 : Conical

    surfaces

    4.5 SYMBOLS FOR PLANE

    ANGLES

    The t i l t a n g l e s o f p l a n e s a r e d e s i g n a t e d by a n i n d e x , T he

    t i l t

    a n g l e s

    o f the A-

    and

    ß - pl a ne s a r e ta k e n from -180

    o

    t h r o u g h O

    o to

    1 8 0 O , t h o s e o f

    t h e C - p l a n e s f r o m

    O o

    t o

    360 o

    ( s e m i p l a n e s ) . T he o p e n i n g

    a n g l e

    o f t h e

    conica l

    surfaces is m €?aS iJred r e l a t i v e

    to

    t h e l i n e o f i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e

    C - p l a n e s .

    T he f o l l o w i n g s y m b o l s a re i i sed

    ( f o r

    a n g l e s y m b o l s see F i g s .

    6-10):

    -

    t h e a n g l e s

    i n

    t h e A -p la n e h a v e t h e s ym b o l

    a

    a n d a r a m e a s ur ed

    f rom t h e

    l ine p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e l i n e o f i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e

    A-

    p l a n e s

    -

    t h e

    a n g l e s i n t h e B-planes h a v e t h e s y m b ol

    ß and

    are m e a s u r e d

    f rom the

    l ine p e r p e n d i c u l a r t a t h e l ine of i n t e r s e c t i o n

    o f

    t h e B - p l a n e s

    - t h e a n g l e s i n t h e C - pl an e h a v e t h e

    symbol

    y

    a n d a r e m e a su r ed

    from

    t h e

    line o f i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e C - p la ne s i n t h e d ow nw ard d i r e c t i o n

    - t h e a n g l e s on t h e c o n i c a l s u r f a c e s h av e t h e s y m b o l C a n d a re m e a s u r e d

    f r o m

    t h e

    C o - p l a n e .

    The t i l t angles o f t h e p l a n e s a re a d d e d as i n d i c e s t o t h e r e l e v a n t p l a n e s .

    I b

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

        -    -        `        `        `  ,  ,    -        `    -        `  ,  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `    -    -    -

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    ~ ~~~~~~

    CIE

    70

    87 7 0 0 6 3 4 5

    0003044 B T 5

    Sys t em

    A-p

    1

    n e s

    B - p l a n e s

    C -p 1

    n e s

    C o n i c a l

    surfaces

    4 6

    RELATIONSHIPS

    A ng le i n t h e p l a n e T i l t a n g l e

    o f

    p l a n e

    a

    A

    ß

    B

    Y

    C

    C

    Y

    A c e r t a i n d i r e c t i o n i n e a c h system o f p l a n e s i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d

    by

    t d o

    a n g l e s :

    T i l t

    a n g l e

    of

    p l a n e ]

    -

    a n a n g l e

    i n

    o n e p l a n e

    o r

    c o n i c a l s u r f a c e

    A , a

    C , Y

    A , a

    -

    a n d a n g l e f o r t h e

    t i l t o f

    t h e

    p l a n e

    o r

    c o n i c a l

    sur face.

    t a n

    A

    = t a n

    ß / c o s B

    t a n

    C =

    s i n

    B / t g 3

    t a n

    A

    = c o s C . t g Y

    T a b l e

    1

    shows

    t h e

    ang l e sym bo l s com m onl y

    used

    i n t h e v a r i o u s

    systems

    o f

    p l a n e s .

    T A B L E

    1

    A n g l e s y m b o l s

    T he c o n v e r s i o n e q u a t i o n s

    l i s t e d

    i n T a b le 2

    h o l d

    f o r

    t h e

    a n g l e s i n T a b le 1.

    T A B L E

    2

    C o n v e rs io n e q u a t i o n s

    f o r systems o f

    p l a n e s

    I

    i r e c t i o n

    A n gle i n t h e p l a n e

    s i n

    ß

    = s i n A

    .

    cos a

    cos y = cos A

    .

    cos

    a

    si n a

    I i n

    B

    .

    c o s

    ß

    cos

    Y =

    COS

    B

    .

    C O S

    B

    si n a =

    s i n C .

    s i n

    Y

    s i n i3

    = c o s C

    .

    s i n

    y

    1 7

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

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    C I E 7 0 8 7

    9006345 0003045

    733

    5. GONIOPHOTOMETER

    WITH

    FACILITY

    FOR TURNING

    THE L IGHT URCE [2,4,18]

    5 . 1 PRINCIPL E

    I n t h e s e g on io ph o t or ne te rs t h e l i g h t

    source

    i s t u r n e d a r o u n d

    a

    v e r t i c a l

    a s

    well a s a h o r i z o n t a l ax i s .

    T h e

    p h o t o m e t e r h e a d is f i x e d , Accurate re

    sul ts

    f o r the l u m in o u s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h t h i s t y p e of g o n i o p h o t o -

    meter

    were

    o n l y o b t a in e d f o r l i g h t s o u r c e s i n w hich

    t h e

    l u m i n o u s i n t e n s i t y

    d i s t r i b u t i o n

    is

    i n d e p e n d e n t o f o r i e n t a t i o n and t e m p e r a t u r e .

    N o t e 1 :

    For m e a s u r e m e n t s

    o f

    the l u min ou s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f l u o r e s c e n t

    l a m p s a nd l u m i n a i r e s w i t h f l u o r e s c e n t l am ps t h i s t y p e o f g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r

    c a n

    be

    u s e d p r o v i d e d tha t f o r p o s i t i o n s o f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e d i f f e r i n g

    f ro in t h e no rm a l b u r n i n g p o s i t i o n t.he l um in ou s i n t e n s i t y i n each d i r e c -

    t i o n

    is h e l d c o n s t a n t by m ea ns o f

    an

    a u x i l i a r y d e t e c t o r

    o r

    t h a t t h e

    ap-

    2 r o p r i a t e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s

    are

    a p p l i e d ( s e e s e c t i o n 5 . 4 ) .

    Y o t e 2:

    The o p t i c a l d i s t a n c e b etw een l i g h t

    s o u r c e a nd p h o t om e t e r h e ad c a n

    be

    i n -

    c r e a s e d by t h e u s e

    o f

    a d e f l e c t i o n

    mir r o r

    mounted

    at

    t h e f a r wall

    o f

    t h e

    m e a s u r i n g room, S e l e c t i v e r e f l e c t i o n a n d p o l a r i z a t i o n by t h e m i r r o r

    m u s t

    be

    t a k e n i n t o a c c o un t .

    5.2 APPLICATION

    . G o n io p ho t om e t er s w i th a f a c i l i t y for t u r n i n g t h e l i g h t s o u r c e s ho u ld

    o n l y be u s e d t o m ea s ur e i n c a n d e s c e n t l a m ps arid f l u o r e s c e n t l a m p s

    or lumi-

    n a i r e s f i t t e d w i t h t h e s e l am p s. T h e se g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r s a r e t h e most ad v an -

    t a g e o u s t y p e r e g a r d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n an d p r i c e . They a r e u s u a l l y u se d f o r

    t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e l um in ou s i n t e n s i t y a c c o r d in g t o t h e p h o t o m e t r i c

    d i s t a n c e law. T h e u se of an a u x i l i a r y d e t e c t o r ( s e c t i o n 5.4) is u s u a l l y

    r e q u i r e d

    5 . 3

    C O N S T R U C T I O N

    PRINCIPLES

    T h e r e

    are

    t h r e e t y p e s of g o n io p h o t om e te r s w i t h f a c i l i t i e s f o r t u r n i n g

    t h e

    l i g h t

    s ou rc e :

    Type 1 F i x e d h o r i z o n t a l axis a n d a m ov eab le a x i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e

    f i x e d h o r i z o n t a l a x i s

    ( F i g .

    i l ) [ i 9 ] . M e a s u r e m e n t s are made in

    t h e A- or B -p lan es , w h en the l i g h t s o u r c e

    is

    t u r n e d a r o u n d t h e

    h o r i z o n t a l

    axis and t h e

    s e c o n d a x i s is i n

    a

    f i x e d p o s i t i o n .

    18

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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    ~~ ~~~ ~

    CIE 7 0 ô 7

    111

    9006345 O003046 678

    111

    F i g . 11: G o n io ph o t om e te r w i th f a c i l i t y f o r t u r n i n g

    t h e

    l i g h t source, t y p e

    1.

    Type 2 F i x e d ve r t i ca l a x i s , m o v e a b l e h o r i z o n t a l a x i s ( F i g . 1 2 . Meacure-

    m e n t s are m ade i n the A- o r B - p l a n e s .

    \

    .-o

    PHOTOMETER

    F i g .

    12:

    G o ni op ho to m et er w i t h f a c i l i t y f o r t u r n i n g t h e l i g h t s o u r c e , t y p e

    2.

    5.4

    A U X I L I A R Y

    DETECTORS

    [

    2 , 3 ]

    L i g h t

    sources

    f o r which t h e ( a b s o l u t e ) l u m i no us i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n

    c h a n g e s w i t h

    a

    c h a n g e i n b u r n i n g p o s i t i o n b u t n o t t h e

    r e l a t ive

    l u m i n o u s

    i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n

    (e.g.,

    f l u o r e s c e n t l a m p s or l u m i n a i r e s w i t h

    f l u o r e s c e n t l a m p s ) c a n b e m e a s ur e d w i t h a g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r

    i n

    w h i c h t h e

    l i g h t s o u r c e

    is

    t u r n e d i f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e c o r r e c t e d by m ea ns of a n

    a u x i l i a r y d e t e c t o r . For p r e c i s i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s

    t h i s

    method i s no t r e c o m -

    mended.

    4n

    i l l u m i n a n c e

    meter

    w i t h

    a

    s e p a r a t e p h o t o m e t e r he ad c an be

    u s e d

    as r e f e r e n c e d e t e c t o r . The a u x i l i a r y d e t e c t o r m ust

    b e

    f i x e d t o t h e l i g h t

    s o u r c e ,

    so

    t h a t i t

    f o l l o w s

    i t s

    movements .

    I t

    s h ou l d p r e f e r a b l y b e i l i u -

    19

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --` ` `   ,  ,-` -`   ,  ,`   ,  ,`   ,`   ,  ,` ---

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

    30/54

    ~

    CIE 70 87

    9006345 O003047

    504

    ?yDe 3 :

    F i x e d v e r t i c a l axi s ,

    m c v e a b l e

    h o r i z a r i t a l a x i s >:Fig. 13,, Measure-

    :nentc a r e

    made i n t h e C-planes

    s r

    c o n i c a l

    surFaces. Type

    3

    s

    e q u i v a l r n t

    Is0

    t y p e 2 i f t h e l i g h t

    s o u r c e is

    t d r n e d by ?U degrees.

    A

    PHOTOMETER

    HEAD

    a

    -=O

    F i g .

    1 3 :

    G o n i o p h o t o m e t e r w i t h f a c i l i t y f o r t u r n i n g t h e l i g h t s o u r c e , t y p e

    3 .

    i n i n a t e d by a l l parts

    o f

    t h e e m i t t i n g area a nd s h o u l d n o t m ask t h e i l l u m i n a -

    t i o n by t h e l i g h t s o u r c e on t h e p h o t o m e te r h e ad u s ed f o r m e a su r in g t h e l u -

    m i n o u s i n t e n s i t y .

    T he o n l y s t r i n g e n t re q u i r e m e n t s on t h e auxiliary d e t e c t o r a r e f o r small

    fa-

    t i g u e and d r i f t pa r am e t er s .

    The

    r e s t o f the

    p a r am e t e rs c h a r a c t e r i z i n g

    the

    p r o p e r t i e s of i l l u m i n a n ce

    meters

    a r e

    o f

    l e s s i m p o r t a n c e .

    F o r

    the

    m ea su re me nt o f t h e l um i no u s i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n on e

    has

    t o ob-

    t a i n t h e r e a d i n g on t h e a u x i l i a r y d e t e c t o r i n t h e n o r i n a l b u r n i n g p o s i t i o n

    o f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e . On t u r n i n g

    t h e

    l i g h t s o u r c e a r o un d a h o r i z o n t a l a x i s

    t h e r e a d i n g on t h e a u x i l i a r y d e t e c t o r c an be m a i n ta i n ed a t a c o n s t a n t l eve l

    v i a

    a

    c o r r e s p o n d i n g a d j u s t m e n t

    of

    t h e s u p p l y v o l t a g e .

    A

    s ec on d p o s s i b i l i t y c o n s i s t s i n k e e p i n g t h e s u p p l y v o l t a g e o f t h e l i g h t

    s o u r c e c o n s t a n t an d c o r r e c t i n g t h e m e as u re d l u m in o us i n t e n s i t y i n e ac h

    d i r e c t i o n by means

    o f a

    c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r .

    L u m i n o u s

    i n t e n s i t y

    of

    l i g h t source

    K C o r r e c t i o n f a c to r

    I,,,, i 4 e a s u r e d ( i n a c c u r a t e ) l u m i n o u s i n t e n s i t y

    T h e c o r r e c t i o n F a c t o r K

    f o l l o w s

    f r o m t h e m e a su r ed r e a d i n g s o n t h e a u x i l i a r y

    d e t e c t o r as

    20

    pyright International Commission on Illuminationovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

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    E o R e a d i n g on t h e a u x i l i a r y d e t e c t o r f o r t h e l i g h t s o u r c e i n t h e p r e -

    Eo R e a d i n g on t h e a u x i l i a r y d e t e c t o r

    f o r

    t h e l i g h t

    source

    i n t h e

    s c r i b e d b ur n i ng p o s i t i o n ( a f t e r b ur n- in )

    p o s i t i o n c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e a n g l e 8 .

    6. GONIOPHOTOMETER WITH

    MOVING

    PHOTOMETER HEAD [ 2,4,18]

    6 . 1

    P R I N C I P L E

    I n these g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r s t h e l i g h t s o u r c e i s t u r n e d a r o u n d

    a

    v e r t i c a l

    a x i s a nd t h e p h o to m e t e r n e a d moves a ro un d t h e l i g h t s o u r c e i n a v e r t i c a l

    p l a n e

    I n s t e a d o f a mo vi ng p h o t o m e t e r h e a d on e c a n a l s o use a number o f f i x e d pho-

    t o m e t e r h e a d s t h a t

    are

    p o s i t i o n e d

    i n a ver t i ca l

    p l a n e , c o r r e s p o n d i n g

    t o the

    movement

    o f a

    p h ot om e t er h ea d . The p o s s i b i l i t y a l s o

    e x i s t s

    t o r e p l a c e t h e

    p r o c e s s o f t u r n i n g t h e l am p b y a n a r r a ng e m e n t o f p h o t om e t e r h e a d s i n

    a

    num ber o f v e r t i c a l p l a n e s .

    N o te :

    T he u s e o f f i x e d p ho t o m e te r h e a d s i n o ne or more

    ve r t i c a l

    p l a n e s

    re-

    q u i r e s

    a

    number

    o f

    p ho to m et er h e ad s c o r r e s p o n d in g t o t h e d e s i r e d a n g u l a r

    s t e p s . A l l p h ot om e t er h e a d s ha ve t o b e c a l i b r a t e d s e p a r a t e l y , w hic h i s

    i n p r a c t i c e q u i t e

    a

    d i s a d v a n t a g e .

    I n

    t u r n i t is p o s s i b l e

    t o

    u s e a sim-

    p l e r m e c ha n i ca l c o n s t r u c t i o n a nd t h e m e a s ur in g

    time

    i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y re-

    d u c e d .

    6.2

    APPLICATION

    S i n c e t h e l i g h t s o u r c e i s t u r n e d o n l y ab ou t t h e v e r t i c a l a x i s i n these

    p h o t o m e t e r s a n d

    can

    t h e r e f o r e b e me as ure d i n i t s n o r m a l b u r n i n g , p o s i t i o n i t

    i s

    p o s s i b l e t o m e as ur e a l l k i n d s

    o f

    l am p s a nd l u m i n a i r e s c o n t a i n i n g

    t h e m .

    The p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r a n a c c u r a t e m ea su re me nt i s a

    s u f f i c i e n t l y

    l a r g e

    d i s t a n c e b etw ee n t h e l i g h t s o u r c e and t h e p ho to rn et er h ea d; t h i s d i s t a n c e

    d e p e n d s

    o f

    c o u r s e

    on

    t h e p h o t o m e t e r h e a d u s e d . I f a p h o t om e t e r h e a d f o r

    i l l u m i n a n c e m e a s u r e m e n t s is u s e d i t is g e n e r a l l y n e c e s s a r y t o use a

    room

    o f

    r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t d e p t h an d h e i g h t .

    6 . 3

    CONSTRUCTION

    PRINCIPLES

    F o r

    g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r s w i t h

    a

    m o v in g p h o to rn e te r head t h e r e a r e b a s i c a l l y

    t h r e e

    t y p e s

    2 1

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIE

    Not for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

    --```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

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    ~~

    ~~~~~ ~~

    CIE 70 87

    9006345 0003049 387

    T j p e 1 :

    The l i g h t

    s o u r c e

    is

    t t r r n e d

    at

    t he

    p o i n t of

    i n t e r s e c t i o n

    o f t h e

    h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l

    a x e s

    a r o u n d a v e r t i c a l a x i s . The phota-

    meter head

    1s t u r n e d a r o u n d

    a h o r i z o n t a l

    a x i s

    ( F i g 4f t er na-

    t i v e l y t h e p h o t o m e t e r

    head

    c a n

    be

    moved on

    a

    c i r c l e i n t h e

    v e r t i c a l p la n e

    a r o u n d t h e

    l i g h t s o u r ce w i t h o u t a n y m e c h a n i c a l

    c o u p l i n g

    wi t h t he

    l i g h t sour ce

    ( F i g .

    7 5 ) .

    14).

    PHOTOMETER

    HEAD

    6

    i

    Fig. 14: G o n i o p h o t o m e t e r w i t h m o v i n g p h o t o m e t e r

    head,

    type 1.

    T h e p h o t o -

    meter h e a d is t u r n e d a r o u n d a h o r i z o n t a l ax i s .

    .-.-.-.-.-.--

    IGHT SOURCE

    /

    l

    PHOTOME; ER HEAD

    A

    T i o . 15

    G o n i o p h o t o m e te r w i t h m o vi ng p h o t o m e t e r h e a d , t y p e 1. The

    p h o t o -

    meter head moves on a

    c i r c l e

    a r o u n d t h e m e a s u r i n g o b j e c t w i t h o u t

    d i r e c t m e c ha n ic a l c o u p l i n g .

    22

    pyright International Commission on Illumination

    ovided by IHS under license with CIENot for Resalereproduction or networking permitted without li cense from IHS

        -    -        `        `        `  ,  ,    -        `    -        `  ,  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `  ,

            `  ,  ,

            `    -    -    -

  • 8/9/2019 CIE 70-1987

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    C I E 7 0 87 e O O b L 4 5 0003050 O T 7

    Type

    2 :

    L i g h t

    source

    a n d p h o t o m e t e r h e a d a r e

    at

    t h e o p p o s i t e e n d s o f a

    beam, which

    is t u r n e d

    a r o u n d

    a

    h o r i z o n t a l

    a x i s

    t h r o u g h t h e

    centre

    o f t h e

    beam

    f’201.

    T h e p h o t o m e t e r h e a d i s r i g i d l y f i x e d

    t o

    t h e

    beam, w h i l e t h e h o r i z o n t a l s p i n d l e s u p p o r t i n g t h e l u m i -

    n a i r e e n s u r e s t h a t t h e l u m i n a i r e h a n gs down l i k e

    a

    plumb bob

    a s

    t h e

    b e a m r o t a t e s .

    T h e

    l i g h t s o u r c e

    is

    t u r n e d

    i n

    t h e p r e -

    s c r i b e d b u r ni n g p o s i t i o n a r ou n d a v e r t i c a l a x i s and t h e p ho to -

    metric

    c e n t r e o f t h e l i g h t

    source is

    t u r n e d

    around

    a h o r i z o n -

    t a l a x i s i n a C - p l a n e ( F i g .

    1 6 ) . I t

    must

    be

    m e n t i o n e d

    t h a t

    many t y p e s o f l a m p s

    have a

    t e m p er a tu r e -d e p e n de n t l i g h t o ut -

    p u t . T h e r e f o r e

    a i r

    v e l o c i t y b e c a u s e o f la mp mo vem en t

    must

    b e

    k e p t

    l o w . R o t a t i n g t h e l a m ps c a n a l s o g i v e

    r i s e

    t o c h an g e s

    b e c a u se o f c e n t r i f u g a l movem ent o f ,

    f o r instance,

    l i q u i d

    metal.

    T h e r e q u i r e d r o o m d e p t h

    i s

    o n ly h a l f t h a t o f t y p e

    1.

    The

    use

    o f

    t h i s t y p e

    is

    o n l y m e a n i n g f u l

    i n

    c o n j u n c t i o n

    w i t h a

    p h o t o m e