Chemistry of Cellsblogs.glnd.k12.va.us/ealford/files/2013/10/Organic-Molecules-.pdf · Pasta Bread...
Transcript of Chemistry of Cellsblogs.glnd.k12.va.us/ealford/files/2013/10/Organic-Molecules-.pdf · Pasta Bread...
Chemistry of Cells Continuing Chapter 2…
SOL.2.4 Page 34
Do you have it or not? � Organic compounds
� Derived from living things � Contains carbon
� Examples: Carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
� Inorganic compounds � Derived from non-living things � Does not have Carbon
� Examples: water
4 Classes of Organic Compounds
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
Food Source
General Purpose BBB Elements Structure
Pasta Bread Fruits Grains Veggies Candy
Quick source of energy for the body Stores energy for use later
monosaccharides
Glucose Fructose Galactose
C H O
General Information � Carbohydrates
General Information � Lipids
Food Source
General Purpose
BBB Elements Structure
Butter Oils Lard
-High source of energy -stores energy -waxes -Steroids pigments
-fatty acid -glycerol C
H O
General Information � Proteins
Food Source
General Purpose
BBB Elements Structure
Beans Eggs Milk Fish Poultry steak
Enzymes Hemoglobin Antibodies Collagen
Amino Acids C H O N
General Information � Nucleic Acids
Food Source
General Purpose
BBB Element Structure
The body already contains it
Contains information important for cells to function with heredity and making proteins
Nucleotide -sugar -base -phosphate group
C H O N P
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide � This is the basic
building block of Carbs
� Referred to as simple sugars
Monosaccharides Name Comes
from
Chemical formula
Structure
GLUCOSE Plants/ animals
C6H12O6
FRUCTOSE fruit
C6H12O6
GALACTOSE milk C6H12O6
Disaccharides � This is when 2 BBB’s bond
� This is when 2 Monosaccharides bond Name Comes
from Chemical formula
2 BBB’s that make it up or 2 monosaccharides
SUCROSE plants C12H22O11 Glucose + fructose
LACTOSE milk C12H22O11 Glucose + Galactose
MALTOSE plants C12H22O11 Glucose + Glucose
Polysaccharides � This is when 3 or more BBB’s bond � This is when 3 or more monomer bond � This is when 3 or more monosaccharides bond
Name Comes from Its Function
Cellulose (fiber- cannot be digested by humans)
Plants Structural component of many plants (in their cell walls)
Starch plants storage of energy in plants (potatoes)
Glycogen
animals storage of energy in animals (beef muscle)
Chitin
arthropods structural component of arthropods (roaches, crickets)
Polysaccharides
• Cellulose – Structural component of many plants (in their cell walls)
• Starch – storage of energy in plants (potatoes)
• Glycogen – storage of energy in animals (beef muscle)
• Chitin – structural component of arthropods (roaches, crickets)
Lipids
Lipids � 2 types of basic building blocks
� Fatty Acid � which is a carbon chain that has hydrogen bonded to it
� Glycerol � Made of 3 carbons and hydrogens
Structures � Fatty acid � Glycerol
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats � Saturated Fats
� White in color � Derived from animals � All have single bonds
between carbons � Fatty acids straight � Examples are the hard
fats (lard) � Solid � BAD
� Unsaturated Fats � Yellow in color � Derived from plants � Some double bonds
between carbons � Fatty acids crooked � Examples include corn,
canola, and olive oils � Liquid � BETTER
TRIGLYCERIDE AKA Neutral Fat
Proteins
Proteins � The monomer is called amino
acid
Four functions of proteins:
1. Enzymes control the rate of cellular reactions
2. Collagen found in hair, nails, muscles, tendons
3. Antibodies helps to fight disease
4. Hemoglobin found in blood to help transport oxygen to the lungs
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
� Composed of building blocks called nucleotides � Made up of 3 things
� Phosphate group � 5 carbon sugar � Nitrogenous base
DNA � Deoxyribonucleic Acid
� 2 strands of nueleotides wrapped around each other.
� Stores genetic information to be passed from one generation to the next � Double Stranded
RNA n Ribonucleic Acid
n Stores and protects information that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins.
n Directs the production of proteins
n Protein synthesis n Single Stranded
ENERGY n Is the ability to move or change matter
n Comes in different forms n Heat n Light n Chemical n Mechanical n Electrical
Chemical Reaction
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
à Means Yields or forms
2 types of Reactions
� Energy Releasing Reaction � EXERGONIC Reaction � Example: water freezing
� Energy Absorbing Reaction � ENDOGONIC Reaction � Example: ice melting
ENZYMES � Activation Energy: the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
� It is the chemical “push” to start a reaction
� The goal of an enzyme is to reduce this energy � Makes things more efficient
� Enzymes: A substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction � It is a protein (what is it made of?)
� Catalyst - it reduces the Activation energy needed for a chemical reaction
� Always ends in –ase
Parts of an Enzyme
� Substrate: an enzyme acts on it � the compound being broken down
� Active Site: substrate fits into the folds � where the reaction takes place
� Induced fit model: enzymes are considered flexible to allow the substrate to fit into the active site
How does it work? � Step A
� Substrate attaches to an enzyme’s active site � Like a key fitting into a lock
� Step B � Enzyme decreases amount of activation energy by doing
its job
� Step C � Enzyme is unchanged but changes the substrate into
new products
� Step D � Products produced which signal end of reaction � and enzymes become free to do repeat the process again
Factors that affect � This means that the enzyme is changed or altered…. Shape
changed � Temperature
� Must be just right for it to do the job � not to hot or not to cold
� pH � Must be just right for it to do the job � Not to acidic or not to basic
� The goal: reduce the activation energy…create less energy to get this rolling
SOL Review n Here are some SOL questions
n http://solpass.org/hs.htm