Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 ·...

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Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. Chapter 15. 진동 진동 ( (Oscillations) 단순 조화 운동 (simple harmonic motion : SHM) 선형 진동자 (linear oscillator) 진자 (pendulum) ( ) ( ) φ + ω = t cos A t x 감쇠 진동 (damped oscillation)

Transcript of Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 ·...

Page 1: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

Physics, Page 1

Chapter 15. Chapter 15. 진동진동 ((Oscillations)

단순 조화 운동 (simple harmonic motion : SHM)

선형 진동자 (linear oscillator)

진자 (pendulum)

( ) ( )φ+ω= tcosAtx

감쇠 진동 (damped oscillation)

Page 2: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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15-2 단순조화운동(simple harmonic motion: SHM)

( ) ( )φ+ω= tcosAtx

물체의 위치가 시간에 대한 조화함수로 기술되는 운동

x

Linear oscillator

x

Pendulum

변위 (displacement)

Page 3: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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( ) ( )φ+ω= tcosAtx

ωT = 2π

Period ωπ

=2T

frequencyπ

ω==

21T

f cycles/sec. (Hz)

진폭 각진동수

위상(phase)

주기 T : Phase increases by 2π :

( ) φ++ω=π+φ+ω Ttt 2

Angular frequency T

f π=π=ω

22 rad/sec.(* 음의 φ 값은 오른쪽 이동을 의미)

위상상수(위상각)

SHM

Page 4: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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단순조화진동의 속도와 가속도(φ = 0)

* 가속도는 변위에 비례, 부호는 반대, ω2 관계

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15-3 단순조화운동에서의 힘의 법칙

용수철에 매달린 추의 단순조화진동 : 선형 단순조화운동, 선형진동자

2 2 mTk

π πω

= = 주기

xa 2ω−=

Page 6: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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15-4 단순조화운동의 에너지

Page 7: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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t x v a K U

Page 8: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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Potential Energy In Case 1 a mass on a spring oscillates back and forth. In Case 2, the mass is doubled but the spring and the amplitude of the oscillation is the same as in Case 1. In which case is the maximum potential energy of the mass and spring the biggest?

A. Case 1

B. Case 2

C. Same

12

Look at time of maximum displacement x = A Energy = U+K = ½ k A2 + 0 Same for both!

-A +A

Page 9: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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Kinetic EnergyIn Case 1 a mass on a spring oscillates back and forth. In Case 2, the mass is doubled but the spring and the amplitude of the oscillation is the same as in Case 1. In which case is the maximum kinetic energy of the mass the biggest?

A. Case 1B. Case 2C. Same

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PE = 1/2kA2

KE = 0

PE = 0 KE = KEMAX

PE = 1/2kA2

KE = 0

Page 10: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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15-5 단순조화 각(회전) 진동자

2 IT πκ

=

2

2

dI Idt

θτ α= =

τ κθ= −

2

2 (d kI F ma kx )dt m

θ κθ ω= − ⇒ = = − =에서 이므로

Iκω∴ =

1. 회전운동의 운동방정식

2. 회전진동자의 복원력

3. 회전진동자의 운동방정식, 주기

( κ : 비틀림 상수, torsion constant)

Torsion pendulum

Page 11: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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15-6 진자 (Pendulum)

1. 추의 궤적에 대한 접선방향의 힘

2. 운동방정식

2Tg

π=Lg

Lω∴ =

3. 중력가속도 g 의 측정 질량에 무관, 길이에 의존

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ElevatorA pendulum is hanging vertically from the ceiling of an elevator. Initially the elevator is at rest and the period of the pendulum is T. Now the pendulum accelerates upward. The period of the pendulum will now be1. greater than T2. equal to T3. less than T

Lg=ω

gLT π=

ωπ

= 22

CORRECT

“Effective g” is larger when accelerating upward

(you feel heavier)44

Page 13: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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물리진자 (질량분포를 갖는 진자)

질량중심

α=τ IToque sinmgh θ= −

2

2 sindI mghdt

θ θ= −

For a small θ, sin θ ≈ θ

2

2

d mghdt I

θ θ= −

mghI

ω =

2 2 ITmgh

π πω

∴ = =

Page 14: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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보기문제 15-5

21 13 2,I mL h L= =

32

mgh gI L

ω = =

gLT

3222

π=ωπ

=

(a) 매달린 1 미터 자의 진동주기는?

(b) 매단 점 O와 진동중심 (P 점) 사이의 거리 Lo 는? 즉, 물리진자와 같은 주기를 갖는 단진자의 길이는?

22 23

oLLTg g

π π= = 23oL L=

L

Page 15: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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15-7 단순조화운동과 등속원운동단순조화운동은 등속원운동을 원의 지름방향으로 투영시킨 것과 같다

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15-8 감쇠(damped) SHM실제의 진자는 마찰 때문에 시간이 갈수록 진폭이 줄어든다 (감쇠된다)

Page 17: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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감쇠 조화진동

a : mkb 4< Under damped

b :

mkb 4= Critically damped c :

mkb 4> Over damped

2'

24k bm m

ω = −

Page 18: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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15-9 강제진동과 공명

그네의 고유 주기:

1. 그네를 다른 주기(T d )로 흔들면,

그 주기에 맞추어 진동한다.

2. 흔드는 각진동수 ωd 가 그네의

고유 각진동수 ω와 비슷해지면

진폭이 아주 커진다 (공명).

dω ω= 공명 (resonance)

3. 감쇠상수가 작을수록 진폭이 커진다.

Page 19: Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/15-Oscillation.pdf · 2016-08-31 · Physics, Page 1 Chapter 15. 진동(Oscillations)(단순조화운동(simple harmonic

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Summary단순 조화 운동 (Simple harmonic motion)

1) 위치

2) 속도

3) 가속도

4) 복원력

5) 운동방정식

6) 각진동수 및 주기

7) 역학적 에너지

2Tg

π=L

2 2k m Tm k

πω πω

= → = =

8) 진자의 주기