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CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
AND HARBOUR
ENGINEERING5th Semester
B.E. Civil Engineering
June 2014 – Nov 2014
N.Chenthil Kumari, APC!"!#S#AEC
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12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 1
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Railway Engineering
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Elements of Railway tracks
Element !" R#$l%#& t'#()
$he tra%& on a rail'a( or railroa), also &no'n as the*ermanent 'a(, is the stru%ture %onsisting o+ the rails,+asteners, slee*ers an) allast -or sla tra%&, *lus theun)erl(ing su gra)e.
/or %larit( it is o+ten re+erre) to as rail'a( tra%& orr a i l r o a) t r a%&. B#ll#t
sihaul:deIJ
3
http://smb//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.pnghttp://smb//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.pnghttp://smb//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.pnghttp://smb//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.pnghttp://smb//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.pnghttp://smb//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.pnghttp://smb//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.pnghttp://smb//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Section_through_railway_track_and_foundation.png
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Track FormationT*e +'+!e !" t'#() $ t! t'#n"e' t'#$n l!#- t! t*e "!'m#t$!n.
Re$'ement "!' C*!!$n # T'#() S&tem
T'#$n 'nn$n !n T'#() -! n!t (#e e(e$e en$'!nment#l +!llt$!n $n
t*e "!'m !" n!$e #n- '!n- $'#t$!n.
1. 5#$nten#n(e *!l- e l!% #n- # $ne+en$e # +!$le
2. C!t !" t*e t!t#l e'$(e l$"e !" t*e t'#() mt e # l!% # +!$le.
6#'ell$$n$
.. ' / ....... Sfeeper
Subgrade Subgrade
4
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lsleeper
T*e l!#- t'#n"e' %!') !n t*e +'$n($+le !" t'e 'e-(t$!n 7 l#&e' &
l#&e'.
1. $he greatest stress o%%urset'een 'heel an) railan) is in the or)er o+ 0
Ale P 8 200 kN
W*eel Q = 100 l)9
~~-~~
5e#n t'e#'e# Ileel (under '#$l :50 %)
AH 8 1 em: W*ee;'#$l :Ott 8 :100000 IN/em:
&N%m2 - 00 Pa.
2. Bet'een rail an) slee*erthe stress is t'o or)erssmaller an) )iminisheset'een slee*er an)
allast e) )o'n to aout0 N%m2.
. /inall( the stress on the
9 8 200 em: R#$;'#$ll+#- ,#l$$ 8 2 INlem?l#e+l#te
~::':::::::=~:::,9:S
8;
7
I50
~e-
m-
:-
B#e+l#te :Ot.. 8 @0
IiIlcm'
:A! = 9
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Type of Railway System1. ran 5ail'a( $ransit6
Urban rail transit is an all-encompassing term for varioustypes of local rail systems providing passenger servicewithin and around urban or older suburban areas.
T&+e #> T'#m Trams are systems that run mainly or completely along streets, with low
capacity and frequent stops. Passengers usually board at street- or curb-level
> L$*t Rail : Light rail is a relatively new term, as an outgrowth of trams/streetcars.Speeds are usually higher, and articulated vehicles may be used to increasecapacity.
(> R#+$- T'#n$t rapid transit , underground , subway , tube, elevated , ormetro(politan) system is a railway!usually in an urban area!with a high capacity and frequency of service, and grade separation from other traffic.
d" #ono Rail: Monorail is a metro or railroad with a trac$ consisting of a single rail %actually a beam", as opposed to the traditional trac$ with two parallel rail s. #onorail vehicles are wider than the beam they run on. 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks
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Type of Railway System1. S'#n/R'#l R#$l%#& Suburb m!tl& 'e"e' t! # 'e$-ent$#l
#'e#. T*e& m#& e t*e 'e$-ent$#l #'e# !" # ($t&, !' e+#'#te 'e$-ent$#l(!mmn$t$e %$t*$n (!mmt$n -$t#n(e !" # ($t&.
T&+e a) Regional/Commuter Rail &ommuter rail, also called suburban rail, is a passenger
rail transport service between a city center, and outer suburbs and commuter townsor other locations that draw large numbers of commuters!people who travel on adaily basis. Re$!n#l '#$l !' (!mmte' '#$l 'n !n t'#()#e !"ten *#'e- %$t*$nte'($t& '#$l #n- "'e$*t t'#$n
b) Intercity Rail: 'nter-city rail services are e(press passenger train services that cover longer distances than commuter or regional trains.
c) Freight Trains: freight train or goods train is a group of freight cars %)S" or goods wagons % )'& " hauled by one or more locomotives on a railway,ultimately
transporting cargo between two points as part of 1t 2h/2e/20l 1o4gisCt Eic 23s03c Rh AaILi Wn A.YS,AIRPORTS
AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING @
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Railways
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1. 5ails2. Con%rete Slee*ers
. /astenings
4.S'it%hes 7 Crossings -$urnouts
Permanent Way Materials12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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Bll He#-e-
R#$l
Rnn$n S'"#(e
6$el- C!'ne' R#$l C'!%n
Re$!n&Il # 9G#e .C!'ne'
77:777 ... Re$!n
6$el- 6#(e HeadG#eC!'ne' G#e 6#(e
Running Rails
7... IHe#-lWe 7..7.77
T'#n$t$!n I
I
I
I
Web ' - - Net'#l A$I
I
I
II
I
T!+ !" 6!!t I~-----()"-
"%i-
B!tt!m !" 6!!t ICent'e L$ne
T!e
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A. /ish Plate Joints
B. /lash Butt 8el)ing
C5.e(A*#lunm$(#il
nRo#$$l
hF!
e$
nrtm
it 8el)ing
9. !nsulate) 5ail Joints
R#$l me(*#n$(#l !$nt *#e een e- $n t*e '#$l%#& $n-t'& t! $m+'!et*e l#te'#l #n- e't$(#l #l$nment !" t*e '#$l #t t*e$' en-.
Rail oints
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A. 6$* Pl#te F!$nt
A $llt'#te- $n t*e 6$'e, t*e n!'m#l '#$l !$nt (!n$t !" "$*+l#te t*#t #'e
!lte- #t t*e '#$l en- t*'!* # nme' !" !lt *!le =e$t*e' t%! !' t*'ee
!' m!'e> t*#t *#e een -'$lle- ne#' t*e net'#l #$ $n t*e '#$l %e.
B!lt
Rail oints6$*+l#te 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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B. Inl#te- R#$l F!$nt
1. B!n-e- $nl#te- !$nt $n '#$l e+#'#te
ele(t'$( ($'($t $n t'#() #n- t'n!t.Inl#t$!n
2. T! +'!$-e t'#() ement $!l#t$!n "!' t*e t'#()
($'($t'& +#e- t*'!* t*e '#$l t*$ ($'($t'& $
e- t! $-ent$"& t'#$n l!(#t$!n #n- t! (!nt'!l
$n#ll$n.6$*+l#te
B!lt
Rail oints12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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C. Alm$n! T*e'm$t Wel-$n1. In t*$ +'!(e, t*e *$*l& e!t*e'm$( 'e#(t$!n
et%een #lm$n$m #n- $'!n !$-e 'elt $n
t*e +'!-(t$!n !" m!lten teel %*$(* $ +!'e-
$nt! # m!l- #'!n- t*e #+ t! e %el-e-.H ER!"-re-Sto#l
THER5IT77teel
THER5I:7:7A($e' E$R%-iegel
Sinle-use rusi#lereuse $Je"#le
Riegelform&tuk
di*ererplu +"rm par
r"+le
2. #ermitJ $ t*e t'#-e n#me "!' !ne !" t*e
'#nl#' m$t'e !" #lm$n$m met#l #n-
+!%-e'e- "e''$( !$-e. In$t$!n !" t*e T*e'm$t $
#ll& (#''$e- !t & l$*t$n # m#ne$m
'$!n !' +#')le'.
Rail oints12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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Rail ointsD. 6l#* Btt Wel-$n
Mo!ile Flash Butt Welding "roup is )e)i%ate) to*er+orming high :ualit( 'el)s an) to meet all the %lientnee)s. Alstom;s latest arrival moile 'el)er, the S%hlatterAS100 series that has een e:ui**e) 'ith the ne' state<o+
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Rail oints
I n7T'#() R#$l Wel-$n =Tnnel> K C$'(le L$ne P'! e(t, S$n#+!'e
R#$l #'e %el-e- t!et*e' t! 'e(l#$m 1m !" '#$l $nt! l!ne' lent* t'$+.
T*$ (#n #$t t*e t'#() %el-$n +'!-(t$!n %$t* greater produ'ti(ity gain&
CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING
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A railway &leeper $ # 'e(t#nl#' !e(t e- # # #e "!' '# $ l' ! #- t'#(). T$e #'e meme' ene'#ll& l#$- t'#ne'e t! t*e '#$l, !n %*$(* t*e '#$l #'e++!'te- #n- "$e-, t! t'#n"e' t*e l!#- "'!m '#$l t! t*e #ll#t #n-'#-e, #n- t! *!l- t*e '#$l t! t*e (!''e(t #e.
ype& of Sleeper&
Steel Slee+e'
S lWe!!e-epn Seleer+es' C!n('ete Slee+e' 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tracks
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*r e -Str e & & ed Con'r e te Sle e per& A 'on'rete &leeper $ # '#$l'!#- t$e
m#-e !t !" teel 'e$n"!'(e-
(!n('ete.
Sleepers12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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T*e fa&tening of rail& i& u&ually t#)en (#'e !" & t*e "#tene' $me--e- $nt! t*e (!n('ete.
I!T"LL#$
%&!ITI& oe Inl#lO"
Cl$+I
S*Ol-e'
Fastenings12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING
1
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I
Inte'e(t!n +!$ nl&l~mpin I=M*eell>
"l$"$O$l$l$t !" t'n!t
St!() l'#$:l
S%,$t-* +!$ nt
S%,L-* l#-e
Rellll' !" ,iIJl maul
Tl*''!* I'.#$$l
W$l:ll,m$l
C'!$n
C*e-)ll'#$l
I
~ &. $". 0$- - - $ . $$ ~$ $- ---/'5 ;; $$!':
' :9?:?::::8:::::::::::8:::::::::::9:::::::::::9::::::::::9:::::::::::9:::::::::::9:::::?::::HH:::::::::::9::::::::::9:9.:9::::I ... -9'-8._71$HH,HH,HHH.9999
-
-- $$$$
I? ???????????????????????:?:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::9::::::? I . 7 7. 7:. D ???,..... N
LC..Ule'F
79:::?:.::.:...... ,
IH11,PQ,1?1: se $$$0=$) ! 1':1!2227.:-.* ..... ,D ?,1 9P9#'t!9 . $: .. 7 777717..,H ..... 879 .7.....7 ., ?? II .. 1. IF$I .,.9 .. 'u II . 7 .9. 'C10S:U:le: rai* ....
L
,/
R8 m
t n
Switches $ %rossings &Turnouts'
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12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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Rail "auge $ra%& gauge or rail gauge is the )istan%e et'een theinner si)es o+ the hea)s o+ the t'o loa) earing rails thatma&e u* a single rail'a( line.
Si>t( *er%ent o+ the 'orl)?s rail'a(s use a stan)ar)
gauge o+ 1,43 mm -4 +t @ in. 8i)er gauges are %alle)roa) gauge smaller gauges, narro' gauge. Brea&
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Types of "auges The standard gauge -also name) the Ste*henson gauge a+tereorge Ste*henson, or normal gauge is a 'i)el(imatel( D0 o+ the 'orl)?s e>isting rail'a( lines areuilt to this gauge.
E>%e*t +or 5ussia an) /inlan), all high
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9i++erent gauges, +rom le+t6 143mm,1000mm an) D00mm, on )is*la( at Chinese5ail'a(s useum.< The most widely used narrow gauges are
< 1,0DG mm - +t D in Ca*e gauge< 1,000 mm - +t F@ in meter gauge
< GD2 mm -2 +t D in
8hen a rail'a( line o+ one gauge meets a line o+ anothergauge there is a !reak of gauge. A rea& o+ gauge
a))s %ost an) in%onvenien%e to tra++i% that *asses +romone s(stem to another.(ual gauge allo's trains o+ )i++erent gauges to share the
same tra%&
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Railway Sleepers
9e*en)ing u*on the *osition in a rail'a( tra%&, slee*ers ma( e%lassi+ie) as6 $hese are the earl( +orm o+ slee*ers 'hi%h are not %ommonl(
use) no'a)a(s
Longitudinal Sleepers6 !t %onsists o+ slas o+ stones or *ie%es o+ 'oo)s *la%e) *arallel to an) un)erneath the rails. $o maintain%orre%t gauge o+ the tra%&, %ross *ie%es are *rovi)e) at regularintervals.
At *resent this t(*e o+ slee*ers are )is%ar)e) mainl( e%ause o+ the+ollo'ing reasons. 5unning o+ the train is not smooth 'hen this t(*e o+ slee*ers is use). Noise %reate) ( the tra%& is %onsi)erale.
Cost is high.
Trans#erse Sleepers) $ransverse slee*ers intro)u%e) in 1@3 an)sin%e then the( are universall( use). $imer'oo)en slee*ers Steel slee*ers Cast !ron Slee*ers Con%rete Slee*ers
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m er eepers
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m er eepers $he timer slee*ers nearl( +ul+ille) all the re:uirements o+ i)eal slee*ers
an) hen%e the( are universall( use). $he 'oo) use) ma( e li&e tea&, salet% or it ma( e %oni+erous li&e *ine. $he salient +eatures o+ timer'oo)en slee*ers 'ith a)vantages an) )isa)vantages.
*d#antages of Tim!er Sleepers
$he( are mu%h use+ul +or heav( loa)s an) high s*ee)s $he( have long li+e o+ 10*ensive )a( ( )a( #i+e is shorter %om*are to others
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(isad#antages of Tim!er Sleepers
#iale to e atta%&e) ( vermin so, the( must e *ro*erl(treate) e+ore use
#iale to %at%h +ire
$he( )o not resist %ree*
$he( are a++e%te) ( )r( an) 'et rot
Be%ome e>*ensive )a( ( )a(
#i+e is shorter %om*are to others
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ee s eeper's
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ee s eeper' s
$he( are in the +orm o+ steel trough inverte) on 'hi%h railsare +i>e) )ire%tl( ( &e(s or nuts an) olts an) use) alongsu++i%ient length o+ tra%&s.
*d#antages of Steel Sleepers
Have a use+ul li+e o+ 20
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the &e(s are over )riven
er as there is not %ushion
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(isad#antages of Steel sleepers
#iale to %orrosion ( moisture an) shoul) not e%ause in salt(regions
oo) insulators an) hen%e %annot e use) in tra%& %ir%uite)
regions Cannot e use) +or all se%tions o+ rails an) gauges
Shoul) not e lai) 'ith an( other t(*es o+ allast e>%e*t store
"er( %ostl(
Can a)l( )amage) un)er )erailments
8a( gauge is otaine) i+
$he rail seat is 'ea&er
Having goo) sho%& asor et'een rail+oot an) allast
AIRPORTS
GINEERING 2@
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$he( %onsist o+ t'o *ots or *lates 'ith ri an) %onne%te) (
'rought iron tie ar o+ se%tion o+ aout 2I I ea%h *ot or *late is*la%e) elo' ea%h rail. $he *ot is oval in sha*e 'ith larger)iameter 2?
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! n ( 'e e slleeeep+eer's
5.C.C an) *re
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9isa)vantages Con%rete Slee*ersL 9i++i%ult to e han)le)
L 9i++i%ult to e manu+a%ture) in )i++erent sies thus
%annot e use) in ri)ges an) %rossingL Can e )amage) easil( 'hile loa)ing an) unloa)ing
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) g r a)e.
)s.
E2303 RAILW AYS,AIRPO RT S
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Ballast
(efinition)
!t is a la(er o+ ro&en stones, gravel or an( othersu%h gritt( material lai) an) *a%&e) elo' an)aroun) slee*ers.
/unctions of !allast)$o )istriute the loa)s uni+orml( over thesugra)e.
$o *rovi)e goo) )rainage +or the tra%& stru%ture.$o *rovi)e elasti%it( an) resilien%e to tra%& +or
getting *ro*er ri)ing %om+ort.
$o hel) the tra%& stru%ture to line an$o re)u%e )ust.
$o *revent gro'th o+ rush an) 'ee
12/2/2014 C
A
A goo) allast shoul) e strong har)
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A goo) allast shoul) e strong, har) 'earing, stale,)rainale, eas( to %lean, 'or&ale, resistant to)e+ormation, easil( availale, an) reasonal( %hea* to*ur%hase.
Earl( rail'a( engineers )i) not un)erstan) theim*ortan%e o+ :ualit( tra%& allast the( 'oul) use %hea*
an) easil(es. !t 'as soon %lear that goo)
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( %ur v e , 'ith
14 CE2303 RAILW AYS,AIRPO RT S
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Ra roa sw tc
A railroa) s'it%h, turnout or Mset o+ *oints is a me%hani%alinstallation enaling rail'a( trains to e gui)e) +rom onetra%& to another, su%h as at a rail'a( =un%tion or 'here a
s*ur or si)ing ran%hes o++.
A s'it%h generall( has a straight IthroughI tra%& -su%h asthe main
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Single Track and (ou!le Track
A )oule
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+irport !arking& , Sign&
!ntro)u%ing Sur+a%e ovementui)an%e 7 Con12/2t
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l/2r01o4 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 3<
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A+I"RRP*O%RR
T SSI"GNNSS A+NND !5+ ARRI"NNG*PRRO%;0I"DEE
"INN61O%RR5! A+TI"O%NN
THH A+T "ISS
$USSEE61U$L2
TO%GRRO%U$NND
;0EEHHI"CCL2EE%OP*EERR A+TO%RR
SS
WWHHEENN%OP*EERR A+TI"NNG %ONN
THHEE
A+I"RRP*O%RRT
A+NND
TO%*P"IL2O%TSSDU$RRI"NNG
T+ AEEO%6161,3
2LA+ND"ING,3 %ORR T+ A4I"I"NG..
TYPES 6OUND ON AIRPORTS INCLUDE
5ANDATORY SIGNS
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LOCATION SIGNS
DIRECTION SIGNS
DESTINATION SIGNS SPECIAL IN6OR5ATION SIGNS
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WHITE INSCRIPTIONS ON A RED BACGROUND
REUIRES CLEARANCE BE6ORE ENTERING =DUE
CAUTION AT UNCONTROLLED AIRPORTS>
!+N+%R5 S"NS12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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2LO%CC A+EED
%ONN
T+ A4I"WW A+Y 5SS + AT
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R ==UUNNTTOOWWEERREEDD A AIIRRPPOORRTT>>
UUNNTTIILL
9 A ATTRRUUNNWW A A
YY //
RRUUNNWW A AYYIINNTTEERRSSEECCTTIOIONNSS,
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SSHHOORRTT II66 LL A ANNDD A ANNDD
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ASS
BBEEEENN A ACCCCEEPPTTEEDD
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22%%CC++EE" ++
'HEE HH%%22
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CONTROLLED AIRPORT 77 HOLD WHEN
INSTRUCTED
NONCONTROLLED AIRPORT 77 PROCEED WHEN
NO TRA66IC CON6LICT EISTS
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"N"N""CC++EESS
++NN "2ILSS
CCIRR """CC++22
++RREE++
HOLD WHEN INSTRUCTED BY ATC WHEN
APPROACHES ARE BEING 5ADE WITH
;ISIBILITY LESS THAN 2 5ILES OR CEILING
LESS THAN 00 6EET
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""NN""'CC++EESS
++RREE++SS
WWHHEERREE
++""RRCCRR++11 + AIRREE 11%%RR66""'EEN%
"EEINEERR
DO NOT ENTER
IDENTI6IES PA;ED AREAS WHERE AIRCRA6T
ENTRY IS PROHIBITED
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H$US:7,:.:,?U?,1C"N"CC+
+EESS
HH
S
S--7
I,: I$ . I
I? I
I . .
I , $: 1 ? I
1 ,,: I
LAND AND HOLD SHORT POINT 6OR OTHER
THAN INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
AS INSTRUCTED BY ATC
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2L%OCC+ AEED %0 N THEE R$NW+5
22
IDENTI6IES RUNWAY ON WHICH AIRCRA6TIS LOCATED
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22%%CC++EEID
++
HEE EEEE %%11
*PRRO%TEECCEED ++RREE++ 16%O:RR
RR U$NW+'A 5Y
IDENTI6IES THE BOUNDARY O6 THE RUNWAY
PROTECTED AREA ON CONTROLLED AIRPORTS
IT IS INTENDED THAT PILOTS EITING THIS AREA WOULD USE THIS SIGN AS A GUIDETO FUDGE WHEN THE AIRCRA6T IS CLEARO6 THE PROTECTED AREA
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22%%CC++EE
++ HEEEEEE
%O:16 HHEE ""22SSCCRR"""CC++22
++RREE++
IDENTI6IES THE BOUNDARY O6 THE ILSCRITICAL AREA ON CONTROLLED
AIRPORTS
IT IS INTENDED THAT PILOTS EITING THIS AREA WOULD USE THIS SIGN AS A GUIDE TO
FUDGE WHEN THE AIRCRA6T IS CLEAR O6 THE
ILS CRITICAL AREA
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"REC"%N S"NS
BLAC INSCRIPTIONS ON A YELLOW
BACGROUND =ALWAYS HAS AN ARROW>
PRO;IDES DIRECTIONAL IN6OR5ATION
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2LO%CC A+T
EED %ONN
T+ A4I"WW
A+Y 5
THHEE
PRO;IDES GENERAL TAIING DIRECTION TONA5ED RUNWAY
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SI5ILAR TO DIRECTION SIGNS ECEPT THAT THEY
POINT TOWARD A GENERAL LOCATION SUCH AS
APRON 6UEL TER5
CI;IL 5IL PA
CARGO INT 6BO
A DOT => IS READ AS ANDJ
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SUCH AS NOISE ABATE5ENT PROCEDURES 77
HA;E BLAC INSCRIPTIONS ON A
YELLOW BACGROUND
DISTANCE RE5AINING SIGNS HA;E A SINGLE
WHITE NU5BER ON A BLAC BACGROUND 20
TO @< 6EET 6RO5 THE PA;E5ENT EDGE,
DEPENDING UPON THE SIVE O6 THE SIGN
S*EC"+2 "N1%R!+"%N S"INS12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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2L%OCC+ AEE.
D %0 N HEER$NW+5
PRO;IDES RE5AINING RUNWAY LENGTH IN
1,000 6OOT INCRE5ENTS
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APPLIES TO BOTH AIR CREW AND ;EHICLE
OPERATORS
TAI ROUTES TO AND 6RO5 THE S5GCSRUNWAY 5UST BE DESIGNATED AND
DISPLAYED ON A S5GCS LOW ;ISIBILITY
TAI
ROUTE CHART
S!CS 8'ont.)
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(
STOP BAR LIGHTS
RUNWAY GUARD LIGHTS
TAIWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTING
GEOGRAPHIC POSITION 5ARINGS
CLEARANCE BAR LIGHTSS!CS 1E+$RES "NC2$E
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S%* 6+R
2"HS
REUIRED AT INTERSECTIONS O6 AN ILLU5INATED
=CENTERLINE LIGHTED> TAIWAY AND AN ACTI;E
RUNWAY 6OR OPERATIONS LESS THAN 00 6EETR;R
CONSIST O6 A ROW O6 RED UNIDIRECTIONAL, IN7
PA;E5ENT LIGHTS INSTALLED ALONG THEHOLDING POSITION 5ARING
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S%* 6+R 2"HS 8'ont.)
WHEN TURNED O66 BY THE CONTROLLER,THEY CON6IR5 CLEARANCE 6OR THE PILOT OR
;EHICLE TO ENTER THE RUNWAY
OPERATE IN CONFUNCTION WITH GREENCENTERLINE LEADON LIGHTS
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NE;ER CROSS ANILLU5INATED
W+RREDN"SNT
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OP BAR12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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••I
WILL BE INSTALLED AT ALL TAIWAYSWHICH PRO;IDE ACCESS TO AN ACTI;E
RUNWAY
ALTERNATELY 6LASHING YELLOW LIGHTS
USED TO DENOTE BOTH THE PRESENCE O6 AN ACTI;E RUNWAY AND IDENTI6Y THELOCATION O6 A RUNWAY HOLDINGPOSITION 5ARING
R$NW+5 $+R 2"HITS12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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+4"W+5 CENER2"INE
2"H"N
GUIDE GROUND TRA66IC UNDER LOW
;ISIBILITY CONDITIONS AND DURINGDARNESS
CONSIST O6 GREEN INPA;E5ENT LIGHTS
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..,H:19 -
l
-!'$
6OR POSITION REPORTING
E%R+*H"C *%S""%N .?99
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A PIN SPOTJ OUTLINED WITH A BLAC AND
WHITE CIRCLE AND DESIGNATED WITH A
NU5BER AND/OR LETTER
ATC WILL ;ERI6Y THE POSITION O6
AIRCRA6T AND ;EHICLES USING
GEOGRAPHIC POSITION 5ARINGS
CAN BE USED EITHER AS HOLD POINTS OR
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C2E+R+NCE 6+R
2"HS
THREE YELLOW IN7PA;E5ENT CLEARANCE
BAR LIGHTS
USED TO DENOTE HOLDING POSITIONS 6OR
AIRCRA6T AND ;EHICLES
CO7LOCATED WITH GEOGRAPHIC POSITION5ARINGS WHEN USED 6OR HOLD POINTS
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6OR ADDITIONAL S5GCS IN6OR5ATION
RE6ER TO THE AERONAUTICAL
IN6OR5ATION 5ANUAL OR THE
PARTICULAR AIRPORTS
S5GCS LOW ;ISIBILITY TAI ROUTE CHART
S!5
GCCS A+I"RRP*O%RTS !5+ A 5Y
N%OT
HH+ A0;EE
+2LL2 %O16 HHEESEE
16EE+ U$R EES
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16EE+ 9U$R EES12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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-%E. /01
+ntroduction to -cean $ %oastal Engineering
Coastal Pro%esses 7 Stru%turesJun Ohang
Ju n < h a n gta m u .e)u
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-~~-~~~
6ea'# *rofile 1ig. =-73 pp7?@
~4~ Blll1ff "$~E,t.arpmem"-'i3!-~~~ ----- S'arp
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Con&eAuen'e& of Coa&tal *ro'e&&e&
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Con&eAuen'e& of Coa&tal *ro'e&&e&
6ea'# ero&ion 8Natural or !an-!adeCau&e&)
T#le 471 ++104 =!l- E. ++1>
6ea'# *rote'tion , Nouriment-(!#t#l t'(t'e
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12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
%oastal Erosion
AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING
C!#t#l E'!$!n
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H%& @Te# C!#t
In"'#t'(t'e P'!+e't&
En$'!nment12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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Beach .ourishment
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Economic#alue of Beaches
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%oastal Processes
Se-$ment T'#n+!'t
W$n- #n- W#e
Coa&tal Stru'ture&
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Coa&tal Stru'ture&6reak water& 8rubble mound3 eet pile3 &tone
a&p#alt3 olo&3 'on'rete 'a&&ion&3 floating&tru'ture&
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Breakwaters
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Breakwaters
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6reakwater
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Waterway
.a#igation
Bettie&
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limi%: "+ ,a*e .%m2Jl5
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R$662E
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0ER"C+2 6RE+W+ER 1"$RES
a) Berical aiss"n #) "mp"sie >rea?@aer c) Arm"ured aiss"n
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97
a(&
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a) Slidin #) &*erurnin
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&
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Shore Protection Pro2ects3 "roins
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2------------C20102222 ----------- $$-$22$$$$
NOTE D$men$!n, !n- -el!$l " 4.
deermined & p"ricul"r lit. 'ondition&.
PRO6ILE
are S"ne lQu"rr Aun I
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CROSS SECTION
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Shore Protection Pro2ects3 "roins
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Shore Protection Pro2ects3 Re#etments
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O!''&t!ne
Un$"!'m7IXe-
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In
1' $are! r"unded"$el- t!ne!'m('
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ifferent ind& of olo&
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Con'rete , Reinfor'ed Con'rete
P#'#llele+$+e-*')
D~ed (e=Anl$'e' t>:+e>
Tet'#+!- H#'!C!
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'''us'n''ion at inl+ttoc$ing #""e(t
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Seawalls
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C!nt'(t$!n !" G#let!n e#%#ll 9 10212/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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Ports and 4ar!ors
4
Sand 6ypa&& 1a'ility
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New Sout# Wale& andDu
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e/201
e4 n
CE2
&303
lRA
aILW
n AYS
d,AIRP 3
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Bettie& at t#e
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entran'e of
weed Ri(er
%utlet of t#e &and pump
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La!oratory Research
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12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
La!oratory Research
Ree#'(* E+e'$en(
"!' Un-e''#-#te
=REU> P'!'#m
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nes %oastal Engineeringoratory
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La!ORTS
AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING
Wa(e Refra'tion3 iffra'tion , Refle'tio
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K
θ θ
θ
Wa(e Refra'tion T*e -$'e(t$!n !" %#e
m#& (*#ne %*en t*e& ente' "'!m -ee+ t!*#ll!% %#te' !' "'!m *#ll!% t! -ee+ %#te'.
S n e lls la
@ :
s i nθ
=C K
s i n θ2!
C 2
C is %h e p h a s e * e l" c i%7
S#allow-@ K
eep-@
K
eep-7 12/2/2014
CE2303 RAILWASYS#,AaIRlPlOoRwTS-7 AN
2D HARBOUR ENGINEERING
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Wa(e dire'tion i& normal to t#e wa(e
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're&t line
EFample& of Wa(e refra'tion in t#e
'o&tal ;one3 &ee pp 77G 1ig =-@7 8old
Edition pp ? 1ig. =-7@).
Wa(e dire'tion i& normal to ore line.
"n ot#er word&3 wa(e 're&t-line i&
parallel to t#e ore line.
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W#e front
Wa(e Refra'tion
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I
Wa(e Refra'tion
"W'#(t$n (l&9- #~2 me-uQIl
%$t* t*e land #n- e# !-
6ea'#Re"'#(t$!n %!l- le#- t! l!n*!'e
-'$"t #n- e#(* e'!$!n $n t*$ #'e#
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from deep water to allow water)
Wa(e refra'tionWa(e lengt# be'ome& orter
Wa(e group (elo'ity i& redu'ed
Wa(e be'ome& &teeper3 w#i'# lead& to
wa(e breaking. Wa(e breaking lead& to t#egeneration of long-ore 'urrent.
efinition of t#e &urf ;one from t#e fir&t
breaker 8due to water dept#) to t#e ore
line.
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eneral Refra'tion +naly&i&
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R a y L in
e
- A l" n a r a lin e ! @ a * e d ir e c i" n is a l@ a 7 s
p a r a lle l " i " r @ a * e c r e a lin e is n " r m a l " i$
, a * e e n e r d e n s i - A * e r a e @ a * e e n e r p e r u n i le n h
E = ρ g H
KL = ρ g A
KL K
, a * e r " u p ( e n e r 7 ) * e
l" c i ω 2 kh In in e r m e d ia e @ a e r d e p h
C g=
+
= n C
In d e e p @ ae r ω C
C g = = ! k K s in h K
k h 2
n =K k K K
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=
K k K K
In s h a ll" @ @ a
e r
C g= g h = C
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, a * e e n e r +lu N
=C
g E
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=
< e n e r c " n s e r * a i" n ( n " @ a * e # r e a ? in )
C g 0
E 0b0 = C
g 2 E 2b
2
S u # s c r ip '0 ' d e n " e si a %
2
d e e p w a t e r
C g 0
= C p 0
K E 2 C g 0b0= =
C p 0
b0
E 0 C g 2 b2 K C g 2b2
H2=
E 2
H E
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H0
E 0 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 10<
H2
E 2K K
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2= = K
S K
R
H0
K R
=
K s=
E 0
b
0
b2
C p 0
! ? n " @ n a s h e r e +r a c i" n c " e
++$
! ? n " @ n a s h e s h " a lin c " e ++$
K C g 2
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AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 10
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pp77G-77> 8old edition pp7-@)
AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 10
Wa(e iffra'tion W*en %#e ene'& $
t'#n"e''e- l#te'#ll& t! %#e -$'e(t$!n t*$
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++3>. =$nte'net e#m+le>
t'#n"e''e- l#te'#ll& t! %#e -$'e(t$!n, t*$
+*en!men!n $ )n!%n # %#e -$""'#(t$!n.
W#e -$""'#(t$!n !((' %*en %#e
+#$n & # &urfa'e pier'ing body. It
m#& !((' $n -ee+ !' *#ll!% %#te'.
An e#m+le $n *#ll!% %#te' $ %#e
-$""'#(t$!n e*$n- # 'e#)e' %#te'. See 6$.4722 #t ++11 =!l- e-$t$!n 6$. 4713 #t
12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 10@
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iure -24$ Ac-rial p#&~4p# &',4B~ dl++racd"+l at luumeJ I$ land $HliIr# r #rea?@aer in C#U'9ml#..12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
.eprined 1i$ p~rmissii"n (r"m 9 AtBI &&50%'110 $n rlneenl (' eE A
l.N
2D
9H
? A
1
SR
hB
% O 4f1
URPf
E6
Nre
Gd
I /
Nl"
En
ERING 10#an/iol. =6U ell6. n 'e"e'enee>,
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W a ( e Refl e 't ion a n d ran & m i& & io n %*en
t*e %#te' -e+t* --enl& (*#ne +#'t !" t*e
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t*e %#te' -e+t* --enl& (*#ne, +#'t !" t*e
$n($-ent %#e ene'& $ 'e"le(te- $n t*e
-$'e(t$!n !++!$te t! t*e $n($-ent %#e
-$'e(t$!n, +#'t ene'& (!nt$ne t! +'!+##te
=t'#nm$t> $n t*e $n($-ent %#e -$'e(t$!n.
Hi: in c id e n @ a * e h e
i h %;
Hr: r e +le c % e d @ a * e h e
i h %
Ht: %r a n s m i%%e d @ a * e h e i h %
H . e +le c %i" n " e ++$
Cr=
r;
Hi
H r a n s m is s i" n " e ++$ C t =
H
t 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 10
H
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Hi
. e +le c %i" n " e ++$ " + a p la n e s l" p e
%a n β
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S u r f p a r a m e te r
ξ =
%a n β
@ h e re
β is %h e s l" p e
Hi
L L0
Hi
is %h e in c id e n @ a * e h e i h %
L0
is %h e @ a * e le n h in d e e p @ a %e r$
U$n 6$ 4723 #t ++ 120 =!l- e-$t$!n 6$. 4714
#t ++ 4>, &! m#& -ete'm$ne t*e 'e"le(t$!n
(!e""$($ent #e- +!n t*e '" +#'#mete'.
12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 110
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Wa(e Runup
W#e 'n+ $ $m+!'t#nt t! t*e -e$n !"
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0
+ +
t*e *e$*t !" (!#t#l t'(t'e, (* #
e#%#ll #n- 'e#)%#te'.
E u n (2 9 5 9 )
R
= ξ =a n
θ +" r a nθ > 0 $2
H H L L
@ h e
re
R is h e @ a * e ru n u p $
H is h e @ a * e h e i h
s e e i $ -K (p 2 K 2 )
(" ld e d i i" n i $ -2 5 (p 912/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 111
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Sediment ran&port
γ g4
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= γ g
> u " a n c in de N :
s
− 2 s
γ ν K
@ h e
r es
%h e s p e c i+ic @ e i h " + a s p h e r e
γ %h e s p e c i+ic @ e i h " + + lu id
s
%h e d ia m e %e r " + s p h e r e
ν %h e ? in e m a ic * is c " s i " + + lu id $
> e c a u s e %h e d ia m e %e r " + %h e s e d im e n is n " %u n i+" r m !
s
is r e p la c e #
5 0
! @ h ic h is %h e
m e d ia n d ia m e %e r " + %h e s e d im e n %$
B is n " n -d im e n s i" n12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS
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a l$
Sediment ran&port
4
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=
s
γ g4
> u " a n c in de N :
s
− 2
s
γ ν K
γ In e n e ra
l!
s
γ
> 2! %h a is ! %h e s e d im e n p a r %ic le is
h e a * ie r %h a n @ a %e r$ H h e s u # m e r e d @ e i h " + %he
p a r %ic le is p r" p " r %i" n a l "4 a n d %h e +a l lin * e l" c i%
d e c re a s e s @ ih %h e in c re a s e in * is c " s i " + @ a % e
r$
E e n c e ! s m a lle r # u " a n c in d e N in d ic a %e s s m a lle
r +a llin * e l" c i a n d la r e r # u " a n c in d e N re s u l
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r +a llin * e l" c i a n d la r e r # u " a n c in d e N re s u l
s in la r e r 12/2/2014 CE2303 RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 113
+a llin * e l" c i%$
> a s e d " n %h e # u " 7a n c in d e N ! %h e +a llin * e l" c i
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i
(a ls " ? n " @ n a s %e rm in a l * e l" c i) c a n # e
c " m p u %e d u s in
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e
* e l" c i! %h e m " * e m e n " + %h e p a r%ic le i n %h e h " r iM " n %a l d ire c %i" n c a n # e c " m p u %e d $ 12/2/2014 CE2303
RAILWAYS,AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING 114
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redging
Reading +&&ignment
Sediment ran&port , S'our
2ittoral ran&port 8&ediment tran&port in
'oa&tal or littoral ;one)
Coa&tal Stru'ture 8
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Reading +&&ignment
Sediment ran&port , S'our
2ittoral ran&port 8&ediment tran&port in 'oa&tal or littoral ;one)
Coa&tal Stru'ture 8