Bulletin OIV Vol-86 Janvier Fevrier Mars 983-984-985 (1)

LE BULLETINDE LOIVRevue Technique Internationale

ViticulturenologieEconomieDroitVin et sant

ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALEDE LA VIGNE ET DU VIN

Janvier-Fvrier-Mars 2013Vol. 86 - N 983-984-985

ISSN 0029-7127

Numro spcial Congrs de Roumanie 2013

TABLE DES MATIRES / CONTENTS

Bulletin de lOIV, vol. 86, janvier-fvrier-mars 2013,

n983-984-985

ARTICLES ORIGINAUX / ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

ELENA NADIA BUFU, ELENA GENOIU, TRAIAN CATALIN GENOIU Tradition and Modernity in Segarcea Vineyard ................................................................................................................. 19-26 ARINA OANA ANTOCE, IOAN NMOLOANU, DORIN DUA, DIANA MEREANU, CRISTINA REBIGAN, VASILE NICOLAU, LAURA CLUGRU Some Considerations Regarding the Grapevine Variety Assortment and Wine Categories in Romania in Recent Years ............................. 27-44 AURELIA TUDORACHE, LILIANA PIRCALABU, ROXANA PORUMB, LILIANA TOMOIAGA, MARIA ILIESCU, VIORICA ENACHE, CRISTINA SIMION, DOINA DAMIAN, PETRESCU ANAMARIA, MIHU GHICA Description des Climats dans les Centres Viticoles Principaux de Roumanie .................................. 45-58 ANCUA NECHITA, VALERIU V. COTEA, COSTIC SAVIN, ROTINBERG PINCU, BOGDAN NECHITA, MARIUS NICULAUA, CINTIA-LUCIA COLIBABA Preliminary Testing of the Cytostatic and Cytotoxic Action of Some Polyphenolic Extracts Obtained from Vitis Vinifera ................... 59-74 BRINDUSE ELENA, TUDORACHE AURELIA, FOTESCU LAURA Autochtonous Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Strains Isolated from Valea Calugareasca Viticultural Center Destinated for the Qualitative Red Wines Production .............................................. 75-84 LUNG MIHAI, NASTASIA POP, TIBERIA POP, SIMONE VINCENZI The Content of Resveratrol in Several Grape Varieties from Romania .......................................................................... 85-92 CONSTANTIN CROITORU The Influence of Malolactic Fermentation on the Sensorial Profile of Red Wines Varieties ......................................................................................... 93-102 FELICIA DRAGOMIR TUULESCU, AUREL POPA Anthocyanic Profiles of Some Autochtonous Varieties of Black Grapes for Red Wines which are Cultivated at Dragasani, Romania ................................................................................................................................ 103-114

REVUE SIGNALTIQUE / CURRENT AWARENESS

Revue Signaletique Des Livres / Current Awareness Of Books ............................................ 115

INFORMATIONS / NEWS

Informations / News ...................................................................................................................... 121 Publications de lOIV / OIVs Publications ................................................................................ 129 Recommandations aux auteurs / Recommendations to authors .......................................... 135

BU

LLET

IN D

E LO

IV V

ol. 8

6

983 - 9

84 - 9

85

Jan

vier

-Fv

rier

-Mar

s 20

13

Com

miss

ion

I V

iticu

lture

Pr

sid

ent :

Vic

ente

Sot

es R

uiz

(Esp

agne

) V

ice-

prs

iden

t : M

iche

le B

orgo

(Ita

lie)

Secr

tai

re sc

ient

ifiqu

e : C

arla

Aru

ani (

Arg

entin

e)

CO

MITE

SC

IEN

TIFIQ

UE E

T TEC

HNIQ

UE

Pr

sid

ente

: C

laud

ia Q

uini

(Arg

entin

e)

1er V

ice-

prs

iden

t : Y

ves B

nar

d (F

ranc

e)

2m

e V

ice-

prs

iden

te :

Mon

ika

Chr

istm

ann

(Alle

mag

ne)

Secr

tai

re :

Fed

eric

o C

aste

llucc

i (D

irect

eur G

nr

al d

e lO

IV)

Sous

-Com

miss

ion

Ra

isins

de

tabl

e, ra

isins

sec

s et

pro

duits

non

ferm

ent

s de

la v

igne

Pr

sid

ent :

Ahm

et A

ltind

isli (

Turq

uie)

V

ice-

prs

iden

t : L

us P

eres

de

Sous

a (P

ortu

gal)

Secr

tai

re sc

ient

ifiqu

e : D

onat

o A

nton

acci

(Ita

lie)

Sous

-Com

miss

ion

M

tho

des

dan

alys

e

Pr

sid

ent :

Pau

lo B

arro

s (Po

rtuga

l) V

ice-

prs

iden

t : B

erna

rd M

edin

a (F

ranc

e)

Secr

tai

re sc

ient

ifiqu

e : R

egin

a V

and

erlin

den

(Br

sil)

Com

miss

ion

II

Oen

olog

ie

Prs

iden

t : V

aler

iu C

otea

(Rou

man

ie)

Vic

e-pr

sid

ente

: M

onik

a C

hrist

man

n (A

llem

agne

) Se

crt

aire

scie

ntifi

que

: Dom

iniq

ue T

usse

au (F

ranc

e)

Com

miss

ion

IV

Sc

urit

et S

ant

Pr

sid

ente

: C

rein

a S

tock

ley

(Aus

tralie

) V

ice-

prs

iden

t : M

lad

en B

oban

(Cro

atie

) Se

crt

aire

scie

ntifi

que

: Pie

rre-L

ouis

Teiss

edre

(Fra

nce)

Com

miss

ion

III

co

nom

ie e

t Dro

it

Pr

sid

ent :

Eug

enio

Pom

aric

i (Ita

lie)

Vic

e-pr

sid

ent :

Joh

n Ba

rker

(Nou

velle

-Zl

and

e)

Secr

tai

re sc

ient

ifiqu

e : W

olfg

ang

Haup

t (A

llem

agne

)

Scu

rit

alim

enta

ire

Pr

sid

ente

:

Patri

zia R

esta

ni (I

talie

)

Vic

e-pr

sid

ent :

So

ili Ka

rjala

inen

(Fin

land

)

Con

som

mat

ion,

nut

ritio

n et

san

t

Prs

iden

te :

Jo

s R

amon

Fer

nand

ez

(Esp

agne

)

Vic

e-pr

sid

ente

:

Raqu

elRo

man

o(A

rgen

tina

)

Form

atio

n

Prs

iden

t :

Juan

Gom

ez

Beni

tez(

Esp

agne

) V

ice-

prs

iden

t :

Con

rad

Brig

uet(

Suiss

e)

Mar

chs

et

cons

omm

atio

n Pr

sid

ent :

Pe

ter B

otos

(Hon

grie

) V

ice-

prs

iden

te :

Yvet

te V

an D

er M

erw

e

(Afri

que

du

Sud

) Se

crt

aire

:

Ant

onio

Sec

cia

(Ital

ie)

Anal

yse

con

omiq

ue e

t co

njon

ctur

elle

Prs

iden

t :

Tony

Bat

tagl

ene

(Aus

tralie

) V

ice-

prs

iden

t :

Loui

s Lah

oud

Lah

oud

(Lib

an)

Secr

tai

re :

A

nton

io S

ecci

a (It

alie

)

Droi

t et i

nfor

mat

ion

du

cons

omm

ateu

r

Prs

iden

t :

Pau

Roca

(Esp

agne

) V

ice-

prs

iden

t :

Geo

rges

-Pie

rre M

alpe

l (F

ranc

e)

Ress

ourc

es g

nt

ique

s et

sl

ectio

n de

la v

igne

Prs

iden

t :

Rud

olf E

ibac

h (A

llem

agne

) V

ice-

prs

iden

t :

Oliv

ier V

iret (

Suiss

e)

Secr

tai

re :

Er

ika

Mau

l (A

llem

agne

)

Prot

ectio

n de

la v

igne

Prs

iden

t :

Ale

jand

ro M

aria

netti

(A

rgen

tina

) V

ice-

prs

iden

t :

Serg

e Fi

sche

r (Lu

xem

bour

g)

Secr

tai

re :

M

-F. C

orio

-Cos

tet (

Fran

ce)

Ges

tion

et in

nova

tion

des

tech

niqu

es v

itico

les

Prs

iden

t :

Vitt

orin

o N

ovel

lo (I

talie

) V

ice-

prs

iden

t :

Philip

pe M

anso

n (N

-Zl

and

e)

Secr

tai

re :

Stef

anos

Kou

ndou

ras

(Gr

ce)

Envi

ronn

emen

t viti

cole

et

vo

lutio

n cl

imat

ique

Prs

iden

t :

Luig

i Bav

are

sco

(Ital

ie)

Vic

e-pr

sid

ent :

Jo

l R

ocha

rd (F

ranc

e)

Secr

tai

re :

Ha

ns S

chul

tz (A

llem

agne

)

Tech

nolo

gie

Pr

sid

ent :

Lu

igi M

oio

(Ital

ie)

Vic

e-pr

sid

ent :

Ro

bert

Stei

dl (A

utric

he)

Mic

robi

olog

ie

Pr

sid

ente

: M

anfre

d G

ross

man

n (A

llem

agne

) V

ice-

prs

iden

te :

Vic

toria

Mor

eno

Arri

ba

(Esp

agne

)

Spc

ifica

tion

des

prod

uits

no

logi

ques

Prs

iden

t :

Jean

-Cla

ude

Ville

ttazz

(Sui

sse)

V

ice-

prs

iden

te :

A

nton

ella

Bos

so(It

alie

) Se

crt

aire

:

Ala

in B

ertra

nd (F

ranc

e)

Proj

et s

pci

al C

ST

pour

la c

olle

cte

din

form

atio

ns

stat

istiq

ues

Coo

rdin

ateu

r :

Patri

ck A

igra

in (F

ranc

e)

ORG

AN

IGRA

MM

E DU

CO

MITE

SC

IEN

TIFIQ

UE E

T TEC

HNIQ

UE D

E L

ORG

AN

ISA

TION

INTE

RNA

TION

ALE

DE

LA V

IGN

E ET

DU

VIN

Edit.

15

mar

s 20

13

Boiss

ons

spiri

tueu

ses

vitiv

inic

oles

Prs

iden

t :

Aziz

Alla

m (F

ranc

e)

Vic

e-pr

sid

ente

:

Jasn

a ai

(Cro

atie

)

Gro

upe

ad h

oc

Biot

echn

olog

ies

inno

vatri

ces

Coo

rdin

atric

e :

Patri

cia

Rom

ano

(Ital

ie)

Gro

upe

ad h

oc

Bila

n de

CO

2

Coo

rdin

ateu

r :

Philip

pe H

unzik

er

(Sui

sse)

Gro

upe

ad h

oc

Raisi

ns s

ecs

Coo

rdon

nate

ur :

Pa

ndur

ang

G. A

dsu

le(In

de)

Pers

onal

its

Qua

lifi

es

Ja

n Bo

oyse

n (A

friqu

e d

u Su

d)

Jos

Lez

Sec

chi (

Urug

uay)

Mem

bres

du

Com

it S

cien

tifiq

ue e

t Tec

hniq

ue

Prs

iden

t et V

ice-

prs

iden

t de

lOIV

, Com

miss

ion

et S

ub-C

omm

issio

n Se

cret

aria

t Sci

entif

ique

de

Com

miss

ion

et S

ub-C

omm

issio

n Pr

sid

ents

du

Gro

ups d

Exp

erts

2

pers

onna

lits

qua

lifi

es

Secr

etar

iat O

IV D

irect

or G

ener

al

Gro

upe

ad h

oc

Dura

ble

Coo

rdin

atric

e :

Mon

ika

Chr

istm

ann

ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE LA VIGNE ET DU VIN Organisation intergouvernementale

cre Paris par lAccord du 3 avril 2001

TATS MEMBRES AFRIQUE DU SUD, ALGRIE, ALLEMAGNE, ARGENTINE, AUSTRALIE, AUTRICHE, BELGIQUE, BOSNIE-HERZEGOVINE, BRSIL, BULGARIE, CHILI, CHYPRE, CROATIE, ESPAGNE, FINLANDE, FRANCE, GORGIE, GRCE, HONGRIE, INDE, ISRAL, ITALIE, LIBAN, LUXEMBOURG, ARY MACDOINE, MALTE, MAROC, MOLDAVIE, MONTNGRO, NORVGE, NOUVELLE-ZLANDE, PAYS-BAS, PROU, PORTUGAL, RPUBLIQUE TCHQUE, ROUMANIE, RUSSIE, SERBIE, SLOVAQUIE, SLOVNIE, SUDE, SUISSE, TURQUIE, URUGUAY

OBSERVATEURS Territoires : Municipalit de Yanta (Chine), Rgion autonome de Ningxia Hui (Chine) Organisations internationales :

Association Internationale des Juristes du Droit de la vigne et du vin (AIDV) Association Universitaire Internationale du Vin et des Produits de la Vigne (AUIV) Acadmie Internationale Amorim Fdration Internationale des Vins et Spiritueux (FIVS) Fdration Mondiale des Grands Concours Internationaux de Vins et Spiritueux (VINOFED) Union Internationale des nologues (UIOE) Assemble des Rgions Europennes Viticoles (AREV) Centre de recherche d'tudes et de valorisation de la viticulture de montagne (CERVIM) Oenological Products and Practices International Association (OEnoppia)

PRESIDENTE DE LORGANISATION : Mme Claudia Quini (Argentine) VICE-PRESIDENTS : M. Yves Benard (France), Mme Monika Christmann (Allemagne)

DIRECTEUR GENERAL DE LOIV : M. Federico Castellucci (Italie)

COMMISSION I : VITICULTURE Prsident : M. Vicente Sotes Ruiz (Espagne) Vice-prsident : M. Michele Borgo (Italie) Secrtaire scientifique : Mme Carla Aruani (Argentine)

COMMISSION II : NOLOGIE Prsident : M. Valeriu Cotea (Roumanie) Vice-prsidente: Mme. Monika Christmann (Allemagne) Secrtaire scientifique : M. Dominique Tusseau (France)

COMMISSION III : CONOMIE et DROIT Prsident : M. Eugenio Pomarici (Italie) Vice-prsident : M. John Barker (Nouvelle Zelande) Secrtaire scientifique : M. Wolfgang Haupt (Allemagne)

COMMISSION IV : SCURIT et SANT Prsidente : Mme Creina Stocley (Australie) Vice-prsident : M. Mladen Boban (Croatie) Secrtaire scientifique : M. Pierre-Louis Teissedre (France)

SOUS-COMMISSION MTHODES DANALYSE ET DAPPRCIATION DES VINS Prsident : M. Paulo Barros (Portugal) Vice-prsident : M. Bernard Medina (France) Secrtaire scientifique : Mme Regina Vanderlinde (Brsil)

SOUS-COMMISSION RAISINS DE TABLE, RAISINS SECS ET PRODUITS NON FERMENTS DE LA VIGNE

Prsident : M. Ahmet Altindisli (Turquie) Vice-prsident M. Lus Peres de Sousa (Portugal) Secrtaire scientifique : M. Donato Antonacci (Italie)

JURY DES PRIX Prsident : M. Frantisek Lipka (Slovaquie) Vice-prsidente : Mme Wendy Jonker (Afrique du Sud) Secrtaire scientifique : M. Jean-Luc Berger (France)

ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE LA VIGNE ET DU VIN Direction-Administration

18, rue dAguesseau - 75008 Paris Tl. : + 33 (0)1 44 94 80 80 Fax : + 33 (0)1 42 66 90 63

E-mail : [email protected] - Site web : www.oiv.int

Directeur de publication : Federico CASTELLUCCI Rdactrice en chef : Tatiana SVINARTCHUK

ditions et Abonnements : Daniela COSTA

BULLETIN DE LOIV Fond en 1928 Trimestriel

Vol. 86, n983-984-985, janvier-fvrier-mars 2013

COMITE DE LECTURE

ECONOMIE ET DROIT

Wolfgang HAUPT (ALLEMAGNE) Bundesministerium fr Ernhrung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz

Tony BATTAGLENE (AUSTRALIE) Strategy & International Affairs Winemakers' Federation of Australia

Pau ROCA (ESPAGNE) Federacion Espaola del Vino (FEV)

Yves BENARD (FRANCE) Vice-prsident de lOIV

Jean-Luc DAIRIEN (FRANCE) Ministre de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Pche

Aziz ALLAM (FRANCE)

Herv HANNIN (FRANCE) Montpellier Sup Agro

Eugenio POMARICI (ITALIE) Universit degli Studi di Napoli - Federico II

John BARKER (NOUVELLE ZELANDE) New Zealand Winegrowers

Philippe HUNZIKER (SUISSE) Contrle Suisse du Commerce des Vins

NOLOGIE Monika CHRISTMANN (ALLEMAGNE) Forschungsamstalt Geisenheim Reiner WITTKOWSKI (ALLEMAGNE) Bundesinstitut fr Risikobewertung, Prsident

honoraire de lOIV Claudia Ines QUINI (ARGENTINE) Instituto Nacional Vitivinicultura (INV), Prsidente de

lOIV Ana-Isabel BLANCH (ESPAGNE)

Susana BUXADERAS (ESPAGNE) Universidad de Barcelona

Dominique TUSSEAU (FRANCE) Comit Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne (CIVC)

Jean-Luc BERGER (FRANCE)

Luigi MOIO (ITALIE) Universit di Napoli "FEDERICO II"

Patrizia ROMANO (ITALIE) Universit della Basilicata

Paulo BARROS (PORTUGAL) Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e Porto (IVDP)

Valeriu COTEA (ROUMANIE) University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine

VIN ET SANTE

Creina STOCKLEY (AUSTRALIE) the Australian Wine Research Institute

Mladen BOBAN (CROATIE) University of Split

Pierre-Louis TEISSEDRE (FRANCE) Universit Victor Segalen Bordeaux II

Patrizia RESTANI (ITALIE) Universit degli Studi di Milano

Georges SANDEMAN (PORTUGAL) Wine in moderation

VITICULTURE Jan BOOYSEN (AFRIQUE DU SUD) Winetech Rudolf EIBACH (ALLEMAGNE) Institut fr Rebenzchtung Geilweilerhof

Peter HAYES (AUSTRALIE) Prsident honoraire de lOIV

Vicente SOTES RUIZ (ESPAGNE) Universidad Politecnica Madrid - ETSIA

Alberto GARCIA DE LUJAN (ESPAGNE)

Michele BORGO (ITALIE)

Vittorino NOVELLO (ITALIE) Universita di Torino

Luis PERES DE SOUSA (PORTUGAL) Instituto Politcnico de Bragana (IPB), Escola Superior Agrria de Bragana (ESAB)

Franois MURISIER (SUISSE)

Ahmet ALTINDISLI (TURQUIE) Ege University

Avant-propos Bienvenue tous les lecteurs et lectrices de ce numro spcial du Bulletin de lOIV. Ce numro parait quelques semaines avant louverture de lvnement majeur de cette anne pour notre organisation le Congrs Mondial de la Vigne et du Vin. Cette anne, pour le 36me

congrs mondial, lOIV a lhonneur dtre accueilli Bucarest, en Roumanie. Une des attributions de lOIV tant de contribuer la connaissance et la reconnaissance du patrimoine vitivinicole mondial et des lments historiques, culturels, humains, sociaux et environnementaux, il nous a paru naturel de consacrer entirement ce numro du Bulletin de lOIV la vitiviniculture roumaine.

Il est toujours difficile de prsenter la viticulture dun pays en quelques mots. Nanmoins, ces quelques faits vous permettront davoir une image plus prcise de ce pays et de dcouvrir les principaux challenges actuels du secteur vitivinicole roumain :

Une tradition millnaire

La culture de la vigne est trs ancienne en Roumanie. Les premires traces remontent aux colonies grecques au bord de la mer Noire. Le dveloppement important de la viticulture se fait pendant la priode romaine, de la conqute par l'empereur Trajan en 106 l'invasion barbare de 256, pour approvisionner les troupes (lgions et auxiliaires) en garnison et les populations romanises se trouvant dans la province de Dacie.

Une richesse amplographique

La vitiviniculture roumaine utilise un trs grand nombre de cpages. Le rpertoire des varits de la vigne de lOIV, rfrence internationale en la matire, contient 230 cpages roumains, tandis que les chiffres pour dautres pays sont : 340 pour la France, 197 pour lArgentine, 140 pour lAllemagne et 201 pour lAustralie.

Un grand nombre de cpages locaux est exploit en parallle avec les cpages internationaux les plus rpandus. Parmi les plus clbres cpages autochtones on peut citer : Feteasca regal, Grasa de Cotnari, Feteasca alb, Bbeasc neagr, Tmioas romneasc, Feteasca neagr, Galbena de Odobeti, Busuioac de Bohotin, qui constituent lidentit vinicole roumaine.

De nombreuses recherches sont entreprises en Roumanie, comme en tmoigne en partie ce numro, afin de rpertorier et valoriser le potentiel et la diversit gntique du vignoble autochtone. Dans ce numro vous

4 Bulletin de lOIV (Vol. 86, n983-984-985)

trouverez les tudes menes sur la teneur en resvratrol dans les vins et les raisins de cpages autochtones, sur lactivit cytostatique et cytotoxique des extraits polyphnoliques obtenus partir de cpages Negru de Drgani et Arca, ainsi que la caractrisation du profil anthocyanique des cpages Feteasca neagra, Negru de Dragasani et Novac.

Un vignoble en restructuration

Le vignoble roumain est en pleine volution. Dans le souci de se positionner sur le march international avec des produits de qualit, une importante restructuration du vignoble a t engage.

En effet, une trs grande surface de vignes hybrides productrices directes a t plante afin damliorer la productivit et la rsistance au phylloxera pendant lpoque communiste. En 2007, sur 209 000 hectares de vignes au total, on recensait encore 90 000 hectares d'hybrides producteurs directs. Il est prvu de remplacer en grande partie ces surfaces plantes par les hybrides dici 2014.

Un travail important a t effectu dans la qualification de terres viticoles. Le vignoble roumain compte aujourdhui 53 dnominations dorigine contrles et indications gographiques dfinies dans huit rgions viticoles. Le site internet de lOIV propose un tableau rcapitulatif des appellations roumaines et les liens internet vers les textes lgislatifs et les cahiers des charges.

Les produits roumains de plus en plus prsents et rcompenss dans les concours internationaux

Les vins et le savoir-faire roumains gagnent de la notorit sur le march international. En tmoignent le nombre croissant de mdailles attribues lors des concours de dgustations internationaux, mais galement la participation dnologues roumains en tant que juges et dgustateurs ces vnements. Cette reconnaissance consacre la formation interne dnologues qualifis au sein duniversits rputes, comme celle dIasi, dont le Professeur Valriu Cotea prside actuellement la Commission nologie lOIV.

En esprant davoir veill votre curiosit envers ce pays magnifique et sa viticulture riche de 4000 ans de traditions, je vous souhaite une trs bonne lecture !!!

Noroc !

Je voudrais remercier tout particulirement Mme. Tatiana SVINARTCHUK, la chef dunit Economie et Droit et rdactrice en chef du Bulletin de lOIV pour son ide originale de la cration de ce numro roumain , mais aussi pour sa contribution la ralisation de cet ouvrage.

Federico Castellucci, Directeur Gnral de lOIV

THE OIV CONGRESS IN ROMANIA WILL PLACE THE GLOBAL VINE AND WINE

DOMAIN UNDER THE SPECIALISTS MAGNIFYING

GLASS By Dr. Valeriu V. Cotea

President of Oenology Commission of the OIV Professor, University of Agricultural Sciences

and Veterinary Medicine Iai As is well known, the special, much coveted honour of hosting the 36th World Congress of Vine and Wine has been granted to Romania, namely, to its capital city, Bucharest.

This exceptionally large-scale event will gather the scientific elite in the field, a fact that offers Romanian scientists a great opportunity to showcase their achievements while wine producers can exhibit the full range of their products for domestic and foreign consumers.

This is not the first time Romania organizes such an outstanding event. In 1968 Bucharest hosted the 12th World Congress of the OIV (the intergovernmental organization was then called the International Office of Vine and Wine). Forty-five years would certainly be a long wait for Romania to assume anew a responsibility of this calibre; it would be unfair, though, not to remember that the first international symposium on vine ecology was organized in 1978 in Constana, on the Romanian Black Sea coast, an event which gained remarkable visibility at the time. Unfortunately, in the years that followed, the political and, soon after, the economic situation precluded the organization of any other event of similar magnitude dedicated to vine and wine.


Millenary Vine and Wine culture

The Congress theme Vine and Wine between Tradition and Modernity was purposely chosen to allow for scientific answers to be given to the new vine cultivation technologies and innovative processes in wine-making, often disputed by the so-called "traditionalists", while also pointing out that in this part of Europe vine and wine culture has been a millenary occupation. Little is known that the Greek god of vine and wine, one of the most important (and publicized) deities of ancient times, is of Thracian origin, as are the people who live in Romania today. Thus, when the Greek settlers landed in the VII-VI century BC on the western shores of Pontus Euxinus ( ), establishing large urban settlements such as Histria (Istria), Tomis (Constana), Callatis (Mangalia), they found here a thriving vine and wine culture as well as a god presiding over it - Sabazios whom they hastened to syncretise into the god they were to spread all over the world, Dionysus. The natural conditions define Romania as a typical vine and wine country. Except for the Carpathians and the Dobrogea Mountains chains, almost the whole territory is suitable for the cultivation of vines with varying degrees of favourability. In time, this has led to the grouping of the major wine regions throughout the country.

Wine sector Romanian assets

The scientific research in the vine and wine field is currently concentrated in the specialized faculties from the main university centres (Bucharest, Iasi, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara and Craiova) as well as in the network of research and development stations of the Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences to be found in the main viticultural areas (Iai, Trgu Bujor, Murfatlar, Stefneti, Mini, Blaj). The latter are placed under the direction of the Research and Development Institute for Viticulture and Winemaking in Valea Clugreasc. Romania continues to be among the top 10 countries as concerns the vine planted area. After a period of extensive growth in the 1970s-80s, when the area covered by vineyards had reached ca. 350000 hectares, this has decreased, more so after 1990, covering at present ca. 190000 hectares, with an annual production of about 5.5 million hl wine. After a period of relative stagnation in the vine and wine field, the last 8-10 years have witnessed a strong revival due in particular to significant investment from national and foreign funders.

Bulletin de lOIV 7

Even if for a while some will still regard the vine and wine sector with a degree of caution, Romania clearly boasts a number of advantages that speak of the attention it should command on the international market. First, there is quite a wide range of local grape varieties (Feteasc neagr, Bbeasc neagr, Feteasc alb, Feteasc regal, Frncu, Gras de Cotnari, Tmioas romneasc, Busuioac de Bohotin) that have proved their quality in various international competitions and gained widespread appreciation for their typical note. In addition, extended areas are cultivated with the main varieties having the biggest share in the international wine trade (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay). Imported after the phylloxeric disaster, these varieties managed to adapt themselves superbly in most vineyards in the course of over a century. A second asset is represented by the modern technology to be currently found in most cellars. Using the EU pre-accession funds for agriculture or other types of financing, new and modern wineries have been built while old wineries have been upgraded. At present, they make use of a cutting-edge technology that ensures quality wine processing in full compliance with environmental requirements. The third asset, not least important, is the positive ambition of the producers who wish to demonstrate that the responsibility they have been entrusted with is fully justified and that Romanian wines are indeed on a par with the other great wines of the world

Old country of new wines

The OIV Congresses always give participants the possibility of analyzing de visu a number of specific, traditional aspects from the vine and wine sector of the host country. More than that, the 36th World Congress of Vine and Wine will be an excellent opportunity for scientists to disseminate their new initiatives in the field and engage in a fruitful exchange of views on various relevant topics. For the Romanian participants this will be an opportunity to promote their countrys values, both scientific and socio-cultural, and prove to the world how fully appropriate the nickname "Old country of new wines" actually is.

ROMANIAS VINE AND WINE OUTLOOK Total surface area of vineyards

Romania is currently considered as the 5th biggest surface of vineyards in Europe. Out of 204 000 hectares under vines, 194 827 hectares (i.e. 95.5%) are planted with wine grapes and 9 173 hectares (i.e. 4.5%) with table grapes. Figure 1: Evolution of the surfaces under vine in Romania from 2001 to 2011 (in hectares)

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

Total surface

wine grapes

table grapes

Grape production

According to 2011 data, Romania is the 7th biggest grape producer in Europe. In 2011, 8.5 Millions of quintals were produced (provisional data) both for table and wine grapes. While Romanian production is influenced by a number of factors, climatic conditions remain one of the most important ones: wine production was very low in 2005 and 2010 due to very severe weather conditions in Eastern Europe. Furthermore, a general decreasing tendency can be observed from 2006. This trend is due to the restructuring of the vineyards direct producer hybrid varieties are progressively replaced by Vitis vinifera ones offering less yield, but higher quality. Figure 2: Grape production in Romania, from 2001 to 2011 (in millions of quintals)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Total

Pressing

Grapes for f resh consumption

Source: OIV


Wine production

Romania is one of the top ten wine producing countries in the world and one of the top six in Europe, together with France, Spain, Italy, Germany and Portugal. Wine production follows the same tendencies as the production of grapes. Difficult climatic conditions have almost halved the production of 2010 vintage. We will see the consequences of this significant decrease on the imports of wine during that period. According to provisional data, the production level recovers in 2011 (+23% in comparison to 2010).

Due to cultural and viticultural traditions, Romania produces more white wine than red wine: 39% of red wine and 61% of white wine were produced in 2010 and 43% of red wine and 57% of white wine were estimated for 2011. GI and DOC wines constitute 22.4% of the total production (2011 data). Figure 3: Wine production in Romania from 2001 to 2011 (in thousands of hectoliters)

Romanias Vine and Wine Outlook 11

Wine consumption

Wine consumption has been relatively stable over the period 2001/2008, excluding the year 2005 which registered a very low production of wine due to severe climatic conditions. Starting from 2008, as almost everywhere in the world, the effects of the economic crisis slowed down the consumption in a substantial way; nevertheless the consumption appears on the rise in 2010. Figure 4: Wine consumption in Romania from 2001 to 2011 (in thousands of hectoliters)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Source: OIV

Wine export

Export of wine from Romania decreased over the period 2001/2011, and that even if we observe a stabilization starting from 2009. This decrease is partly due to the reorganization of the Romanian vineyard and a succession of unfavorable climatic conditions over these last years. Figure 5: Romanian exportation of wine from 2001 to 2011 (in thousands of hectoliters)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Wine import

Two types of trends should be distinguished. First of all, sharp increases of wine imports in certain years are due to the necessity to counterbalance the deficit of local production and diminushed stocks availability during the previous years. Indeed, as a consequence of poor harvests of 2005 and 2010 vintages, imports were almost quadrupled in 2011 in comparison to 2010 (908 000 hl in 2011 against 224 000 hl in 2010) and multiplied by 15 in 2006 in comparison to 2005 (710 000 hl in 2006 against 46 000 hl in 2005).

Secondly, we can observe a general trend for enhancing of imports and in general of trade exchanges since 2006, due to the recent adhesion of Romania to the EU. Figure 6: Romanian wine importations during the period 2001 2011 (in thousands of hectoliters)

0100200300400500600700800900

1 000

Invitation par le Ministre de lAgriculture et du Dveloppement Rural en Roumanie, Daniel Constantin Mesdames et Messieurs,

Cest une joie et un plaisir pour moi de vous inviter au 36me Congrs Mondial de la Vigne et du Vin et lAssemble Gnrale de lOrganisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin, qui auront lieu en Roumanie, Bucarest, entre le 2 et le 7 juin 2013.

La Roumanie est fire daccueillir cet vnement au Palais du Parlement, situ dans le centre historique et gographique de Bucarest, qui attire par son style architectural particulier.

Membre de lOffice International de la Vigne et du Vin du 1927 et puis de lOrganisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin, la Roumanie, un pays europen tradition viticole, organise pour la deuxime fois un tel vnement technique et scientifique aprs le Congrs de lOIV de 1968.

Le thme du Congrs "La Vigne et le Vin entre tradition et modernit" offrira loccasion de participer un grand dbat par domaines dintrt pour les secteurs impliqus dans la viticulture et lnologie actuelle, en mettant laccent sur la prservation des traditions de diffrentes rgions du monde.

On vous invite vous familiariser avec la viticulture et de la vinification de Roumanie, avec les transformations subies par cette branche conomique pendant la dernire priode et, pourquoi pas, avec notre hospitalit, culture, art et histoire.

Invitation de la Prsidente de lOIV, Claudia Quini Chers Collgues, Chers Amis,

Pour mon premier Congrs en tant que Prsidente de lOIV, cest un grand plaisir de vous inviter nous rejoindre Bucarest du 2 au 7 juin 2013, grce laimable invitation du Gouvernement de la Roumanie.

La ville unique de Bucarest et de son impressionnant Parlement sera lhte du 36me Congrs Mondial du Vin sur le thme "La Vigne et le Vin: entre tradition et modernit".

La Roumanie, parfois prsente comme "Le vieux pays des nouveaux vins", sera lendroit idal pour des scientifiques et des experts de partout dans le monde qui y viendront partager leurs connaissances et leurs expriences dans les diffrents domaines de ce Congrs: Viticulture, nologie, conomie et Droit, et Scurit et Sant - des thmes lis la durabilit, la biodiversit et aux innovations et la technologie.

45 ans aprs le dernier Congrs tenu Bucarest en 1968, cest une excellente occasion daccepter linvitation du Ministre Roumain de lAgriculture de se runir loccasion de cet important rendez-vous annuel du monde de la vigne et du vin. La Roumanie est un pays avec des qualits climatiques et gographiques excellentes, les facteurs cls pour la production de vins de haute qualit. Cela reprsente un grand dfi et des transformations centres sur la concurrence dans le march du vin du monde entier.

Je suis convaincue que toutes les prsentations scientifiques et les changes contribueront llaboration dune forte impulsion pour le Plan Stratgique de lOIV.

Jattends avec impatience de vous voir Bucarest, en juin prochain,

Claudia Ines Quini

Prsidente de lOIV

Articles originaux

Original Contributions

TRADITION AND MODERNITY IN SEGARCEA VINEYARD

ELENA NADIA BUFU1, ELENA GENOIU1, TRAIAN CATALIN GENOIU2 (1) University of Craiova, Faculty of Agronomy and Horticulture,

13 A.I.Cuza Street, Craiova, Romania, email:[email protected]

(2) ONVPV, 49 Iancului Street, Bucuresti 2, 021719, Romania, Email: [email protected]

KEY WORDS: Vine, Wine, Romania, Southern Oltenia, Segarcea vineyard, Modernity, Tradition.

ABSTRACT The old wine areas in Romania, certified for centuries, have partially or totally lost their identity in the communist period and immediately after the Revolution of 1989. The viticulture tradition, has lost during this period its respect for vines and the attentive care of the wine, searching not the quality but the quantity. An old winery estate from the Southern Oltenia (Romania), whose origins have been attested by many centuries ago, which belonged to the Romanian Royal House, during her glory at the end of the XIX century - and the beginning of the XX century, was taken over in early 2000 with the aim of regaining the old fame. The replanting was done mainly on the old settlements, capitalizing the vineyard experience of the ancestors, but after a careful analysis of the climate conditions, pedological and orographic, by the strict delimitation of the areas which are able to offer high quality production. The main purpose in choosing the varieties was to discover, develop and maintain the typical characteristics of the local and international ones, according to the local historian. Here were preserved varieties which have a well-known tradition and the assortment was enriched with varieties that highlight the regional potential. The application of modern technology, but respecting the traditional natural methods of winemaking, assures and supports the development of the typical characteristics of the varieties and of the "terroir" of the wine domain. The wines produced here continue to demonstrate the real quality of this old vineyard domain (Bulletin de lOIV, 2013, vol. 86, n.983-984-985, p.19-26).


1. INTRODUCTION

Since ancient times viticulture has been an important branch of agriculture in Romania, being as old as the people. The cult of the god Dionysus originated in Tracia, in the northern part of the Danube, even the coins were minted with the representation of a bunch of grapes (Xenopol, 2006) at the order of Emperor Trajan during Dacia Felix. These are the first testimonies regarding the practice of this occupation on our land.

Over the centuries, the winemaking areas have been delimited the ones with the most suitable for the development of winegrowing. There have been selected only the varieties which can offer the finest yields and technologies have been improved for obtaining the wine. The genetic legacy of the native varieties represents a testimony of the Romanian wine tradition.

The geographical areas are favorable for viticulture in Romania including the climatic regions, relief and different soil types (Teodorescu, 1987), offering wines of great diversity.

2. THE VITICULTURAL AREA SEGARCEA

The viticultural area Segarcea belongs to the south area of Oltenia being part of the Wine Region of Dealurile Munteniei and Olteniei. It is located in the Romanian Plain (Cmpia Romn), 29 km in the south of Craiova, at an altitude of 145 meters. The geographical coordinates are 44005'N and 23072' E. Figure 1. Localization of Segarcea area

The surfaces covered with vine which belong to the Segarcea area can be found at the Southern tip of the piedmont plain Slcua and on the Southern slope with dominant exhibition which makes the transition

Tradition and Modernity in Segarcea Vineyard 21

between the third terrace of the Danube and the high field of Slcua. This territory is located between the hypsometric curves of 100 m and 150 m. Actually, here can be found the highest points of the area: Dealul Viilor (151.7 m) and Dealul Robului (150.3 m) (Cote, 1957)

The nature of the soil is loam, reddish patches, which reveals the presence of iron, with a basement of sandy limestone, the limestone coming out to surface, even as a rock. The types of soils found here are the cernozem leached pseudorendzinic, the epicalcaric chernozem, rendzinic chernozem, and the leached chernozem (Genoiu, 2011). These types of soils, present in the old perimeter of winegrowing, assure the optimal conditions especially for the red and flavoured varieties.

The viticultural area Segarcea falls, according to the zone of wine growing in the global climate (C.C.M), in relation with the thermal recourses, in the class climate IH4IF4- warm temperate climate, with very cool nights, without existing restrictions regarding the ripening of the varieties of grapes of the whole varietal conveyor of our country.

The average annual temperature is of 11.4 C, the hours of sunshine during the growing season are of 1506, precipitations of 403.6 mm during the growing season (Bufu, 2010), especially distributed early at the beginning of the vegetation and less or even not at all during maturation, provides the optimal proportion for synthesis of the grapes constituents (Genoiu, 2009).

The observations made in the last 10 years have showed changes in the climatic parameters: the annual average temperature has increased, the installation of the warm season is precocious, the increased rainfall during the growing season, extreme maximum and minimum values. These have left their mark in a particular way on the dynamics' maturation, without affecting the quality of grapes, contrary this has increased highlighting the viticultural values of the area (Bufu, 2010).

3. THE TRADITION

It is difficult to estimate when the presence of the vineyards first appeared on these regions. The first registered referring dates from 1557, in a document through which Ptracu the Good (Ptracu cel Bun), the father of Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul), bestowed as dowry, the lands and vineyards of Segarcea to his daughter Maria. Segarcea`s vineyards and wines were then well known (Ogrinji M. and Neamu I. quoted by Cotea and collaborators, 2000).

In 1844, The Romanian Royale Family becomes the protector of this region through the founding of one of the 12 units of Domeniul Coroanei (State owned domain). The only fact that this unity had a vineyard in its components proves the knowledge of the viticultural potential and the suitability of the area. Under the management of the first King of Romania and under the direct guidance of Romanian experts like Ion Kalinderu, Florian Davidescu and Dobre Rdulescu, the domain has thrived, which made it become a sight graticule of the yield practice (Popa, 2005).

After the Phylloxera disaster, in 1896, in this area one can find both native (Crmpoie, Bbesc neagr, Gordan, Cardinal, Coarn, Bicat)


and imported varieties (Riesling italian, Pinot Noir, cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon, Muscat Ottonel, Cinsault, Muscat de Hamburg, Chasselas dore). The fields cultivated with vine offered the visitors a true fairy spring: the white petal clouds of the blossomed trees. Nevertheless, there are too many trees estimated I.C. Teodorescu (1923). This aspect is still kept at Segarcea, in some areas, especially by the small owners.

The replanting of Domeniului Coroanei grounds with vine began in 1900 and almost simultaneously were founded a nursery, a stock plantation (1901) and a winemaking branch (1902). The most suitable varieties were used for establishing a new plantation respecting all the technical principles, with a proportion of 60% reds varieties (of which it is distinguished by quality Pinot noir and Cabernet Sauvignon) and 40% whites (the area enhancing varieties values of Sauvignon, Tmioas Romnesc and Feteasc alb). In this period the culture of Tmioas Roz variety also appeared, spread for a long time in Oltenia under the name of Muscat Rouge de Frontignan. The wines of Tmioas roz have been and shall remain representative for the quality area Segarcea.

In 1906 begins the construction of the wine cellar of Segarcea, one the most beautiful and modern in the country in that period, assuring very good conditions for wine making and storage. The imposing building was cross-shaped, on four levels in order to follow the flow of production, vertically. The equipment and technologies used for winemaking were the most modern. For example, this vinery employed in 1912 for the first time in Romania selected yeasts for industrial wine production. Near the cellar were special sections for distillation (the aged distillation of Segarcea being awarded with the Gold Medal at Paris - 1936 and 1950 and Lublijana - 1956) and sparkling wines (with a capacity of 3500 bottles in 1916) (Popa, 2005).

As recognition crown of the potential viticultural potential of the area, on 25 May 1929, by the decree of the Ministers Council, the Segarcea area is recognized as a part of the wine areas with the largest vocation for obtaining red and flavored wines with the right to bear a controlled designation of origin, among other 27 viticultural regions in Romania.

4. A BOUNDARY WHICH HAS NEVER BEEN FORGOTTEN

After the Phylloxera disaster and two World Wars, Romanian vinegrowing had known the most devastating and long period of its decline: the communist era, when a disruption was produced between vine and growers.

At Segarcea, as well as everywhere in Romania, quantity was promoted in the injury of quality. Willing to obtain large quantities, big crops varieties such as Feteasc regal, Galben de Odobeti, and Chasselas dor were introduced instead of varieties for quality wines.

During this period, the technology of vine cultivation was the same for all varieties in plantation, so the crop quality was decreased. Also, strict technical principles which were the basis of the old domain were neglected. Missing vines were chaotically replanted. As a result, the old rigor regarding provenience of wines disappears.


In time, the main destination of production was current consumption wines, which werent bottled by producer. In secondary plan, quality wines were produced. It is important to point out that in communist era, the prestige of Segarcea area was somewhat preserved by red and aromatic wines, although in decreased numbers.

5. MODERNITY

In 1989, 50 years later, the Romanian winegrowers were able to unbury the wine tradition, the respect and care for the wine and vineyard. The bond between the human and the earth, deeply rooted in the souls of the Romanians, it has been proven to be more powerful than time. It was a new beginning

The old wine areas have been rediscovered, and new ones have been founded. A new reconstruction was produced at Segarcea on the wine and vine plan which offered the opportunity to refloat the value the potential well known of the area.

The state of vineyards of the Seagarcea area was really deplorable at the end of the XXth century: high degree of weeds, holes in the plantation, degraded supporting system, plants attacked by viruses, mixture of varieties in one plot. The replantation was necessary. This process took place mainly in the old locations, valuing the viticultural experience of the ancestors, after a careful analysis of the climatic conditions, soil and orography, by the strict delimitation of the areas able to offer quality products.

The main purpose of varieties selection was to discover, to develop and to keep the typical characteristics of the native and imported varieties, according to the history of the area. Were maintained for cultivation varieties with a well known tradition in the region: Feteasc alb, Sauvignon, Tmioas roz, Tmioas Romnesc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir (variety which disappeared from the area during the communist period) (Genoiu, 2011). The Tmioas roz variety can be found nowadays only in Segarcea, the new plants being obtained from the remaining stocks of old plantation, having more than 100 years old.


Figure 2. Tradition and modernity at Segarcea. The old cellar (top image) and the new one, recostructed (bottom image) original images from www.domeniulcoroanei.com

The assortment was enriched with varieties which can distinguish the potential of the area: Syrah, Marcellan, Viognier, and Chardonnay. The vine lands have regained entirely their former beauty.

The crossing between modernity and tradition is represented in the process of obtaining wine, the ones which bring fame to an area. The restoration of the cellar was done through the careful reconstruction and expansion of the old building, maintaining the original architecture and the wine making carried out by gravitation.

The mechanical interventions on the grapes are minimal due to the latest technology and equipments. The traditional methods of wine making and modern equipment, along with the dedication of enthusiasts people assures and supports the development of the typical characteristics of the terroir of the viticultural area.

The wines obtained here continue to demonstrate the true quality of this old viticultural domain, as it can be shown by the numerous medals (84 medals since 2007) awarded in international competition. Among the most notable successes there are: Diamond Nova medal obtained by Principesa Margareta (Viognier, Pinot gris, Chardonnay) at Women and Wines of the World Competition, Monaco 2012, Gold Medal and Best Of Class (91 points) obtained by Tmioas Romneasc (2011) at Los Angeles International Wine and Spirits Competition, USA 2012, Gold Medal for Merlot (2007), at Mondial du Merlot, Switzerland, 2010.


The wine is an incredible natural source, representing the history, culture and tradition of the entire nation which can become the ambassador of our country in the world.

REFERENCES

BUFU ELENA NADIA. Studiul principalilor compui chimici cu influen asupra calitii produciei de struguri din unele centre viticole ale Olteniei. Doctorate Thesis, University of Craiova, 2010.

COTEA V.D., GRIGORESCU N., BARBU N., COTEA V.V. Podgoriile i Vinurile Romniei. Ed. Academiei Romne, Bucureti, 2000, p.383 COTE P. Cmpia Olteniei - studiu geomorphologic cu privire special asupra Cuaternarului. Ed. Stiinific, Bucureti, 1957, p.187-196. GENOIU ELENA. Studii privind arealul de producere a vinurilor de calitate superioara, care pot purta denumire de origine controlata Segarcea. Doctorate Thesis, University of Craiova, 2011.

GENOIU T.C. Cercetri privind delimitarea arealelor cu vocaie calitativ pentru obinerea vinurilor cu denumire de origine controlat n Podgoria Smbureti Centrul viticol Dobroteasa i Podgoria Drgani Plaiul Dealul Olt. Doctorate Thesis, University of Craiova, 2009.

POPA A. Domeniul Coroanei Segarcea. Editura Universitaria, Craiova, 2005.

TEODORESC C.I. Note de cltorie in Oltenia. Manuscris inedit, Biblioteca personal. 1923 TEODORESCU T., POPA A., SANDU GH. Oenoclimatul Romniei. Ed. tiinific i Enciclopedic, Bucureti, 1987. XENOPOL A.D. Istoria romanilor din Dacia Traian, Editura Elf, Bucuresti,volumul 1, 2006,p.196-230.

www.domeniulcoroanei.com

ANDJ. Dolj, 1915 Fond Domeniul Coroanei Segarcea register, inv. 2/1915, f. 48.

ANDJ. Dolj, 1921 Fond Domeniul Coroanei Segarcea register, inv. 7/1921, p. 16-17; inv. 12/1921, f.3.

SOME CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE GRAPEVINE VARIETY ASSORTMENT AND WINE

CATEGORIES IN ROMANIA IN RECENT YEARS

ARINA OANA ANTOCE1, IOAN NMOLOANU1, DORIN DUA2, DIANA MEREANU2, CRISTINA REBIGAN2, VASILE NICOLAU2, LAURA CLUGRU2

(1) University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest; 59 Mrti Blvd., Sector 1, Bucharest, 011464

Romania;[email protected]

(2) National Office of Vine and Wine Products (ONVPV); 49 os. Iancului, sector 2, 021719 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected]

KEY WORDS: Romania wine and vine, European Union, grapevine assortment, zoning, wine categories

ABSTRACT The paper discusses the general state of affairs in todays Romanian viticulture and winemaking, which have come a long way since the collapse of the communist regime, gathering new momentum after the accession of Romania to the European Union. After introducing the wine regions, vineyards, Denominations of Controlled Origin and Geographic Indications as well as the main grapevine varieties cultivated, some statistics are presented regarding various indicators in this field of activity for the period 2009-2012. Several unbalances are mentioned regarding plantation type and variety distribution, as well as some recent effects of the regulations in the DOC and GI areas, together with foreseen changes in the near future when new legislation is due to be passed (Bulletin de lOIV, 2013, vol. 86, n. 983-984-985, p.27-44).


1. INTRODUCTION

The accession of Romania to the European Union in 2007 led to an increase of the vineyard surface of the Union with 178 100 ha (Romanian Ministry of Agriculture, 2008). Among the wine-producing countries of the world today Romania ranks fifteenth, with an average annual yield over the period 2007-2011 of about 4.9 million hectoliters of wine (Romanian Ministry of Agriculture, 2012 and Romanian wine registry kept by ONVPV).

Viewed with a critical eye, the wine industry in present days Romania is still behind the technical and economic possibilities encountered in other European countries, especially those with large surfaces of vineyards, such as France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Portugal.

Nevertheless the situation improved greatly after the countrys accession to EU, due to a better funding of the sector.

Being a country with long tradition in winemaking, dating back several thousand years, there is no doubt that the wine sector will improve further in the near future.

The paper presents some of the particularities of Romanian wine sector which allow for the production of high quality wines, together with some aspects derived from recent statistical data regarding plantation surfaces, variety assortment and wine production in the last few years.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study is based on the official documents issued by the National Office of Vine and Wine Products (ONVPV) and data included in the Wine register of Romania, as well as legislation applicable in the field of Denomination of Origin and Geographical Indication wines.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. General information regarding Romanian wine regions

Romania has a particularly favorable geographical position (Cotea V.V. et al., 2008) and is located in the Western part of the Black Sea basin, ranging between 44 and 48 North latitude. Specific to Romania is a temperate continental climate with harsh winters. Most of the vineyards are located in the foothills of the Carpathians Mountains, but about 25% are also to be found on plateaus or terraces. The lands dedicated to viticulture are usually mild slopes with southern exposure in favorable microclimate niches that offer protection from the frosts. The soils are quite variable, from rich to poor skeletal soils. The annual rainfall varies in general between 400 and 600 mm, with many regions supplied with favorable rainfall, but also with regions where irrigation is required. The large array of site conditions provides good opportunities for a wide range of grapevine varieties, which leads to a rich assortment of wines (Nmoloanu and Antoce 2000).

According to the National Office of Vine and Wine Products (ONVPV), the Romanian viticulture is divided into eight wine regions. Within this structure 37 vineyards are included, which in turn are divided into 123

The Grapevine Variety Assortment And Wine Categories In Romania 29

viticultural centers. To these, other 40 independent centers that are located outside the specified regions are added (Order 225/2006 of the Romanian Ministry of Agriculture).

The wine regions of Romania, in which Geographic Indication wines with the same name can be produced, are described in Tables 1 and 2. The regions are officially numbered from 1 to 8 although the number is not related with the size, alphabetical order or some rule regarding the placement on the map.

The wine regions are mostly identical to the geographic regions of the country. Only in the case of the geographic region Oltenia and Muntenia two Geographical indications are merged. Other variations are encountered in the wine regions 7 and 8, which are both located geographically along the Danube, but also in part of the historical regions of Oltenia and Muntenia.

The location of the wine-growing regions is given in Fig. 1, while Table 1 contains some data regarding the wine regions, the viticultural zones defined in EU, the length of the growing season, the temperature sums (Olobeanu, M. et al. 1991; Olteanu I. 2000) and the vineyards included in these regions. It should be reminded that, in accordance to European Council Regulation No. 645/2005 and Council Regulation No. 479/2008 the Romanian wine-growing zones are included in the European growing zones B, C I and C II. Figure 1. General location of the 8 wine regions of Romania

CI

CI

ene::

B CI

CI CII

CII

CII

CII


Table 1. The wine regions and their main characteristics

Wine region

EU growing

zone type (CEE

479/2008)

Vegetation period (days)

Tempe-rature sums

(Apr.-Sept.)

Vineyards No. of vineyards

1. Podiul Transilvaniei Transylvanian plateau

B 177 2796 Trnave, Alba, Sebe-Apold, Aiud, Lechina 5

2. Dealurile Moldovei Hills of Moldova

C I 183 3061 Cotnari, Iai, Hui, Colinele Tutovei, Dealul Bujorului, Iveti, Nicoreti, Zeletin, Covurlui, Panciu, Odobeti, Coteti

12

3. Dealurile Olteniei i Munteniei Hills of Vallachia and Oltenia

C II 195 3257 Dealurile Buzului, Dealu Mare, tefneti, Smbureti, Drgani, Dealurile Craiovei, Podgoria Severinului, Plaiurile Drncei

8

4. Dealurile Banatului Hills of Banat

C I 200 3228 6 independent centers not included in a vineyard region

0

5. Dealurile Crianei i Maramureului Hills of Crisana and Maramures

C I 187 2990 Mini-Mderat, Diosig, Valea lui Mihai, Podgoria Silvaniei

4

6. Colinele Dobrogei Hills of Dobrogea

C II 196 3164 Murfatlar, Istria-Babadag, Sarica-Niculiel

3

7. Terasele Dunarii Danube Terraces

C II 202 3353 Ostrov, Greaca, centers of Giurgiu, Zimnicea, nsurei-Brila

2

8. Nisipurile din Sudul rii Sands and other Favourable Lands of the south of the country

C II 198 3285 Podgoria Dacilor, Calafat, Sadova-Corabia 3

Total 37

1. Wine region Podiul Transilvaniei (Transylvanian plateau): The region is located North of the Carpathian Mountains, in Transylvania, in the center of the country. The helio-thermal conditions are moderate, but with abundant rainfall. It is evident that the growing season of 177 days on average is rather modest. Due to the structure of the plateau, some excellent local conditions can be found here for the vine cultivation and production of top quality white wines.

2. Wine region Dealurile Moldovei (Hills of Moldova): It is located East of the Eastern Carpathians and extending over several hundred kilometers from the Northern Moldova area (Cotnari region), where most renowned


white wines are produced, to the South of the province (Nicoreti, Iveti, Dealul Bujorului), where well-known high-quality red wines are produced. The growing season lasts an average of 183 days, which is influenced by the continental climate and a strong Eastern European wind. With a total surface of about 70 000 ha it is the largest viticultural region of Romania.

3. Wine region Dealurile Munteniei i Olteniei (Hills of Vallachia and Oltenia): It is located in the South of the Carpathians, around 45 North latitude and extends over the two geographical and historical regions with the same names. Being located mostly on Southern slopes of the Carpathian foothills the vineyards have an average period of vegetation of 195 days. Preferably late-ripening grape varieties are grown here, because the climate allows the production of a wide range of quality wines, both white and red.

4. Wine region Dealurile Banatului (Hills of Banat): It is the smallest wine-growing region of Romania and has no designated wine region. Instead, five wine centers exist. The region lies in the South-West of the country, bordering Serbia and Hungary. The mild climate is Mediterranean, with Adriatic influences. With a growing season of 200 days, it makes possible the cultivation and production of both white and red wines of superior quality.

5. Wine region Dealurile Crianei and Maramureului (Hills of Crisana and Maramures): It lies in the North-West of the country, around 48 North latitude and is the most northerly wine-growing region of the country. The vegetation period here is 187 days. The central European climate influences allow here for the cultivation of both white and red grape varieties of a wide range, starting from simple wines without DOC or GI and quality wines to high-quality vintage wines. The viticultural centers are scattered and located mostly in the hills along the rivers Mure and Tisa.

6. Wine region Colinele Dobrogei (Hills of Dobrogea): This region is limited in West by the Danube river which flows towards North in this area, and by the Black Sea in East. The low altitude of only 71 m and the Southern geographical location, 44 North latitude, allows the cultivation of grapevine even on the slopes with Northern exposure. With an average vegetation period of 196 days, the area is ideal for all white and red varieties, of which especially those for high-quality wines are cultivated. The limiting factor is the low rainfall, but this can be compensated by irrigation.

7. Wine region Terasele Dunarii (Danube Terraces): It stretches like a ribbon along the lower banks of the Danube, along the Bulgarian border. The vegetation period here is the longest, that is 202 days. For this reason, table grapes are also grown successfully. Because of the low altitude (average of 72 m) winter frosts as low as -27C are possible.

8. Wine region Nisipurile i zonele favorabile din Sudul rii (Sands and other Favourable Lands of the South of the country): It is located in the central area of the Romanian (Baragan) plain and has climatic conditions similar to region 7. The significant difference consists in the soil, here represented predominantly by deep sand soils, which require special cultivation techniques of viticulture. The vegetation period is 198 days.


Table 2. Wine regions and approved denominations of controlled origin (DOC) and geographical indications (GI) in Romania (MADR Orders 397/2003; 732/2005 and later modifications)

Wine region

Geographical indications (GI)

and sub-indications

Controlled denominations of origin (DOC) and sub-

denominations Major cultivated varieties

1. Podiul Transilvaniei Transylvanian plateau

Dealurile Transilvaniei

Trnave (Blaj, Jidvei, Media), Alba Iulia, Sebe-Apold, Aiud, Lechina

White: Feteasc regal, Feteasc alb, Riesling italian, Sauvignon blanc, Muscat Ottonel, Traminer

2. Dealurile Moldovei Hills of Moldova

Dealurile Moldovei (Dealurile Hrlului, Iailor, Huilor, Tutovei, Covurluiului, Siretului), Dealurile Vrancei

Cotnari, Iai (Copou, Bucium, Uricani), Bohotin, Hui (Vutcani), Iana, Dealu Bujorului, Nicoreti, Panciu, Odobeti, Coteti

White: Feteasc regal, Aligot, Feteasc alb, Riesling italian, Gras, Francu, Galben, Busuioac, Tmioas romneasc, Sauvignon blanc, Muscat Ottonel; Red: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Bbeasc neagr

3. Dealurile Olteniei i Munteniei Hills of Vallachia and Oltenia

Dealurile Munteniei, Dealurile Olteniei

Cernteti-Podgoria, Dealu Mare (Boldeti, Valea Clugreasc, Urlai, Ceptura, Tohani, Breaza, Merei, Zoreti), Pietroasa, tefneti (Costeti), Smbureti, Drgani, Banu Mrcine, Segarcea, Mehedini (Severin, Corcova, Dealurile Drncei, Vnju Mare, Orevia)

White: Pinot blanc, Feteasc alb, Riesling italian, Pinot gris, Galben de Odobeti, Muscat Ottonel Red: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Burgund mare, Feteasc neagr, Bbeasc neagr

4. Dealurile Banatului Hills of Banat

Viile Caraului, Viile Timiului

Reca, Banat (Moldova Nou, Dealurile Tirolului, Silagiu)

White: Feteasc alb, Feteasc regal, Riesling italian, Sauvignon blanc, Majarca ; Red: Burgund mare, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Cadarca

5. Dealurile Crianei i Maramureului Hills of Crisana and Maramures

Dealurile Zarandului, Dealurile Crianei, Dealurile Stmarului

Mini, Criana (Diosig, Biharia, imleul Silvaniei)

White: Riesling italian, Feteasc regal, Feteasc alb, Furmint, Pinot gris, Tmioas de Mderat, Iordan, Muscat Ottonel Red: Cabernet Sauvignon,Pinot noir, Cadarca, Merlot, Burgund mare

6. Colinele Dobrogei Hills of Dobrogea

Colinele Dobrogei Murfatlar (Medgidia, Cernavod), Babadag, Sarica Niculiel (Tulcea)

White: Pinot gris, Chardonay, Muscat Ottonel, Riesling italian, Sauvignon blanc, Aligot, Feteasc alb, Feteasc regal Red: Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Merlot, Sangiovese

7. Terasele Dunarii Danube Terraces

Terasele Dunrii Oltina White: Feteasc alb, Feteasc regal, Riesling italian, Pinot gris, Cardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Columna; Red: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Burgund mare; Table grapes :Afuz Ali, Cardinal, Italia, Victoria

8. Nisipurile din Sudul rii Sands and other Favourable Lands of the South of the country

- - White: Feteasc regal, Aligot, Riesling italian, Sauvignon blanc, Bbeasc gri; Red: Bbeasc neagr, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sangiovese; Table grapes: Afuz Ali, Victoria, Otilia, Istria, Muscat dAdda


The approved denominations of controlled origin (DOC) and

geographical indications (GI) in Romania, as well as the major grape varieties cultivated in each region are shown in Tab. 2. For a better understanding, a map of the vineyards where wines with DOC can be produced is also included (Fig. 2). Figure 2. Romanian wine denominations of controlled origin. (ONVPV, 2011)

3.2. Romanian vineyards and viticultural potential

During the first 15 years after the collapse of the communist system in December 1989 the vineyards of Romania have experienced a steady decline. While in 1995 a total of about 250 000 hectares planted with vines was recorded, currently, as communicated by ONVPV to the Commission on March 2013, only 183 170 ha are cultivated (Tab. 3). To these, 13 901 ha various planting rights (Tab. 3) should be added. Thus, the total vineyard area of Romania, after the accession to EU, was limited to just under 200 000 ha.

To these surfaces approximately 11 000 ha of table grapes (as of 2008) should be added, mostly located in the Southern wine regions of the country.

Currently, the major problem of the Romanian viticulture continues to be the presence of some significant surfaces planted with interspecific varieties, not allowed for the production of quality wines produced in specified regions (report COM/2003/0838 and CEE No 479/2008). The interspecific varieties cover an area of 83 800 ha, which, accounts for more than 42.5% of the total vineyard area. These surfaces are present only in very few cases are in the traditional vine growing areas, usually being located outside the quality wine production areas. They are found mainly in the Southern districts and the wines produced here are destined for personal consumption of the producers families or for wines without DOC or GI, as the current legislation allows the use of interspecific varieties only for


producing wines without DOC or GI, while quality wines psr can be made exclusively from Vitis vinifera varieties.

The presence of such a large surface of interspecific vine varieties lead to the present situation in which about 74% of the total grapevine plantations produce wines without DOC or GI, and only 26% provide DOC or GI wines (Tab. 3 and 4). Table 3. Surface dedicated to vine culture in Romania between 2009-2012 (data reported by ONVPV on March 1st of each year; the data communicated in the inventory, according to Article 109 of Regulation (EC) No 479/2008, refer to 31 July of the previous wine year)

Planted vineyards and planting rights Year

Surface (ha) 2009-2012 and proportion in

DOC GI Without DOC or GI Total

Planted vineyards

2009 24089.4 15129.5 142123.9 181342.8 2011 25967.5 15667.9 139926.4 181561.8 2012 28385.8 18551.6 136232.2 183169.6 In % 15.5 10.1 74.4 100.0

Planting rights allotted to producers, but not used yet

2009 * * * 2662.51 2011 3212.4 803.1 0 4015.45 2012 2501.1 625.3 0 3126.4 In % 80.0 20.0 0.0 100.0

Replanting rights owned by producers

2009 939.5 475.2 5435.7 6850.4 2011 916.1 435.74 6221.8 7573.6 2012 1175.3 812.8 6809.4 8798.4 In % 13.4 9.2 77.4 100.0

Planting rights in reserve

2009 892.0 450.9 5163.9 6506.9 2011 892.0 450.9 2852.7 4195.7 2012 882.3 882.3 213.3 1977.9 In % 44.6 44.6 10.8 100.0

Total of the production potential

2009 * * * 197362.7 2011 30988.0 17357.6 149000.9 197346.5 2012 32944.5 20872.0 143254.8 197071.3 In % 16.7 10.6 72.7 100.0

The wine classification in Romania has followed the French model of Appellation d'Origine Contrle (AOC), which here is called Denomination of Controlled Origin or, in short, DOC.

A wine produced in a designated viticultural region (as presented above) is authorized to be included in a Geographical Indication category. Within this category, the most representative areas can lead to the production of typical wines, which can be granted a Denomination of Controlled Origin label.

In 2012 the vineyards producing wines with Denomination of Controlled Origin covered an area of only 28 386 ha (Tab. 4), which is a constant slight increase from previous years. This is around 16% of the total vineyard area and does not include planting rights.

The second category is the wines with Geographical Indication. These are made from grapevines grown on 18 552 ha, representing about 10% of the total vineyard area. The rest of 136 232 hectares, equivalent to 74% of the total, are vineyards (including the interspecific varieties) which are dedicated to the production of wines without Denomination of Controlled Origin or Geographical Indication.


Table 4. Distribution of vine surfaces in the Romanian wine regions in 2009-2012 (data reported by ONVPV on March 1st of each year; the data communicated in the inventory, according to Article 109 of Regulation (EC) No 479/2008, refer to 31 July of the previous wine year)

Region Year Surface (ha)

DOC GI Without DOC or GI Total

1. Transylvanian plateau 2009 2780.3 40.9 3529.7 6350.9 2011 2991.0 27.2 3422.1 6440.3 2012 3408.9 68.5 3319.3 6796.7

2. Hills of Moldova 2009 6092.0 10656.9 53522.1 70271.1 2011 6493.8 10805.8 52687.0 69986.5 2012 6703.6 11323.3 51107.2 69134.0

3. Hills of Vallachia and Oltenia

2009 5798.5 1306.7 45915.3 53020.4 2011 6354.9 1342.9 45201.2 52899.0 2012 7312.4 2021.4 44117.2 53450.9

4. Hills of Banat 2009 1040.9 108.2 1519.9 2669.0 2011 1275.2 108.2 1422.2 2805.6 2012 1520.5 90.0 1317.8 2928.4

5. Hills of Crisana and Maramures

2009 309.1 31.5 7355.8 7696.5 2011 334.0 31.7 7272.8 7638.5 2012 1496.7 268.5 7335.2 9100.4

6. Hills of Dobrogea 2009 8038.1 2525.6 6644.7 17208.4 2011 8514.7 2594.9 6273.9 17383.4 2012 7943.7 3944.9 5676.1 17564.8

7. Danube Terraces 2009 30.5 255.5 10764.7 11050.7 2011 0.0 380.3 10704.1 11084.4 2012 0.0 326.3 10907.7 11233.9

8. Sands and other Favourable Lands of the South of the country

2009 0.0 204.3 12871.7 13076.0 2011 4.0 377.0 12943.0 13324.0 2012 0.0 508.7 12451.7 12960.4

TOTAL

2009 24089.4 15129.5 142123.9 181342.8 2011 25967.5 15667.9 139926.4 181561.8 2012 28385.8 18551.6 136232.2 183169.6

Proportion of total surface (%)

2009 13.3 8.3 78.4 100.0 2011 14.3 8.6 77.1 100.0 2012 15.5 10.1 74.4 100.0

The distribution of the DOC wines is region-dependent. We can see from Tab. 5 that in 3 wine regions (Transylvanian plateau, Hills of Banat and Hills of Dobrogea) about half of the vineyards are registered for the production of DOC wines, while in other 3 wine regions (Hills of Crisana and Maramures, Danube Terraces, Sands and other Favorable Lands of the South of the country) most of the vineyards are without DOC and GI. This distribution is not always related to the production potential and microclimate, but also varies with the degree of investment in modern technologies.

This situation is not entirely in accordance with the real potential of Romanian vineyards, which, with better management and investment, could easily satisfy the conditions for the granting of DOC and GI rights on a much larger area. So we could argue that this ratio of 74% to 26% in favor of vineyards with no DOC and no GI, when vineyard surfaces are considered, is far from ideal and far from what can be attained. However, as will be shown below, when we change the focus from vineyard surfaces to wine production, the ratio is even more unbalanced.


Table 5. Proportion of the DOC registered surfaces in each of the wine regions in 2012 (data reported by ONVPV on March 1st, 2013 and referring to 31 July of 2012)

Wine region

Proportion (%) of:

DOC GI Wines

without DOC or GI

Total

1. Transylvanian plateau 50.2 1.0 48.8 100.0 2. Hills of Moldova 9.7 16.4 73.9 100.0 3. Hills of Vallachia and Oltenia 13.7 3.8 82.5 100.0 4. Hills of Banat 51.9 3.1 45.0 100.0 5. Hills of Crisana and Maramures 16.4 3.0 80.6 100.0 6. Hills of Dobrogea 45.2 22.5 32.3 100.0 7. Danube Terraces 0.0 2.9 97.1 100.0 8. Sands and other Favourable Lands of the South of the country 0.0 3.9 96.1 100.0 Total 15.5 10.1 74.4 100.0

The Romanian wines with DOC and GI labels meet all international standards applicable to these categories and many are classified in the premium class. These wines are mainly produced by large or medium size companies, which are already renowned by participating regularly in wine fairs and contests worldwide. The rest of the wines produced here are simple wines without GI or DOC, of which some are sold on the organized market, while others are destined for the consumption of the producers and their families.

An interesting phenomenon observed in recent years is a tendency of the large and medium producers to shun the DOC category. Although they fulfill all the conditions needed to make and classify their wines in the DOC category, they prefer to avoid the Denomination of Controlled Origin system, in order to escape paying the taxes which are due for DOC wines, and turn the grapes from DOC-authorized plantations into GI wines. As a result, although the quality parameters would allow their classification under the DOC system, many wines end up with just a Geographical Indication, for which taxes are not yet enforced and the control is more lenient.

Due to this situation, as seen in Tab. 6 for the year 2011, the total surface of vineyards for which DOC authorizations were requested from ONDOV, in order to actually produce and market DOC wines, is significantly lower than the total surface of vineyards which had been registered as DOC plantations.


Table 6. Surfaces registered as DOC vineyards and surfaces actually used for DOC wine production in 2011

Wine region Surface

registered as DOC

Surface out of which DOC wines were

produced (ha) (ha) (%)

1. Transylvanian plateau 2991 2329 77.9 2. Hills of Moldova 6493.8 2455 37.8 3. Hills of Vallachia and Oltenia 6354.9 2382 37.5 4. Hills of Banat 1275.2 321 25.2 5. Hills of Crisana and Maramures 334 12 3.6 6. Hills of Dobrogea 8514.7 3865 45.4 7. Danube Terraces 0.0 0 0.0 8. Sands and other Favourable Lands of the south of the country 4.0 4.0 100.0

TOTAL 25967.6 11368 43.8

As it can be seen from Tab. 6, more than 56% of the vineyards with DOC potential were not used for this purpose in 2011 alone, and that was due not to quality reasons but mostly to financial constraints. This trend started in 2007, which was the last year when the DOC registered plantations matched the authorizations requested for DOC wine production. Afterwards, the DOC authorizations for wine decreased constantly, leading to the value recorded in 2011 of only 43.8% of the total DOC registered surface (Fig. 3). Figure 3. Authorizations issued between 2007-2011 for the production of DOC wines.

There are other reasons too for the shifting from DOC toward GI wines.

One is the possibility to apply higher yields in the vineyard, yields which are allowed in case of the production of GI wines.

The other, more obvious, reason is the production of wines from varieties newly planted and not (yet) authorized for the DOC production in a specific region. Many producers started to experiment and extend their plantations by introducing new international varieties, such as Syrah, Viognier, Rhine Riesling or Dornfelder. Others planted the most famous Romanian variety Feteasca neagr irrespective of the existence of a


tradition for it in that particular region. It will take some time until these vineyards qualify for the DOC and GI categories.

The situation on the market is bound to change starting this year (2013), due to new legislation passed (Ministry Orders No. 163 and 165 of 2012 and later modifications), according to which the Geographical Indication wines will also be taxed and controlled by the same organization as the one controlling DOC wines (ONVPV). This new regulation may persuade some producers to shift back and apply again for DOC authorization, aiming to benefit from the better image that these quality wines enjoy.

However, on an even longer term, another regulatory change is on the way: the permission to label wines without GI or DOC with the name of the variety (which is not yet allowed in Romania, even though it is legal in some other Member States). Will the producers remain faithful to the DOC and GI system and pay a tax to have their wines carry DOC and GI labels? Or will the trend named above continue one step further, and we shall see authorizations for DOC and GI wines dwindle even more, in favor of a larger proportion of simple wines without DOC and GI, but which are not extra-taxed and which can carry on the label the name of the variety? The latter possibility is not at all unimaginable on the Romanian market, where the typical consumer does not always understand or even care much about DOC and/or GI, but usually puts significant weight on the importance of the variety.

3.3. Vine varieties and varietal wines

Romania has some native grape varieties of greater or lesser importance and with a wider or lower dissemination. Out of these varieties both ordinary and quality wines are produced, but their reputation abroad is usually low.

Among the most famous white wine varieties, which combine a remarkable quality potential and notoriety, are included Feteasca Alb, Feteasca Regal and Crmpoie varieties (Tab 7). The muscat-like aroma varieties include Tmioasa Romneasc and Busuioaca de Bohotin. The red most known autochtonous varieties are Feteasca Neagr, Babeasca Neagr and Roioara.

The second group of varieties, cultivated at least since the beginning of the 20th century (post-phylloxera-time) and largely extended at present, consists of international varieties.

White wine grapes such as Welsch Riesling, Aligot, Sauvignon Blanc and Muscat Ottonel are well known and appreciated. Among the international red varieties mainly Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon are the most represented (Tab. 7).


Table 7. Surfaces cultivated with the main grape varieties and their evolution from 2009 to 2012

Variety Surface cultivated (ha) Proportion of the total vine surface (%)

2009 2011 2012 2009 2011 2012 White varieties Feteasca regal 13391.4 13300.7 12899.06 7.4 7.3 7.0 Feteasca alb 13250.2 13026.6 12595.86 7.3 7.2 6.9 Riesling 7451.7 7550.6 7652.33 4.1 4.2 4.2 Aligot 7129.9 6915.1 6208.34 3.9 3.8 3.4 Sauvignon 4138.2 4572.6 5461.86 2.3 2.5 3.0 Muscat Ottonel 3655.4 3767.1 4346.76 2.0 2.1 2.4 Total main white 49016.8 49132.5 49164.2 27.0 27.0 26.8 Red varieties Merlot 11563.7 11650.9 11630.94 6.4 6.4 6.3 Cabernet Sauvignon 4069.9 4268.3 5307.85 2.2 2.4 2.9 Babeasca Neagr 3184.9 3079.9 2724.38 1.8 1.7 1.5 Roioara 2902.3 2898.8 2852.09 1.6 1.6 1.6 Feteasca Neagr 1738.6 2037.4 2488.76 1.0 1.1 1.4 Total main red 23459.3 23935.4 25004.0 13.0 13.2 13.7 Other varieties Other white and red 108866.7 108493.9 109001.4 60.0 59.8 59.5 TOTAL 181342.8 181561.8 183169.6 100.0 100.0 100.0

However, for the quality wines with Denomination of Controlled Origin, many other varieties cultivated on smaller surfaces are used (Tab. 8). In this category falls the Chardonnay, Pinot Gris and Gewurztraminer, Rhine Riesling, Viognier for whites and Pinot noir, Syrah, Cadarca and Cabernet franc for reds. Some of these varieties are newly introduced to Romania and have already proven they are suitable for the quality wine production.


Table 8. Surfaces and varieties used for DOC wine production in 2010 and 2011

Variety

2010 2011 Surface

used for DOC wines (ha)

% of the total DOC

wines

Surface used for DOC

wines (ha)

% of the total DOC

wines White wines Sauvignon blanc 1160.1 10.0 1103.5 9.7 Feteasca regal 1001.2 8.7 1048.7 9.2 Riesling Italian 1075.8 9.3 941.4 8.3 Feteasca alb 573.9 5.0 607.0 5.3 Chardonnay 579.9 5.0 582.0 5.1 Pinot Gris 558.8 4.8 529.9 4.7 Grasa 360.2 3.1 369.9 3.3 Aligote 366.3 3.2 246.6 2.2 Frncua 284.2 2.5 261.6 2.3 Traminer 203.4 1.8 245.9 2.2 Rhein Riesling 34.3 0.3 108.2 1.0 Crmpoie 74.7 0.6 78.5 0.7 arba 54.5 0.5 24.8 0.2 Zghihara 26.1 0.2 23.9 0.2 Viognier 11.1 0.1 11.3 0.1 Neuburger 8.7 0.1 10.3 0.1 Columna 8.0 0.1 8.0 0.1 Mustoasa 2.8 0.0 8.3 0.1 Galbena 1.2 0.0 2.5 0.0 Iordana 0.0 0.0 5.1 0.0 Furmint 1.8 0.0 3.3 0.0 Plvaie 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 Total white DOC wines 6386.9 55.3 6221.3 54.7 Aromatic wines

Muscat Ottonel 835.6 7.2 915.1 8.0 Tmioas romneasc 354.9 3.1 500.2 4.4 Busuioac 7.8 0.1 55.0 0.5 Tmioas roz 0.0 0.0 12.8 0.1 Total aromatic DOC

i1198.2 10.4 1483.2 13.0

Red wines

Merlot 1540.0 13.3 1074.1 9.4 Cabernet Sauvignon 1109.2 9.6 1202.1 10.6 Feteasca neagr 502.0 4.3 679.9 6.0 Pinot noir 471.3 4.1 465.1 4.1 Babeasca neagr 78.9 0.7 64.2 0.6 Burgund 61.8 0.5 54.5 0.5 Syrah 40.5 0.4 45.8 0.4 Cabernet franc 0.0 0.0 7.0 0.1 Cadarca 8.0 0.1 5.8 0.1 Marcelan 5.0 0.0 10.0 0.1 Negru de Drgani 4.3 0.0 2.7 0.0 Novac 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 Zweigelt 11.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Total red DOC wines 3832.8 33.2 3612.1 31.8 Sparkling DOC wines 137.5 1.2 51.2 0.5

Total DOC Wines 11555.5 11367.8


A third group of varieties are the Romanian new breeds. They are quite

numerous and include both white and red varieties and table grape varieties. Among the new varieties cultivated for quality wines (Tab. 8) we can mention arba and Columna for white wines and Negru de Drgani and Novac for reds.

As we see, the assortment of the vine varieties cultivated is a major contributor to the low proportion of DOC and GI wines produced, because the surfaces cultivated with varieties with recognized potential for quality wines are still low, compared to the proportion found in other countries famous for their wine production.

In spite of the investments recently made in new vineyards, the increase of the surfaces covered with some of the internationally most recognized varieties was not significant. For example, the surfaces covered with Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot slightly decreased, in spite of the new plantings, because the old vineyards needed to be grubbed. The surfaces of Sauvignon blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon decreased from about 5800 ha each in 1990 (Nmoloanu and Antoce, 2000) to 5500 ha and 5 300 ha, respectively, in 2012, while the surfaces of Merlot decreased from about 11 700 ha in 1990 to 11 600 ha in 2012.

Moreover, the surfaces with Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Pinot gris, Rhine Riesling, Syrah and so on are still under 2000 ha, being in this way reported as other white and red varieties in Tab. 7, even though their surfaces increased too during past years.

Also, as stated before, even the varieties that normally produce quality wines are, for various reasons, not always turned into wines with DOC. For example in 2011 (Tab. 7 and 8), of the 4 573 ha of Sauvignon blanc only 1103.5 ha (24%) were turned into DOC wines, while of the 11 651 ha of Merlot and 4 268 ha of Cabernet Sauvignon only 9% and 28%, respectively were made and reported as DOC wines.

In spite of this situation, it is important to note that it is still possible to achieve an increase of the surfaces occupied with varieties for quality wines, because Romania has many vineyards with very favorable conditions which can support the obtaining of DOC wines, but where under-performing varieties are planted. As soon as financial and management factors converge, by replacing som

Bulletin OIV Vol-86 Janvier Fevrier Mars 983-984-985 (1)

Documents

Transcript of Bulletin OIV Vol-86 Janvier Fevrier Mars 983-984-985 (1)