bNÐit cab sufariT§-----------------------------7 EpñkTI 1 ......1-RKb;RKgkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ...

km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ TisedAGnaKt

matika

matika ---------------------------------------------- 1

karEføgGMNrKuN -------------------------------------- 5

esckþIepþIm ³ etIRtUveFVIy:agNaedIm,I TTYl)anplcMeNjCaGtibrma BIsmahrNkmµesdækic©? -------------------------------- 7

bNÐit cab sufariT§----------------------------- 7

EpñkTI 1-------------------------------------------- 15

suTÞrkfa kñúgsnñisITCati -------------------------------- 15

RBHsunÞrkfasVaKmn_ ----------------------------------- 16

semþc neratþm sirivuDÆ ---------------------------16

snÞrkfasVaKmn_-------------------------------------- 20

elak Gak;Esl sµIt ---------------------------20

sunÞrkfaebIk ---------------------------------------- 25

semþc h‘un Esn ------------------------------25 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa ----------------------------38

bNÐit hgS BuT§a ------------------------------38

1


km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa ---------------------------- 50

Ék]tþm swum sara:k; ----------------------------50

km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;Blkmµkm<úCa 54

Ék]tþm G‘uM man ------------------------------- 54 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak {plb:HBal;elIksikmµ nig]sSahkmµkat;edrkm<úCa{ ----------------------------- 62

elak esam GUn ------------------------------62

plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa -------------- 68

elak suk sMeGOn -----------------------------68 E;pñkTI 2--------------------------------------------73

sunÞrkfa kñúgkic©RbCMutumUl -------------------------------73

etImanplvi)akxagc,ab; nigeKalneya)ayGVIxøH dl;smaCikPaBrbs;km<úCa kñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak? ------ 74

elak tan; yuvrdæ ------------------------------74 GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nigkarEkTRmg;RbB½n§yutþiFm’enAkm<úCa - 85

elak suk sMeGOn -----------------------------85 km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;ksikmµkm<úCa89

elak TYt saravuF -----------------------------89

2


km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:Hpldl;ksikmµkm<úCa 95

elakRsI Rbuk va:n;nI-----------------------------95 km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ -------------------105

plb:HBal;dl;Blkmµkm<úCa ----------------------------105

Ék]tþm G‘Mu man ------------------------------ 105 etImanplb:HBal;ya:gNacMeBaHsmaCik WTO rbs;km<úCaeTAelI]sSahkmµkat;edr ----------------------114

elak ya b‘unNa----------------------------- 114 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak ³ etImanplb:HBal;GVIxøHeTAelIkmµviFIkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk? ------- 121

elakRsI hYt rtn³----------------------------121 km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak ³ kareRbIR)as; WTO Ca]bkrN_CMrujkMENTRmg; -----------------------------129

elak ehov vasña -----------------------------129 EpñkTI 3-------------------------------------------142

r)aykarN_segçbénevTikasaFarN³----------------------142

r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 1 ------------------------ 143

r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 2 -------------------------152


3


r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 4--------------------------170

r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 5------------------------- 181



r)aykarN_segçbénevTikaTI 8 --------------------------219


r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 10 ------------------------ 255

]bsm<½n§ TI 1- kmµviFI sþIBI {RbeTskm<úCakñúgkarcUlCasmaCikPaB GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} --------------------------- 271

]bsm<½n§ TI 2- kmµviFIevTikaTaMg 10 elIk sþIBI {km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} ----------------------------275

]bsm<½n§ TI 3 kmµviFIsnñisITCati -------------------------288

]bsm<½n§ TI 4 bBa¢IraynamGñkrYmcMENkkñúgevTika nigsnñisITCati - 299

GMBIGñkeroberog

------------------------------------ 303

4


karEføgGMNrKuN

tagnam[ viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB Gñk

eroberog sUmsEmþgnUvktBaØÚtaFm’d¾esµaHs cMeBaHkarcUlrYm CaKMnit nigR)aCJa vaKµin nigGñkcUlrYmCati nigGnþrCati Edl)ancUlrYmcMENkkñúgevTikasaFarN³ nigGgÁsnñisITCati Edl)anbBa©b;edayeCaKC½ykñúgeBlknøgeTAenH .

enAkñúg»kasenHEdr viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;GgÁkarmUlniFi RhViRDIc eGEb‘t EdltMNageday elak Gak;sIul sµIt RbFankariyal½ysRmab;shRbtibtþikarPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_ RbcaMsigðbUrI Edl)anCYy]btßmÖKeRmagenH CaBiesskñúgkare)aHBum<esovePAenH sRmab;pSBVpSaycMeNHdwgdl;saFarNCnkm<úCa.

viTüasßanExµrshRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB sUmsEmþgnUvktBaØÚtaFm’ d¾x<g;x<s; cMeBaHvtþman semþc h‘un Esn naykrdæm®nþI énraCrdæaPi)al km<úCa m®nþICan;x<s;raCrdæaPi)al ÉkGKÁrdæTUtnana nigGñktMNagGgÁkarBuMEmn rdæaPi)alCati nigGnþrCatiTaMgGs; Edl)aneqøót»kasd¾mantémøcUlrYm snñisITCati sþIBI {RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ GtßRbeyaCn_ karRbQmmux nigTsSnvis½yeTAGnaKt} Edl)an bBa©b;CasßaBr éf¶TI 21-22 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2005 enARkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa.

5


CaTIbBa©b;viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB sUmvaytémø x<s; nigsUmsresIredayesµaH cMeBaHkic©xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;buKÁlikTaMgGs; dUcCa kBaØa ent c½nÞfa elak hm sMNag elak GIun tugGan elak GIun tugGwug elak ent NarU: elak G‘uk pløI elak hiun suFI kBaØa can; F I GñkRsI b:k; para:ENt nigGñkRsI ent NUEr:n Edl)anrYmcMENkya:gskmµkñúgkare)aHBum< esovePAenHeLIg.

6


esckþIepþIm ³ etIRtUveFVIy:agNaedIm,I TTYl)anplcMeNjCaGtibrma

BIsmahrNkmµesdækic©? bNÐit cab sufariT§

1> savtar

eRkayBIcakputBIsRgÁam nigkarbMpøicbMpøaj Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcIn TsvtSr¾mk km<úCa)anqøgkat;dMeNIkarkMENTRmg;esdækic© nigneya)ayCa bnþbnÞab; CaBiesscab;taMgBIkarbegáItrdæFmµnuBaØfµIenAqñaM 1993 Edl)an ebIk]kas dl;RbeTsd¾kmSt;enHGacsþareLIgvijnUvsißrPaB snþiPaB nigkar bRgYbbRgÜmCati. eyIg)anRbkan;ykrbbraCaniymGaRs½yrdæFmµnuBaØ nig rdæaPi)altamEbbsPaniym EdlRbkan;yklT§iRbCaFibetyüCaeKal.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday RbeTskm<úCaenAEtRbQmmuxCamYynwgpl- vi)akCaeRcIn EdlbnSl;TukedayRbvtþisaRsþ EdleBareBjeTAedayPaBcRmUg cRmas vinaskmµ Ebk)ak; kars¥b;ex<Im nigKMuKYn eRBaHkm<úCaRtUv)anrgeRKaH CaTm¶n;edaysRgÁamGs;ry³eBld¾yUr eFIV[ehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbv½nþ nigFnFan mnusSrbs;RbeTsenH )anxUcxaty:agF¶n;F¶r. PaBRkIRk nigGMeBIBukrlYyenAEt Ca]bsKÁd¾FM kñúgdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©km<úCa.

7


raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa kalBIGaNitþTI 2 rbs;xøÜn ¬1997-2003¦ )an begá;ItyuT§sa®sþRtIekaN EdlsMedAsþareLIgvijnUvsnþiPaB nigsßirPaB Fanakar eFIVsmahrNkmµkm<úCaeTAkñúgshKmn_tMbn; nigBiPBelak karGPivDÆn_ Rbkb edaycIrPaB nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. kMENTRmg;nana RtUv)anGnuvtþRBm² Kñakñúgvis½yCaeRcIn rYmmankMENTRmg;rdæ)alsaFarN³ kMENTRmg;c,ab; nig tulakar kMENTRmg;hirBaØvtßú nigkMENTRmg;eyaFa. edaymankarebþCJacitþ Epñk neya)ayd¾xøaMgmYy nigkarcUlrYmBIédKUTaMgLay km<úCa)ancUlrYmCasmaCik Gas‘anenAEx emsa qñaM 1999 eday)anbBa©b;eKaledAmYyKW smahrNkmµ esdækic©fñak;tMbn;.

kñúgGaNtþiTIbIenH raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)andak;ecjnUvyuT§saRsþctu- ekaN EdlsMedAGnuvtþkmµviFIneya)ayTaMg 73 cMNucrbs;raCrdæaPi)al nig Fana[)annUvkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk karGPivDÆ karlUtlas; vDÆnPaB ÉkPaB Cati nigsuPmgÁlsRmab;RbCaBlrdæ. karbnþeFVIsmahrNkmµkm<úCaeTAkñúg esdækic©BiPBelak k¾enAEtCacMNuceKaledAmYy kñúgyuT§saRsþctuekaNpgEdr.

karcUlrYmkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO) KWCaGaTiPaBx<s; bMputrbs;rdæaPi)al eRBaHsmahrNkmµeTAkñúgesdækic©BiPBelak RtUv)ancat; TukfaCa]bkrN_d¾xøaMgkøamYy edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigCakmøaMgCMrujd¾cm,g edIm,IGPivDÆn_esdækic© nigsgÁmkic©. enAkñúgkarEkTRmg;RbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµ raCrdæaPi)al)anykcitþTukdak; sRmbsRmYleKalneya)ay nigEbbbTlixit bTdæanTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ [sIucgVak;eTAnwgeKalkarN_rbs; WTO CaBiess eKalkarN_ MFN nigRbRBwtþikmµCati. RbB½n§elxkUdBn§KymYy EdlEp¥kelI

8


RbB½n§suxudumnIykmµ qñaM1996 (Harmonized System) RtUv)anGnum½t ehIy c,ab;mYycMnYnRtUv)anEksRmYlRBagfµI nigGnum½tedIm,IFananUvPaBsIucgVak;CamYy nwgeKalkarN_ WTO . 2> GVICaGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak?

WTO KWCaGgÁkarGnþrCatisaklEtmYyKt;EdlBak;B½n§ CamYynwgk,Ün c,ab;BaNiC¢kmµrvagRbCaCatinana. enAcMNuckNþalrbs; WTO KWCakic©RBm- eRBogBaNiC¢kmµ WTO EdlRtUv)ancrca nigcuHhtßelxaedayRkumRbeTs CaeRcInkñúgsklelak nigTTYlsc©ab½nBIrdæsParbs;RbeTsTaMgenaH. GgÁkar enHmaneKalbMNgCYyGñkplitTMnij nigesvakmµ GñknaMecj nigGñknaMcUledIm,I dMeNIrkarGaCIvkmµrbs;BYkeK.

WTO manmuxgardUcxageRkamenH ³ 1- RKb;RKgkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ WTO

2- CaevTikaedIm,IkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµ 3- edaHRsayCMelaHBaNiC¢kmµ 4- RtYtBinitüeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµCati 5- CMnYybec©keTs nigbNþúHbNþalsRmab;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ 6- shRbtibtiþkarCamYyGgÁkarGnþrCatidéTeTot.

9


3> plvi)akénkarGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBog WTO RbeTskm<úCa)andak;CUnnUvkaryl;RBm eTAtamlkçx½NÐ WTO enAéf¶

TI22 Exkkáda qñaM2003 eTAtaml½kçx½NÐénsmaCikPaBEdl)anEcgkñúgBiFIsar cUlCasmaCik ehIyRtUv)anGnum½tedaysnñisITrdæm®nþIkalBI éf¶TI11 ExkBaØa qñaM2003 ehIyRtUv)ancuHhtßelxaedaykm<úCa CakmµvtßúénkarsMusc©ab½nBI rdæsPa. km<úCa)ankøayCasmaCikTI 148 rbs; WTO kalBIéf¶TI 13 Extula qñaM2004 dUecñH km<úCaCaRbeTsmankarGPivDÆtictYcTI 2 bnÞab;BIen)a:l; Edl)ancUlrYmkñúg WTO qøgtamdMeNIrkarcrcaPaKIkargareBjelj. 1

karGnuvtþeKalkarN_ WTO KWCadMeNIrkard¾Evgq¶ay niglM)akmYy . edayehtuenH tMNagkm<úCakñúgeBlcrca)anesñIsMusmaCikénPaKIkargar[ emtþa eyaKyl;dl;km<úCaEdlCaRbeTsGPivDÆtictYc ¬RbeTsRkIRk¦ nigsMu[eKpþl; RbRBwtþkmµBiess nigdac;edayELkdl;km<úCa dUcEdl)anEcgkñúgkic©RBmeRBog

WTO Tak;TgnwgRbeTsGPivDÆtic (LDC) . b:uEnþ kardeNþIm)annUvGtßRbeyaCn_Gtibrma BIsmaCik WTO minEmn

CakargayeT. karTTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_énTIpSar TamTarkMENTRmg;d¾ RsYcRsal EdlGachYsBIGVIEdlkm<úCa)anebþCJacitþkñúgeBlcrca. Gñkplitkñúg Rsukrbs;km<úCa kMBugCYbRbTHnUv]bsKÁmYycMnYn dUcCakgVHxatBt’manTIpSar GnþrCati kgVHcMeNHdwgEpñkRKb;RKg nigshRKinPaB karplitmanéføedImx<s;

1 RbeTsxøH )ancUlGgÁkarenH edaysV½yRbvtþi min)anqøgkat;karcrca eRBaHeKCa smaCik GATT EdleRkaymk køayCa WTO kalBIqñaM 1994

10


nigkgVHkarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBTMnij. BYkeKRtUvRbkYtRbECgCamYyTMnijnaMcUl EdlmanGRtaBn§KyTab EdlGacQaneTAeFVI[xUcxatplRbeyaCn_énkar deNþImTIpSar. Ca]TahrN_ RsUvCaplitpld¾sMbUrbMputrbs;CatienaH etIeFVI y:agNa eTIbksikrGaclk;RsUveTATIpSarGnþrCati)an RbsinebIGñkdaMxVHBUC RsUvl¥² xVHmeFüa)ay nigbec©keTsnana cMENkÉGñkkinRsUvkñúgRsukxVHTun xVHbec©kviTüaTMenIb ehIyKat;RtUvbg;éføGKIÁsnI Edléføkb;BBk ebIeFobeTAnwg RbeTsCitxagkñúgtMbn; ehIyKat;KµanpøÚvl¥eTAdl;TIpSar nigRtUvsUkluyeRkA pøÚvkarCaeRcInkEnøg ?

edIm,I[manplRbeyaCn¾BitR)akdeTAelIPaBRkIRk kMENTRmg; nig eKalkarN_GPi)alkic©l¥ RtUvEtGnuvtþedIm,Ikat;bnßyéføedImplitkmµ nigbegáIn lT§PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg. eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµKWCaCMhanTI1 sMxan; edIm,IKaMRTkardeNþImTIpSar.

RbeTskm<úCa KWCaRbeTsEdlmanesdækic©tUcmYykñúgtMbn; edayman mUldæanBaNiC¢kmµenAmankRmit. RbeTsenHnaMcUlTMnij nigesvakmµeRcInCag naMecj. »nPaBEpñkBaNiC¢kmµmanRbEhlBI 300 eTA 600 landuløar kñúg mYyqñaM. cracrrUbIyb½NÑ nigkarTUTat;nana RbEhlCa 75° eFVItamry³ R)ak;duløar R)ak;)atéf nigR)ak;dugevotNam nigtamry³sac;R)ak;. dUcenH tamry³GñkviPaKCaeRcIn eKyl;fa RbeTskm<úCaminTan;eRtomxøÜn)anl¥sRmab; karRbkYtRbECg enAkñúgBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenAeLIy. eTaHCakm<úCa \LÚvenH CasmaCikrbs; WTO edaymanRbeTs 147 CaTIpSarrbs;xøÜn k¾eday k¾rebobeQagcab;TIpSarTaMgenaHenAminTan;c,as;enAeLIy.

11


km<úCaCaRbeTsRkIRkEdlEp¥kelIksikmµ nigmanEt]sSahkmµkat;edr sMelokbMBak;mYyKt; EdlmanlT§PaBnaMecjeRcInCageK . dUecñH smaCikPaB én WTO R)akdCamanplb:HBal;cMeBaHkm<úCaCaminxan. eTaHbICardæaPi)al manCMhrviC¢man cMeBaHsmahrNkmµeTAkñúgesdækic©BiPBelakk¾eday k¾Blrdæ ExµrxøH rYmmanvis½yÉkCn nigsgÁmsIuvilenAEtxVl;xVayGMBI karRbkYtRbECg kan;EteRcIneLIg² EdleFVI[km<úCaBi)aknwgQñH.

karcrca[køayCasmaCik WTO CaCMhand¾lM)akmYy b:uEnþkarGnuvtþn_ kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO KWCaCMhanrwtEtsµúKsµajmYyeTot. RbCaCnkm<úCa RKb;rUb KYrEtxitxMeFVIkargarCamYYyKña edIm,Ikat;bnßynUvplb:HBal;CaGviC¢man TaMgLay edIm,ITTYl)annUvplcMeNjCaGtibrmakñúgrbbBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak.

km<úCaRtUvxatbg;éføxatxøH eRkaycUl WTO BIkar)at;bg;éncMNUl EdlbNþalmkBIkarkat;bnßyGRtaBn§Ky ehIykm<úCak¾RtUvbg;éfø sRmab; karRbCMuCaeRcIn nigkarbegá;Itsßab½nfµIedIm,IRKb;RKg nigGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBog WTO. k¾b:uEnþ karbg;xatenH GacbMeBjbEnßm)antamry³karekIneLIgénTMhM BaNiC¢kmµ vinieyaKTun nigkargarEdlkm<úCarMBwgfa nwgTTYl)anBI\T§iBlén smaCikPaBenH.

GñkxøH)anriHKn;km<úCacMeBaH karebþCJacitþd¾xøaMgnigelOneBk kñúgkarebIk cMhTIpSarxøÜn CafñÚrnwgsmaCikPaBkñúgeBlcrca. km<úCamankatBVkic©rYcehIy tamry³smaCikéntMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an (AFTA) edaylubbM)at;GRta Bn§KynaMcUlenAqñaM 2015 k¾b:uEnþRtUvGnuvtþ kBa©b;Bn§KyCaeRcInmuneBlenaH edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnigtRmUvkar WTO. km<úCanwgminGacykBn§elIplitpl

12


ksikmµEdlCaRbPBcMNUlcm,g 80 ° énRbCaCn[elIsBI 60 ° )aneLIy. pÞúyeTAvij shPaBGWr:ubGacykBn§KyBIelIksiplrhUtdl;eTA 252 ° shrdæGaemrikykBn§rhUtdl;eTA 121 ° nigkaNada 120 °.2

elIsBIenHeTAeTot km<úCaminGacTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_ BIsm,Tan dUha (Doha) sþIGMBI kmµsiTi§bBaØaEdlGnuBaØat[RbeTsGPivDÆticrg;caMrhUt dl;qñaM 2016 muneBlGnuvtþbBaØtiþénBiFIsar sþIGMBI kmµsiTi§bBaØaTak;Tg BaNiC¢kmµ (TRIPS). km<uúCanwgRtUvGnuvtþBiFIsarenaHenAqñaM 2007. k¾b:uEnþ kñúgl½kçx½NÐCak;EsþgsmasPaBxøHrbs; TRIPS CaBiessGVIEdlTak;Tgnwgkar karBarTinñn½y nigTRmg;TUeTAénplitplnwgmansuBlPaBPøam eRkayBIkm<úCa cUlCasmaCik WTO sUm,IEtsmaCikbc©úb,nñ RtUv)aneKGnuBaØat[rg;caMdl; 10 qñaM eTot .

EteTaHCamankarlM)ak nigkarRbQmy:agNak¾eday karcUlkñúg GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenH eRbobdUcCakarcUlrYmkñúgkøwbb¤karcUl kñúgkar RbkYtRbECgmYydUecñHEdr. ebIeyIgmincUlRbLÚkkñúgkarRbkYtRbECg deNþIm TIpSarCamYyeKeT enaHeyIgnwgmindwgfasmtßPaBeyIgmanb:uNÑaeT ehIyeyIg k¾minsUvxitxMksagsmtßPaBeyIgedIm,Irt;tameK nigRbkYtCamYyeK)aneLIy .

RbeTseyIgenAmanskþanuBlPaBeRcInNas; edayeyIgenAminTan;)an eRbIR)as;Gs; dUcCa eyIgmanépÞdIFMTUlay EdlGacGMeNaypldl;ksikmµ

2 Alan Boyd (2003) The heavy price of WTO membership htt://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/E130Ae02.html accessed on 30 Sep 2003

13


nigksi]sSahkmµ. eyIgmantMbn;eqñrsmuRTEdlenATMenr EdlGacGPivDÆeTA CatMbn;esdækic©Biess nigniKm]sSahkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. eyIgman FnFanFmµCatid¾sMbUrsþúksþmÖ EdlminTan;eFVIGaCIvkmµ rYmmanEr: eRbgkat nig ]sµ½n. vis½yeTscrN_ sMNg; esvakmµnana k¾enAEtbnþCakmøaMgclkrEdl GacCMrujkarlUtlas;esdækic©kan;EtxøaMgkøaEfmeTot.

edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgsMNYrEdlfa :etIkm<úCaRtUveFVIy:agNaedIm,ITTYl plRbeyaCn_CaGtibrma BIkareFVIsmahrNkmµesdækic© : xageRkamenHKWCa GtßbTCeRmIsEdlvaKµinkitiþyseyIg )anbgðajkñúgevTikasaFarN³ nigGgÁ snñisITfñak;CatiTak;Tgnwg {km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} EdlCa KeRmageBjmYyqñaM rbs;viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB. Gñkeroberog )anxitxMEksRmYlBaküeBcn_ nigGkçraviruT§xøH² edIm,IgayRsYl kñúgkarGan nigeQVgyl;.

14


EpñkTI 1 suTÞrkfa kñúgsnñisITCati

15


RBHsunÞrkfasVaKmn_ semþc neratþm sirivuDÆ

]bnaykrdæmRnþI shrdæmRnþIRksYgmhaépÞ nig CaRBHRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB

- sUmeKarBsemþc hu‘n Esn naykrdæmRnþI énraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa - sUmeKarBelak Axel Schmidt, RbFankariyal½yshRbtibtþikar

tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy¾ Friedrich Ebert Stiftung EdlmanTIsñak;karenA sigðburI

- sUmeKarB Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak elakRsI smaCik smaCika ePJóvkitþiysCati nigGnþrCatiénsnñisITéf¶enHCaTIeKarB nigCaTIemRtI.

Cabzm kñúgnamviTüasßanExµrsRmab;Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB nigmUlniFI Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung nigRkumelxaFikarerobcMsnñisITenH ´sUmsEmþg nUvkic©sVaKmn_y:agrak;Tak; nigkk;ekþAbMput cMeBaHvtþman semþc naykrdæmRnþI h‘un Esn Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak elakRsI GñknagkBaØa Edl)an GeBa¢IjcUlrYmenAkñúgsnñisITCatiéf¶enH. éf¶enHCaTivad¾mhankçtþbJkS edayviTüasßanExµrsRmab;Rbtibtþikar nig snþiPaB )anrYmshkarCamYyGgÁkar Friedrich-Ebert Stifstung erobcM

16


snñisITCati sþIGMBI km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ pl RbeyaCn_ karRbQm nigTisedAGnaKt CaBiessedayeyIg)an TTYlkitþiysd¾]tþúgÁ]tþm bMputcMeBaHvtþmand¾x<g;x<s; rbs;semþcnaykrdæmRnþI h‘un Esn kñúgBiFIebIksnñisITenH.

eyIg´sUmekatsresIr nUvTwkcitþRsLaj;rab;Gan nigKaMRTd¾esµaHsµRK½ rbs;semþcnaykrdæmRnþI EdlCanic©CakalEtgEtykcitþTukdak; nigpþl; kitþiysCUnviTüasßanExµrsRmab;Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaBeyIg´ ehIyeBlenH eTotesat semþck¾)aneqøot»kasd¾mantémø nigmmajwkrbs;semþccUlrYmCa GFibtId¾x<g;x<s;kñúgBiFIenH EdlCakarsrbBa¢ak;nUvsµartIshRbtibtþikar nigkar KaMRTy:agesµaHsµ½RK dl;skmµPaBd¾mansar³RbeyaCn_enHrbs;eyIg´. vtþman rbs;semþc BitCaCYyCMrujelIkTwkcitþ[snñisITenH rwtEtmanPaBGFikGFm nigRbkbedayGtßn½y nigxøwmsary:agRCaleRCAEfmeTot. semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav nigGgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl

km<úCa)anseRmcCasßaBr nigGnuvtþy:ageCaKC½ynUvkareFVIsmahrN- kmµ esdækic©rbs;xøÜneTAkñúgtMbn; nigkñúgBiPBelak. eRkayBIeyIg)ancUlCa smaCikGas‘anenAExemsa qñaM1999 ehIy eyIgk¾)ancUlCasmaCikGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak kalBIExtula qñaM2004 eRkayBIcrcad¾twgEtgGs;ry³ eBlCaeRcInqñaMmk. dUecñH eyIg)ancUlCasmaCik WTO CagmYyqñaM ehIy. snñisITenH BitCaeFVIeLIgy:agsmRsb nigTan;eBlevlaedIm,IbUksrub nig vaytémøBIKuNvibtþi nigKuNsm,tþi nigelIkTisedAeTAGnaKtsRmab;eyIgkñúg eKalbMNgerobcMyuT§saRsþ TajykplRbeyaCn_[)anCaGtibrmaBIsmaCik

17


PaBrbs;GgÁkar WTO enH edIm,IbeRmI]tþmRbeyaCn_CatieyIg CaBiessKW karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.

´sUmeqøot»kasenHsUmCRmabCUnKN³GFibtI nigePJovkitþiysCatinig GnþrCatiTaMgGs;sUmemtþaRCabfa snñisITCatienHKWCakarbUksrubkargar Edl viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB)aneFVIGs;ry³eBleBjmYyqñaM tamry³karerobcMCaevTikasaFarN³cMnYn10elIk edIm,IBieRKaHeyabl; BiPakSa nigkarpSBVpSay cMeNHdwgdl;saFarNCnTUeTA [yl;BIplb:HBal;CaviC¢man nigGviC¢mandl;RbeTseyIg nigEsVgrkGnusasn_ nanaedIm,ICmñHkarRbQm nana nigseRmc)annUvKuNRbeyaCn_CaGtibrima BIsmaCikPaBkñúgGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak.

CafµImþgeTot tagnam[sikçasalaTaMgmUl TUlbgÁM eyIg´sUmsEmþg nUvGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCA cMeBaHsemþc hu‘n Esn naykrdæmRnþIén raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ePJóvkitþiysCati nigGnþrCati smaCik smaCikaén GgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl Edl)anxitxMcMNayeBlevlad¾mantémø GeBa¢IjmkcUlrYm cMENkeFVI[BiFIenHmansPaBGFikGFm nigseRmc)aneCaKC½y .

munnwgbBa©b; ´manmhakitþiys sUmeKarBCUnBr semþcnaykrdæmRnþI h‘un Esn KN³GFibtI ePJóvkitþiysCati nigGnþrCati Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak elakRsI CasmaCik smaCika sikçasalaTaMgmUl sUmRbkbeday RBHBuT§Br TaMgR)aMRbkar KWGayu vNÑ³ sux³ Bl³ nigbdiPan³ kuMbIeXøógXøat eLIy.

18


CabnÞab;teTAenH´sUmeKarBGeBa¢Ij elak Axel Schmidt Edl CaRbFankariyal½yshRbtibtþikartMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ FES EdleBlenH )an rYmshkar nig]btßmÖCamUlniFi dl;viTüasßansRmab;Rbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB kñúg karerobcMsnñisITCatid¾mansar³sMxan;enH.

19


snÞrkfasVaKmn_ elak Gak;Esl sµIt

edayesckþIrIkray ´sUmcUlrYmCamYyGs;elak elakRsI kñúgsnñisIT Cati sþIBI :RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plRbeyaCn_ karRbQmmux nigTisedAeTAGnaKt :. snñisITenHKWCakarpÁúMeLIg énkic© BiPakSatumUl CabnþbnÞab; EdlviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB )anerobcMeLIgkñúgExknøgmk. kic©BiPakSatumUlTaMgenH )anelIkykmkBiPakSa TidæPaB Biess²énsmaCikGgÁkar WTO rbs;RbeTskm<úCa. edayehtufa snñisITenHnwgBinitüemIlBIGnaKtrbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgnamCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO ´sUmeqøót»kasenH edIm,IrMlwkeLIgvijBIRbPBkMeNIténGgÁkarenH kñúg bTGtßaFib,ayrbs;´dUcteTA ³

enAéf¶TI 13 tula 2004 RbeTskm<úCa )ancUlCasmaCikTI 148 én GgÁkar WTO. RBwtþikarN_enHGacminRtUv)aneKkt;sMKal; ebIsinCavaminqøúH bBa©aMgkarBit EdlfaRbeTskm<úCamankarGPivDÆn_tic nig)anqøgkat;dMeNIrkar crca kñúgRkumkargard¾eBjeljRbkbedaykarlM)ak Etmankarp©itp©g; nigts‘U kñúgGMLúgeBlcrcaCit 10 qñaM RbeTskm<úCaRtUveFVIsm,TanCaeRcIn EdlkareFVI sm,TanxøHGacmanlkçN³pÞúyeTAnwgplRbeyaCn_Catirbs;xøÜn. ´sUmGnuBaØat dkRsg;nUvsm,Tan 2 kñúgcMeNamsm,TanTaMgenaH.

20


kñúgnamCasmaCikfµIénGgÁkar WTO RbeTskm<úCaminmansiTi§]btßmÖ Tun nigTMnukbMrugksikmµrbs;xøÜn dUcRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_déTeTot ehIyfµI²enH smaCik WTO GacmansiTi§eFVIEbbenHrhUtdl;qñaM 2015. dUecñH RbeTs km<úCa 80° énRbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜn Edlrs;edayksikmµ GacRtwmEtkarBarEpñk enHCamYykatBVkic© nigBn§Ky elIplitplksikmµ)ancMnYnEt 60° Ca Gtibrma. pÞúyeTAvij shPaBGWr:ubGackarBar)anCag 252° nigshrdæ Gaemrik)an 120°.

enAeBlEdlsmaCik WTO maneBlrhUtdl;qñaM 2015 RbeTs km<úCaRtUvGnuvtþsn§isBaØa TRIPS [)anrYcral;rhUtdl;éf¶TI 1 mkra 2007 . edayKitBIbBaðaenH kar)a:n;RbmaNBIGñkEdlrgeRKaHedayemeraKhIuv Edlman Cag 100>000 nak; RbeTskm<úCanwgmankarBi)akkñúgkarpþl;eTAdl;BYkeK nUv fñaMCMnYyTb;Tl;nwgCMgWenH edaytémøefaksRmab;Büa)al.

kñúgkarkøayCasmaCik WTO kñúgtémøEbbenH eFVI[eKegOgq¶l;fa ehtuGVIRbeTskm<úCa )aneRtomxøÜnrYcral;kñúgkarcMNaysRmab;karcUlenH. ´ Gacsµan)anfa manehtupl 2 ya:g dUcteTA.

TI1-KWCaehtuplcitþsaRsþ. karcrcasmaCikPaBrbs;RbeTskm<úCa )ancab;epþImkñúgqñaM 1994 KWmYyqñaMeRkay BIRbeTskm<úCa)anRtLb;eTArk PaBFmµtarbs;xøÜnvij. RbeTskm<úCacg;biTTMB½rexµAggwténs®gÁamsIuvil rbb Rbl½yBUCsasn_ PaBÉeka nigGMeBIhigSarbs;xøÜn. dUcKñanwgkarRbwgERbg edIm,ITTYl)ansmaCikPaBkñúgsmaKmn¾Gas‘an RbeTskm<úCacg;køayxøÜnCamþg

21


eTot CasmaCikmñak; d¾KYr[eKarBénshKmn_GnþrCati tamry³karcUlrYmeTA kñúgGgÁkar WTO.

ehtuplTI 2 KWCaehtupl edIm,IGPivDÆn_. RbeTskm<úCaminGac ksageLIgvijedayRtUvEhkhYredays®gÁamrbs;xøÜn nigesdækic©EdlRtUv)an eFVI[exÞcxÞaMedaymeFüa)aypÞal;xøÜn EdlTTYlTMnukbRmugBICMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar (ODA) rhUt)aneLIy. tamry³karebIkcMh nigkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmµTIpSar nigBaNiC¢kmµesrIrbs;xøÜneTAkñúgRkbx½NÐ WTO RbeTskm<úCacg;Tak;Taj karvinieyaKbreTskñúgRsuk cg;eFVIkarEkTRmg;rcnasm<½n§ GPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS CMruj]sSahkmµkat;edrrbs;xøÜn kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigrkTIpSarenAÉeRkA RbeTssRmab;plitplTaMgenaH.

RbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlkMeNInesdækic©d¾KYr[kt;sMKal; nig)anegIbeLIg vijkñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMcugeRkayenH. sYrfaetIsUcnakrTaMgenH GacekIteLIg edaysarEtman karcrcarbs;RbeTskm<úCa [)ankøayCasmaCik WTO nig karcUlrYmCasmaCikeBjsiTi§rbs;xøÜnya:gNa enaHKWvahYsBIkaryl;dwgrbs;´.

eyageTAtamlT§pl énkic©RbCMufñak;rdæm®nþIénGgÁkar WTO fµI²enH enATIRkughugkug nigkic©RbCMuenATIRkugdUha (Doha Development Round) EdlminsUvmankarGUsTaj etIvaCakarseRmccitþd¾RtwmRtUvrbs;RbeTskm<úCa kñúgkarcUlGgÁkar WTO b¤eT? etImanCeRmIsepSg²eTotb¤eT?

RbeTskm<úCaGacsßitenAeRkAGgÁkar WTO ehIybc©úb,nñenHpl RbeyaCn_kñúgnamCaRbeTsGPivDÆn_tic (LDC) BIkarcUlCaÉketaPaKI dUcCa KMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;shKmn_GWr:ub EdlmaneQµaHfa {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEt

22


GavuFecj}. eTaHCaya:genHkþI KMnitpþÜcepþImenHmanlkçN³ÉketaPaKI ehIyRtUv )antRmg;edayBYkGWr:ub. RbeTskm<úCa b¤RbeTsGPivDÆn_tictYcdéTeTot Kµan GVIRtUvniyaykñúgkarEcgEbbenH cMeBaHvisalPaB nigmatika (Scope and

content) énsm,TanEdlpþl;edayshKmn_GWr:ub cMeBaHRbeTsGPivDÆn_ tic TaMgenaH. elIsBIenHeTot tamRTwsþIKMnitpþÜcepþImEbbenHGacRtUv)aneKdkecj ebIsinCasPaénshKmn_GWr:ubeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrKMnitrbs;eK.

CeRmIsTI 2 KWRbeTskm<úCaGaceFVIkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIeTVPaKI CamYyRbeTsFM² b¤CamYyRkumRbeTsesdækic©. eTaHbIya:genHk¾edaykic© RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµeTVPaKIpþl;cMeNjdl;RbeTsFM² EdlmanGnuPaBxøaMgCag kñúgkarTajyksm,Tan BIédKUBaNiC¢kmµtUc²rbs;xøÜnCagRbeTstUc²TaMgenaH. elIsBIenHeTAeTot kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIeTVPaKI )anbegáInnUvPaBcMNuHeK énRbeTsesdækic©tUc² BIRbeTsesdækic©FM² EdlmanlkçN³RtYtRta.

manEtRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµBhuPaKIEtmYyKt; dUcCa WTO Edlmanc,ab; TMlab;dUcKña sRmab;GñkTaMgGs;Kña eTIbGacpþl;»kasesµIPaB ehIyGacTb;Tl; )anCamYymhaGMNacesdækic© dUcCashPaBGWr:ub nigshrdæGaemrikdUecñaHEdr. dUecñH tameyabl;rbs;´ RbeTskm<úCa)anseRmccitþRtwmRtUvkñúgkarcUlkñúgRkum BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakCaédKUd¾v½yekµgmñak;.

´dwgfa TsSn³rbs;´GacGñkTaMgGs;Kñaminyl;RsbehIyfa snñisIT sþIBI{:RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plRbeyaCn_ karRbQmmux nigTisedAeTAGnaKt} nwgTTYl)annUvKMnitepSg²Kña.

23


enHKWCaeKalbMNgénsnñisIT RBmTaMgkarpøas;bþÚrTsSn³karerondkbTBiesaFn_ BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigBicarNaeLIgvijnUvmtipÞal;rbs;buKÁlmñak;² .

kñúgnammUlniFi FES ´sUmGrKuN CICP Edlmanelaknayk RbtibtiþbNÐit cab sufariT § nigbuKÁlikTaMgGs; rbs;viTüasßanExµrsRmab; shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB Edl)anerobcMsnñisITenH. ´sUmCUnBr[Gs;elak TTYl)annUvkarBiPakSaKñars;revIkmanKMnitfµI nigTTYllT§plCaviC¢man.

24


sunÞrkfaebIk semþc h‘un Esn

naykrdæm®nþIénraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa

- semþc neratþm sirivuDÆ ]bnaykrdæm®nþI shrdæm®nþI RksYgmhaépÞ nigCaRBHRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB

- elak GaEsl sµIt ¬Axel Schmidt¦ RbFankariyal½ysh RbtibtþikartMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_énmUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t sÞIhVTug ¬Friedrich Ebert Stiftung¦

- Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak elakRsI smaCik smaCika ePJóvkitþiysCati nigGnþrCatiénsnñisITéf¶enH CaTIemRtI Cabzm kñúgnamraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigkñúgnam´pÞal; ´sUmsEmþgnUv

karsVaKmn_ya:gkk;ekþAcMeBaHvtþman semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak elakRsI Edl)anGeBa¢IjcUlrYmkñúgsnñisITCati sþIBI {km<úCanigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ BiPB elak ³ KuNsm,tþi karRbQm nigTisedAGnaKtna} eBlenH.

´sUmekatsresIr nigKaMRTcMeBaHkic©shRbtibtþikar nigskmµPaBd¾man sarRbeyaCn_rbs;viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB ¬CICP¦ nigmUlniFi RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t sÞIhVTug ¬Friedrich Ebert Stiftung¦ énRbeTs

25


GaløWm:g;Edl)anpþÜcepþImKMnit nigcMNaymUlniFirbs;xøÜn edIm,IerobcMsnñisITCati énkic©RbwgERbgpSBVpSaycMeBaHdwg nigGPivDÆFnFanmnusSenAkm<úCa.

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaEtgEtykcitþTukdak; nigrYmshkarkñúgPaBédKUCa mYyédKUGPivDÆn_ sgÁmsIuvil nigGgÁkarminEmnraCrdæaPi)alCati nigGnþrCati nana EdlxitxMeFIVkargarbeRmIdl;plRbeyaCn_sgÁmeyIg dUcmanviTüasßanExµr sRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaBCaKMrU. edayELksRmab;éf¶enH viPaKTan eBlevla nigcMeNHdwgrbs;elak elakRsIkñúgkarerobcM nigcUlrYmkñúgsnñisIT Cati sþIBI {km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ KuNsm,tþi karRbQm nig TisedAGnaKt} BitCamantémø minRtwmEtCYyBinitüemIlbBaðaRbQm nigKuN sm,tþinana kñúgkareFIVsmahrNkmµesdækic©km<úCa kñúgesdækic©BiPBelaknaeBl bc©úb,nñb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgCYyrMelceLIg nUvTsSnvis½yeTAGnaKtrbs; km<úCakñúgdMNak;kalfµIeTotpg.

semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav nigGgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl karcUleTAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ RtUv)ankMNt;ya:g

c,as;kñúgyuT§sa®sþmYyényuT§sa®sþRtIekaN rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa kñúg nItikalTI 2 énrdæsPa. Cak;EsþglT§plénkarGnuvtþ yuT§sa®sþRtIekaN )an begáIteLIg nUvmUldæand¾rwgmaMmYysRmab;karGPivDÆn_ry³eBlEvg kñúgenaHrYm man ¬1¦-karseRmc)an nigBRgwg[mancIrPaBnUvsnþiPaB nigsßirPaBenAkñúg Rkbx½NÐTUTaMgRbeTs ¬2¦-smahrNkmµkm<úCaya:gqab;rh½s nigya:geBj eljeTAkñúgshKmn_tMbn; nigBiPBelak nig ¬3¦-karvaysRmukeTAelI

26


smrPUmikMENTRmg;esdækic© edIm,ICMrujelIkkm<s;kMeNIn nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk rbs;RbCaCn.

smiT§plénsmahrNkmµkm<úCa ya:gqab;rh½s nigya:geBjeljeTA kñúgshKmn_tMbn; nigBiPBelak bBa¢ak;[eXIjc,as;fa raCrdæaPi)alman karebþCJacitþEpñkneya)ayya:gemaHmut kñúgkarerobcMeFIVsmahrNkmµesdækic© rbs;xøÜncUlkñúgesdækic©tMbn; nigBiPBelak. TnÞwmnwgkarRbwgERbgeFIV[TMnak; TMngkm<úCa CamYynwgshKmn_GnþrCatimanPaBl¥RbesIrCaFmµtavij raCrdæa- Pi)al )aneFIVsmahrNkmµesdækic© kñúgtMbn;)anseRmcedayeCaKC½y eRkay eBlEdleyIgTTYl)ansmaCikPaB kñúgsmaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ kalBI Exemsa qñaM 1999.

c,as;Nas;fa rebobvar³rbs;km<úCa minEmncb;RtwmkarcUlCasmaCik rbs;Gas‘an nigkarCMrujGnuvtþkic©shRbtibtþikarBak;B½n§déTeTotenaHeT. km<úCamanmhicäitaFMCagenHeTot. rebobvar³rbs;raCrdæaPi)al KWsmahrNkmµ esdækic©Cati eTAkñúgRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakTaMgmUlEtmþg. edIm,IeKaledAenH km<úCa )anRbwgERbgerobcMxøÜnya:gGs;BIsmtßPaBenAkñúgry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM TMraM )ancUlCasmaCikPaBkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak enAéf¶TI 12 ExkBaØa qñaM 2003 kñúgsnñisITfñak;rdæm®nþIénGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak enATIRkugkan;KUn énRbeTsmiucsuickU.

Cak;Esþg smiT§plfµIenHeFIV[km<úCaTTYl)ankarelIkTwkcitþ nigman emaTnPaBya:gxøaMg cMeBaHsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜnEdlGaceqøIytb)aneTAnwgl½kçx½NÐ d¾eRcIn nigd¾twgrwugsRmab;ebkçPaBenAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenH. Rbkar

27


enHk¾)anKUsbBa¢ak;[eXIjya:gc,as;fa km<úCa)annigkMBugeFIVdMeNIrenAelImaKa’ d¾RtwmRtUvmYykñúgkarGnuvtþn_lT§iRbCaFibetyü kareKarBsiT§imnusS nigeKal- karN_tmøaPaB RBmTaMgeFIVTMenIbkmµ rcnasm<½n§esdækic© CaBiessKWesrI- PavUbnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarviniieyaKedIm,I[RbCaCneyIgGacTTYl)annUvpl RbeyaCn_ya:gsmrmüBIcrnþd¾xøaMgkøayénsklPavUbnIykmµ.

CamYyKñaenaH raCrdæaPi)almankaryl;dwgya:gc,as;fa karGnuvtþn_ RbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB nUvkatBVkic©énsmaCikPaBenAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPB elak nwgmankarBi)akeRcInCagdMeNIrénkarQaneTAseRmc)an nUvsmaCikPaB enHeTAeTot. kñúgn½yenH km<úCaRtUvEtbegáInkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;xøÜn[Gs;BI smtßPaB edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaRbQmkarlM)ak nig]bsKÁFMtUcTaMgLaytam ry³kMENTRmg;sIuCeRmAenAkñúgRKb;Epñk RKb;vis½yTaMgGs; CaBiessKWkarBRgwg mUldæanplitkmµ karksagsmtßPaBsßab½n nigkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusSEdlCa dMeNIrkarmYyRtUvkarnUveBlevla nigTamTarnUvkarebþCJacitþx<s; nigqnÞ³ neya)ayya:gbþÚrpþac;.

kñúgsµartIenH karTTYlyknUvhaniP½yénsmaCikPaB enAkñúgGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nwgpþl;[km<úCanUvkalanuvtþPaBd¾kRm edIm,IedaHRsay bBaðarcnasm<½n§nana tamry³kBa©b;énkarebþCJacitþd¾TUlMTUlaymYyEdlrYmbBa©Úl nUvTMnij]sSahkmµ esvakmµ ksipl nigkarGnuvtþn_BaNiC¢kmµ[mantmøaPaB nigyutþiFm’. RbsinebIeyIgQrelITsSn³enH karcUlkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPB elak )annaMmknUvskþanuBld¾FMeFgelIsBIesdækic© nigBaNiC¢kmµeTAeTot. smaCikPaBenH GacbeRmICamUldæanRKwHsRmab;karksag nigBRgwgviFankarén

28


c,ab;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyk¾nwgCYybegáIteLIgnUvTmøab;CasuqnÞ³ kñúgkar TTYlnigeKarBtamRkmniyamGnþrCatienAkñúgvis½ydéTCaeRcIneTot.

semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav nigGgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl ¡

eTaHCaplb:HBal;rbs;smaCikPaB minTan;ekIteLIgCaduMkMPYnenAeLIy snñisIT sþIBI km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ KuNsm,tþi karRbQm nig TisedAGnaKt Edl)anerobcMeLIgnaeBlenHBitCaeFIVeLIgTan;eBlevla edIm,I bUksrubvaytémøBIKuNvibtþi nigKuNsm,tþi nigelIkTisedAeTAGnaKtsRmab; eyIg edIm,ICmñH[)annUvkarRbQmTaMgLay nigTajyk[)anCaGtibrmanUv plRbeyaCn_BIsmahrNkmµenH.

BitNas;fa sklPavUbnIykmµ KWCarlkd¾FMmYyEdleyIgminGaceKc evs)aneT. bNþaRbeTsRkumh‘unnana nigsaFarNCnTUeTARtUvEtTTYlykkar BitenHdUcKña. tamry³bTBiesaFn_Rbvtþisa®sþ nigkarRsavRCavnana)anbgðaj fakarbiTTVarRbeTsedIm,IkarBarplitplkñúgRsukminGaceFVIeTA)aneCaKC½yeT. pÞúyeTAvij vanwgeFVI[RbeTsenaHzitenAÉekanigzitenAq¶ayBITMenIbPavUbnIykmµ nigkarGPivDÆ.

sRmab;RbeTskm<úCa smaCikPaBkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak bgðaj[eXIjnUvdMNak;kalfµIénkMENTRmg;esdækic© EdlebIkcMheTAkan;BiPB elakxageRkABIesrIPavUbnIykmµeRCIserIs eTACaesrIPavUbnIykmµTUlMTUlayBI esrIPavUbnIykmµÉketaPaKIeTACaesrIPavUbnIykmµBhuPaKI EdlBwgEp¥kelIc,ab; GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. karTTYl)ansmaCikPaBkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ

29


BiPBelakrbs;km<úCa nwgeFIV[mansmahrNkmµesdækic©rbs;xøÜnya:geBjelj CamYy nwgRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati.

esrIPavUbnIykmµ nwgbegáInRbsiTi§PaBesdækic©rbs;km<úCa ehIyk¾nwg CMrujkarlUtlas;Epñkksikmµ nig]sSahkmµpgEdr. karRbkYtRbECgnwgCMruj shRKaskñúgRsuk[begáInKuNPaB nigbrimaNénplitkmµ nigesvakmµtamry³ karbBa©Úlbec©kviTüa nigsmtßPaBRKb;RKgfµI² EdlmanlT§PaBdeNþImTIpSarkñúg tMbn; nigBiPBelak.

BitNas;fa plRbeyaCn_epSgeTot Edlkm<úCaGacTTYl)anBIGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak KWplRbeyaCn_neya)ay. Cak;EsþgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ dUckm<úCa )ankøayCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nwgmanédKUGPivDÆn_ kan;EteRcInEfmeTot nigmankarKaMRTBIsmaCikdéTeTot EdlnwgKaMRTeyIg edaypþl;CMnYykan;EteRcInsRmab;GPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS k¾dUcCaGPivDÆn_esdæ kic©Edr.

dUecñH smaCikPaBGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nwgmanCab;Tak;Tg ya:gxøaMg dl;karbegáInkarrIklUtlas;énesdækic©km<úCa karbegáInkargar nigcUl rYmkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;RbCaCn.

semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav nigGgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl

smahrNkmµesdækic© EdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgsmahrNkmµkñúgtMbn; nig BiPBelakmkTl;eBlenH enAEtmanPaBmnÞilsgS½y nigeKalKMnitminc,as; las;enAeLIy CaBiesskñúgcMeNamsaFarNCnTUeTA.

30


CakarBit smaCikPaBenAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati pþl;nUv kalanuvtþPaB nigPaBRbQmpgEdr. dUcEdl´)anKUsbBa¢ak;xagelI»kas cm,gmYyEdlpþl;CUndl;smaCikTaMgGs;rbs;GgÁkarenH KWlT§PaBeFVIBaNiC¢-kmµCamYysmaCikTaMgGs;déTeToténGgÁkarenH enAeRkameKalkarN_BaNiC¢ kmµénRbCaCati Edl)anTTYlGnueRKaHCageK ¬MFN¦. dUecñH vapþl;nUvRck sRmab;shRKasnanarbs;km<úCa edIm,IeFIVkarnaMecj pþl;kargar[RbCaCneFVI nigpþl;R)ak;cMNUldl;BYkeK. tamrebobenH km<úCanwgrkcMNUl)anBIkarnaMecj EdlmanbrimaNeRcInelIslb;hYsBIkarxatbg; b¤Føak;cuHcMNUlBn§elIkarnaMcUl EdlbNþalmk BIkarcUlCasmaCikrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak.

eyIgRtUvcgcaMfa smaCikPaBenAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelaknwg GnuBaØat[km<úCabegáInkarnaMecjk¾BitEmn k¾b:uEnþ km<úCak¾RtUvnaMcUlnUvplitpl epSg²pgEdr edIm,IbeRmIesckþIRtUvkarrbs;RbCaCn. BaNiC¢kmµdMeNIrkar {pøÚvBIr} ehIyenAeBlRckcUlTIpSar plitplBiPBelakmanlkçN³kan;Et RbesIreLIg nigPaBkan;EtGnueRKaHeLIg shRKaskm<úCanwgGackat;bnßy)an nUvcMNayrbs;xøÜnelIvtßúFatuedIm b¤FatucUl ehIyRKYsarkm<úCak¾nwgmanCIvPaB rs;enAkan;EtRbesIreLIgtamenaHEdr.

CakarBit PaBRbQmsRmab;eyIgKWRtUvFanafa TMnijnaMecjBIkm<úCa manlkçN³RbkYtRbECg. enHKWCakic©karEdleyIgkMBugxitxMeFIVya:gskmµ dUcCa viFankaredIm,Ikat;bnßycMNayplitkmµkñúgRsuk cMNayelIFatucUl nigkar pSBVpSayBaNiC¢kmµ. viFankarTaMgGs;enaHrYmman ³ karksagehdæarcnasm<½n§ dwkCBa¢Ún TUrKmnaKmn_ famBl nigRbB½n§pÁt;pÁg;Twk[)anqab;rh½s nigman

31


RbsiT§iPaB nigkarkat;bnßycMNay Tak;TgnwgEbbbTrdæ)alsµúKsµaj RBm TaMgBak;Bn§½nwgkarecjGaCJab½NÑ nigkarGnuBaØatnanapgEdr.

karRbQmFMbMputenaH KWeFVIya:gNaedIm,IbegáInlT§PaBRbkYtRbECg rbs;eyIg eBalKWplitplkñúgRsukrbs;eyIg RtUvRbkYtRbECgnwgplitpl breTs EdlhUrcUledayesrI nigtémøefak nigKuNPaBl¥Cagrbs;eyIg. kareFIV esrIPavUbnIykmµya:gelOnénTIpSarrbs;xøÜn eFIV[exOnplitkmµkñúgd¾ekµgx©Irbs; eyIgEdlRtUvkarBarnwggayrgeRKaH dUcCaksikmµplitkmµFuntUc nigmFüm Rkumh‘unkñúgRsukrbs;km<úCanana nwgRbQmmuxCamYyTMnijnaMcUlBIbreTsCa eRcIn EdleFIV[GaCIvkreyIgGacnwgkS½yFn)an. RbkarenHeFVI[karnaMcUlRtUv eKrMBwgfa nwgekIneLIgelOnCagkarnaMecj enaHnwgbNþal[mankMeNInya:g KMh‘ukénGtulüPaB CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ. shRKaskm<úCaCaeRcIn EdlkMBugsßit kñúgvis½yRbkYtRbECg tictYc dUcCaEpñkKImI fñaMeBTü EpñkEkécñmðÚbGahar ksi-]sSahkmµ nwgGacCYbRbTHnUvbBaðaplitkmµrbs;xøÜn. elIsBIenHeTot Epñk esvakmµxøH dUcCaBaNiC¢kmµ dwkCBa¢Ún Fanara:b;rg k¾dUcCaEpñkTUrKmnaKmn_Edl Føab;EtRtUv)anTTYlkarBarenaH GacnwgFøak;kñúgsßanPaB)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_ eRcInkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgCamYyRkumh‘unbreTs.

km<úCakMBugEtCYbRbTHkMeNInénPaBminsIusgVak;Kña kñúgtMbn;nigkarekIn eLIgénKmøatEpñkkRmitcMNUl énRkumRbCaBlrdæepSg²Kña. raCFanIPñMeBjnwg TTYlplRbeyaCn_eRcInCageK nigrIkceRmIneTAmuxCageK ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg tMbn;epSg²eTot. enHCaEpñkmYyénbBaðasgÁm EdlelcecjBIdMeNIrkar GPivDÆ. karbegáInel,ÓnesrIPavUbnIykmµ nigkarRbkYtRbECgEdlecjBI

32


karGnuvtþn_kic©snüananarbs;km<úCa cMeBaHGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenaH Gac eFIV[CYbbBaðaxøH² Caminxan.

mansikçasalaCaeRcIn nigkmµviFIhVwkhVWnEdlRtUv)andwknaMedayRksYg BaNiC¢kmµsRmab;m®nþIkm<úCa EdlTak;TinnwgkarcUlsmaCikPaBGgÁkarBaNiC¢ kmµBiPBelak. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾cMeNHdwg nigBt’manTak;Tgnwgpl b:HBal;énGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakcMeBaHesdækic©km<úCa KWenAmankRmitenA eLIy.

CamYyKñaenaH Rkbx½NÐc,ab;enARbeTskm<úCaesÞIrRtUv)anbMpøajexÞcxÞI Gs;kñúgsRgÁam. km<úCaRtUvbegáIt nigeFVIviesaFnkmµc,ab; edIm,IeqøIytbnwgkar pøas;bþÚrrbbneya)ay. lkç½x½NÐmuncUlCasmaCikPaBGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPB elak km<úCaRtUvpøas;bþÚr b¤begáItc,ab; niglixitbTdæannana edIm,I[Rsbnwg BaNiC¢kmµesrI nigviFankarnanarbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. dUecñH vaKWCa bnÞúkmYysRmab;RbCaCnkm<úCa kñúgkareFIVkic©karenHenAxN³EdlcMeNHdwg nig eBlevlaenAmankRmitenAeLIy enAkñúgbrisßanfµIénesdækic©TIpSar nigrbb BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. c,ab; niglixitbTdæanfµI² CaeRcInRtUv)anRBagedayqab; rh½s edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. dUecñH c,ab;TaMgenaHGacminRtUv)anerobcM)anl¥ nigRKb;RKan;eLIy ehIynwgGacRtUveFVI viesaFnkmµenAkñúgGnaKtd¾xøIxagmux enAeBlEdlrdæaPi)alemIleXIjfa man cenøaHRbehagEdlnwgbegáItCaRkbx½NÐc,ab;minrlUnenaH.

karGnuvtþn_sRmab;cUlsmaCikPaB GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakCabBaða mYy b:uEnþ kareFVIkarkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nwgCakarRbQmmuxmYy

33


eTot. enAeBlmanCemøaHBaNiC¢kmµekIteLIg m®nþIkm<úCaRtUvedaHRsaybBaðaenH ehIyRtUvmankarcrcaCaeRcIn. enAeBlm®nþIkm<úCa enAmancMeNHdwgmankRmit enAkñúgbBaðaBaNiC¢kmµ nigc,ab; enaHnwgmankarlM)akenAkñúgkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµ.

semþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav nigGgÁsnñisITTaMgmUl

karRbQmCaeRcInsRmab;km<úCa minRtwmEtecjBIkarpøas;bþÚrbrisßan BaNiC¢kmµb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgecjBIkarekIneLIgén]sSahkmµkñúgRsukeTot pg. eTaHbICaRbeTsmankMeNInesdækic©RbkbedaysißrPaBBImun² k¾edayk¾ RbPBsMxan; énkMeNInesdækic©ecjmk BIkarekorKrRbPBFnFanya:geRcIn én CMnYyBIeRkA nigktþaplitkmµepSg²eTot dUcCaeTscrN_ nigesvakmµ. karkat;bnßyCMnYyBI xageRkAnwgb:HBal;dl;kMeNInesdækic© ehIykarGPivDÆ BaNiC¢kmµ RbEhlminGacCMnYsCMnYyBIxageRkAeT ya:gehacNas;BI 10 eTA 15 qñaM eTotEdr.

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RtUvxitxMCMruj[RKb;GñkcUlrYmTaMgGs; rYmTaMgvis½y ÉkCnerobcMxøÜn[)anl¥ nigRtUvEtyl;[)anc,as;GMBIkarCH\T§iBlrbs;smaCik PaBGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. BYkeKRtUvEtyl;pgEdrfa kareFIVsmaCikrbs; GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nwgpþl;»kasl¥RbesIr [BYkeKedIm,Ieronrebob begáInkarRbkYtRbECg edIm,IEklm¥KuNPaBplitplkñúgRsuk nigedIm,I[man lT§PaBcUlkñúgTIpSarbreTsFMeFgCagmun. GñkCMnYjkñúgRsukk¾man»kaspgEdr enAkñúgkarBRgIkskmµPaBCMnYjrbs;BYkeK.

34


RksYgBaNiC¢kmµRtUvmantYnaTIkan;Etskmµ kñúgkarEsVgrkTIpSar CYy pþl;Bt’mandl;plitkmµkñúgRsuk BIskþanuBlTIpSarGnþrCati nigCYysRmYl BaNiC¢kmµ BiesselIkarnaMecj. enAkñúgsµartIenH eyIgminRtUvemIlrMlgBI sarsMxan;énkarbegáIttMbn;esdækic©Biess[)anqab; sRmab;Tak;TajvinieyaKin mkdak;Tun edIm,IbegáInsmtßPaBplitkñúgRsuk CaBiessplitplsRmab;naMecj enaHeT. dUecñH RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCa RtUvmantYnaTIsMxan;Nas;kñúgkarTak; Taj nigsRmYldl;vinieyaKKin. sBVéf¶enH eyIgenAmancMNucxVHxatmYycMnYn CaBiesskarCMrujkarpSBVpSay nigTak;TajvinieyaKin. müa:geTot eyIgRtUvEt Eklm¥GnUvrebobrbbkargar lubbM)at;karekobsgát;vinieyaKintamviFIepSg² hYsBIkarkMNt;rbs;rdæ eBalKWRtUvEtxitxMEfmeTot edIm,IBRgwgGPi)alkic©kñúg Epñkrdæ)alsaFarN³[)an.

CakarBitNas; enAkñúgsµartIenH km<úCaRtUvxitxMRbwgERbgEfmeTot edIm,IGPivDÆesdækic©Cati[manlkçN³RsbeTAnwgesdækic©BiPBelak tamry³ kareFIVsmahrNkmµesdækic© nigCMrujGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn. kareFIVCasmaCik GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak kñúgsßanPaBEdlRbeTseyIgmanesdækic©Tn;exSay enAeLIy eyIgnwgCYbRbTHkarRbQmmuxCaeRcIn rYmTaMgkarRbkYtRbECgya:g xøaMg nigmankarlM)akeRcInkñúgkareFIVRtab;tam edIm,IeqøIytbnwgviFankarc,ab;én GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak enAkñúgrbbBaNiC¢kmµenH. sRmab;ry³eBlxøI RbeTskm<úCa nwgCYbkarlM)akenAkñúgkaredIrtYnaTIenAkñúgGgÁkar EdlBwgEp¥keTA elIc,ab;enH k¾b:uEnþ GacEfrkSa»kall¥RbesIrmYy kñúgkarBRgwgBaNiC¢kmµ nigCMnYjsRmab;ry³eBlEvg. enAeBlEdlRbeTskm<úCaebIkeKalneya)ay

35


TIpSarcMh vanwgTak;TajkarnaMcUleRcInBIxageRkA TnÞwmnwgenaH vak¾nwgBRgwg karnaMecjeTAxageRkApgEdr. elIsBIenaHeTAeTot km<úCanwgTak;TajkarhUr cUlkarvinieyaKedaypÞal;BIbreTskan;EteRcIn.

TnÞwmnwgenH RbeTskm<úCaRtUvsikSaPaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;RbeTs eday rYmTaMgkarsikSaelI]tþmPaBeRbobeFob nig]tþmPaBdeNþImQñH edayeRbIR)as; CMnYybec©keTs edIm,IeRbI[Gs;skþanuBlesdækic©tMbn;[)aneRcIntamEdlGac eFIVeTA)anedIm,Ipøas;bþÚrBaNiC¢kmµCamYyédKUBaNiC¢kmµtMbn;rbs;eyIg. plitpl kñúgRsukRtUvEtEklm¥GKuNPaBeTAtamtRmUvkar nigkarniymcUlcitþénTIpSar nigkarbegáItsmtßPaB nigKuNPaBplitkmµ edIm,I[plitplTaMgenaHGacRbkYt RbECgCamYyplitplkñúgtMbn; nigkñúgBiPBelak.

eBlEdlcMeNHdwg nigBt’manEdlTak;Tgnwgplb:HBal;énGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak cMeBaHesdækic©km<úCaenAmankRmitenAeLIyenaH karCab; Bak;B½n§énGñkTTYlRbeyaCn_epSg²eTot eRkABIrdæaPi)alKWmansarsMxan;xøaMg Nas;. karcrca nigkarCECgKñaCaeRcIneTot rvagPaKITaMgLayEdlCab;Bak;B½n§ KYrRtUvebegáIn edIm,InaMBt’man[saFarNCn nigRbmUlKMnit nigTsSn³ edIm,I ksagcMeNHdwgsRmab;Cati edIm,Irk[eXIjfa etIkm<úCaGacTTYl)anpl RbeyaCn_eRcInya:gNa BIkareFIVCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak.

karTajykcMeNjBIsmaCikPaBGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenH RtUv TamTarkarcUlrYmya:gskmµBIsMNak;RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; CaBiessKWvis½y ÉkCn EdlCaGñkcUlRbLÚkpÞal;kñúgBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. raCrdæaPi)alenAEt

36


cat;Tukfa vis½yÉkCnCak,alma:sIunénkMeNIn dUecñH eyIgRtUvEteFIVkarCamYyKña ya:gCitsñiT§ edIm,IbegáInplitkmµ nignaMTMnijrbs;eyIgcUldl;TIpSarBiPBelak.

enAkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMcugeRkayenH raCrdæaPi)al)anCMrujGnuvtþya:g skmµCamYyqnÞ³d¾emaHmut\trafy nUvrebobvar³kMENTRmg;rbs;xøÜn. kic©xitxM RbwgERbgenH)anbegáInecjCabriyakasRbkbedayCIvPaB EdlqøúHbBa©aMgeLIg tamry³karseRmc)annUvsmiT§plesdækic©d¾KYr[kt;smÁal;. eTaHbIya:gNak¾ edayraCrdæaPi)alTTYlsÁal;fa kMENTRmg;minGacbBa©b;kñúgry³eBlmYyéf¶ b¤ kñúgmYyCMhanelatepøaH)aneT k¾b:uEnþ vaKWCadMeNIrkarmYysnSwm² nigbnþCab; mindac;.

munnwgbBa©b; ´sUmCUnBrsemþc Ék]tþm elakCMTav Gs;elak elak RsI smaCik smaCika snñisITCatiTaMgmUl sUmRbkbedayBuT§BrTaMgR)aMRbkarKW Gayu vNÑ³ sux³Bl³ nigbdiPaN³ kuMbIeXøógXøateLIy.

´sgÇwmfa snñisITCatinwgRbRBwtþeTARbkbedayeCaKC½y. ´sUm RbkasebIksnñisITCati cab;BIeBlenHteTA ¡

37


km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³

plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa

bNÐit hgS BuT§a RbFansmaKmviciRtsil,³

1>esckþIepþIm

s®gÁamrauMér:rbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ExµrRkhm nigGsßirPaBxagneya)ay )aneFIV[km<úCaCYbvibtþiesÞIrRKb;vis½ykñúgsgÁmCati .

vis½yesdækic©EdlCavis½ymYyd¾sMxan; )anFøak;cuHdl;kRmitmYyKYr[ RBYy)armÖ. kñúgeBlEdlPaBRkIRk nigGMeBIBukrlYyminTan;Gac CRmHecj BIsgÁmkm<úCa)an tRmUv[rdæaPi)alTb;ERCg nigRtUvkarkMENTRmg;mYyRbkb edayRbsiT§iPaB .

dMeNIrkarvimCÄkar vishmCÄkar nigGPi)alkic©l¥enAkm<úCa )annaMdl; karKitKUrya:gxøaMgeTAelIvis½yesdækic© eq<aHeTArkkarGPivDÆn_sgÁmEdlRbesIr Cagkar {rs;eRBaHCMnYyGnþrCati}.

kalBIGtItPaBkm<úCaFøab;man]tþmPaBeTAelIkarnaMecj Ggár ekAsU‘ ksipl ehIyGnaKt ksiplenAEtCamuxsBaØakñúgkarnaMecj edaysarRbCa Blrdækm<úCaPaKeRcInCaksikr. cMENk]sSahkmµkat;edrebItamemIleXIj

38


sBVéf¶enH eyIgminGacTukcitþ)anrhUteT. k¾b:uEnþeyIgk¾GacsgÇwmEdrfa vis½y ]sSahkmµCaktþasMxan;naeBlGnaKtxøI.

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )anCMrujkarGPivDÆesdækic©Cati tamcrnþsmah- rNkmµ esdækic©BiPBelak edIm,I[plitplkm<úCa )ancUlrYmRbkYtRbECg elITIpSarGnþrCati ehIyRbCaCnmankargareFIV nigCIvPaBkan;EtRbesIreLIg.

2>Rbvtþi k-km<úCa

- km<úCa)andak;sMeNIcugeRkay suMcUlCasmaCik WTO enAéf¶TI 22 Exmifuna qñaM 2003

- karcUlCasmaCik WTO RtUv)anGnum½tedaysnñisITrdæm®nþI WTO enAéf¶TI 11 Exvicäika qñaM 2003 nig)ancuHhtßelxapgEdr eday tMNagénRbeTskm<úCa

- eRkayBIeFVIsc©ab½nedayrdæsPa km<úCacUlCasmaCikeBleljTI 148 rbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak enAéf¶TI 13 Extula qñaM 2004 ¬km<úCaCaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_tictYc TI2 bnÞab;BI NEPAL¦.

x-GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ - WTO RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM 1995 edIm,ICMnYs[ General

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GgÁkarenHman eKalbMNgEbreq<aHeTArkkarkat;bnßytémøBn§ elITMnijnaMecjnaMcUl edIm,IbegáInkareFIVBaNiC¢kmµCaGnþrCati. smaCikTaMgGs;RtUvRbCuMKña

39


ya:gticmþgkñúgry³eBlBIrqñaM. kic©RBmeRBogén WTO KWCakic©snüa Edlmantémø tamc,ab;rvagbNþaRbeTsCasmaCik. kic©RBmeRBog TaMgenH)andak;ecjnUvkarsnüa nigviFankarnanaEdlRbeTsTaMgLay RtUveKarBtam. kñúgkrNIRbeTsTaMgLaymanvivaTBaNiC¢kmµKña kic© snüaenHRtUvGnuvtþtamry³RbB½n§edaHRsayvivaTd¾ smRsbmYyEdl manGMNactampøÚvc,ab; nigtampøÚv BaNiC¢kmµ. mkdl;éf¶TI 11 ExFñÚ qñaM 2005 WTO manRbeTs 149 CasmaCik. WTO manTItaMgenA TIRkug GENEVA énRbeTs SWITZERLAND .

- karcUlCasmaCik WTO KWCabMNgl¥rbs;rdæaPi)al b:uEnþ vaGacnaMmk nUvKuNRbeyaCn_pgnigKuNvibtþipg RbsinebIkm<úCaerobcMxøÜnmin)anl¥.

3> KuNRbeyaCn_ - TTYl)ankareFVIBaNiC¢kmµTUlayelIBiPBelak tamry³karEsVgrk

TIpSar[plitkr nigBiessmankarEkTRmg;c,ab;nanarbs;Cati - mankarsnüaCak;lak;GMBIkarEkTRmg;c,ab; nigkareFIVviesaFnkmµ dUc

Cakic©snüabegáIt {tulakarBaNiC¢kmµ} CaedIm. - manbriyakasGaCIvkmµfµI EdlGaCIvkrCati nigGnþrCaticg;)an - enAeBlmanc,ab;fµId¾l¥RbesIredIm,I[GaCIvkr nigRKb;sßab½nGnuvtþtam

enaH GñkvinieyaKnwgmankarekIneLiIgeRcInCagmun - karbegáItc,ab;fµITaMgenaH GaCIvkrTTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_edayTTYl)an

nUvkarrkSasiT§ieTAelIplitplrbs;xøÜn b¤GacnieyayfaCasiT§ibBa¢a nig

40


karlubbM)at;ecalnUvGaCIvkmµpþac;mux EdlbgáCavibtþisRmab;GñkeRbI- R)as;plitplRKb;rUb

- Tak;TajGñkvinieyaKBIeRkARbeTstamry³cUlCasmaCik WTO - edaykm<úCa CaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_tic qøgkat;karcrcaCaeRcIn

mkmanRbeTsxøH dUcCashrdæGaemrik)anGnuBaØat[km<úCa naMcUlnUv semøókbMBak;eTAkñúgRbeTsenaH edayminmankarbg;Bn§ b¤bg;Bn§tic bMput. dUecñH vaKWCaplRbeyaCn_mYyya:gFMeTAelIkarbg;Bn§tic eRBaH fa RbeTseyIgmankmøaMgBlkmµeRcIn nigmantémøefakEdleFIV[TMnij rbs;km<úCaGacRbkUtRbECgCamYYy nigTMnijÉeTot)anedayRsYl pgEdr. rIÉRbeTskaNada nigshrdæGaemrikdEdl minykBn§elI plitplRtI EdlsMbUrhUrehorenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa cUleTAkñúgRbeTs rbs;BYkeK.

- GacnaMecj)anTaMgplitpl]sSahkmµ nigksikmµ - eFIV[vis½yesdækic©mankarekIneLIgbUkpSM nigCMnYyBIbreTseTotenaH

eFIV[km<úCamankarERbpøas;muxmat;ya:gqab;rh½s.

4> plb:HBal; kñúgkarcUlCasmaCikrbs;km<úCa eTAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenH

mankarb:HBal; dUcCa ³

41


- GaCIvkrkñúgRsukmankarRBYy)armÖ edayehtufa RbeTskm<úCaebIkcMh TIpSar dUecñH nwgmankarRbkYtRbECgBIGaCIvkrbreTsFM² EdlGac[ GaCIvkrkñúgRsukkS½yFn)an.

- karGnueRKaHBn§ KWluHRtaEtRkumh‘unkm<úCamaneRbobelIkarRbkYtRbECg edaymanlT§PaBpþl;nUvplitpl EdlRbkbedayKuNPaBTan;eBl EdltémøRbkbedayPaBRbkYtRbECg ehIyeKarBnUvbTbBaØtþiTak;Tg nwgsnþisuxes,ógrbs;RbeTsEdlGnueRKaHBn§.

- karGnueRKaHBn§eFIV[km<úCamankMeNInfvika nigesdækic© k¾b:uEnþnwgCYb bBaðaenAeBlEdlkarGnueRKaHBn§RtUv)anbBa©b; dUcCa qñaM2004 kUtakñúg karminykBn§rbs;shrdæGaemrikRtUv)anbBa©b; dUecñH sRmab;kmµkrnig kmµkarinIEdleFIVkarenAeragcRkPaKeRcIn RtUv)anbBaÄb;kargar ¬tam r)aykarN_)an[dwgfakmµkr nigkmµkarInIcMnYn 220/000 nak; Edl RbQmmuxnwgbBaðaenH¦. dUecñH eyIgeXIjfaeBlenHkm<úCa CYbnwg bBaða EdlGñkEsVgrkkargareFIVmancMnYneRcInelIslub ¬km<úCaeFIVkar kat;bnßyCnRkIRk ebImanCeRmIsGVIEdll¥ nigGMeNaypleTAéf¶ GnaKtkm<úCanwgcab;yk»kasenaHPøam¦.

- eRkaykarGnueRKaHBn§RtUv)anbBa©b; TMnijnwgCYbCamYynwgKUrRbkUt RbECgCamYyRbeTsxøaMg² dUcCa cin \NÐa CaedIm RbsinebIRbkYtmin QñHGacbBa©b;GaCIvkmµrbs;xøÜn.

42


- RbeTskm<úCaenAmankarxVHxatxagbec©kviTüa edIm,IbegáInRbsiT§iPaB nigKuNPaBTMnij esvakmµ nigplitpl EdlbNþal[karnaMecjenA mankRmitTab nigBuMTan;bMeBjtRmUvkarrbs;breTs)an.

- mankarGnuvtþn_eTAelIkarkat;bnßyBn§naMcUl rIÉBn§KyKWenAeFIVkarcrca tamRbeTsnImYyenAeLIy. dUecñH vaenAEtCakarlM)aksRmab;GaCIvkr ExµrkñúgkarnaMecjTMnij nigplitpleTAkan;breTs. ¬GRtaBn§KyenA EtCabBaðasRmab;RbeTsTn;exSay eRBaHBn§ KWCacMNUld¾FMrbs; RbeTs¦.

- bBaðavtßúFatuedImenAmanRbeTsmYycMnYnmkcrcafa eKnwgGnueRKaHBn§ ebIkm<úCa GacpÁt;pÁg;vtßúFatuedImRKb;RKan;sRmab;plitplnaMecj eday mincaM )ac;naMcUlvtßúFatuedIm BIbreTsenaH ]TahrN_ dUcCaGMe)aH sURtmYyPaKFMRtUvnaMcUlBIbreTs dUecñH km<úCaminGacbMeBjl½kçx½NÐ EdleFIV[plitplsURtkm<úCaminGacnaMecjeTAbreTs)an.

5>plvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØa

kñúgkarcUlCasmaCik WTO minfaEtRbeTskm<úCaeT Edlmanpl vi)akeTAelIEpñkc,ab;enaH RKb;smaCikTaMgGs;rbs;GgÁkar RtUvCYbnUvbBaðaenH dUcKña edayehtufa eKtRmUv[smaCiknImYy² eFIVviesaFnkmµeTAtamc,ab;Edl GgÁkarenHmanrYcehIy ³

1- RbeTsCasmaCiknImYy² Rbkan;yknUvGFibetyüPaBerog² xøÜn

43


2- KWCaTMnas;GMBIGtßRbeyaCn_rbs;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_xøaMg nig RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_tictYc.

3- enAEtCa]bsKÁkñúgkarQaneTArkkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;rYmmYy. 4- RbeTsnImYy² manc,ab;rbs;RbeTserog²xøÜn dUecñH c,ab;EdleKeFIVkar

cgRkgeLIg KWedIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_[RbCaBlrdæerog² xøÜnEdr. 5- müa:gRbeTsnImYy² manrbbRKb;RKg TsSnvis½y b¤sasnaxus²Kña

EdlCa karBi)akkñúgkarcab;bgçMeK[Gnuvtþn_tamc,ab;rYm. dUecñH eTIbtRmUv[BaNiC¢krRtUveFIVkarseRmccitþedayxøÜnÉg[c,as;fa

eBleFIVBaNiC¢kmµBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy KYrRtUveRbInUvkic©snüa Edlman lkçN³CaBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati b¤ya:gNa?

km<úCa)ansnüafa nwgFanaeFIV[mankarEkERbeTAelIRbB½n§c,ab; nig bBa¢arbs;xøÜn edIm,I[mankarRsbKñaeTAnwgbTbBa¢arbs; WTO Rtwméf¶TI 01 Ex]sPa qñaM 2005 enH. enHehIyKWCakarb:HBal;eTAelIEpñkc,ab;rbs;km<úCa eRBaHfa enHKWCatRmUvkarrbs; WTO edIm,IGaccUlCasmaCik)an.

cMeBaHplb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØavij CakarsnüamYyrvagkm<úCa nig GgÁkar WTO pgEdr edayRbeTskm<úCasnüafa nwgGnuvtþn_[)anTaMgRsugnUv kic©RBmRBagGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak sþIBIkmµsiT§ibBaØa EdlehAfa kic©RBm RBag sþIGMBI {TidæPaBénkmµsiT§ibBaØaTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ} Trade Related

Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Rtwméf¶TI01 Exmkra qñaM 2007 .

44


- RbeTskm<úCaFøab;)anesñIsuMpgEdr kñúgkarkMNt;eBlevlamYysmRsb rbs;xøÜnrhUtdl; qñaM2009 edIm,IGnuvtþn_nUvkic©RBmeRBogxagelI b:uEnþ karcrca KWFøak;mkRtwmqñaM 2007 .

- c,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØa rdæsPaCati Gnum½tc,ab;enHtaMgBI qñaM 2002 mkemø:H - km<úCa)anGnum½t nigRbkas[eRbInUvc,ab;mYycMnYnrYceTAehIy dUcCa

)a:tg;eTAelIfñaMeBTü EdlTaMgenHKWCakic©snüarhUtdl; qñaM 2016 enAÉ Doha RbeTs Qata .

bEnßmeTotenaHc,ab;fµIenH manpllM)akcMeBaHEtplitkrEdl eFIVkarlYcbnøMnUvplitplrbs;eKEtb:uENÑaHEdlmanbBaða KWdUcCa ³

- karEkøgbnøMTMnij - lYcftcmøgxusc,ab; ¬PaBynþ ceRmog b¤kmµviFIkMuBüÚT½r¦ - karbMBaneTAelIBaNiC¢kmµsBaØa ¬Rkumh‘unePsC¢³¦ EdlTaMgenHvaCa

pll¥eTAvijeT dl;plitkrEdlmanc,ab;RtwmRtUveKarB nigGnuvtþn_ c,ab;enH. c,ab;enH)anCYydl;plitkrkñúgkarTTYl)ansiT§ieFIVGaCIvkmµ elIKMnitfµI² edayminmankarxøacERkgBIkarlYcbnøMBIGñkdéT.

6>TsSnvis½ysRmab;GnaKt

edayehtufaRbeTskm<úCa CaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_tic dUcenH km<úCaRtUvmankarGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµBIRbeTsmYycMnYn. k¾b:uEnþ mankarlM)akxøH EdrkñúgkarTTYlTIpSarfµIBitCaBi)akkñúgkareFIVBaNiC¢kmµ. km<úCa)anebIkcMhTIpSar rbs;xøÜntaMgBIqñaM 2001 mkemø:H dUecñHkarRbkYtRbECgBIxageRkA nigkarnaMcUlnUv

45


plitplrbs;breTsCaktþamYyd¾KYr[)armÖNas;dl;plitplkñúgRsuk. kñúgkar cUlCasmaCikrbs;km<úCaeTAkñúg WTO minR)akdfanwgTTYl)aneCaKC½ykñúgkar eFIVBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTsenaHeT. karcUlCasmaCikenHKWCMruj[mankareFIVkMEN TRmg;edIm,I[GaCIvkmµkm<úCa GaceFVIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYyKUrRbkYtbreTs. TnÞwmnwgenaHEdrkarcUlCasmaCikrbs; WTO enHeyIgGacbgáCabriyakas mYyEdlGaceFVIkarTak;TajGñkvinieyaKTunbreTs [mkvieyaKkñúgRsukRbeTs km<úCa. eTAkñúgéf¶GnaKt »kasCaeRcInnwgekItmkdl;GaCIvkr nigRkumh‘unnana kñúgkm<úCa nigGacmankarekIneLIgya:geRcIn. kþIrMBwgTuk KWesdækic©rbs;RbeTs km<úCanwgmankarekIneLIg ehIycMnYnRbCaCnEdlrs;enAeRkambnÞat;RkIRknwgRtUv kat;bnßyCaGtibrima karrMelaPsiT§i karekgRbv½Ba©n_ nigGMeBIBukrlYyd¾nwgRtUv RtYtBinitüpgEdr. 7>Gnusasn_rbs; NGOs Fine Arts Association sUmpþl;Gnusasn_Cabzmfa ³

- km<úCaRtUveFIVkarCMruj[mankarvinieyaK[)anxøaMgenAkñúgRsuk. - Tak;Taj[)annUvGñkvinieyaKbreTsFM² [mkvinieyaKRsukExµr eday

eFVIkMENTRmg;[)anl¥nUvEbbEpnnana nigkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; CaBiess KWRtUvkat;bnßy nigQaneTArkkarlb;bM)at;ecalnUvGMeBIBukrlYy.

- pþl;nUvkarelIkTwkcitþdl;ksikr plitkrnana [mankmøaMgcitþkñúgrk eXIjnUvplitplfµI² EdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;vis½yesdækic©km<úCa.

46


- CMrujmankarpþl;nUvbec©keTsviTüaCUndl;ksikrbEnßmeTot kñúgbMNg eFIV[plitplkm<úCa GacQandl;kRmitsþg;darbreTs edIm,IeyIgrk TIpSarCUnplitkr.

- bgá[)annUvsßanPaBesdækic©EdlmanlMnwg. - eyIgRtUvCMruj[mannUvTMnukcitþ kñúgkareRbIR)as;plitplkñúgRsukedIm,I

Qan [)annUvkarnaMecjeTAbreTs. - pþl;CaedImTunxøH² dl;GñkEdlmanKMnit nigmanqnÞ³x<s;kñúgkareFIV

GaCIvkmµ nigTTYlTijplitplBYkKat;eFIVya:genH eyIgGacbegáInnUv vtßúFatuedImenAkñúgRsukedaymincaM)ac;cUlBIbreTs ehIytémøplitpl rbs;eyIgk¾GacmantémøTab EdleFIV[RbCaBlrdæGacmanlT§PaB TijTMnij)anehIyvis½y esdækic©k¾mankarekIneLIgeTot. ¬tamBit plitplkm<úCamanekrþ×eQµaHtaMgBIyUrlg;Nas;mkehIy dUcCaplit- plsURtCaedIm¦.

- GaCIvkmµTaMgGs; RtUvplitnUvplitplEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; edIm,I deNþImnUvekrþ×eQµaHTaMgkñúgRsuk nigeRkARsukpgEdr.

- eFIVkarbn§ÚrbnßynUvBn§RKb;RbePTdl;plitpl kñúgRsukCMrujya:gNa [plitplkñúgRsukTTYl)annUvkarcab;GarmµN_ KuNPaBx<s;témøefak ehIyGaceFVIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYynwgplitplbreTs)an .

- bBaðaneya)ay kareKarBsiT§imnusS tulakarÉkraCü KWRtUvEtman sißrPaB eRBaHral;GñkvinieyaKEtgEtKitBIbBaðaenH.

47


- eFIVkarkat;bnßyCabeNþIr²nUvkarnaMcUlTMnijbreTsxusc,ab;edIm,IbegáIn nUvplitPaBkñúgRsuk.

8> esckþIsnñidæan

karEdlkm<úCacUlCasmaCik WTO edaysarEtkm<úCaemIleXIjnUv GtßRbeyaCn_ GMBIkarnaMecjnUvplitplsemøókbMBak; nigplRbeyaCn_xag neya)aypgEdr. dUecñH eyIgGacemIleXIjfa karEdlcUlCasmaCik WTO vaBitCa)anpþl;nUvplRbeyaCn_dl;km<úCa eTaHbICakm<úCaCaRbeTsRkIRk ehIy enAmankarxVHxatnUvbec©kviTüa kñúgkareFIV[KuNPaBTMnijtamEbbsþg;darBiPB elakenAmankRmit k¾kñúgeBlEdlkm<úCaTTYlnUvlaPsMNagmYyry³ edayman karGnueRKaHBn§ km<úCaGaceFIV[RbCaCn 220/000 nak;mankargareFIVpgEdr. RbCaCnmankargareFIVkñúgry³eBlxøI KWvaRbesIrCagkarEdlTuk[kmøaMgBlkmµ TaMgenaHTMenrecaledayKµanplRbeyaCn_GVIesaH.

plRbeyaCn_BIsmaCikPaBenH GacnwgmaneTAéf¶muxeTot GacnwgeRcIn Cag GVIEdleyIgeFIVkar)a:n;sµaneTotk¾fa)an. kñúgenHEdrGaCIvkrRKb;rUbRtUv BRgwgnUvyuT§sa®sþ kñúgkarlk;rbs;xøÜnedIm,IeFIVkarRbkYtRbECg minfakñúgRsuk b¤eRkARsukenaHeT. eyIgeFIVkarebIkcMhTIpSarya:g FMTUlayeTAehIy dUecñH karRbkYtRbECg KWCaKnøwHsMxan;kñúgkarrujRcaneTArkeCaC½y. k¾b:uEnþ karRbkYt RbECg KWzitenAkñúgrgVg;énc,ab; eBalKWRtUvEteKarBc,ab;. c,ab;enHehIyEdl eFVI[GñkvinieyaKeRkARbeTsha‘nmkbNþak;TunkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.

48


smaKmviciRtsil,³ Fine Arts Association-FAA sgÇwmya:g emaHmutfa kareFIVGtßaFib,ayenHnwg)anCaKtisRmab;karBicarNa sRmab;m®nþI sMxan;²rbs;Cati GaCIvkrEdlRbkbrbrbGaCIvkmµenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nig RbCaBlrdæExµr.

49


km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak


Ék]tþm swum sara:k; GKÁnaKy GKÁnaykdæanrdæ)al énRksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³

RbvtþisaRsþkm<úCa)anbeRgonExµr[cgcaMfa vDÆnPaBsgÁmkm<úCaekIt maneLIgedaysarbuBVkarIeyIg mancMeNHdwg qøatvagév cUlcitþkarbegáIfµI RsLaj;rYbrYmKña eTIbmansmiT§plvb,Fm’eRcInGenkbnSl;Tuk[eyIg eFIVkar GPivDÆn_esdækic©sgÁmsBVéf¶. RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa)ankøayCasmaCikTI148 énGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak naéf¶TI 13 Extula qñaM 2004 k¾CaeBlEdlCn km<úCaRtUvbegáInPaBévqøatbgábegáItplitplmanKuNPaB edIm,IRbkYtRbECgelI TIpSarGnþrCati. smaCikPaBénGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak eFIV[mCÄdæanGñk vb,Fm’eyIgxøH mankþIsb,ayrIkray GbGrsaTr xøHmankþIkgVl;cMeBaHGnaKtén TIpSarvb,Fm’enAkm<úCa eRBaHeyIgxVHmUldæansmÖar³ nigFnFanmnusS. smaCik PaBénGgÁkaBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak naMkm<úCa[CYbplvi)akEpñkc,ab; nigpl b:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØadUcxageRkam ³

1-plvi)akEpñkc,ab;

50


k-plvi)akGaRkk; ³ ebIsinCaeyIgEklm¥c,ab; nigbTbBaØtþiTaMgLayEdlTak;TgnwgkareFIV

GaCIvkmµTan;eBlkm<úCa GacnwgGUsbnøayeBlevlaTTYlplRbeyaCn_ eRBaH eyIg)ansnüa[manc,ab; begáIttulakarBaNiC¢kmµRtwmedIm qñaM 2006.

x-plvi)akl¥ ³ vis½yvb,Fm’ eyIgmanc,ab;siT§iGñkniBn§ nigsiT§iRbhak;RbEhl EdlCa

famBlCMruj karelIkTwkcitþ karbegáItplitplvb,Fm’kñúgeKaledAGPirkS nig GPivDÆvb,Fm’Cati sRmab;Gb;rM nigepÞrvb,Fm’Exµrdl;ExµrCMnan;fµI.

plitplvb,Fm’CatimaneRcInenAelITIpSar CakarpSBVpSayGtþsBaØaN Cati pÞúyeTAvijebImanplitplvb,Fm’breTseRcInenAelITIpSarCati naM[kUnExµr TTYlykvb,Fm’BI xageRkAeRcInCagkarTTYlvb,Fm’Exµr. EtCaRbkarl¥bMput ebIeyIgTTYlykvb,Fm’BIxageRkAEpñkbec©keTsviTüaTMenIb. eyIgmanc,ab;siT§i GñkniBn§ nigsiT§iRbhak;RbEhl CaktþasMxan;rYmcMENkBRgwgnItirdæxagvis½y vb,Fm’.

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51


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tYnaTIesdækic© - Tak;TajCMenOTukcitþkareFIVnivieyaKxagvis½yvb,Fm’. bc©úb,nñenH km<úCa

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PaBynþviedrGU kñúgeragPaynþ Casil,kr .l.

52


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53


km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³

plb:HBal;dl;Blkmµkm<úCa

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54


nig CaBiessRbeTscinEdlmaneRbobya:gFMeFg ¬vtßúFatuedImFnFanmnusS KmnaKmn_ nigesvanana .l.¦ eFIV[km<úCaBuMsUvmankarbBa¢aTijeragcRk PaKeRcInGacbiTTVar kmµkrRtUv)at;bg;kargarya:gKMhuk nigkarGacekInman vibtþisgÁm .l. I-kñúgTsSn³enH raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCakñúgnItikalTI2 énrdæsPa mankarKitTukCa

mun nig)andMeNIrkarGnuvtþn_viFankarmYycMnYnrYmman ³ - karGPivDÆn_vis½yeTscrN_ ksikmµ ksi-]sSahkmµ KmnaKmn_ begáIt

tMbn;esdækic©[)aneRcIn .l. sRmab;edaHRsay nigbeBa©ósplvi)akEdl GacekItman.

- kñúgvis½ykat;edrsemøókbMBak; kñúgqñaM 1999 raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)ancuHkic© RBmeRBogeTVPaKI CamYyshrdæGaemrikelIkarnaMecjsemøókbMBak; eday P¢ab;eTAnwgkareFIV[kan;EtRbesIreLIg nUvlkçN³TUeTAénkargar RBmTaMg )andMeNIrkar KemøagXøaMemIll½kçx½NÐkargarrbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ILO Monotoring Project on Labor Condition cab;BIeBlenaHmk. bc©úb,nñenH eTaHbIkUtaRtUv)anbBa©b;k¾eday raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenAEtKaMRT KeRmagXøaMemIll½kçx½NÐkargar Edl)anbþÚreQµaHCa KeRmag eragcRkkan;Et RbesIrenAkm<úCa. TnÞwmnwgenH KeRmagedaHRsayvivaTkargarenAkm<úCa)an CYyeFIV[RkumRbwkSaGaCJakNþalRtUv)anbegáIteLIg kñúgExFñÚ qñaM2002. ry³ eBl 3 qñaMmkenH RkumRbwkSaGaCJakNþal )anTTYledaHRsayvivaTkargar rYmEdlekItkñúgTMnak;TMngviC¢aCIv³rvagkmµkrnieyaCit nignieyaCk enaHTTYl

55


lT§plKYrCaTIkt;sMKal; eTaHbImankrNIxøHBuMTan;yl;RBmBIPaKIvivaTxøHk¾ eday. KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa nigKeRmagedaHRsayvivaT kargarenAkm<úCa )anrYmcMENkya:geRcIndl;karvivtþn_rbs;vis½ykat;edrenA km<úCa. shrdæGaemrik)alpþl;CMnYybEnßmsRmab;bnþdMeNIrkarrbs;GgÁkar BlkmµGnþrCatielIKeRmagTaMg 2 enH ry³eBl 3 qñaMeTot 2005-2008. edayELkKN³kmµkarRbwkSakargar EdlmansmasPaBBIPaKI rdæaPi)al PaKInieyaCk nigPaKIkmµkrnieyaCit dUcmanEcgkñúgCMBUkTI 15 énc,ab;sþIBI kargar k¾)anrYmcMENkrbs;ya:gskmµtamebskkmµrbs;xøÜnGMBI karsikSa RsavRCavral;bBaðaTak;Tgnwgkargar muxrbrénkmµknieyaCit R)ak; QñÜl karGb;rMviC¢aCIv³ clnakmøaMgBlkmµkñúgRbeTs GenþaRbevsn_ karerobcM[ kan;EtRbesIreLIgnUvlk½çx½NÐxagsmÖar³ nigsµartIénkmµkr nieyaCit bBaða Gnam½y nigsnþisuxkargar.

CalT§pl kalBIExtula qñaM 2005 knøgeTAfµI²enH GgÁkar BlkmµGnþrCati enATIRkug hSWENv kñúgr)aykarN_rbs;xøÜn nakic©RbCuMevTika RtIPaKI sþIBI {karelIkkm<s;sklPavUbnIykmµ edayesµIPaBkñúgvis½y vaynPNÐ nigsemøókbMBak;kñúgeBleRkaykarbBa©b;kic©RBmeRBogBhusrés GMe)aH} Promoting fair globalization in textile and clothing in a

post-MFA environment )anvaytémøGMBIkm<úCaeyIgfa ³ - l½kçx½NÐTUeTAénkargarenAkm<úCa l¥KYr[Tukcitþ)anEdlCaeRbobxøaMg nig

CakitþisBÞ eFVI[GñkeRbIR)as;TMnijkm<úCaenAbnþKaMRT GñkbBa¢aTijenAEtbnþ bBa¢aTijeTot

56


- km<úCa)aneRtomerobcMxøÜn)anl¥ CaGaT× muneBlbBa©b;kUta km<úCaKaMRTKeRmag XøaMemIll½kçx½NÐkargar nigkñúgeBlbBa©b;kUta km<úCabnþKaMRTKeRKageragcRk kan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa.

II-edaymankarxitxMRbwgERbgTaMgGs;enH eTIbcugqñaM2005enH eyIgBinitü

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2- KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa rbs;GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati ILO

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57


edImqñaM 2005 enH karnaMecjTMnijkat;edreTAkan;shrdæGaemrik)anekIn 11 ° KitCaTwkR)ak;ekIneLIgCag 17 ° ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgry³eBl dUcKña. Tinñn½yrbs;RksYgBaNiC¢kmµkm<úCak¾)an[dwgEdrfa kñúgGMLúg 11 Ex qñaM 2005enH témørYménkargarnaMTMnijkat;edrecjeTAkan;RbeTsnana ekIneLIg 5/36 ° edayELkeTAkan;shrdæGaemrik )anekIneLIgCag 17 ° kareRbIR)as;kmøaMgBlkmµkñúgvis½yenHekIneLIgCit 4 ° ebIeRbob eFobeTAnwgry³eBldUcKña naqñaM 2004.

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58


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59


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61


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62


ktþaTaMgenH CacMNucGaTiPaBsRmab;Tak;TajGñkvinieyaKTunCati nig GnþrCati nigGñkbBa¢aTij ¬Buyers¦ mkbNþak;TunenARbeTskm<úCa ekIterag cRk/shRKascMnYn 397 ehIy)anRsUbykkmøaMgBlkmµRbmaNm30mWun nak; ¬EpñkvaynP½NÐkat;edrsemøókbMBak; 382 nigEs,keCIg15¦. kmµkrTaMg enaH 90°CaRsþI Edl)aneFIVcMNakRsukBIERscmáarmanCIvPaBRkIRk nigBuMsUvman cMeNHdwg nigCMnajc,as;las;. eTaHbIR)ak;QñÜlminTan;mankRmitsþg;dar k¾ eday k¾)ankat;bnßynUvPaBRkIRkrbs;BYkeK)anmYykRmit. RbeTskm<úCaRtUv )anbBa©b;PaBGnueRKaHBn§ ¬GSP¦ enAbMNac; qñaM 2004 ehIy)aneFIV[vis½y vaynP½NÐkat;edr semøókbMBak; nigEs,keCIgmankarERbRbYlKYr[)armÖ. II- karRbQmmux karcUlGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ¬WTO¦

1-RbB½n§c,ab; ³ RbeTskm<úCa mankarRbQmmuxCaeRcIn enAeBlcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar

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2-vis½yksikmµ ³

63


ksikmµCavis½yGaTiPaBsRmab;RbeTskm<úCa. RbCaBlrdæ 80° Ca ksikr. b:uEnþkargarksikmµrbs;RbeTskm<úCa enAEtCalkçN³GPiirkSniym nig buraN BuMTan;manbec©kviC¢aTMenIb nigBuMTan;manlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; edIm,IQan eTArkkarRbkYtRbECg CamYybNþaRbeTsEdlmankarrIkceRmInxøaMgkøaenAkñúg tMbn;)aneT. knøgmkk¾dUcbc©úb,nñ karnaMecjplitplksikmµ sßitenAkñúgkRmit tictYcenAeLIy.

3-vis½ykat;edr ³ bnÞab;BIbBa©b;RbB½n§GnueRKaH (GSP) BIshrdæGaemrik nigRsbeBl

RbeTskm<úCa cUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO) km<úCaTTYl rgnUvplb:HBal;dl;nirnþrPaBkargarrbs;BlkrExµr nigCaBiessvis½ykat;edr enAkm<úCaRtUveFVIkarRbkYtRbECg eTAelICMnajkargar nigKuNPaBplit.

shrdæGaemrik KWCaTIpSard¾FMbMputsRmab;karnaMecj énplitplkat; edrkm<úCa. karbBa©b;RbB½n§PaBGnueRKaH (GSP) BIshrdæGaemrik ebIKitBIEx mkra dl;Exmifuna qñaM 2005 )aneFVI[eragcRk shRKasbiTTVarCasßaBrcMnYn 20 eragcRk nwg)at;bg;kargar kmµkrRbmaN 2/207 nak; nigmaneragcRkBüÜr kargarkmµkrcMnYn 48 eragcRk mankmµkrcMnYn 2/8944 nak;. CamYyenHEdr maneragcRkekItfµIcMnYn 29 eragcRk EtTTYlkmµkreFVIkar)anEtcMnYn 5497 nak; b:ueNÑaH.

k-GMBICMnajkargar nigKuNPaBplit

64


eTaHbIRbeTskm<úCamankmøaMgBlkmµya:geRcInk¾eday b:uEnþkRmitbec©k eTsCMnajenABMuTan;manRKb;RKan; EdlGaceRbIR)as;ma:sIunmanel,OnelOn enA kñúgvis½y]sSahkmµ)aneLIy. km<úCaRtUvxitxMRbwgERbgbNþúHbNþalbuKÁlik nUv CMnajRKb;Epñk EdlGacsRmYl[kmµkrQaneTAeFVIkarkñúg]sSahkmµepSg² eTot)an. kmøaMgBlkmµEdlmanCMnajeRcInmux nigmanlT§PaBEsVgrksßirPaB cMNUl nigsuxPaB. sißrPaB nigelIkkMBs;EpñksµartIEbbenH nigCYydl;kar begáInplitPaB nigkarRbkYtRbECg.

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famBl nigCMnajplitrbs;kmµkrkm<úCa minTan;manlkçN³rwgmaM nig mankRmitCasþg;darenAeLIy EdlCamUlehtueFIV[b:HBal;dl;karRbkYtRbECg KuNPaBCamYyplitplbreTs. eTAéf¶muxRbeTskm<úCa RtUvmanmCÄmNÐl fñak;Cati sRmab;eFIVkarbNþúHbNþalsmtßPaBCMnajviC¢aCIv³ dl;RbCaBlrdæExµr [mankRmitCasþg;dar edIm,IQaneTArkkarRbkYtRbECgCamYybNþaRbeTs nig BiPBelak.

x-témøTIpSarénplitPaB eyIgdwgehIyfa vis½yvayNPNÐkat;edr sMelokbMBak; nigEs,keCIg

rbs;RbeTskm<úCa KWCavis½yEtmYyKt;EdlmansmtßPaBnaMecjplitplRbkYt

65


RbECgenAelITIpSarBiPBelak. b:uEnþGVIEdlCabBaðaRbQmmux enaHKWbBaðatémø énplitplsRmab;naMecjmantémøx<s;CagbNþaRbeTsmYycMnYn dUcCaRbeTs ³ cin/ \NÐa ///////CaedIm.

mUlehtucm,g Edlplitplkat;edrrbs;km<úCa mantémøx<s;CageK enaHKW edaysarRbeTskm<úCaminTan;manvtßúFatuedImxøÜnÉg ehIyRtUvnaMcUlBI breTsesÞIrTaMgRsug. mYyEpñkeTot edaysarRbeTskm<úCa mankariyal½y Fibetyü nigmanbBaðaBukrlYyenAkñúgvis½ykat;edrenH Edlbc©úb,nñraCrdæa- Pi)alkm<úCa)an nigkMBugEteFIVkMENTRmg;ya:gxøaMgkøay nigbegáItevTikavis½y ÉkCnerogral; 6 Exmþg rvagRbmuxraCrdæaPi)al nigtMNagnieyaCk. cMENk Éehdæarcnasm<½n§Cati k¾enAminTan;manlkçN³RbkYtRbECgenAeLIy dUcCa ³ pøÚvKmnaKmn_ kardwgCBa¢Ün Twk ePøIg mantémøx<s; EdlminTan;)anTajGñk vinieyaKTun[)anxøaMgkøa enaHeT.

srubmkktþaxagelIenH CabribTd¾sMxan;kñúgRbkYtRbECg Epñktémø plitPaBenAelITIpSarBiPBelak EdlRtUveFIVkMENTRmg;sRmab;eTAGnaKt. III- esckþIsnñidæan

niyayCarYm karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak CaCeRmIsd¾ RtwmRtUvrbs;RbeTskm<úCa. km<úCaRtUvEtsVHEsVgeFIVkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©rbs;xøÜn [RsmCamYyBiPBelak tamry³eFIVsmahrNkmµesdækic©. sRmab;ry³eBlxøI km<úCaRtUvCUbRbTHnUvkarRbkYtRbECgCamYyRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_. km<úCa RtUvTTYlnUvkarhUrnUvTMnijRKb;RbePTBIbNþaRbeTsnana.

66


sRmab;ry³eBlEvgkm<úCa nwgTTYl)annUv»kasl¥RbesIrenAkñúgTIpSar BaNiC¢kmµ nigCMnYjenAeBlEdlRbeTskm<úCa ebIkeKalneya)ayesrI vanwg mankarTak;TajénkarnaMcUlBIxageRkA. plitplkñúgRsukRtUvEttRmUvtam TIpSar nigkarbegáInsmtßPaB nigKuNPaBplitkmµ. dUecñH plitplTaMgenaH nwgmansmtßPaBQaneTAeFIVkarRbkYtRbECgCamYyplitplbreTs)an.

niyayedayELkkarcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak KWCa karse®gÁaHd¾manRbsiT§iPaBbMput cMeBaHvis½yvaynPNÐkat;edr bnÞab;BIRtUv)an bBa©b;PaBGnueRKaHBn§ (GSP) EdlRbeTskm<úCaGacnaMTMnijrbs;xøÜneTAelI TIpSarCaeRcInénRbeTsEdlCasmaCik WTO .

67



elak suk sMeGOn

sa®sþacarüc,ab; emFavI nigCanaykGgÁkarRkumGñkc,ab;karBarsiT§ikm<úCa

enAeBlEdlRbeTskm<úCaenACacRkPBExµrkñúgsm½ymhanKr km<úCa sm,ÚreTAedaysm,tþi vb,Fm’ GkSrsa®sþ sßabnükmµ k,ac;cmøak;sil,³. RBHnag\RnÞIeTvI RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;fa CaGñkBUEkxagGkSrsa®sþ. RbeTsCit xageKmkeronBIExµr. k¾b:uEnþ KYresaksþayGVITaMgenaHRtUv)anbMpøaj nigqk;bøn; edays®gÁamBIRbeTsCitxag. rwtEtKYr[sþayeTAeTotenaH rbbkm<úCaRbCaFib etyü)anbMpøajvb,Fm’Cati bMpøajÉksar vb,Fm’ GkSrsa®sþ nigmrtkTaMg enaH esÞIrEtTaMgRsukkñúgrbbvalBiXat. enAeBlenaH GñkEdlExµrRkhmrk eXIjmanesovePACaPasaExµrkþI CaPasabreTskþI RtUvcat;TukCaGñkecHdwgCa BYkmUlFn ehIyykeTAsmøab;ecal. nasm½yenaH GñkEdlmansl;lak;Tuk esovePA RtUvbgçMcitþeRbICaRkdas;mUrRkdas;mUr)arIeTAvij.

eRkayrbbvalBiXat km<úCamankarxVHxatÉksarya:gxøaMg. eRkayqñaM 1993 eKcab;eXIjmankare)aHBum<esovePAcas;² eLIgvij nigmanesovePA niBn§fµI² RbsUtkan;EteRcInvij. b:uEnþ edaysarTmøab;[témøeTAelIkarGanRtUv )ancuHfyenaH eKminsUveXIjmankar[témøeTAelIsñaédniBn§b:unµaneT. EfmBI

68


enaHeTAeTot eKeXIjmankarlYce)aHBum<cmøg nigftcmøgsñaédrbs;eKesák- sáasya:gGnaFibetyü EdleFVI[GñkEdlGacmansñaédniBn§esovePAepSg² mankarFøak;Twkcitþkan;EtxøaMg nigminmanTwkcitþrkSamrtkcMeNHviC¢axøÜneTAkñúg esovePAeT.

edayeXIjEbbenH raCrdæaPi)al)anRbwgERbgbegáIt nigGnum½tc,ab; sþIBI siT§iGñkniBn§ nigsiT§iRbhak;RbEhl enAéf¶TI 5 ExmIna qñaM 2003. c,ab; enHmaneKalbMNgkarBarsñaéd siT§irbs;GñkniBn§ plitkrTaMgLay nigedIm,I CakarelIkTwkcitþ[kan;EtmankarcYlrYm nigeFIV[mankarrIkceRmInelIvis½yenH. b:uEnþmkTl;nwgeBlenH etIkarcMlgsñaédrbs;eKenAEtmanEdrb¤eT? ebImanetI manmnusSb:unµannak;ehIy EdlRtUvmaneTasedaysarc,ab;enH?

BitEmnEtkaredaHRsaybBaða kareFIVc,ab;enaHKWCacMNucCaGaTiPaBmYy ehIykarRKan;Etmanc,ab;vaminRKb;RKan;enaHeT vaRtUvkar[mankarGnuvtþn_c,ab; enaH[manRbsiT§iPaBEfmeTot. RbsinebIminmankarGnuvtþn_c,ab;NamYyenaH eT eKRtUvBinitüemIlfaetImkBIehtuGVI? etImkBIc,ab;xøÜnÉgenAmankarxVHxat EdleFVI[GñkGnuvtþn_minGacGnuvtþ)an? etImkBIxVHynþkarGnuvtþn_Edlman RbsiT§iPaB? b¤ etImkBIGñkGnuvtþn_xVHsmtßPaB?

niyayrYm PaBGRbsiT§iPaBkñúgkarGnuvtþn_GacBIktþaeRcInya:gEdlktþa sMxan; KWmanbIEdl)anerobrab;mkxagelI. manc,ab;l¥ vahak;bIdUcCapÞHrbs; GñkEdlmanma:sIunRtCak;l¥ manTUTwkkl¥ nigsmÖar³eGLicRtUnicl¥dUecñaHEdr. rbs;l¥² TaMgenaHnwgeTACa\tRbeyaCn_ b¤eTACaxUceTAvij RbsinebICagtExS minRby½tñ b¤minl¥. eBalKWeyIgRtUvkarRbB½n§GKÁisnIl¥. enAkñúgbBaðac,ab; c,ab;

69


sþIBInItiviFI KWCaRbB½n§EdlGaceFIVc,ab;GacnwgGnuvtþn_ edaymanRbsiT§iPaB)an. bc©úb,nñenH eyIgmanEtc,ab; sþIBI nItiviFIRBhµTNÐrdækm<úCaqñaM 1993 eyIg mannItiviFIxøHEcgenAkñúgc,ab;G‘untak;Edr Etc,ab;enaHminRtUv)antulakarykcitþ Tukdak;enaHeT. eyIgminTan;manc,ab; sþIBI nItiviFIrdæb,evNIenaHeT eBalKWeyIg ykEpñkxøHBIc,ab;RBhµTNÐmkeRbI EdleBlxøHnaM[mankarriHKn;BIRbCaBlrdæ. edayeXIjfamankarxVHxat nigmankarriHKn;ya:geRcInEbbenH ehIy)anCaraC rdæaPi)alRbwgERbgeFVIc,ab;TaMgBIrenH KWnItiviFIRBhµTNÐ nignItiviFIrdæb,evNIeday [CMnajkar)araMgCYyxagnItiviFIRBhµTNÐ ehIyCMnajkarCb:unCYyxagnItiviFI rdæb,evNI. CaFmµtaebICnCatiNaeKCYyeRBogehIyenaH R)akdCac,ab;enaH lMeGogeTARbB½n§c,ab;rbs;GñkeRBogehIy. ehIyRbsinebI RbB½n§TaMgBIr RBhµTNÐ nigrdæb,evNI vapÞyKña b¤manbdiPaBnwgKñaenaH enaHk¾CabBaðaEdr. edaysarEtehtuya:gdUecñHehIy )aneyIgCaGñkc,ab; nigCaGñkGnuvtþn_pÞal;)an CUneyabl;fa ³ • sUm[GñkCMnajbreTscUlmkCYyeRBogc,ab;Exµr edayEp¥keTAelIktþa

sgÁm nigsßanPaBCak;EsþgenARsukExµr minRtUvcmøgc,ab;rbs;xøÜnTaMg Rsugmk[ExµrGnuvtþn_enaHeT .

• sUm[Gñkc,ab;TaMgBIr sikSa nigBiPakSaKñaedaHRsay RbsinebImancMNuc NamanTMnas;nwgKña.

70


eTaHCamanc,ab;nItiviFIl¥ehIyk¾eday kalebIminmankarRbKl;tYnaTI c,as;las;dl;sßab½nNaCaGñkGnuvtþn_enaHeT nigminmankarpSBVpSaydl;m®nþI Gnuvtþn_c,ab;enaHeT c,ab;enaHk¾minGacGnuvtþn_)anEdr.

PaBGRbsiT§iPaB énkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;enAmanktþaCaeRcIneTot dUcCa GMNaccab;xøÜn PaBRcbUkRcbl;énGMNacesIubGegátrbs;nrK)al nKr)al yutþiFm’ RBHraCCJa ecARkmesIubGegát kgVHénc,ab;Psþútag. ]TahrN_ kñúgerOg RBhµTNÐ RbsinebIminEmnCabTelµIsCak;EsþgeT nKr)aleRcInEtrg;caMTal;Et manbNþwgBICnrgeRKaH. Tmøab;enHGacnwgeFIVc,ab;sþIBIkmµsiT§ibBaØa minGacnwg Gnuvtþn_)anEdr.

srubesckþIeTA yl;fakalebImanc,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØaehIy KWCabMeBj lk½çx½NÐrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ehIyenaHCakarminRtwmRtUvenaHeT. vaRKan;EtCaktþamYyb:ueNÑaH. KWRtUvkar[mankarGnuvtþn_[manRbsiT§iPaBeTot pg. dUecñH CaTsSn³´pÞal; c,ab; sþIBI nItiviFITaMgBIrKWRBhµTNÐ nigrdæb,evNI sMxan;Nas;. ehIyedIm,I[c,ab;TaMgBIrenHmanRbsiT§iPaBc,ab; sþIBI karcat;taMg tulakark¾CakarsMxan;Edr eRBaHebItamesckþIeRBogc,ab;TaMgBIrenHRbB½n§tulakar bc©úb,nñRtUvEtpøas;bþÚr. kñúgcMeNamc,ab;TaMgBIrenH ebIc,ab;NaGnum½tc,ab;Edl Gnum½teRkayRtUvEk[smRsbeTAnwgc,ab;mun. edayehtuya:genHeyIgeXIj fa enAeBlEdldwgfac,ab;sþIBInItiviFIrdæb,evNI EdleRBogedayGñkCMnajc,ab; Cb:unRtUv)anbBa©ÚneTArdæsPa ehIyenaHPaKI)araMg)anTamTar[BinitüeRbobeFob c,ab;TaMgBIrCamunsin.

71


EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday eyIgenAEtsgÇwmfa tamry³rbblT§iRbCa- Fibetyü km<úCanwgmankarrIkceRmIn RBmKñaelIvis½yeKarBsiT§imnusS nig esdækic©.

72


E;pñkTI 2 sunÞrkfa kñúgkic©RbCMutumUl

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etImanplvi)akxagc,ab; nigeKalneya)ayGVIxøH

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elak tan; yuvrdæ GnuRbFankariyal½yesvakmµ

naykdæanGas‘an nigGgÁkarGnþrCati RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ

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74


éf¶dUcKñaenHEdr. ehIybBa¢ÚneTAhSWENv nig)anTTYledayGKÁnaykGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak enAéf¶TI13 ExkBaØa qñaM2004. mYyExeRkaymkkm<úCa )ankøayCasmaCikeBjsiTi§TI 148 rbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak.

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75


1- kargarsRmbsRmYlrvagGnþrRksYg enAmanPaBmincuHsMrugKña edaysarkgVHFnFanCMnajenAtamsßab½n

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76


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x-eKalkarN_minerIseGIg ³ maneKalkarN_minerIseGIgcm,g 2 enA kñúgc,ab; G/B/B/ ³ katBVkic©GnuvtþRbRBwtiþkmµ MFN nigkatBVkic©RbRBwtþi kmµCati.

kñúgn½ysamBaØkatBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµ MFN CakarhamXat;RbeTsmYy min[eFVIkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgRbeTspgKñaÉeTot. ]TahrN_-enAkñúgRbeTs smaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakmYymanplitpldUcKña b¤RsedogKñanaMcUl mkBIRbeTsBIr kñúgkrNIenHRbeTsm©as;pÞHRtUvykBn§ dUcKñaelITMnijmkBI RbeTsTaMgBIr ehIyRbsinebImankarpþl;l½kçx½NÐGnueRKaHdl;TMnijrbs;RbeTs mYyRbeTsmYyeTot RtUvEtTTYl)anl½kçx½NÐenaHdUcKña.

bTbBaØtiþKnøwHén GATT 1994 EdlBak;B½n§nwgBaNiC¢kmµTMnij enaHKW maRta 1 sþIBI katBVkic© MFN nigbTbBaØtiþKnøwHenAkñúg GATS KWmaRta 2 sþIBI MFN.

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eKalbMNgcm,g MFN énmaRta 1 én GATT 1994 KW ³ edIm,I Fana[man kalanuvtþPaBesµIKña TaMgkarnaMcUl TaMgkarnaMecjeTAkan;RbeTs CasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakTaMgGs;.

mansMNYrbIEdlRtUveqøIy edIm,IkMNt;fa mankarrMelaPelIkatBVkic© MFN énmaRta I:1 b¤Gt; ³

viFankarenaHpþl;nUvRbeyaCn_ {BaNiC¢kmµ} énRbePTEdlmanEcgkñúg maRta I:1 b¤Gt;plitplenaHCaplitplEdlmanlkçN³ {dUcKña} b¤Gt; nig plRbeyaCn_enaHRtUv)anpþl; {CabnÞan; nigKµanl½kçx½NÐ} dl;plitplTaMgGs; EdldUcKña b¤Gt; kñúgkrNIénRbRBwtþikmµ MFN enAeRkam GATT 1994 eKal bMNgcm,grbs;RbRBwtþikmµ MFN énmaRta 2³1 én GATS KW ³ edIm,I FananUvsmPaBsRmab;karpþl;esvakmµ nigGñkpþl;esvakmµTaMgGs;énRbeTsCa smaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak.

mansMNYrbIEdlRtUveqøIy edIm,IkMNt;fa etIviFankarenaHrMelaPelI katBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµ MFN enAkñúgmaRta 2³1 b¤ya:gNa? ³ ¬1¦-viFankarenaHCH\Ti§BleTAelIBaNiC¢kmµesvakmµb¤Gt;/ ¬2¦-esvakmµ b¤ Gñkpþl;esvaEdlBak;B½n§enaHCaesvakmµ b¤Gñkpþl;esvaEdlmanlkçN³dUcKña b¤Gt; nig ¬3¦-etImanRbRBwtþikmµGnueRKaHticCagcMeBaHesvakmµ b¤Gñkpþl; esvakmµrbs;RbeTsCasmaCikb¤eT?

cMENkÉ katBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµCatihamXat;RbeTsmYymin[eFVIkarerIs eGIgRbqaMgnwgplitplrbs;RbeTsmYyeTot enAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRsuk. ]TahrN_ plitplsENþkesogrbs;RbeTs {k} GacnaMcUlmklk;kñúgRbeTs {x} eday

78


cMh k¾b:uEnþ RtUv)aneKkat;bnßyPaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;va tamry³karGnuvtþn_ karykBn§epSg² EdleFVI[TMnijenaHbEnßmtémørbs;xøÜn b:uEnþminmankaryk Bn§EbbenHelIplitpldUcKña EdlplitenAkñúgRsukeT.

eKalkarN_RbRBwtþikmµCatienH KWedIm,IFana[mansmPaBrvagplit-pl nigesvaEdlplitkñúgRsuk nig plitplnigesvarbs;breTs.

eKalkarN_RbRBwtþikmµCatimanEcgenAkñúg {x} nanaénkic©RBmeRBog sMxan;bIrbs; WTO KW kic©RBmeRBogBak;B½n§eTAnwgBaNiC¢kmµTMnij/ BaNiC¢kmµ esvakmµ/ nigkmµsiTi§bBaØa ³ (i) GATT: maRta 3; (ii) GATS: maRta 17;

(iii) TRIPS: maRta 3. eKalkarN_RbRBwtþikmµCatienH k¾eXIjmanenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogepSg²

eTot EdlbegáItCa]bsm<½n§ I A énkic©RBmeRBog WTO dUcCa kic©RBmeRBog sþIBI r)aMgbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ nigkic©RBmeRBog sþIBI viFankarGnam½y CaedIm. eKalkarN_enH k¾CamUldæanénkic©RBmeRBogBhuPaKIsµR½Kcitþ sþIBI lT§kmµsaFarN³pgEdr.

eKalbMNgcm,génkatBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµCatiénmaRta 3 én GATT

1994 KWedIm,IecosvagkarkarBar niymkñúgkareRbIR)as;nUvBn§xagkñúg nig viFankarc,ab;déTeTot. dUcEdlmanEcgya:gc,as;enAkñúgmaRta 3³1 eKal bMNgénmaRta 3 KWedIm,IFanaviFankarxagkñúg {minRtUv)anGnuvtþcMeBaHplitpl kñúgRsuk nignaMcUledIm,ICYykarBarplitkmµkñúgRsukeLIy}. cugbBa©b;maRtaenH tRmUv[RbeTssmaCik WTO pþl;nUvsmasPaBsRmab;l½kçx½NÐRbkYtRbECg

79


sRmab;plitplnaMcUleFobnwgplitplkñúgRsuk. l½kçx½NÐsRmbénBn§kñúg Rsuk CamYynwgkatBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµCatiénmaRta 3³2 RbeyaKTImYyén GATT

1994 tRmUv[mankarBinitüemIlfaetI ³ 3- viFankarenaHKWCa {Bn§kñúgRsuk} b¤eT 4- plitplnaMcUl nigplitplkñúgRsukKW {dUcKña} nig 5- plitplnaMcUlminRtUv)anykBn§elIsplitplkñúgRsukeT

maRta 3³2 RbeyaKTI 2 k¾Bak;B½n§nwgRbRBwtþikmµCati énBn§xag kñúgEdr b:uEnþ smøwgemIldl; {RbePTplitplTUlayCagmun} Cagkñúg maRta 3³2 RbeyaKTI1. vaminGnuvtþEtcMeBaH { plitpldUcKña} eT b:uEnþ cMeBaH {plitplRbkYtRbECgKñaedaypÞal; b¤GacCMnYsKña)an} pgEdr. maRta 3³2 RbeyaKTI2 manEcgBIl½kçx½NÐsRmbepSgBIenH EdltRmUv[ mankarBinitüemIlfaetI ³

6- viFankarenaHCa {Bn§kñúgRsuk} 7- plitplnaMcUl nigkñúgRsukmankarRbkYtRbECgKñaedaypÞal; b¤Gac

CMnYsKña)an 8- plitplTaMgenHBMuRtUv)anGnuvtþkñúgeKalbMNgkarBarplitkmµkñúgRsuk

katBVkic©RbRBwtþkmµCatiénmaRta 3 minRtwmEtniyayGMBIBn§xag kñúgb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþGMBIbTbBaØtiþkñúgRsukpgEdr. RbRBwtþikmµCati cMeBaH bTbBaØtiþxagkñúgRtUv)anEcgenAkñúgmaRta 3³4. edIm,IkMNt;fa etIviFankar

80


mYyRsbKñaCamYykatBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµénmaRta 3³4 b¤Gt; eKRtUvBinitüemIl elIl½kçx½NÐbIfaetI ³

9- viFankarenaHKWCac,ab; bTbBaØtiþ b¤l½kçx½NÐtRmUvEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 3³4 b¤eT

10- plitplnaMcUl nigplitplkñúgRsukCaplitpl {dUcKña{ 11- plitplnaMcUlRtUv)anpþl;RbRBwtþikmµGnueRKaHticCag b¤Gt;

katBVkic©RbRBwtþikmµCaticMeBaHviFankarEdlCH\Ti§Bldl;BaNiCö- kmµ esvakmµmanEcgkñúgmaRta 12 én GATS. RbRBwtþikmµCatienAeRkam maRta12 manPaBxusKñaBIRbRBwtþikmµCatienAeRkammaRta 3 én GATT

1994. sRmab;BaNiCökmµTMnijRbRBwtþikmµCati RtUvGnuvtþelIBaNiCökmµ TaMgGs;. cMENkÉRbRBwtiþkmµCatisRmab;esvakmµ GnuvtþEtcMeBaHsmaCik G/B/B NaEdl)aneFVIkarsnüaedayxøÜnÉgkñúgkarpþl;nUv {RbRBwtþikmµCati} dl;esvakmµtamvis½yNamYyEtb:ueNÑaH.

CaerOy² karsnüaRbRBwtþikmµCatiTaMgenaH Cakmµvtßúénkardak; l½kçx½NÐ nigkarkMhitepSg² elITMhMénkarsnüaenaH. enAeBlEdl smaCik)aneFVIkarsnüatamvis½ynImYy²kñúgkarpþl; {RbRBwtþikmµCati} va RtUvbMeBjkatBVkic© {RbRBwtþikmµCati{ énmaRta 17 én GATS.

edIm,IeFVIkarkMNt;fa etIviFankarenaHRsbCamYykatBVkic©Catikñúg maRta 17 b¤Gt; eKmanl½kçx½NÐbIedIm,IeFVIkarkMNt; faetI ³ - viFankarenaHCH\Ti§BleTAelIBaNiCökmµesvakmµb¤eT

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- esvakmµb¤GñkpÁt;pÁg;esvakmµbreTs nigkñúgRsukmanl½kçx½NÐ{dUcKña} b¤eT nigesvakmµ b¤GñkpÁt;pÁg;esvakmµbreTsRtUv)anpþl;RbRBwtþikmµ GnueRKaHticCagb¤eT .

katBVkic©minerIseGIgénmaRta 1³1/ 3³2 RbeyaKTI1 nig maRta 3³4 énmaRta 2³1 nigmaRta 17³1 én GATSGnuvtþEteTAelIplitpl esvakmµ b¤esvakrEdlmanlkçN³ {dUcKña} b:ueNÑaH. dUcEdlecARkm sala]T§rN_ )aneFVIkMNt;sMKal;elIGtþsBaØaNénBaküplitpl {dUcKña} manlkçN³dUcKñaeTAnwgGak;k½redGug EdlTMhMrbs;vaGacERbRbYlGaRs½y elIbBaØtiþ EdlBaküenaHRtUv)aneKbkRsay.

dUecñH eyIgeXIjfamansMBaFeRcIn TaMgFnFanmnusS hirBaØvtßú nig eBlevla k¾dUcCakarsRmbsRmYlkñúgkarksagc,ab;nImYy² kMufaeLIyRbeTs km<úCa sUm,IEtenARbeTseCOnelOn enAelakxaglicEdlmanFnFaneRcIn k¾RtUv cMNayeBlevlayUrbgÁÜrEdr edIm,Iksagc,ab;nigbTbBaØtiþnImYy². b:uEnþ ebIeyIg mineFVIBlIkmµeT RbeTseyIgnwgenAEtBMumanc,ab;TMenIbRsbtamsþg;darGnþrCati edIm,ICamUldæansRmab;Fana nigTak;TajvinieyaKin nigFurCnmkbNþak;Tun nigeFVI BaNiCökmµ nigpþl;esvaenAkm<úCaeLIy. ´enAcaM)anRbsasn_rbs;Gñkcrca BaNiCökmµmñak;EdlmanRbsasn_fa RbsinebIkm<úCaxitxMCMrujkarksag nig EkTRmg;c,ab; eTaHbICamankaryIwtya:v k¾RbeTssmaCikdéTeTotnwgman smancitþCYyKaMRT nigmankareyaKyl;elIkElgEtkm<úCamineFVIGVIesaH.

cMENkxageKalneya)ayBaNiCökmµvij eyIgRtUvEtmankarRbugRby½tñ Cagmunedayehtufa eyIgCasmaCik G/B/B eyIgRtUvGnuvtþeKalkarN_ MFN

82


RbsinebIeyIgpþl;karGnueRKaHGVImYy eyIgRtUvBicarNa[)anm:t;ct;GMBIlT§PaB EdlGacpþl;plcMeNjdl;smaCikepSgeTot EdlGacCaKUrRbECgd¾RsYcRsal CamYyeyIg. eKalneya)ayCaeRcInnwgRtUvBinitüesIerIeLIgvij edIm,I[Rsb tamyuKsm½yfµI nigsmRsbtamkarGPivDÆn_énsPaBkarN_BaNiCökmµ Edl ERbRbYlCanic©enAkñúgyuKsm½ysaklPavUbnIykmµenH.

esckþIsnñidæan eTaHbICaeyIgmankarenOyht;kñúgkareFVIc,ab;k¾eday k¾karxitxMrbs;

eyIgnwgmin\tRbeyaCn_eLIy ³ eyIgmanRckcUlTIpSarcMnYn 147 RbeTs ³ kalNaeyIgmanplitpl (ehIybMeBj)antaml½kçx½NÐtRmUvnanarbs;RbeTs naMcUl) KWeyIgmanTIpSarEdlebIkTVarrYcCaeRsc edayRbeTsTaMgenaHKµanels minsmrmüNamYy edIm,IraraMgplitpleyIgmin[cUlTIpSar)anenaHeT dUecñHnwg begáInplitPaB nigkalanuvtþPaBsRmab;plitplkm<úCa kñúgkarRCotcUlTIpSar BiPBelak.

kñúgkrNIRbeTsNamYyGnuvtþeKalkarN_erIseGIg nigrwtt,wtelI plitplnaMecjBIkm<úCa RbeTsenaHGacRbQmmuxnwgkartva: ehIyRbsinebI edaHRsaykñúglkçN³eTVPaKIKWmin)aneT cugeRkaynwgRtUvbBaöÚneTAkan; ³

ynþkaredaHRsayCemøaH WTO CaynþkaresµIrPaBEdlRbeTstUcFøab; QñHRbeTsFM. enAeBlEdleyIgmanc,ab;nana EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;RTRTg;brisßan vinieyaK nigFurkic©EdlRsbnwgc,ab; nigl½kçx½NÐnanarbs;kic©RBmeRBog WTO

83


enAkm<úCarYcehIy CMenOTukcitþrbs;vinieyaKin nigFurCnbreTskñúgRsuknwgman karekIneLIg edayehtufa eKmanlT§PaBeRcInkñúgBüakrN_ nigeFVIEpnkar Furkic©rbs;eK edayeKGac)a:n;sµanBIcMNaysRmab;karbg;Bn§ RbsinebIkm<úCa GnuvtþnUvviFIsaRsþvaytémøBn§Ky tamkic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPB elak. dUecñaH nwgkat;bnßynUvkarcMNayeRkApøÚvkar nigCakarbegáItPaBRbkYt RbECg ehIynwgTak;TajelIkTwkcitþ[manvinieyaKnigFurkic©fµIenAkm<úCa. karEk sRmYlc,ab;nigbTbBaØtiþnanafVIt,itEtmanPaBsµúKsµaj nigCYbRbTHnwgkarlM)ak CaeRcIn b:uEnþ vanwgpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;RbeTs nigRbCaraRsþrbs;eyIgCak;Esþg dUcCakarksagc,ab;fµI sþIBI Gnam½ynigCYybegáInKuNPaBplitples,ógGahar rbs;km<úCa TaMgsRmab;karnaMecj TaMgsRmab;kareRbIR)as;kñúgRsuk dUecñHnwgkat; bnßynUvkarP½yxøac GMBIkareRCotcUlmkkñúgRsuk nUvCMgWnana EdlekItecjBImðÚb Gahar dUcCaekItecjBIBBYkeb:sþ_ kareRbIsarFatuKImIkñúgmðÚbGahar GaharxUc KuNPaB nigGaharmanCatiBul. kñúgenaHenAeRkamkic©RBmeRBogrbs;GgÁkar BaNiCökmµBiPBelak karRtYtBinitüRBMEdnedIm,IeFVIctþaLIs½k KWRtUvEp¥kelImUl- dæanhaniP½y dUecñHnwgminmann½yfac,ab;fµI nwgbgáCakarrwtt,wtdl;BaNiCökmµ eLIy. müa:geTot karGnum½tykmkeRbIR)as;nUvbTdæanGnþrCati k¾nwgCYy[ mankarTTYlsÁal;nUvKuNPaBplitplkm<úCa CaGnþrCati EdlCaEpñkmYyénkar FanaPaBeCaKC½ypgEdr.

84


GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak nigkarEkTRmg;RbB½n§yutþiFm’enAkm<úCa

elak suk sMeGOn emFavI nigCanaykGgÁkarRkumGñkc,ab;karBarsiTi§km<úCa

karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakrbs;km<úCa KWCaerOgfµI nigCaerOgEdlkm<úCaRtUvEteRtomxøÜn edIm,ITb;Tl;kñúgTmøab;briyakas nig vb,Fm’fµÍ. GVIk¾edayvaEtgEtmanplb:HBal;CaviC¢man nigGviC¢manminElg eLIy. enAeBlEdleyIgminTan;seRmccitþ eyIgGacelIkykplb:HBal;TaMg enaH edIm,ICamUldæansRmab;seRmccitþfa etIeyIgRtUvseRmccitþcUlCasmaCik GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakenHb¤k¾Gt;? b:uEnþ kalebIeyIg)anseRmccitþfanwg eFVIGVIb¤fa cUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµenaHeTA ehIyplb:HBal;TaMgenaH ElgCamUldæaneTotsRmab;seRmceTotehIy EtvakøayeTACamUldæansRmab; eyIgeRtomxøÜn Tb;Tl;nwgplCaviC¢manTaMgLay nigBüayamkat;bnßynUvpl b:HBal;GviC¢manTaMgenaH.

85


cMeBaHplb:HBal;esdækic©kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaM dMbUgkm<úCaRbEhlCa RtUvrgkarsRmukcUlénmuxTMnij nigRkumh‘unbreTsCaeRcInR)akdNas; ehIy km<úCak¾RbQmeTAnwgkarRbkYtRbECgCamYybreTsEdr.

karRbkYtRbECgTaMgenaHrYmman ³ karRbkYtplitpl ³ plitkrenAkñúgRsukGacnwgRtUvgayRbQmeTA

nwgplitplbreTsTaMgtémø nigKuNPaB. edaysareyIgCasmaCik GgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak eyIgnwgBi)akykBn§plitplbreTsx<s;Nas; dUecñH plitplbreTsGacefak ehIymanKuNPaBCagplitplkñúgRsuk. dUecñH edIm,I [plitplkñúgRsukrs;enA)anenaHRtUvEtbnßyBn§ b¤minykBn§plitplkñúgRsuk mYyry³ ehIyrdæRtUvCYyBRgwgsmtßPaB plitkrkñúgRsuk nigBRgwgKuNPaB plitplkñúgRsuk.

karRbkYtTIpSarBlkr ³ kMufaeLIydl;karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢- kmµBiPBelak sUm,IEtbc©úb,nñenH k¾RbCaBlrdækm<úCaRtUvRbQmeTAnwgFnFan mnusSbreTsEdr. sBVéf¶enH manCnbreTsEdlsµR½KbeRmIkargarenAtam GgÁkarsklviTüal½y nigmanrhUtdl;RksYgsaßb½nrdæeTAeTot edayTamTar ebovtSr_minCax<s;CagBlrdæExµrenaHeT. dUecñH RbsinebIrdæminkMhit nigRtYt BinitütwgEtgenaHeT RbCaBlrdæExµrnwgmingayrkkareFVIenaH)aneLIy ehIy tamRkumh‘un nigsßab½nFM² Gacnwgsm,ÚreTAedayCnbreTs b¤CnCatiExµredIm kMeNItbreTs. eBalKWesdækic©RsukExµr GacnwgRtUvdwknaMedayCnbreTseTA vij. kñúgn½yenH c,ab;sBa¢ati c,ab;GenþaRbevsn_ nigc,ab;kargarRtUvBinitüCafµI nigRtUvEtGnuvtþn_[)anmWugm:at;.

86


]sSahkmµ nigvtßúFatuedIm ³ bBaða]sSahkmµ km<úCaenAmankar xVHxatb¤k¾Gacfa KµanEtmþgk¾)an dUecñH erOgRbkYtRbECgEpñk]sSahkmµenaH KWminsUvCamanenaHeT. k¾b:uEnþ ´mankgVl;dUcteTA ³

km<úCaenAEtKµankarrIkceRmInEpñk]sSahkmµdEdl. knøgmk enHeXIj maneragcRklk;eTA[CnbreTs EtEbrCamindMeNIkareTAvij dUcCaRKan;EtTij edIm,IbiT edIm,IebIk[plitpl RbeTsCitxagdeNþImTIpSarenARbeTskm<úCa eTAvij. edaykardwkvtßúFatuedImecjeTAeRkARbeTsvagayeBkenaH enaHnwg GacmanbBaðabI KWkm<úCaenAEtKµankarrIkceRmInEpñk]sSahkmµdEdlBlkrkm<úCa enAEtxVHkargareFVIdEdl nigvtßúFatuedImkm<úCagaynwgrlaynaeBlGnaKt.

dUecñH edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbBaðaenH karnaMecjnUvvtßúFatuedImsuT§² RtUvEt hamXat;b¤rwtbnþwg. RbsinebIc,ab;kMNt;fa RtUvhamXat;karnaMecjnUvvtßúFatu edImsuT§ eyIgGacbgçM[Rkumh‘unbreTsRtUvEtbegáIteragcRkenAkm<úCa edIm,I plitrbs;naMecj b¤ya:gehacNas;[BaNiC¢kr km<úCaGacnwgEbkKMnitGPivDÆn_ ]sSahkmµ. ehIykalebImaneragcRkekIteLIgeRcIn ehIyeBlenaHkm<úCa k¾nwgGacsm,Úrkargardl;RbCaBlrdæEdr.

ehdæarcnasm<½n§ ³ cMNucexSayEdleFVI[]sSahkmµkm<úCaminGacnwg rIkceRmIneTA)anenaH KWkarxVHnUvehdæarcnasm<½n§ dUcCa pøÚvfñl; pøÚv Edk nig GKÁisnI. RbsinebIehdæarcnasm<½n§TaMgenaHenAxVHxat éfødwk CBa¢Únnwgmantémø x<s; EdlnaM[témøplitplenAkñúgRsukGacnwgeLIgx<s; dUecñH edIm,ICYyRTRTg; plitplkñúgRsuk[)anenaH KWRtUvBRgwgehdæarcnasm<½n§TaMgenaH[)an.

87


GMeBIBukrlYy ³ GMeBIBukrlYyk¾CaktþaEdlnaMmanfycuHnUvvinieyaKTun breTs nignaM[plitplkñúgRsukeLIgéfø b¤raMgsÞHminGacnwgmankarrIkceRmIn Edr.

eTaHbICaebIkcMhya:genHEmn fµIt,itEtkarcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢ kmµBiPBelak tRmUv[km<úCaRtUvmanc,ab;CamUldæanmYycMnYnFMk¾eday k¾min sgÇwmfa GñkvinieyaKTunbreTs eRkayeBlEdleKeXIjfa km<úCamanc,ab; RKb;RKan;ehIy ehIye)alsRmukcUlkm<úCaenaHk¾eTEdr ktþamYyeTotEdlsMxan; enaHKWfa etIRbsinebIeKmanCemøaHNamYy eKnwgTTYl)annUvyutþiFm’Edrb¤eT? etIeKTTYl)annUvkarBarenaHEdrb¤eT? niyay[xøI eTaHbICamanc,ab;eRcInya:g Nak¾eday RbsinebItulakar nignKr)alenABukrlYyenAEtxVHsmtßPaBc,ab; TaMgenaHRKan;EtCaRkdasEtb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH rdæaPi)alRtUvEtEkTRmg;]tþmRkum RbwkSaénGgÁecARkm sßab½ntulakar nigkgkmøaMgnKr)al.

88


km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;ksikmµkm<úCa

elak TYt saravuF

1-esckþIepþIm eRkayry³eBlCit10 qñaM KWcab;BIeBlEdlRbeTskm<úCa)andak;Bakü

sMucUlCasmaCik kalBI ExFñÚ qñaM 1994 eTIbEtry³eBl 30 éf¶ eRkayBI rdæaPi)alkm<úCa )anCUndMNwgeTAGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelakenH GgÁkark¾)an GnuBaØat[RbeTskm<úCa cUlCasmaCikeBlsiTi§TI 148 enAéf¶TI 13 tula 2004. 2-sßanPaBTUeTAénRbeTskm<úCa

- cMnYnRbCaCn 14 lannak; - lpitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;mnusSmñak; 281/38 duløarkñúgmYyqñaM - RbCaCnEdlsßitenAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRk 35/9° - RbCaBlrdækm<úCaCag 80° enACnbT - RbCaBlrdæ 70° BwgEp¥kelIksikmµsRmab;ciBa©wmCIvit ¬89°CanarI¦ - PaKryplitplkñúgRsuksrubtamvis½y

89


- sikmµ 38 ° k/5 °

vis½y

atisRmab;ksikmµ nigkarGPivDÆn_CnbT qñaM 20024 °

°

-

- ]sSahkmµ 23- esvakmµ 35 ° - PaKrykargartam- ksikmµ 74 ° - ]sSahkmµ 8 °- esvakmµ 18 ° - PaKryénfvikaC- RbCaCnEdleBjkmøaMgsRmab;kargar 45 ° - RbCaCnEdlmanGayueRkam 20 qñaM man 54/6- RbCaCnEdlGacecHGan nigsresr)an 37 ° - RbCaCnEdlecHGan nigsresrxøHman 27 °

3 ksikmµkm<úCa ksikmµedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;sRmab;kargarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigbegáIn

smtßPaBsRmab;karGPivDÆn_mnusS. kñúgvis½yksikmµdMNaM nigClplCa Gnuvis½yEdlsMxan;CageK Edlman 45 ° nig 35 °énplitplkñúgRsuksrub énvis½yksikmµ. dIdaMdMNaMman 2/6 lanhicta kñúgenaHdMNaMRsUvman 90 ° én épÞdIdaMdMNaMTaMgGs;. dMNaMnaMecjmanRsUv ¬5 mWunetan enAqñaM 2001¦ ehIy enAqñaM 2005 témøTIpSarsRmab;RsUvmantémøx<s;Cag edImqñaM 2004. ekAs‘U CadMNaMnaMecjmYyd¾sMxan;EdrsRmab;km<úCaeyIg dMNaMenHkMBugEtcab;daMeLIg

90


vij elIsBIenHeTAeTot cMkarekAs‘Uk¾kMBugdMeNIrkar eTACaÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ pgEdr. karciBaw©mstVrYmcMENkelIplitplkñúgRsuksrub 14° eTA 15° én plitplksikmµ. ClplmancMENkkñúgkarnaMecjEdr k¾b:uEnþ karEdlRBYy )armÖenaHKW plitplRtIFmµCatimankarFøak;cuH. karrYmviPaKTanelIplitplkñúg RsuksrubmankarfycuH KWGnuvis½yéRBeQI. plitplksikmµCaTMnijcm,g mYyEdleKrMBwgfanwgGacnaMecj)an b:uEnþeBlenHminGaceFVIeTArYcedayKuNPaB rbs;eyIgenAmankRmit. karKaMRTksikmµ nigkarpSBVpSayenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa enAEtmankRmitexSayenAeLIy b¤BMuTan;begáIt)an. 4-GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO)

4-1-GVIeTACa WTO? WTO KWCaRbB½n§EdlEpñkelIeKalkarN_c,ab; IviFankarc,ab;BaNiCökmµsmaCik

naeBlb

smaCik BRgIkkareFVIBaNiCökmµxagTMnij nig BaNiCökmµxagesvakmµ [RsbtameKaledAénkarRTRTg;nirnþrPaBsRmab;kar

RbRktI)anCaevTikacrcaelIRbFanbT Rkbx½NÐ WTO CaevTikacrcasRmab;

CaFMEp¥kelIkic©RBmeRBog nigvin½yEdlEp¥kelc©úb,nñKW 148 RbeTs. 4-2-etIeKbegáItGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelakkñúgeKalbMNgGVI? elIk

temáIgCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbeTsCa

GPivDÆn_ karBar nigEfrkSabrisßan tmøaPaB nigPaBGacTsSn_Tay)anCaevTika sRmab;crcaBaNiCökmµ CaevTikasRmab;ynþkaredaHRsayCemøaHxagBaNiCökmµ.

4-3-etI WTO manmuxgarGVIxøH? CakEnøgsRmbsRmYlelIkic© karRbtibtiþkic©karrdæ)al nigeFVI[kic©RBmeRBog WTO nanaGacdMeNIrkarCa

91


kic©RBme

ivDÆn_yWtTI2 Edl)ancUlCasmaCik eBjsiT

evlaman karGPivD

e impact) arcUlCasmaCik WTOenH RtUv)anm®nþIraCrdæaPi)alBnül;fa RbeTs

breTs[cUlmkrksIukan;EteRcIneLIg. k¾b:uEnþ BMuTan;mankarsikSaNamYy)an bgðajc,

ksikmµ dUcCa c,ab;RKb;RKgFBaØCati c,ab; karBarrukçCatifµICaedIm.

RBogepSg² viFanc,ab;epSg² vin½ynanasRmab;GnaKt CakEnøgsRmab; RKb;RKgynþkaredaHRsayCemøaH CakEnøgsRmab;RKb;RKgynþkarRtYtemIlkarEk sRmYlxageKalneya)ayBaNiCökmµ .

4-3-km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak ³ RbeTskm<úCa)ankøay CasmaCikeBjsiTi§rbs; WTO TI 148 enAéf¶TI 13 tula 2004.

RbeTskm<úCaCaRbeTsmankarGPi§rbs; WTO. bnÞab;BIRbeTsbg;køaeds Edl)ancUlCasmaCikGgÁkar

enH enAéf¶ 23 emsa 2004. RbeTskm<úCaCaRbeTsmYykñúgcMeNamÆn_yWtTaMg 3 énGgÁkar WTO.

5-plb:HBal;dl;ksikmµkm<úCa (Impact on Cambodia Agriculture)

5-1-plb:HBal;CaviCöman (Positiv

kkm<úCanwgmanTIpSarya:gFMelIqakGnþrCati EdlGacnwgRbmUlGñkvinieyaKTun

as;fa etIkarcUlCasmaCik WTO rbs;km<úCa)anTTYlplcMeNj b¤xatya:gNaBitR)akdenaHeT.

karcUlCasmaCik WTO énRbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvmanc,ab; 40 bEnßmeTot edIm,ItRmUvtamsnüarbs;RbeTsCamYy WTO enH kñúgenaHman c,ab;mYycMnYneqøIytbeTAnwgvis½y

92


kñúgry³eBl 5 qñaMxagmuxenH RbeTskm<úCaRtUvGnumt½nUvc,ab;sMxan;² mYycMnYn edIm,IbMeBjkarsnüaEdl)aneFVIenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog cUlCasmaCik WTO. km<úCanwgeFVIsmahrNkmµesdækic©rbs;xøÜnkñúgRbB½n§ WTO.

5-2-plb:HBal;GviCöman ³ plitplksikmµGaclk;)anEtkñúgextþ minGacnaMecj)anminGacRbkYt

TIpSareRkARbeTs. mUlehtu ³ minRtUvtamsþg;darGnþrCati nigkarRKb;RKgsRmYlEbb

bTBaNiCökmµenAkm<úCamanPaBsaMjaMú EdlbNþal[éføedImeLIgx<s;Cagplit plnaMcUl

wgTukGacBIbreTs.

plitplrMB ³ rdæaPi)alnwgsRmYlEbbbT[lk; nigksikr bBaÄb;karplitenaHnwgmankarhUrcUlkan;EteRcIn ehIyRbCaCnkan;EtRk ³

aNiCökmµBiPBelak mkelIksikrkm<úCa} 23-24 FñÚ 2004 Ed

6-sMNUmBr

lk;dI lk;kmøaMgBlkmµeTAeRkARbeTs. enAkñúgGgÁsikçasala sþIBI {plb:HBal; énsmaCikPaBGgÁkarB

lerobcMedayGgÁkarsþarkm<úCa)anbgðajfa ³ éføcMNayx<s;sRmab; karpÁt;pÁg;plitPaBksikmµ xVHfvikaenAcugrdUvRbmUlplrbs;ksikr (épÞdIdaM dMNaMtic) QµÜjkNþalmYycMnYnRbmUlTijksiplkñúgtémøefak GacnaMecjeTA lk;eRkARbeTs)an b:uEnþlk;[ksikrvijkñúgtémøx<s; plitplenAkm<úCaBi)akrk cMeNjpgetIGacRbkYtTIpSar)anEdrb¤eT?

93


- rdæaPi)alKYrkMNt;sþg;darBUCnaMecjdl;RbCaksikr edIm,I[plitplnaMecj tamtRmUvkarTIpSarGnþrCati.

- rdæaPi)alKYrBicarNaelIkarniyayrbs;sßanTUtGaemrik Edl)anelIkeLIg fa ³ smaCikPaBénGgÁkar WTO KWCayanþmYysRmab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

nirnþrPaB. k¾b:uEnþ vak¾tRmUv[mankaredIredayqnÞ³neya)ay

aNiCökmµBiPBelak.

7-

eFVI[)ansEmþgeLIgnUvmtiCaeRcIn kñúgkarCYyCMrujkarGPivDÆn_Cati [kan;EtmanPaB xøaMgkøaeLIg.

RbkbedaynirnþrPaB nigkarebþCJacitþedIm,ICMrujkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;epSg² nigkatBVkic© mYycMnYnEdlTak;Tgdl;GgÁkarB

- raCrdæaPi)alCYyBRgwgRbsiTi§PaBénkarpþl;esvasaFarN³ karepÞrbec©k eTsksikmµ FarasaRsþdl;ksikr nigsRmYlral;neya)ayBaNiCökmµ[ kan;Etl¥eLIg.

esckþIsnñidæan

karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelakrbs;RbeTskm<úCa BitCa mtiCatiGnþrCati nigCaBiess RbCaCnenACnbTmankarcab;GarmµN_ nig

94


elakRsI Rbuk va:n;nI

GñkÉkeTs eynD½rnigsgÁménkmµviFIGPivDÆn_Epñkksikmµ RbcaMRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT

savtar nigkarbgðajRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa CaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆtictYc ehIy

RbeTsenH)ancUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) enAExkBaØa qñaM2003. eTIbEtmYyTsvtSr_b:ueNÑaH taMgBIkm<úCa)anrs;ranmanCIviteLIgvij naqñaM1993 bnÞab;BIsßitenAkñúgPaBÉeka s®gÁamraMuér nigkarsmøab;rgÁalGs;bI TsvtSr_. enHKWCasmiT§plmYyd¾cm,gbMputrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa. km<úCa)an køayeTACasmaCikPaBeBjsiTi§ énsmaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ (ASEAN)

enAkñúg qñaM1999. taMgBIqñaM 1993 mk km<úCaCaRbeTsEdlmanRbvtþisaRsþTMenIb)an

bBa©ÚlrebobénkarRKb;RKgesdækic©TIpSar naMmuxd¾manRbsiTi§PaBeTAkñúgGPi)al kic©EdlmanlkçN³esdækic©. rcnasm<½n§énGRtaBn§KyCaTUeTA KWTabehIyefr

a nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ km<úCplb:Hpldl;ksikmµkm<úCa

95


RBmTaMgman]bsKÁEpñkBn§tictYcbMputeTotpg. c,ab;vinieyaKenAkm<úCaKW sßit enAkñúgcMeN EpøkKña rvagkarvinieyaKeRk NIm©as;kmµsiTi§dIFøI EdlbRmugTukCarbs;CnCatikm<úCa. ral;karrkSaTukbBaðaniytkr RtUvEtbMeBj tYnaTICamYyEpñkksikmµCarbs;rdæ Edlk rNIxøHkMBugdMeNIrkarÉkCnIykmµ.

kñúgnamCasmaCikénsmaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ (ASEAN) ehIy \LÚvenH k¾CasmaCikGgÁkarBaNi (WTO) eTotenaH RbeTs

alkçN³sakl enaHKWkic©RBmeRBogksikmµ maKa’kMENTRmg; ¬bc©úb,nñenHsßit eLIgvij nigkarcrca¦ EpñkBiFIsarGas‘an nigtMbn;

amRkbx½NÐc,ab;vinieyaK esrICageKenAkñúgtMbn; EdlminxusARsuk nigkñúgRsukeT elIkElgEtkñúgkr

ñúgk

CökmµBiPBelakkm<úCa)anseRmccitþeKarBtamc,ab; énkic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak CenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitüemIlBaNiCökmµesrIGas‘an (AFTA) RBmTaMgKeRmagGnueRKaHBn§KyrYm (CEPT).

km<úCaeBjcitþnwgeCaKC½ymYycMnYn kñúgkarRbkYtRbECgEpñksuvtßiPaB Gahar nigksikmµ. enAkñúgry³eBlR)aMqñaMcugeRkayenH km<úCa)anTTYlnUv plitplRsUvRKb;RKan;sRmab;xøÜnÉg Cak;Esþg km<úCa)ankøayeTACaGñknaMecj RsUvtictYcxøH eTAkan;RbeTsCitxagrbs;xøÜn CaBiesskñúgGMLúgeBleRkayBIrdUv RcUtkat;. GtiprNakñúgRbeTskm<úCa bgðajedaysnÞsSn_témøeRbIR)as; (CPI)

BI-1 ¬dkmYy¦ eTA3° ry³kalR)aMqñaMknøgmk GaRs½yedaytémøGaharefrb¤ k¾Føak;cuH. elIsBIenHeTAeTot kareFVIGegátelIEpñksuxPaBfµI²enHbgðajnUvPaB l¥RbesIr kñúgsßanPaBGaharrUbtßmÖsRmab;RbCaBlrdæ CaBiesskñúgcMeNam kumar.

96


eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday suvtßiPaBGahar nigkMeNInsrubkñúgeBlGnaKt énEpñkksikmµrbs;km<úCaRtUvBwgEp¥k eTAelIkarRbkYtRbECgry³eBlyUrrbs; Cati enAkñúgbTbBaØtþirbs;Gas‘an nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO)

RBmTaMgbgðajPinPaK nigGPivDÆkalanuvtþPaB Edlpþl;edayesrIPavUbnIykmµ énBaNiCökmµ. enHKWsMxan;Nas;sMrab;Epñkksikmµ nigCnbTkm<úCa EdlEpñk enHpþl;[

naMecj]

srubesckþImk smtßPaBrbs;CatiGaccat;Ecg nigdwknaMkñúgry³eBl yUrKWedIm,Isßabna nigkarBarkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkksikmµCati nigTajyk

eyIgya:geRcIndl;eTA 2/3 énkargar nigbegáInplitpl kñúgRsuk)an 32 °. eRkABIenH dUckareFVIniTsSn_enAkñúgbTBiesaFn_GPivDÆn_CaGnþrCati )anbgðajfa karrIkceRmInelIvis½yksikmµ nigCnbTnwgCH\Ti§Blya:gsMxan; eTAelIR)ak;cMNUl eRkABIvis½yksikmµ nigkargartamry³karpSarP¢ab; nigPaB rs;revIkCamYyEpñkesdækic©déTeTot. karlUtlas;eTAmuxnaeBlfµI²enH elIEpñk kmµnþsalenAkm<úCaPaKeRcIn GaRs½yedaykarekIneLIgya:gqab;rh½snUvEpñk

sSahkmµkat;edr nigvaynPNÐEdlkMeNInEbbenH Gacrs;ran)antam ry³KuNPaBl¥ nigtémøRbkYtRbECg. CalT§pltémøRbkYtRbECgCasMxan; TTYlrg\T§BlBIkéRmR)ak;QñÜl nigtémømðÚbGahar.

km<úCasßitenAkNþalrvagRbeTséf nigRbeTsevotNam EdlRbeTs TaMgBIr nabITsvtSr_cugeRkayenH )anbgðajnUvkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkksikmµd¾ elceFøa. RbeTscink¾)anbgðajxøÜnenAkñúgtMbn;pgEdr. km<úCaRtUvEteronyk KMrUBIkarviPaKBiesaFn_énRbeTsCitxagxøÜn ehIyKYrEtRbECgCamYyeCaKC½y rbs;RbeTsCitxag nigecosvagral;kMhusepSg².

97


RbeyaC

ahrNkmµGnþrCati nig kñúgtMbn; nigédKURbkYtRbECgEdlTajykRbeyaCn_BIédKU b¤GñkRbkYtRbECg

n_BI»kas Edlpþl;edayGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) nig smaCikGas‘anenAeRkARbeTs TamTar[mankic©xitxMRbwgERbgeFVIkarviPaK nig )a:n;sµand¾TUlMTUlay GMBIkarRbkYtRbECgCalkçN³GnþrCati cMeBaHTMnijsMxan;² Edlplitedaykm<úCa. karvaytémøEbbenH KYrEtRKbdNþb;elIplitPaB témø plitkmµ nigTIpSarrYmTaMgsßab½neKalneya)ay nigbTbBaØtþiEdlman\Ti§Bl ehIyGackMNt;témønigplitPaB. dMeNIrkarviPaKnwgCYyeFVI[manPaBCak;lak; CYysRmYlkarBiPakSa sþIBI bBaðaepSg² nigkarlM)ak CaBiessRbsinebI dMeNIrkarviPaK)aneFVIeLIg edaylkçN³tmøaPaB nigmankarcUlrYm.

karksagmtßPaBviPaKelIdMeNIrkar sþIBI KeRmagCMnYyEpñkbec©keTs KWBitCasMxan;sRmab;km<úCa edIm,IbegáInPaBl¥RbesIrénkargaresdækic©TIpSar nig rebobRKb;RKgRbB½n§témø. TaMgenHKWsMxan;Nas; edayehtufaRbeTskm<úCaFøab; )ansßitenAÉeka nigmanRbvtþisaRsþénkarGnuvtþn_EpnkarmCÆwm. ebIeyIg RkeLkemIleTAGnaKtkalmUldæanRKwHd¾rwgmaMénsmtßPaBviPaKeKalneya)ay tamEpñkRtUvEterobcMeLIgvij nigeFVI[RCYtRCabdl;sm

EpñkBaNiC¢kmµrbs;xøÜnkñúgeKalbMNg edIm,IRTRTg;nUvsuvtßiPaBGahar karRbkYt RbECgEpñkksikmµ karlUtlas; nigkarGPivDÆn_Cati.

karRbQmmux nigdMeNaHRsay

2/1-CYyKaMBar nigEklm¥TMnijEpñkksikmµrbs;ksikrtUctac

98


ksikmµedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;kñúgesdækic©km<úCa nigCavis½yTI 1 énkar pþl;karedaHRsay 80° énkmøaMgBlkmµsßitenAkñúgvis½yksikmµ ehIyPaKeRcIn BYkeKKWCaksikrtUctacehIyRkIRk. ehtudUecñHehIy karykcitþTukdak;d¾viess mYyRtUvpþl;dl;BYkeK cMeBaHplb:HBal;énkarcUlCasmaCik WTO elIEpñk ksikmµ BiesscMeBaHksikrtUctac. ebIKµankarsRmalnUv\Ti§BlenHeT vaR)akd CaekItmaneRKaHfñak;énvibtþisgÁm.

edIm,IKaMBar nigFanacMeBaHR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikr CakarcaM)ac;KWRtUv ³ - GnuvtþeKalneya)aytémømYyeRkamkarkRmitrbs; WTO (Amber Box)

CamYynwglT§PaBBIrya:g. - TImYy KWRtUvpþl;Bt’man BIkareRbIR)as;kEnøgrkSaTuknUvsuvtßiPaB es,óg

bRmug Ca]bkrN_sRmbsRmYltémøRsUv. kalebIBt’manRtUv)anraykarN_ ehIyRbeTskm<úCaGaceRbIR)as;kRmitdUc²KñaCaerogral;qñaM

- TIBIr KWbTbBaØtþi “de minimis” eKGacpþl;karKaMRTtémøcMeBaHRsUv Ggár RbsinebItémøénkarKaMRT enaHvaticCag 10 ° témøsrubénkarplitRsUv [témøénkarKaMRT = ¬témøkñúgRsuk-témøBiPBelak¦ x brimaN] .

- edIm,IQancUleTAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak RbeTskm<úCaRtUvPöab; taragBn§Kyrbs;xøÜn elIplitplksikmµkñúgkRmitepSg² Kña. cMeBaHRsUv EdlCaRKab;FBaØCati yuT§saRsþrbsehIy

;ExµrtaragBn§Ky KWGacQandl; 40 ° r nig

edImkRmitenaHvaRKb;RKan; edIm,IKaMBarplitkmµkñúgRsuk nigksik

,IbeBa©óskarhUrcUlénkarnaMRsUvefak² cUl

99


- kars

g énplitplnaMcUlrbs;km<úCafycuH Ca karcaM)ac;KWRtUv[mankar KaMRTmYycMeBaHkarbegáInplitPaB. kareFVIEbb

karksikr edIm,IeFVI[

-

Þg;mtielIPaBxusEpøkKñarvagtémøkñúgRsuk nigtémøGnþrCati KWmansar³ sMxan;Nas; .

- kñúgkrNIEdlmankarekIneLIgya:gelOnnUvbrimaN énkarnaMcUlRbeTs km<úCa GacnwgRtUvgakeTAykbTbBaØtþiénkarkarBar CaBiessedaybEnßm Bn§ 30° eTAelIBn§KysRmab;ry³eBlmYymankMNt; ¬minelIsBImYyqñaM¦

- edIm,IecosvagkMu[karRbkYtRbEC

enHTRbesIreLIg karbNþúHbNþalksikr nigKaMRTGgÁGMNac TIpSarrbs;BYkeKkan

amTar[KuNPaBénFatucUl ¬RKab;BUC CI fñaMsmøab;stV céRg¦ kan;Et

;Etl¥RbesIr enAcMeBaHmuxBaNiCökr. kargar enHGacRbRBwtþeTA)aneRkamRkbx½NÐénGgÁkar WTO BIeRBaHviFankarTaMg enH RtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlkñúgRbGb;ébtg (Green box).

2/2-karlanuvtþPaBénkarnaMecj karkøayCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO RbeTskm<úCamankalanuvtþPaBénkar naMecjCaeRcIn. RbsinebIRbeTsGPivDÆn_mYycMnYnpþl;RckcUleTAkñúgTIpSar rbs;xøÜn)anl¥ ehIyedaymkBIsßanPaBrbs;RbeTskm<úCa CaRbeTs GPivDÆn_tictYc (LDC) RckcUlTIpSarenaHnwgRtUv)anGnuvtþ ehIysmaCik GgÁkar WTO TaMgGs;nwgGnuvtþ cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCanUvRbRBwtþikmµCa RbeTsTTYlkarGnueRKaHbMput (Most Favored Nation).

100


- k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IGac[mankarnaMplitplksikmµecjeTARbeTsÉeTot² nig CaBiessenaH eTARbeTsGPivDÆn_ ¬RbeTsGñkman¦ eyIgRtUvEteqøIytb

møkarrt;Bn§ kgVH karRtYtBinitü nigPaBpþac;mux xusc,ab; EdlCaehtueFVI[vinieyaKin)ak;Twk

kplRbeyaCn_eBjelj BIkarcUlCa

.

eTAtamlkçN³vinicä½yénPUtKamGnam½y (SPS) KWCakarcaM)ac;. erOgenH tRmUv[mankarvinieyaKelIkarTukdak;kñúgXøaMg kareRbIma:sIunRtCak; nigbnÞb; BiesaFn_ karGnuvtþn_RbB½n§GFikarkic©edayxøÜnÉg karGnuvtþn_karRtYtBinitü CasaFarN³ karbNþúHbNþal taMgBIksikrrhUtdl;GñknaMecj. karbiTpøak elIplitpl KWCa]bkrN_sRmab;begáIntémøbEnßm nigkarkarBarkarbBa¢ak; PUmisaRsþ EdlKaMBaredayRkbx½NÐénGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak. kareFVI EbbenHGacpþl;nUvkalanuvtþPaBd¾l¥²Edr. 2/3-karerobcMPsþPakñúgRbeTs

bBaðaenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa KWCakarlak;elomté

citþ nigbnßylT§PaB kñúgkarTajysmaCikGgÁkar WTO. karrt;Bn§eFVI[KµanRbsiTi§PaBdl;karRKb;RKg BaNiCökmµ nigkarGnuvtþn_GVI²[)antamsþg;dar.

karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO pþl;kalanuvtþPaB[km<úCabegáIt Rkbx½NÐc,ab;mYy. edIm,IeKarBRkbx½NÐ WTO c,ab;cMnYn 46 RtUvEtGnum½t b¤EktRmUvenAkñúgqñaMeRkay²enH. eRkaykarGnum½t rdæaPi)alRtUvEtGnuvtþ nigFanaRbsiTi§ PaBtamry³kareFVIRbB½n§tulakarsaCafµIeLIgvij

101


2/4-TIpSar plitkrCaeRcInRbQmmux CamYykarlM)akya:geRcIn kñúgkarlk;plitpl rbs;xøÜn. ehdæarcnasm<½n§ minGMeNaypldl;kardwkCBaöÚn karsagsg; XøaMgsþúkTMnij nigTIstVXat. ]sSahkmµEkécñmanPaB Gn;fyNas; shRKasÉkCn nigksikrRbQmnwgkarxVHBt’manTIpSar. cMeBaHkarcUl CasmaCikGgÁkar WTO RtUvnaMmknUvkarGnuvtþn_GVI² tamsþg;da. edIm,Iqk; yk[)annUvkalanuvtþPaBénkarnaMecj nigkarRbQmCamYykarRbkYt RbECgfµI énplitplnaMcUll½kçx½NÐénkarEsVgyl;BITIpSar RtUvEtCMruj[ )anRbesIreLIg.

-

- arvinieyaKCasaFarN³ CaesckþIRtUvkarsRmab;ehdæarcnasm<½n§saFarN³ avnavrkkarvinieyaKÉkCn. RbB½n§pþl;

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karbegáItRkumm®nþIraCkard¾ manRbs

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kehIykñúgkrNIxøH eKnwgGacGMB

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iTi§PaBmYyRkum. edIm,IEfrkSaksi-]sSahkmµfµI kñúgbMNgrkSaTuktémøbEnßm eKGacGnuvtþ nUvbTbBaØtþiKaMBar eRkamk,Ünc,ab;TUeTArbs;kic©RBmeRBog sþIBI taragBn§Ky nigBaNiCökmµ (GATT) edIm,IEfrkSa]sSahkmµeTIbEtekItfµI.

102


esckþIsnñidæan1- GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelakpþl;nUvRkbx½NÐ sRmab;eKalneya)ayBaNiCö-

kmµenAkñúgn½yTUlay. CakarBitNas;GgÁkar WTO bgðajnUv]bsKÁ b:uEnþ pþl;nUvlT§PaB edIm,IGPivDÆBaNiC¢kmµksikmµ. km<úCabc©úb,nñ)ankøayeTA CasmaCikGgÁkar WTO dUecñH eyIgRtUvEtGnuvtþTaMgkarebþCJacitþrbs;xøÜn.

edIm,ITajyk»kas nigbnßynUvPaBRbfuyRbfan rdæaPi)alkm<úCamantYnaTI Cacm,gmankñúgkarGnuvtþn_. kñúgPaBskmµedayKaMRTEpñkksikmµ edIm,ITb; Tl;nwgkarRbQm CameFüa)ayEtmYyedImI,TajykplRbeyaCn_TaMgRsug BIsßanPaBfµIenH eda

2-

ysarEtkarcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO ksikmµkm<úCa

3-

4-

5- arenH. kargarenHTamTar[km<úCa bBa¢ak;kar

RtUvEtRbQmnwgbBaðaCaeRcIn.

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kñúgcMeNamc,ab;TaMgGs; karGnuvtþn_ SPS nigr)aMgbec©keTselIkareFVI BaNiC¢kmµ (TBT) TamTarnUvCMnYyEpñkbec©kviTüa nigkarksagsmtßPaB.

GgÁkar WTO KWsßitenAkñúgdMeNIrkarcrcaCaGciéRnþy_ km<úCaRtUvEterobcM CMhrrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgdMeNIrkEklm¥kñúgRkbx½NÐGgÁkar WTO edIm,IKaMBarksikmµkm<úCa nigCMrujkar GPivDÆrbs;xøÜn edIm,Ipþl;Bt’maneTAdl;sßab½ndéTeTot nigedIm,Isßabna sm<½n§PaB.

103


Éksareyag 1- Eb‘nIDik emImILaMg ¬2004¦ {ksikmµkm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ

BiPBelak }

2- TsSn³énkarRbkYtRbECgksikmµ enAkñúgsmaKmRbCaCatiGasIu GaeKñy_ nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ¬Exkkáda qñaM 2004¦

3- kic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak sþIBI ksikmµ 4- kic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak sþIBI PUtKamGnam½y

(SPS)

104


Cabzm sUmGnuBaØat[xøÜn´ tagnamÉk]tþmrdæm®nþI RksYgkargar nig

bNþúHbNþalviCöaCIv³ sUmsEmþgnUvkþIesamnsSrIkray nigGMNrKuNya:gRCal eRCAcMeBaHfñak;dwknaMén viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB Edl)an erobcMkmµviFId¾mansar³sMxan;enH RBmTaMg)anpþl;kitþiys[´)ancUlrYm nig EføgbTGnþraKmn_kñúgevTikaenHeTotpg.

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km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³

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plb:HBal;dl;Blkmµkm<úCa

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105


ekInBIRbmaN 80 mWunduløarGaemrikmk 1/900 landuløarGaemrik enAqñaM 2004 knøgeTAenH. Tinñn½yxagelIenHsrbBaöak; GMBIsar³sMxan;rbs;vis½y ]sSahkmµkat;edr kñúgkarrYmcMENkbegáIncMNUldl;fvikaCati nigkarbegáIt kargareFVICUn RbCaBlrdækm<úCa enHKWCacMENkmYyénkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ay edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;RbeTsCatieyIg. eRkABIenH vis½yeTscrN_ KmnaKmn_ ksikmµ Þal; TaMgeday Rbeyalrab;Esnnak;e

kñúgdMNak;kal EdlTIpSarkargarkñúgRbeTsRsUbykminGs;kmøaMg BlkmµE

arbBaöÚnBlkrkm<úCaeTAeFVIkarenAeRkA RbeTs

.l. k¾)anRsUbykkmøaMgBlkmµ TaMgedayppSgeTot.

dlmankMeNInRbmaN 17/6 % Caerogral;qñaMenaH TIpSarkargareRkA RbeTsk¾CaTisedAmYyEdr kñúgkaredaHRsaykargarCUnyuvCn nigBlkrTaMg BIrePT edIm,IelIkkm¥s;CIvPaBpg nigTTYl)annUvkarbNþúHbNþal b¤begáIn CMnajviCöaCIv³eTAtambec©kviTüaTMenIbpg. knøgmk km<úCamankic©RBmeRBogCa mYyRbeTsmYycMnYnenAkñúgtMbn; kñúgk

kñúgenaHeyIg)anbBaöÚneTARbeTsma:eLsIu cMnYnCit 2/500 nak; nigeTA saFarNrdækUer:)anCag 1/600 nak; rYcehIy. Blkrkm<úCacMnYn 18 mWunnak; EdlkMBugrs;enA nigeFVIkarenAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkéfLg; kMBugTTYlkarerobcM ÉksarEbbbT edIm,IkøayeTACaBlkrRsbc,ab; Edlbgb¥ÚnnwgTTYlnUvsiTi§ RbeyaCn_ dUcBlkrCatiéfEdr. eyIgnwgxitxMBRgIkTMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTs epSgeTot edIm,IRsUbykkmøaMgBlkmµrbs;eyIgEfmeTot.

106


GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak nigplb:HBal;cMeBaHBlkmµkm<úCa RBwtþikarN_mYyenH EdleFVI[eyIgTaMgGs;Kñasb,ayrIkray nigman

emaTnPaBya:gxøaMg enaHKWRbeTskm<úCa)ankøayCaRbeTsTI 1 kñúgcMeNam RbeTsRkIRkkñúgkarcUlCasmaCik TI 147 énGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) kalBIExkBaØa qñaM 2003 knøgeTAenH. cab;BIqñaM 2005 teTAenH karpþl;kUtasRmab;naMTMnijeTATIpSarshrdæGaemrikRtUv)anbBa©b;.

kñúgsßanPaBenH km<úCaeyIgmanplvi)ak 2 ya:g KWplvi)akCaviCöman KWTMnijrb

nl¥ karbegáInKuNPaBplitpl • karedaHRsaybBaðaéføTMnij

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• karGnuvtþn_l½kçx½NÐkargarBIRKb;PaKIBak;B½n§[)a•

107


• karedaHRsaybBaðary³eBlbBaöÚnplitpleTAdl;TIpSar. knøgmk RbeTskm<úCaeyIg)anTTYlcMNat;fñak;lMdab;TI 1 GMBI

karGnuvtþn_l½kçx½NÐkargar EdlkñúgenaHRbeTsCitxag dUcCa RbeTséfLg;d_ )anTTYllMdab;TI 4 rIÉRbeTscin RbeTsevotNam nigRbeTsbg;køaedssßit kñúglMdab;TI8. RbkarenH KWCaskþanuBlPaBd¾viessrbs;km<úCaeyIg EdlRKb; PaKIBak;B½n§RtUvEtcUlrYmKña bnþGnuvtþ[kan;EtRbesIrEfmeTot.

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108


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y igyuT§saRsþctuekaNrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa EdlCaRtIvis½yarkic©edayeCaKC½y. RksYgkargar nigbNþúHbNþalviCöaCIv³ yl;eXIjfa RksYg nigsßab½n

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2- bnþeKalneya)ayelIkTwkcitþdl;Gñkviniey

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109


RtUvkarBarsiTi§Rsbc,ab;rbs;RKb; PaKIBak;B½n§pgEdr CaBiessecosvag[ )andac;xatkareRbIR)as;GMeBIhigSa kñúgskmµPaBEsVgrkdMeNaHRsay nig kñúgdMeNIrkarpSHpSavivaT. ebIKµanvinieyaK b¤mankarvinieyaKehIy b:uEnþ

3 bik nigshKmn_GWr:ub)anTTYlsÁal;fa enAkm<úCamin

manenH eyIgRtUv

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4-

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110


bnßyéføedImTMnij RBmTaMgkat;bnßyry³eBlnaMecjTMnij EdlTaMgGs; enHk¾CaktþamUldæan bgáPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgTIpSarGnþrCati pgEdr. bnþBRgwg nigBRgIkPaBCaédKUCamYyEpñkÉkCn tamry³karBRgwgRkum kargarcRmuH EdlmanRsab;CaynþkarBieRKaHeyabl;. kic©RbCMuevTikarvag raCrdæaPi)al nigÉkCn KWCa»kasEdlPaKIBak;B½n§GMBIvinieyaK nigFru³kmµ Binitü nigedaHRsaybBaða)anedaypÞal; nigqab;rh½s. kñúgGaNtþik

5-

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argarbnþ b¤RbCaBlrdækm<úCaeyIgGacmankargarbEnßmeTot.

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111


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112


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karvinieyaKEpñkenHmkkm<úCa tamesckþItRmUvrbs;GtifiCnEdlbBaöaTij Ca BiessBITIpSarshrdæGaemrik EdlrdæaPi)alGaemrik)andak;nUvviFankarCak; EsþgmYy Tb;sáat;TMnijEpñksemøókbMBak; EdlhUrKMhukmkBIRbeTscin. ]sSahkmµkat;edrenAkm<úCa hak;dUcC

GPivDÆkñúgvis½ykat;edrrbs;GgÁkar WTO CaBiessKWRbtikmµrbs; smaCikd¾sMxan;mYyénGgÁkarenaHKWshrdæGaemrik.

tamkarsnñidæanrbs;GñkCMnajkaresdækic©GnþrCati eTAGnaKtGacenA manRbmaNCag10 RbeTsb:ueNÑaH EdlnwgcUlrYmkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgvis½y kat;edr kñúgenaHmanRbeTsFM²mYycMnYnenAkñúgt

TVIbGaemrikLaTIn nigTVIbGaRhVikpgEdr. GñkCMnajkaresdækic©GnþrCati)anvay témøfa km<úCaCaRbeTsmYyEdlGaccUlrYmkñúgkarRbkYtRbECg kñúgTIpSarGnþr Cati)annwgeKEdr k¾b:uEnþ km<úCaRtUvxitxMRbwgERbgGnuvtþ[)anl¥nUvRbkar nig l½kçxNÐ½CaKnøwHmYycMnYnKW ³

1- karGnuvtþn_l½kçx½NÐkargarBIRKb;PaKIBak;B½n§[)anl¥ 2- karbegáInKuNPaBplitpl

124


3- karedaHRsaybBaðaéføTMnij nig 4- karedaHRsaybBaðabBaöÚnplitpleTAdl;TIpSarTan;eBlevla.

plb:HBal;rbs;smaCikPaBenAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak mkelI GaCIvkm

igkic©RBmeRBogBaNiCökmµ

p

dlkm<úCakMBugmankarRBYy)armÖ GMBIvasnaénvis½y plitkmµkat;edr karcUlCasmaCikrbs;km<úCa eTAkñúgGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPB elak k¾nwgGacpþl;nUv»kasl¥sRmab;km<úCapgEdr RbsinebIkm<úCaGacbegáIn brisßanGaCIvkmµmYyl¥sRmab;vis½yÉkCn edIm,ITak;TajkarvinieyaKBIbreTs

µkm<úCarYmman ³ • c,ab; nigbTbBaØtiþTaMgLay EdlTak;TgnwgGaCIvkmµ )anRbesIrCag

munnigGnum½tc,ab;tulakarBaNiCökmµ nigc,ab;BaNiCömµdéTeTot. kal Nac,ab;fµI )anl¥RbesIrCagmunsRmab;RKb;RKgGaCIvkmµ ehIyRtUv )anGnuvtþtameKalkarN_c,ab; enaHvanwgmankarTak;Taj karvinieyaK TuneRcInCagmun.

• kic©RBmeRBogGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak ndéTeTot pþl;»kas[GaCIvkmµrbs;km<úCa GaccUlTIpSarbreTs)an edaymankarGnueRKaH ¬RtI nigplitpleFVIBIRtI Bn§naMcUlKW 0° sRmab;TIpSarshrdæGaemrik nigkaNada¦.

• GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelakpþl;CeRmIs [RbeTsCasmaCikTb;Tl; CamYynwgkarRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgTI Sarrbs;xøÜn ¬viFanrbs;GgÁkar BaNiCökmµBiPBelak sþIBI Bn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø nigviFankar karBar¦. enAkñúgdMNak;kal E

125


nigsRmab;GñkvinieyaKkñúgRsuk. TnÞwmnwgenH raCrdæaPi)alRtUvxitxMRbwgERbg begáInlT§PaB[manPaBCaédKUrvagvis½yÉkCn nigrdæ)alsaFarN³kan;Et RbesIreL

edIm edaybgálT§PaBTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalTaMgenAkñúg Rsuk igshRKasFuntUc nigmFümgayrkx©I)annUvTunvinieyaK edayBRgwgRbB½n§c,ab; EdlGac

GPivDÆ nigGacQancUlRbkYtRbECgkñúgTIpSarGnþrCati RbkbedayPaBesµImux esµIm ; TaMgenHnebIGaCIvknigplvi)aknwgekItmaneLIgeRcInsRmab;GaCIvkmµkñúgRsuk ehIyRbCaBlrdæk¾ )at; ;kb¤k¾Qb;d

Ig tamry³karpþl;lT§PaB[vis½yÉkCn)anTTYlnUvBuTi§fµI² TaMgEpñk RKb;RKg nigbec©kviTüaCa

n eRkARsuk. karpþl;lT§PaB[GñkvinieyaKkñúgRsuk CaBiessKWsRmab;

pþl;karkarBardl;RbPB[x©IR)ak; k¾CaskmµPaBmYyd¾RbesIrpgEdr. TaMgGs;enH KWCaktþarYmcMENkpþl;lT§PaB[GaCIvkmµkñúgRsukman kar

at ehIyEfmTaMgpþl;nUvkargareFVIdl;RbCaBlrdækñúgRsukpgEdr Edlktþa wgrYmcMENkdl;karbnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. b:uEnþ pÞúyeTAvij mµkñúgRsuk BMuGacmanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECgnwgeK)anenaH plb:HBal;

bg argareFVIpgEdr. bBaðaTaMgenHGacbNþal[GaCIvkmµ RtUv)anbiTTVar MeNIrkarGaCIvkmµEtmþg. cMNucKYrcgcaM smaCikPaB1- rbs;GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak minFanaBIeCaKC½yeT Etvapþl;Rkbx½NÐsRmab;EkTRmg; edIm,ICYyRkumh‘unkm<úCa[TTYl)an nUvlkçN³sm,tiþedIm,IRbkYtRbECg.

2- eBlenHkm<úCasßitkñúgRbB½n§BaNiCökmµmYyEp¥kelIc,ab; nigviFankar RtwmRtUv.

126


3- karenHpþl;nUvkarkarBarya:geRcIn cMeBaHkarGnuvtþn_minyutþiFm’kñúg TIpSarnaMecj.

4- RtUvEtcUlrYmya:gskmµenAkñúgkic©crcaBaNiCökmµbc©úb,nñ nigGnaKt EdlbegáItnUvviFankarfµI² ehIyrdæaPi)alRtUvkarsYreyabl;BIsMNak; GaCIvkr.

5- smaCikPaBGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak KWsRmab;RbeTskm<úCaTaj ykGtßRbeyaCn_BI»kasfµIenH. CarYmkm<úCaenAmanmeFüa)ayeRcIneTotEdlRtUvGnuvtþ edIm,IQaneTA

rkeCaKC½yBIkarcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak. karrYbrYm nigRbwg ERbgRbkbedaysuTidiæniymTUTaMgkm<úCa CaktþasMxan;bMputedIm,IQaneTArkkar kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigeFVIkarGPivDÆRbeTs[manPaBrIkceRmIn nigmanPaBesµI muxesµImat; dUcCabNþaRbeTsenAkñúgtMbn; nigBiPBelakpgEdr.

ÉksarBieRKaH

1- G‘¿u man ³ bTGnþraKmn_kñúgevTikasþIBI :km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPB ldl;Blkmµkm<úCa : EdlerobcMeLIgedayviTüasßanExµr

2- asßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar

esRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB naéf¶TI 31 Ex ]sPa qñaM 2005. ya b‘unNa ³ bTGnþraKmkñúgevTikasþIBI :km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµ BiPBelak : EdlerobcMeLIg edayviTü

lakplb:HBa ;

nig snþiPaB naéf¶TI 30 Ex mifuna qñaM 2005.

127


3- kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ :km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµ BiPBelak esovePAmKÁúeTsk¾sRmab;GaCIvkmµ :.

lak plb:HBal;dl;ksikmµkm<úCa :

4- TsSnavdþIviPaKesdækic© c,ab;ecjpSayqñaMTI 1 elx 6 tula-FñÚ qñaM 2004 TMB½r 9-12 :km<úCaenAkñúgesdækic©BiPBelak ³ kUnbkSIenAkñúg éRBd¾FM :.

5- viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsnþiPaB ³ r)aykarN_ sþIGMBI :km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBeéf¶c½nÞ TI 28 Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2005.

6- smaKmGadhukkarBarsiTi§mnusS nigGPivDÆn_enAkm<úCa ³ sßanPaBsiTi§ mnusS 2003 PñMeBj 2004.

128


skzation a

FVI[eTACaskl- globalization¦ KW CaRbFanbTeBjniymbMputsRmab;karBiPakSa nigkareFVIviPaK. RbFanbTenH )ankøayeTACakþIkgVl;d¾cm,génGñkriHKit ¬thinker¦ GMBIkarGPivDÆ nigGñkEdl Bak;B½n§nwgeKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_enAkñúgrdæaPi)alnana rYmTaMgraCrdæaPi)al km<úCaEdleTIbEtcUlCasmaCikénGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (WTO) pgEdr. tamkarBiteTAdMeNIrkarenH KYrEtCakþIkgVl;énRbCaBlrdæTUeTA CaBiessRbeTs kMBugGPivDÆn_TaMgLay edaysardMeNIrkarenHGacnwgmanplb:HBal;ya:gRCal eRCA (deep impacts) dl;CIvPaBrs;enAénGñkTaMgenaH.

eKEtgB¤semøgd¾kgrMBgénGñkKaMRTsklUbnIykmµ EdlGHGagfa dMeNIrkarenHmanskþanuBl\tRBMEdn (infinite potencial) sRmab;karGPivDÆ nigsuxumalPaBénmnusSCati. GñkTaMgenaHniyayfa eTaHCakñúgkrNINak¾eday

km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak ³ kareRbIR)as;WTO Ca]bkrN_CMrujkMENTRmg;

elak ehov vasña naykRKb;RKg mCÄmNÐlGPivDÆn_sgÁm

lUbnIykmµ nigGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak (The Globali-

nd WTO sBVéf¶enH sklUbnIykmµ ¬kare

129


sklUbnIykmµenH KWCadMeNIrkarEdlminGacecosvag)an nigminGacvilRtLb;

k¾b:uEnþ cMeBaHBYkRbqaMgEdlmansemøgxøaMgdUcKña Edl)anbeBa©j TsSn³bBaöak;fa sklUbnIykmµKWCabisacd¾kMNac EdlecjmkekorKrRbeTs RkIRknana[vilRtLb;eTAkñúgsm½yGaNaniKmxøÜnvij ehIyGñkRkIRkkñúgbNþa RbeTsTaMgenaH k¾egIbeLIgRbqaMgnwgbBaðaRkIRkenHpgEdr. PaKITaMgsgxag Etgpþl;esckþIrwgbwugx

tambTBiesaFn_sklUbnIykmµrEmgmanplvi)akminl¥ eTAelIEpñk day

c,as;las;GMBIcritlkçN³ bBaðaCMBak;Bin nigplvi)akén dMeNIrka

fyeRkayvij)an. ehtudUecñH eKKYrEtxitxMeFVIdMeNIrkarenH[)anl¥RbesIrbMput.

øaMgkøa edIm,IKaMRTkarGHGagerog²xøÜn.

GñkRk nigGñkxSt;exSayénsgÁm nigeTAelIshRKasBaNiCökmµtUctac. eehtuenH karyl;dwg[

renHKWCakarcaM)ac; kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_nana EdlPaBRkIRkkan;Et ekIneLIgKµanGVITb;Tl; nigEdlskmµPaBBaNiCökmµmankMNt; esÞIrEtTaMgRsug enARtwmxñattUctacCalkçN³RKYsar. dMeNIrkarenHKYrEtTak;TgnwgRbCaBlrdæ EdlRtUvdwgfa etIsklUbnIykmµman\Ti§BldUcemþcxøH cMeBaHdMeNIrkarGPivDÆ? nig faetIsklUbnIykmµenH manplb:HBal;dUcemþcxøH eTAelIPaBRkIRk?

1- lkçN³BiesssMxan;² énsklUbnIykmµ Main Features

sklUbnIykmµmann½yya:gTUlMTUlayfa kic©Rbtibtiþkaresdækic©qøg kat;RBMEdnRbeTsedayesrIeBjelj edayKµankarTb;Tl;NamYyBIrdæaPi)al énRbeTsnana. kic©Rbtibtiþkaresdækic©EbbenH niyayrYmmanBIrRbePTKW ¬1¦-karhUrcUlénTMnij nigesvaBIRbeTsmYyeTAkñúgRbeTsmYyeTot nig ¬2¦-

130


karhUrcUlénmUlFnBIRbeTsmYyeTAkñúgRbeTsmYyeTot. lT§PaBénkarrYmpSM skmµPaBTaMgBIrRbePTenH GacbgðajCa]TahrN_ énkic©Rbtibtiþkaresdækic© mYyRbeP

rbegáIt b¤karTTYl )aneragc

arFatu TaMgenH.

2- Gah

TeTot dUcCaplitkmµTMnij nigesva. karhUrénTMnijqøgkat;RBMEdn sMedAykkarnaMecj nigkarnaMcUlTMnij

epSg². ]TahrN_ karhUresvaqøgkat;RBMEdn)andl;kic©karFnaKar karFanara:b; rgTUrKmnaKmn_ nigesvaepSg²RsedogKñaenH EdlRbeTsmYypþl;eTA[ RbeTsmYyeTot karhUrénmUlFnrEmgekItmaneLIg edayka

Rk b¤edaykardak;Tuntmál; b¤pSarPaKh‘un ¬Share market¦ kñúg RbeTsmYyeTot. ]TahrN_mYyeToténplitkmµTMnijCaskl KWeragcRkmYy EdleKksageLIg enAkñúgRbeTsmYytamry³mUlFnEdleKvinieyaKBIRbeTs mYyeTot nigkareRbIR)as;vtßúFatutRmUvkar BIRbeTsdéTenAkñúgdMeNIrkarplit kmµ b¤kartRmg;TisedAplitkmµeTAelIGñkeRbIR)as;kñúgRbeTsepSgeTot. Cakar Cak;EsþgRbePTepSg² énskmµPaBesdækic©qøgkat;RBMEdn dUc)aneBalBIxag edImenaH eKminGaccat;TukfaCaTwkRCabcUlmin)aneLIy. edayehtufa kñúgkrNIPaKeRcInbMputskmµPaBTaMgenaH KWCar)aylaybBa©ÚlKñaéns

r½Nkmµ nignIhr½NkmµTMnij Import and Export of Goods \LÚvenH eyIgKYrBinitüemIlfa etIkic©Rbtibtiþkaresdækic©qøgEdnsMedA

ykGVIxøH? karhUrTMnij KWkarnaMTMnijcUl nigkarnaMTMnijecjmann½yfa RbeTs mYyminKYrdak;kMNt;karrwtbnþwg b¤bTbBaöaenAtamRBMEdnxøÜncMeBaHTMnijecj b¤

131


cUleLIy ehIyedayehtuenHplitplNak¾edayGacRtUv)annaMcUl b¤naMecj kúñgbrimaNb:unNak¾)an. enHmann½yfa rdæaPi)alminKYrdak;kMNt;brimaNén plitplnaMcUlNamYyeLIy ehIyCakarl¥ rdæaPi)alk¾minKYrdak;kRmitBn§Ky elITMnijnaMcUlpgEdr.

plitpltémø nigbrimaNTMnijnaMecj nigTMnijnaMcUlKYrGaRs½yTaMg RsugeTAelIkarvinicä½yrbs;GñknaMTMnijecj nigGñknaMTMnijcUl EdlCaGñkRbkb muxrbrenH. esckþIsnñidæanEdlminTan;c,as;las;enaH KWfaBYkBaNiCökrnwgcUl eTAkñúgTMnak;TMngkargarenH EtenAeBlNaEdleKKiteXIjfa TMnak;TMngenHGac seRmcplxagesdækic©)anb:ueNÑaH. ]TahrN_ enAeBlEdleK)a:n;RbmaNeXIj fa GñkeRbIR)as;eRtomxøÜnnwgnaMTMnijTaMgenaH ehIyGñkplitk¾eRtomxøÜnnwgplit niglk;TMnijenaHEdr. 3- BaNiCökmµesvakmµ Trade in Services

karhUrecj-cUlénesvaqøgkat;RBMEdnedayesrI edayKµankarrwtt,it nwgmann½yfa FnaKarénRbeTsmYyG nwgeFVIRbtibtiþkarya:geBjeljkñúg RbeTsmYy

aceTot. FnaKarTaMgenaHGacnwgebIksaxaenAkEnøgNak¾)an nigeFVI

tibtiþ karkic©karFnaKarepSg²edayKµankarRtYtRtaBIrdæaPi)al. dUecñH eKGac NnaMBI

rdæaPi)al

RbnwgepÞrbþÚrR)ak;tmál; nigpþl;R)ak;km©IedayKµankarRtYtBinitü b¤esckþIE

eLIy. cMeBaHesvakmµdéTeTot dUcCakarFanara:b;rgKmnaKmn_ sMNg; karBieRKaHeyabl; .l. k¾mansßanPaBRsedogKñaenHEdr.

132


4- karhUrecj-cUlénR)ak;mUlFn Flow of Capital clnaecjcUl énR)ak;mUlFnqøgkat;RBMEdn edayKµankarraraMgTaMg

Rsug mann½yfa Rkumh‘unbreTsGacnaMR)ak;mUlFncUlsRmab;skmµPaBGVImYy enAeBlNak¾)an nignaMykR)ak;mUlFnTaMgenaHecjeTAvij enAeBlNak¾ )anEdr.

unbreTs EdlksageragcRknwgmanesrIPaBeBjTIkñúg arykvtßúFatuBINamkbBa©ÚlkñúgeragcRk ehIynwgykplitpleTAlk;ÉNaKW

aMcUlBIeRkA b¤Gacrk)ankñúgRsuk faetIpl

enHmann½yfa Rkumh‘unbreTsmYyGaceFVIvinieyaKTun kñúgkarksag eragcRkmYy b¤tmál;R)ak;kñúgFnaKar)anedayesrI. Rkumh‘unenHGacdkR)ak; kéRm b¤R)ak;cMeNjCarUbiyb½NÑbreTs ehIyGaclk;PaKh‘un dkR)ak;tmál; nigykR)ak;Ca rUbiyb½NÑbreTseTAvijenAeBlNak¾)anpgEdr.

kareRCIserIsplitpl nigTItaMgPUmisaRsþsRmab;eragcRk EdlnwgRtUv ksageLIgnwgRtUvTuk[GñkvinieyaKTunbreTsCaGñkseRmcTaMgRsug. elIsBI enHeTot GñkvinieyaKTkfa smÖar³bBa©ÚlrYmTaMgvtßúFatuedImpg nwgRtUvn

itpleragcRknwgRtUvnaMecjeTAeRkARbeTsb¤lk;tamTIpSarkñúgRbeTs? 5- sMeyaKmUldæan Underlying Assumption

eskþIsnñidæanCamUldæanKWfa GñkRbtibtiþkarxagesdækic© dUcCam©as;plit kmµ GñkCMnYj GñkpÁt;pÁg;esvaFnaKar .l. rEmgeFVIkarRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB x<s; ehIykic©RbtibtiþkaredayKµan]bsKÁraraMg rbs;GñkTaMgenaHnwgnaMGtß RbeyaCn_mk[sgÁm CamYynwgGñkTaMgenaH EdlTajykplRbeyaCn_GMBIkic©

tibtiþkarxøÜn. Rb133


manesckþIsnñidæaneTAeTotfa GnþraKmn_NamYyBIrdæaPi)al rEmgkat; bnßyRb

leKcUlcitþtammeFüa)ayRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB nigl¥RbesIrbMput. karyl; iCökmµÉkCn b:uEnþminR)akd

fa CaKM

siTi§PaBGñkTaMgenaH edayehtuenH k¾Cakarkat;bnßyGtßRbeyaCn_sgÁm Edr. enAeBlRbkYtRbECgKñaedaycMhkñúgcMeNamKñaÉg eKsnµtfa Rkumh‘unTaMg LayeFVIkarEklm¥kic©RbtibtiþkarxøÜnCabnþbnÞab;. PaBGn;exSayrbs;Rkumh‘un NamYynwgRtUvpþnÞaeTas edaykarRbkYtRbECgCacMh kñúgn½yfa GñkTn;exSay nwgRtUvdkykecjedayrkSaTukGñkxøaMg. karGHGag nigkaryl;EbbenHsnµt TukCamunfa kic©RbtibtiþkaredayesrIénTIpSarnwgmanGtßRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁm nig RbCaBlrdæ.

karsnµtmYyeTotfa GnþraKmn_rdæaPi)alrEmgkat;bnßykarRbkYtRb-ECgKñaedayesrI ehIyedayehtuenH k¾Cakarkat;bnßyRbsiTi§PaBénRbtibtiþkar esdækic©pgEdr. eKGHGagfa rdæaPi)alRbtibtiþedayehtuplneya)ay ehIy GnþraKmn_rdæaPi)alnwgeFVI[maneRKaHfañk;dl;dMeNIrkaresdækic©.

karGHGagTaMgenHdak;Tm¶n;sar³sMxan;CaeRcIn eTAelIKtibNÐiténkic©-karBaNiCökmµÉkCn. eKsnñidæanfa TIpSarCaGñkkMNt;kic©Rbtibtiþkaresdækic© EdeXIjEbbenHGacCaKMnitl¥bMputCaRbeyaCn_dl;BaN

nitl¥bMputsRmab;RbCaBlrdæpgeT CaBiesssRmab;RsTab; GñkRkIRk nigGñkxSt;exSay énsgÁm.

kñúgTRmg;d¾l¥bMputenaH BaNiCökmµÉkCnRbRBwtþeTA edIm,I[)anpl cMeNjEdleKGacyl;)anya:gc,as; ehIykñúgkrNIxøHk¾KYrCaTIR)afañpgEdr. TunvinieyaKEdleFVIedayBaNiCökmµÉkCn RtUvEtrk[)anR)ak;cMNUllµmRKb;

134


RKan;edIm,ITUTat;éføvinieyaK ehIyk¾edIm,I[)anceRmInlUtlas;edayeTotTat; pgEdr ebImindUecñaHeT kic©karenHminGaccat;Tukfa CaBaNiCökmµRbkbeday cIrPaBeLIy ehIyGacnwgdYlrlMkñúgeBld¾xøI. 6- esckþIsnñidæan Conclusion

karmanBaNiCökmµrwgmaMRtwmRtUvkñúgsgÁm KWCaktþamansar³sMxan;bMput BIeRBaHktþaenHnwgCYybegáInkargar nigesdækic©TaMgmUl. k¾b:uEnþeKminGacrMBwgelI BaNiCökmµ[CYyKaMBarBYkGñkRkIRk GñkTn;exSaykñúgsgÁm nig[maneKaledA eq<aHeTArkEpñksgÁmFMTUlay)aneLIy. CamYyKñaenHEdr eKk¾minGacrMBwgelI

kYtRbECgKña CamUldæa

ßanPaBenH GñkEdlmanRTBüsm,tiþ nigmuxCMnaj x<s;Cage

BaNiCökmµenH edIm,IGPivDÆn_esdækic©énRbeTsTaMgmUl)anEdr eRBaHbc©úb,nñeyIg enAmankgVHxateRcIn.

BaNiCökmµÉkCnEtgEtRbRBwtþeTA enAkñúgbridæanénkarRbn EdlkñúgenaHGñkxøaMgRtUvEtQñH cMENkÉGñkexSayRtUvEtcaj;. dUecñH

eKRtUvEtmanFnFanRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFIVBaNiCökmµpgEdr. FnFanenaHGacman rUbPaBCaR)ak;kas b¤rUbPaBCarUbv½nþ dUcCa dIFøI b¤pÞHsEm,g b¤k¾GacmanrUb-PaBCaektnPNÐxagbBaØasµartI b¤rUbv½nþ (mental of physical attribute)

dUcCa muxCMnajxagviCöaCIv³b¤RKan;EtCakmøaMg edIm,IeFVIkargarxagpøÚvkayEdl mincaM)ac;manmuxCMnaj. kñúgs

KnwgRtUvQñH cMENkÉGñkÉeTot EdlKµanRTBüsm,tiþnwgRtUvTuk[enA xageRkayeK ehIynwgKµankEnøgrksIueToteLIy. müa:geTotTIpSark¾mancMNuc xVHxatxøÜnxøHEdr ehIykarbraC½yénRbB½n§TIpSark¾manlT§PaBGacnwgekIteLIg

135


)anxøaMgkøaNas;Edr enAkñúgkal³eTs³CaeRcIn. kñúgkrNIenHRbsiTi§PaBd¾RbesIr bMputnwgmin)anseRmcpleLIy ehIyGaRs½yehtuenH plRbeyaCn_EdleK rMBwgfanwg)anmkdl;sgÁmenaHk¾nwgmin)anekIteLIgEdr.

TaMgGs;enH TamTar[rdæaPi)albMeBjmuxnaTIkñúgkal³eTs³CacaM)ac; aBRbCaBlrdæ KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæaPi-

)alya:g

kéRm edayesrIénRkumh‘unÉkCn. müa:geTot mankar gar nigs

nigkñúgvis½ymYycMnYn. suxumalPBitR)akd. BaNiCökmµÉkCn CaBiessRkumh‘unBaNiCökmµbreTsmin

GacTTYlbnÞúkenH)aneT fVIebIRkumh‘unTaMgenaHmanbBaðasgÁmmYycMnYnenAkñúg skmµPaBxøÜnk¾eday. karKaMBarGñkxSt;exSay nigGñkEdlKµanRTBüsm,tiþ b¤ manRTBüsm,tiþsþÜcesþIg KWCaTidæPaBd¾sMxan;énkargarrdæaPi)al.

kñúgkarseRmceKalbMNgenH rdæaPi)alRtUvEtbMeBjmuxnaTId¾skmµmYy EdlGacraraMgkarEsVgrk

kmµPaBRbePTxøH EdlminhucplkéRmTan;hn; Cak;Esþg b¤plkéRm tictYc nigyWtya:v dUcCaviFankarsuxaPi)alsaFarN³ salabzmsikSa pøÚvlM tamPUmiCaedIm. Rkumh‘unBaNiCökmµÉkCnemIlmineXIjkargarTaMgenaHfa CaTI cab;GarmµN_RKb;RKan;eT ehIyrdæaPi)alRtUvEtra:b;rgkarTTYlxusRtUvTaMgenaH. CamYyenHEdr rdæaPi)alRtUvEtFanararaMgRkumh‘unmin[edkdYleTAkñúgskmµPaB nana EdlmanlkçN³CakarekgykRbeyaCn_ b¤k¾maneRKaHfñak;dl;sgÁm nig RbCaBlrdæTUeTA.

bnÞab;BIcMNucTaMgGs;enH karelIksÞÜyplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ karGnu vtþn_[manRbsiTi§PaBénGPi)alkic©l¥ karbM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyTaMgEpñkbuKÁl nig

136


TaMgEpñkneya)ay karerobcMRbB½n§esdækic©tamEbbbec©kviTüa karBRgwgRbB½n§ c,ab; nigkarha‘nTTYlxusRtUvCak;lak; KWCakatBVkic©FMbMputrbs;rdæaPi)al.

ebIBinitüemIlesckþIsnñidæanenHedayRtYs² GñkKaMRTdMeNIrkarsklUb nIykmµG

nwgkar RbkYtRb

YtBinitü nigPaBpþac;muxxusc,ab; eFVI[vinieyaKin)ak;Twkcitþ nigbnßylT§PaB kñúgkarTajykplRbeyaCn_eBjeljBI karcUlCasmaCik

acnwgTamTar[rdæaPi)alkRmittYnaTIxøÜnenARtwmEt elIvis½yCaRbéBNI sMxan;² dUcCa karEfrkSac,ab; nigsNþab;Fñab; .l. eTaHbIya:gNak¾eday eK minyl;RBm[rdæaPi)alGnuvtþkargarNa EdleRCotERCkeTAkñúgkic©Rbtibtiþkar Rkumh‘unÉkCn nigkarEsVgrkplcMeNjeLIy. cUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiCökmµBiPBelak km<úCaRbQm

ECg karkt;smÁal;nUvkarRbkYtRbECgCaeRcIn EdlRbeTskm<úCaRtUvRbQm

CamYy edIm,I[shRKasksikmµGacTTYlplcMeNjBIkarcUlCasmaCikénGgÁ kar WTO enH.

1- GPi)alkic©l¥

sBVéf¶enHbBaðacm,g EdlRbeTskm<úCaRtUvRbQmCamYyGacRtUv RbmUlpþúMeRkamTsSn³énGPi)alkic©d¾l¥ nigPaBxøaMgénrdæaPi)al. karlak;elom témørt;Bn§ xVHkarRt

WTO. ksikrrMBwgEteTAelIBaNiCökr edayKµanGVICaCMnYybnÞan;eLIy. esckþI

137


seRmcedaybMBarbMBan nigGMeBIBukrlYyCakarKMramcMeBaHvinieyaKin. karrt;Bn§ eFVI[KµanRbsiTi§PaBdl;karRKb;RKgBaNiCökmµ nigkarGnuvtþGVI²[)antamsþg;da.

- karEsVgyl;BITIpSar k;

. ehdæarcnasm<½n§minGMeNaypldl;kardwknaM karrkSaTukkñúg XøaMg ka

tþn_GVI²tamsþg;dar edIm,Iqk;yk[)annUvkalanuvtþPaBénkar naMecj nigkarRbQmCamYykarRbECgfµI énplitplnaMcUll½kçx½NÐénkarEsVg

)anRbesIreLIg.

karhVwkhVWn RBmCamYynwgkarpÁt;pÁg;CabnþKñaTaMgGs; kareFVIvinieyaK ¬CasaFa

karcUlCasmaCik WTO pþl;kalanuvtþPaB[km<úCabegáItRkbxNÐ c,ab;mYy. edIm,IeKarBRkbx½NÐ WTO c,ab;cMnYn 46 RtUv)anGnum½t b¤EktRmUv enAkñúgqñaMeRkay²enH. eRkaykarGnum½t rdæaPi)alnwgRtUvGnuvtþ nigFanara:b;rg dl;FrmanbBaØtþiénc,ab;TaMgenH tamry³kareFVIRbB½n§tulakarsaCafµIeLIgvij.

2

BYkplitkrRbQmmuxCamYykarlM)akya:geRcIn kñúgkarkMNt;témølplitplrbs;xøÜn

rsmøab;. ]sSahkmµEkécñmanPaBGn;fyNas; shRKasÉkCn nig ksikrRbQmnwgkarxVHBt’manBITIpSar. enATIbBa©b; karcUlCasmaCik WTO RtUvnaMmknUvkarGnuv

yl;BITIpSarRtUvEt[karvinieyaKCasaFarN³ CaesckþIRtUvkarsRmab;ehdæarcnasm<½n§saFa

rN³ ehIykñúgkrNIxøH eKnwgGacGMBavnavrkkarvinieyaKÉkCnCamYynwgRbB½n§ éføQñÜl. RbB½n§pþl;Bt’manGMBITIpSarmYy RtUvEtbegáIt[maneLIgenAkñúgCMhan dMbUgmYy edayshRKassaFarN³CamYynwgkarrYmcMENk EpñkhirBaØvtßúénGñk eRbIR)as; edIm,IQaneTAykBt’man. karGnuvtþnUvsþg;darénKuNPaBtRmUv[man

138


rN³ b¤CaÉkCn¦ enAbnÞb;masIunRtCak; mnÞIrBiesaFn_RtYtBinitü karbegáItRkum raCkard¾sk½þsiTi§mYyRkum.

edIm,IEfrkSaksi-]sSahkmµfµI kñúgbMNgrkSaTuktémøbEnßm eKGacGnu- vtþnUvbTb,BaØtþiKaMBar eRkamk,Ünc,ab;TUeTArbs; GATT edIm,IEfrkSa]sSahkmµ eTIbekItfµI.

3- CYyKaMBarksikrEdlmanFnFantUctac

Icm,gkñúgesdækic©Exµr nigkñúgnamCavis½yTI 1 énkar eRbIR)as

bs; WTO ¬RbGb;elOgTMu¦ CamYynwg lT§PaBB

ksikmµmantYnaT;. 80 ° énkmøaMgBlkmµsßitenAkñúgvis½yksikmµ ehIyPaKeRcInKWCa

ksikrtUctacRkIRk. ehtudUecñH eKRtUvpþl;karykcitþTukdak;d¾viessmYycMeBaH lT§PaBénkarcUlCasmaCik WTO elIEpñkksikmµ CamYynwgkarRbmUlpþú¿eTA elIksikrtUctac. ebIKµankarsRmalnUv\Ti§BlenHeT vaBitCaekItmaneRKaHfñak; énvibtþisgÁm.

edIm,IKaMBar nigFanara:b;rgR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikrCakarcaM)ac; KWRtUvGnu vtþeKalkarN_témømYyeRkamkarkRmitr

Irya:g. lT§PaBTImYy KWRtUvpþl;Bt’manBIkareRbIR)as;kEnøgrkSaTuknUv es,ógbRmugCa]bkrN_sRmbsRmYltémøRsUv. kalebIBt’manRtUv)anray-karN_ehIy RbeTskm<úCaGaceRbIR)as;kRmitdUc² KñaCaerogral;qñaM. lT§PaB TIBIr KWbTbBaØtþi “de minimis” eKGacpþl;karKaMRTtémøcMeBaHRsUvGgár Rbsin ebItémøénkarKaMRTenaHvaticCag 10° éntémøsrubénkarplitRsUv.

139


edIm,IQancUleTA WTO RbeTskm<úCaRtUvPöab;taragtémørbs;xøÜn elI plitplksikmµkñúgkRmitepSg²Kña. cMeBaHRsUvCaRKab;FBaØCatiyuT§saRsþrbs; Exµr tara

vagtémøkñúgRsuk nigtémøGnþrCati mansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHkar eRbIR)as;]bkrN_KaMBar ¬RbsinebIcaM)ac;¦ Edlkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI ksikmµrbs;

kñúgkrNIEdlmankarekIneLIgya:g elOnnUvbrimaNénkarnaMcUlRbeTskm<úCa GacnwgRtUvgakeTAykbTbBaØtþién

PaB. karN_enHmann½yfa eFVI[KuNPaBénedImTun ¬BUC CI fñaM smøab;s

kalanuvtþ PaBénkarnaMecjCaeRcIn. RbsinebIRbeTsGPivDÆn_xøH rkTIpSarrbs;xøÜn)anl¥

gtémøKWGacQandl; 40 ° etIkRmitenaHvaRKb;RKan; edIm,IKaMBarplit kmµkñúgRsuk nigksikr nigbeBa©óstémøefakénkarnaMRsUvcUlb¤eT? karsÞg;mti elIPaBxusKñar

GgÁkar WTO )anyl;RBm[eRbIR)as;.

karkarBa CaBiessbEnßmBn§ 30 ° eTAnwgtaragtémøsRmab;ry³eBlmYy Edl mankMNt; ¬minelIsBImYyqñaM¦.

edIm,IecosvagkMu[karRbkYtRbECg énplitplrbs;km<úCafycuH enA cMeBaHmuxplitplnaMcUlCakarcaM)ac; KWRtUv[mankarKaMRTmYy cMeBaHkarbegáIn KuNPaBénplit

tVl¥it¦ kan;EtRbesIreLIgC¿ruj[mankarhVwkhVWnksikr nigKaMRTGgÁkar ksikr edIm,IeFVI[lT§PaBTIpSarrbs;BYkeKkan;Etl¥RbesIr enAcMeBaHmuxBaNiCö kr. kargarenHGaceFVI)aneRkamRkbx½NÐénGgÁkar WTO BIeRBaHviFankarTaMg enHRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlkñúgRbGb;ébtg.

4- kareRbIkalanuvtþPaBénkarnaMecj

tamkarcUlCasmaCik WTO RbeTskm<úCaRtUvRbQmnwg

140


ehIyeda

KWCa]bkrN_sRmab;begáIntémøbEnßm Cakar RbECgt

ymkBIlkçnþik³Ca LDC rbs;RbeTskm<úCa karrk)anTIpSarenaHnwgRtUv BRgwgEfmeTot ehIysmaCik WTO TaMgGs;nwgGnuvtþcMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa nUv RbRBwtþikmµCaRbeTsGnueRKaHbMput (Most Favored Nation).

b:uEnþ edIm,IGac[mankarnaMplitplksikmµecjeTARbeTsÉeTot² nig CaBiesseTAeTotRbeTsGPivDÆn_ ¬RbeTsGñkman¦ karRbkYtCamYylkçN³ vinicä½yénkar SPS KWCakarcaM)ac;. erOgenHtRmUv[mankarvinieyaK elIkar Tukdak;kñúgXøaMg kareRbIma:sIunRtCak; nigbnÞb;BiesaFn_ karGnuvtþRbB½n§GFikarkic© edayxøÜnÉg karGnuvtþkarRtYtBinitüCasaFarN³ karhVwkhVWntaMgBIksikrrhUt dl;GñknaMecj.

karbiTpøakelIplitpl amrebobenHCamYynwgTIpSar enAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_ mandUcCaplitpl

manCIvit. karbegáIteLIgnUvsnÞsSn_PUmisaRsþ EdlKaMBaredayRkbx½NÐénGgÁ-kar WTO k¾Gacpþl;nUvkalanuvtþPaBd¾l¥²Edr.

141


EpñkTI 3 r)aykarN_segçbénevTikasaFarN³

142


RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak TsSn³rYm esckþIepþIm ³

eRkayBImankare)aHeqñatfñak;CatidMbUgbMput kñúgqñaM 1993 mk RbeTs km<úCa)anerobcMkare)aHeqñatCahUrEh nigeTogTat;rhUtmk. dMeNIrkare)aH eqñatenH)anmknUvsnþiPaB nigsßirPaBénneya)ayesdækic©kñúgGMLúgeBlstvtS eRkayenH.

ry³kalenHRbeTskm<úCa k¾)anebIkcMhTVarsarCafµI sRmab;»kas BaNiC¢kmµfñak;dMbUg nigBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati nig)ankøayCasmaCikGas‘an

(ASEAN) nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO). evTikaelIkTI1 qñaM 2005 sþIGMBI {RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ

BiPBelak WTO TsSn³rYm} )anRbRBwtþeTA kalBIéf¶TI 28 ExkumÖ³ qñaM 2005 eRkamGFibtIPaBrbs;Ék]tþm Gwug hYt TIRbwkSaraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigCa GnuRbFanRkumRbwkSaPi)al énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB edaymankarcUlrYmBIKN³vaKµinkitþiysBIrrUb nigGñksRmbsRmYlmYyrUb. sRmbsRmYl KeRmagkmµviFIenHRtUveFIVeLIgeday elakbNÐit cab sufariT §

r)aykarN_segçbénevTika TI 1

143


naykRbtibtþikarénviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikarnigsnþiPaB. vaKµinTI1 ³ énFnaKar eGsIulIda PI GIl ak twker:t sMerc CMnYykar

Ék]tþm sux Gan ]bnaykrdæmRnþI nigCardæmRnþITTYlbnÞúkTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI. ;sh

tibt BIqñaM RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ

elak can; esrI nayk naykdæanFnFanmnusSsIu (ACLEDA Bank. PLC), vaKµinTI2 ³ el

kñúg»kasenaH elakbNÐit )anbBa¢ak;fa viTüasßanExµrsRmabþikar nigsnþiPaB )anerobcMsnñisITfñak;CatimþgrYceTAehIy kalRb

2003 sþIBIBiPBelak KWCabBaðasMxan;EdlraCrdæaPi)alseRmccitþcUlCasmaCik. enAkñúg qñaM 2005 viTüasßan)aneFIVkic©BiPakSatumUlcMnYn 10 elIk nigsnñisITfñak;Cati mYyelIkEfmeTot edIm,IBiPakSaEvkEjkrkplcMeNjEdlRbeTskm<úCa)ancUl CasmaCikénGgÁkarenH. CamYyenaHEdr elak bNÐit k¾)anelIkBIyuT§sa®sþ RtIekaNrbs;raCrdæaPi)alEdlmancMNucsMxan;bIKW ³

- eFIV[mansßirPaBneya)ay nigsnþiPaBnUveBjépÞRbeTs - rkSakMeNInesdækic© - kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. kar

kñúgcMeNamcMNucTaMgbIxagelIcMNuc TI 1 nig cMNuc TI 2 raCrdæaPi)al km<úCa )aneFIV[seRmcCasßabBr EtcMNucTI 3 minTan;seRmcenAeLIyenH ebItamRbsasn_rbs;elak bNÐit cab sufariT§.

144


II- TsSn³rYménvaKµinkitþiys ³ ¬1¦-elak can; esrI nayk naykdæanFnFanmnusSénFnaKareGsIu

lIda PIGilsIu )anbgðajnUvTsSnvis½yrbs;elak sþIBI {RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak} (WTO) EdlCasMxan;eTAelIkarksagFnFanmnusS.

k- eKalbMNg ³ km<úCacUlCasmaCikPaB WTO edIm,IcUlrYmksagFnFanmnusS[

seRmcnUv]tþmRbeyaCn_Cati. x-ktþaFnFanmnusS

GVI²TaMgGs; kñúgelakseRmc)anGMBImnusS. dUecñH caM)ac;RtUverobcM GPivDÆn_nUvFnFanmnusS[)an dMbUgmuneKbg¥s;.

K-karGPivDÆFnFanmnusS eRCIserIsmnusS[)anl¥ ¬mnusSl¥ KW ³ mnusSmanGtþcritl¥/ man

cMeN wgamc,ab;Cati nigGnþrCati

alkarN_ nignItiviFIrbs;kargarkñúgtYnaTI •

PaBtamEpnkarCaeKaledA kMNt;.

Hd nigCMnajRsbtamtYnaTI¦ eBalKW ³ • yl;dwg nigbdibtþil¥t• yl;dwg nigGnuvtþl¥tameK

cMeNHdwgkargarkñúgtYnaTI Gb;rMbNþúHvb,Fm’kargarl¥ dUcCakarbdibtþi edayeKarB edIm,I[mannUvsucritPaBqnÞ³neya)ay.

• eFVI[)anseRmcpl TaMgbrimaN nigKuN

145


• yl;dwgGMBIsiT§ikargarrbs;xøÜn nigGñkdéT TaMgbrisßanrs;enA nigbrisßan

• vPaBeFIV[mankarcUlrYmBIRKb;lMdab;fñak;¬mtieyabl;¦ •

,IGPivDÆkargarTan;sm½y. • ña edIm,IGPivDÆn_cMeNHdwgCanic©eFIVGVI² RtUvecHKitdl;

TaMgGs;xagelIenH RtUvhVwkhat;CaerOy² [eTogTat; .l. . X-

sgÁm ¬minsagnUvGMeBI)ab xMRbwgsagkusl nigeFIVcitþ[s¥atpUrpg;¦. • edayKitKUrtaMgBIkarkSakarBar[mannUvsuxPaBl¥ ¬begáItkmøaMgkay

nigkmøaMgcitþ kmøaMg bBaØasµartI¦. kar]btßmÖdl;CI

rYmbegáIteKalkarN_ nItiviFI nigrYmGnuvtþ . • rYmRtYtBinitüEklm¥ edIm sikSabnþBIKña nigK

plcMeNj edIm,I]tþmRbeyaCn_Cati ¬Rkumh‘unsßab½n¦. • RtUvKitdl;PBEpndI ¬brisßansgÁm¦.

CMhaneq<aHeTArkkarseRmcbMNg FnFanmnusSEdlGnuvtþkargarkñúgtYnaTI )anseRmclT§pltambMNg

luHR EtÞ

elaP³ eTas³ nigemah³¦ vimMsa³ emIlsñaédrbs;xøÜnEdl)aneFIVehIy edIm,IEklm¥bMeBjkgVHxat

¬GPivDÆlT§pl[kan;EtmanKuNPaB¦

ta GnuvtþtamCMhan dUcxageRkam ³ qn³ RtUvmankarRsLaj;eBjcitþ nUvkargarkñúgtYnaTIrbs;xøÜn. viriy³ RtUvmanesckþIBüayameFIVkargarrbs;xøÜn [seRmcRbkbeday

KuNPaBl¥mine)aHbg;ecal. citþ³ Rbkan;x¢ab;nUvPaBesµaHRtg; ecos[putnUvGKliFm’ niglHbg;nUv

Gkusl ¬

146


Casegçb elak can; esrI )anvaytémøFnFanmnusSCaktþacMbg bMputkñúgkareFIV[seRmcbMNgRbeTskm<úCa nigkarTajplRbeyaCn_BIGgÁkar BaN k

)an k lak caM)ac;RtUvniyayGMBI ninñakaresdækic©fµIrbs;RbeTskm<úCa. karEkTRmg;esdækic©rbs;RbeTskm<úCa BI esdækic©EpnkarRbmUlpþúMmkesdækic©TIpSaresrI ekIteLIgenAqñaM 1993 eRkay BImankare)aHeqñatCaskl. TnÞwmnwgenaH kardak;BaküsuMcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar BaN k sMucUlrbs;km<úCa RtUv)anbegáIt enAéf¶TI 21 ExFñÚ qñaM1994. elak )anbBa¢ak;bEnßm BIkarebþCJacitþrbs; raCrd EdlP¢ab;CamYynUvl½kçx½NÐCaeRcIn dUcCa k

aeFIVkarcrcaeTVPaKI rYmmanRbeTs Gaem cinétva:n;. karkRbeTs ehIyRbeTsEdlcUlcugeRkayeKKW km<úCa/ en)a:l; nigRbeTsEdlkMBug sMucUTIRkughSWENv énRbeTssIVs EdlmanGKÁnaykKW elak Supachai Pan

2005. 0 landuløaGaemrik ehIy

iC¢ mµBiPBelak. enHCaTsSn³tMNag[EpñkÉkCn . ¬2¦- elak twker:t sMerc CMnYykarpÞal;rbs;Ék]tþm sux Gan

elI eLIgfa ebIniyayBIGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBe

iC¢ mµBiPBelak RkumkargarRtYtBiniitükar

æaPi)al kñúgkarcUlCasmaCik WTO arEkTRmg;c,ab; nigbegáItc,ab; karbegáItnUvtulakarBaNiC¢kmµCaedIm.

cMENkÉédKUBaNiC¢kmµsMxan;² Edlkm<úCrik/ shKmn_GWru:b/ Cb:un/ \NÐa/ kUer:/ kaNada/ GURsþalI nigekItGgÁkar WTO KWenAéf¶TI 01 Exmkra qñaM1995 EdlmansmaCik 148

lCasmaCikmancMnYn 25. elxaFikardæanGgÁkar WTO manTItaMgenA

itchpakdi cab;BIéf¶ TI10 ExkBaØa 2002 dl; éf¶TI 31 ExsIha qñaM GgÁkar WTO manfvikaRbEhl 15

147


smaCikn

iC¢kmµGnþrCati. muxnaTIsMxan;² rbs; WTO :

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159


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160


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161


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162


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163


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164


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165


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168


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170


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- karGnuvtþn_l½kçx½NÐkargarBIRKb;PaKIBak;B½n§[RtwmRtUv - karedaHRsaybBaðaéføTMnij - karbegáInKuNPaBplitpl

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172


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173


BlkmµenAEtmin)anpl eTIbelakeTACYbshCIBFMrbs;Gaemrik enATIbMputeTIb )anTTYllT§pl. Bak;B½n§erOg WTO elak)anmanRbsasn_fa vaCakarelOn bnþicedaysarEteyIgCaRbeTsRkIRk xVHFnFanmnusS eyIgRtUvkareBlevla edIm,IerobcMxøÜneLIgvij. b:uEnþ eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾eyIgmansuTidiæniymeRcIn eTAelIkarbegáIt nigEkTRmg;c,ab;cMnYn 40 eTAtamsþg;dar k¾dUcCakarcUlrYm EkTRmg;RbB½n§yutiþFm’ EdlmanenAkñúgyuT§saRsþctuekaNrbs;raCrdæaPi)al EdlkñúgxN³enaH elak)anbEnßmfa vak¾Ca»kasedIm,IBRgwgtmøaPaBEpñk BaNiCökmµpgEdr. Bak;B½n§nwgtmøaPaBBaNiCökmµenHeTotesat elakk¾)an eFVIkareRbobeFobeTA nigRbeTscin kñúgenaHcinmanbec©kviCöax<s; nigsMbUr FnFanmnusSsMbUrvtßúFatuedIm nigmanehdæarcnasm<½n§RKb;RKan; minEtb:ueNÑaH mhaykScin k¾)anTmøak;Bn§naMcUly:agTab edIm,ICafñÚnwgkarnaMecjeTAshrdæ Gaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ub. cMENkÉRbeTsExµr manlkçN³GMeNaypl mYyEdrKW kmøaMgBlkmµefak k¾b:uEnþ vtßúFatuedImRtUvnaMcUlbec©kviCöaminTan;TMenIb bUkrYmTaMg karxVHehdæarcnasm<½n§ Twk ePøIg pøÚv nigeRbg éføEfmeTot enaHeFVI[eyIgmankarlM)ak kñúgkarnaMecjplitpl[manlkçN³RKb;RKan; nig RbkYtRbECg. elak)anbEnßmfa tamkarviPaKrbs;Gñkesdækic©)anbgðajfa edIm,Iecosvagplb:HBal; BIkarpþac;kUta nigedIm,IcUlrYmRbkYtRbECgEpñk BaNiCökmµRbeTsnImYy² RtUv ³

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174


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III-mtiBiPakSarYm ³ Tak;TgeTAnwgsMNYrrbs;elak lI sUPa cMeBaHKeRmagtamdan

(monitoring project) Ék]tþm G‘¿u man )anmanRbsasn_fa enHCacMNuc EdlshrdæGaemrikerobcMeLIg edIm,IKaMRTTMnijEdlnaMecjeTAshrdæGaemrik. edIm,I[TMnijrbs;km<úCa manKuNPaBGacRbkYtRbECg enAelITIpSarGnþrCati shrdæGaemrik)anshkarCamYyGgÁkar ILO edayeFVIkarykcitþTukdak;eTA elIplitplkat;edrEtmYymuxb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH karbegáIt Monitoring project edIm,IKaMRTdl;kitiþsBÞTMnij km<úCa. tamBiteTA Monitoring project

RtUvcb;enAqñaM 2004 Etedaysarkm<úCamankitþisBÞl¥ shrdæGaemrik nig ILO )anesñImkrdæaPi)alkm<úCa [bnþnUvKeRmagenHry³eBlBIrqñaMeTot KWrhUtdl;qñaM 2005.

175


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ksYgBaNiCökmµ kñúgkrNINaEdlefAEkeragcRkmin RBmGnuv

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nH brisßankargarBitCamanlkçN³minsUvl¥. Ék]tþm G‘¿u man k¾)anTTYl

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176


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mtibEnßmrbs;elak esg pløI cMeBaH Monitoring project elak )anriHKn;cMeBaH ILO fa Gnuvtþkargarmin)anm:t;ct;eRBaHmYyqñaM ILO cuHRtYt BinitüEtmþgKWvaminRKb;RKan;eT ehIymüa:geTot buKÁlikrbs; ILO k¾man cMnYntic. el

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177


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; elak sMNag dEdl Edl)anelIkBIkarKitTukmun eRkayBI eragcRkrbeNþIr² ehIydUcCakarplitRsaeck Rsamñas; nigRsaTwketñatCaedImeTA GnaKtd¾xøIenH eyIgnwgeFVIkarEkécñEpøeckCakBa©b;EfmeTot.

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178


elak)anelIksMNYrfa {etIeyIgmanviFankarya:gNa edIm,IGPivDÆtMbn;ksi-]sSahkmµenaH?}

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179


edIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgcMe aHbridæankargar. EtkareFVI)atukmµ RtUvEtKitKUdl;B sNþab;Fñab;sgÁm nigkareyaKyl;KñarvagnieyaCk nigneyaCit.

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180



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RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ etImanplb:HBal; ya:gNacMeBaHsmaCik WTO rbs;km<úCaeTAelI]sSahkmµkat;edr?

I-esckþIepþIm

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181


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inGacdIm,IcUlCasmaCik WTO ry³eBl 9 qñaMehIy TIbMputeyIg)ancUlCasmaCik

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edenAExtula 2004

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183


plitPaBkññúgeKalbMNgTb;sáat;plb:HBal;F¶n;F¶reTAéf¶GnaKt. edayyl;fa karbegáInplitPaBCaktþasMxan; kñúgkarrYmcMENkTb;sáat;nUvbBaðaRbQmeTIb RksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl)anxitxMRbwgERbgsMucUlCasmaCikplitPaB GasIu (Asia Productivity Organization) EdlCaGgÁkarmYymankmøaMg nigsmtßPaBRKb;RKan; edIm,ICMrujnigelIkkm¥s;plitPaBenAGasIu km<úCa)ankøay CasmaCikeBjsiTi§rbs; APO enAéf¶TI20 ]sPa 2004. fµI²enH APO man KeRmagBRgIksmaCikPaBrbs;xøÜneRkATVIbGasIueTot KWenATVIbGaRhVik. karcUl CasmaCikénGgÁkar APO rbs;km<úCa minRtwmEtGac[km<úCabegáInplitPaB elIvis½ykat;edreT EtEfmTaMgkñúgvis½yshRKas FuntUc nigmFümpgEdr. APO manTIsñak;karenATIRkug Tokyo nigmanRbeTscMnYn20 CasmaCikGgÁkar enHmaneKaledA 5 ya:gKW ³ BRgwgshRKasFuntUc nigmFümeFVIkmµviFIGPivDÆ shKmn_ begáInnUvplitPaBébtg RKb;RKgBuTi§ GPivDÆGgÁkarplitPaBCati .

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184


GKÁisnI c,ab;RKb;RKgFnFanEr: .l. nigkMBugerobcMc,ab;RKb;RKgmYycMnYneTot dUcCa c,ab;RKb;RKgeragcRk c,ab;sþg;dar]sSahkmµkm<úCa nigcgRkgeKal neya)ayshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm. c,ab;TaMgenHcUlrYmcMENkelIkkm<s; nigTak;Taj vinieyaKBIbreTs k¾dUcCa kñúgRsuksMedAbegáIt[mankargarepSg² eTot eRkABIvis½ykat;edr. elakk¾)ansgát;F¶n;fa enAkm<úCaeRkABIplitPaBTab KWeyIgnUvmanbBaðakarGnuvtþn_c,ab;min)anRtwmRtUv dUecñH eTIbGñkvinieyaKeKmin sUvmkrksIuenAkm<úCa CaBiessRbB½n§tulakarRsukExµreyIg minTan;manlkçN³ EdlGaceFVI[GñkvinieyaKeCOTukcitþ)an RbB½n§FnaKark¾enAmanPaBTn;exSay.

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185


)anbdiesFn_ecalcMeBaHr)aykarN_fa cab;taMgBIkm<úCaGs;kUta KWmaneragcRk 11 biT nig 23 ebIkTVar edayelaksgát;F¶n;fa smaKmkat;edrEdl)an[ Tinñn½y eTARksYg]sSahkmµEr: nigfamBl KWminmanlkçN³R)akdRbCa eRBaH Tinñn½yenHbBaöak;EtGñkCasmaCikrbs;xøÜnEtb:ueNÑaH eyIgeXIjfaCag 300 eragcRk KWmaneragcRkRbEhlCag 200 EdlCasmaCikrbs;smaKmkat;edr dUecñHGñkEdlminEmnCa smaCiksmaKmkat;edr min)andak;bBa©ÚleT. elak )anbEnßmeTotfa cab;taMgBIExkBaØa 2004 mk maneragcRk 36 )anbiTTVarCa sßaBr nigman 41 eragcRk eTot)anBüÜr. cab;taMgBIenaHKWmankmµkrcMnYn RbEhl

IqakGnþrCati. cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa eyIgpl

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186


bBaðaCaeRcIn Ed;leFVI[plitplkat;edrkm<úCamantémøéfø KWktáavtßúFatu edIm nigbBaðakariyal½yFibetyü. Tak;TgnigeragcRkEdlbiTTVarenAkm<úCa knøgmk elak)anmanRbsasn_fa edaysarEteragcRk TaMgenaHEbreTArksIuenA RbeTs cin eRBaHkñúgnamCasmaCikrbs; WTO cinGacnaMplitplrbs;xøÜnedayesrI eTAGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ub edayKµankMNt;kUta. EtCaGkuslKWGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ub)andak;kUta mkelIplitplsemøókbMBak;rbs;cinEdlbBaðaenH eFVI[eragcRkmYycMnYnRtLb;mkRsukExµrvij EteragcRkTaMgenHmindak;eQµaH dUcedImeT KWdak;eQµaHepSg. elak)anbEnßmfa PaKeRcIneragcRkEdl)an biT ehIyebIkvijenHKWCaeragcRkdEdl EtmaneQµaHfµI ehIycMnYnenHKWman 45 eragcRk EdlGacRsUbykkmøaMgBlkmµ)an 9/000 nak;. CagenHeTAeTot elaksgÇwmfa km<úCanwgmaneragcRkfµI²eTot cUlmkrksIuEfmeTot edaysar EtGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ubdak;kUtaeTAelIRbeTscin.

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187


vab:HBal;dl;GtItPaBrbs;kmµkrEdrb¤eT? eRBaHenAkm<úCamaneragcRkxøH dMeNI kar)an4-5qñaM k¾)anbiTTVareTARbeTscin ehIyRtLb;mkvijedaydak;eQµaHfµI.

Tak;TgnigsMNYrenH elak CYn mMuful )anmanRbsasn_fa enAeBlEdl eragcRk)anbiT KWkmµkr Gs;GtItPaB ehIyenAeBlenaH efAEkeragcRk)an bg;luy[kmµkrTaMgGs;Rsbtaml½kçxN½Ðkargar. eragcRkEdl)anbiTehIy ebIkrksIuenARsukExµrvij eK)anpøas;eQµaHfµI dUecñH kmµkrEdleFVIkarknøgmkRtUv Gs;GtItPaB. cMeBaHbBaðaEdlTak;Tgkardak;kRmitkUta rbs;shrdæGaemric nig shKmn_GWr:ubcMeBaHplitplkat;edrrbs;cin KN³vaKµin)anelIkeLIgfa edaysarplitplkat;edrrbs;cinmantémøefakCag plitplkat;edrrbs; shrdæGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ubxøaMgeBk dUecñH ebImindak;kRmitkUtaeT shrdæ Gaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ubminGacRbkYtRbECgCamYycin)aneLIykñúgvis½yenH.

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• RbB½n§FnaKar ³ km<úCaRtUvmanRbB½n§FnaKarmYyEdlrwgmaM nigGaceCO Tukcitþ)an edIm,Ipþl;R)ak;km©I[GñkvinieyaKTun kñúgRKaNaEdleKman karxVHxat.

• snþisux nigsßirPaBneya)ay ³ enHCaRbkarsMxan; RbsinebIKµansnþisux kñúgRbeTseT GñkvinieyaKeK nwgxøackñúgkarmkrksIuenARsukExµr eKnwg bEgVrTisedACMnYjrbs;eK eTAkan;RbeTsepSgeTotEdlmansnþisux nig sßirPaBneya)ayl¥Cag.

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Rmab;smaCikRKb;rUbeKarBkñúgkareFVIBaNiCökmµ.

189


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s

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ent BiessmYy ehIybBaðaenH)ankMNt;enAkñúg SPM elx 15 r EdlerobcMeLIgeday IPPC Edlkm<úCa)ancUlCasmaCiktaMgBIéf¶TI a 1982. dUecñH enAeBlEdlkm<úCacUlCasmaCik WTO k¾RtUvEt

m SPS nig GBP Agreement enHpgEdr. elak)anbEnßmeTotfa KYrBwgEp¥kEteTAelI WTO TaMgRsugkñúgkareFVIBaNiCökmµenaHeT KWeyIg

RtUvrkédKUeTVPaKI CamYyRbeTsepSgeTot kñúgkareFVIBaNiCökmµ edIm,I[eyIgman ßirPaB.

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190


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elak L

km<úCak¾man»kasnaMecjplitpldéTeTot eRkABIvis½ykat;edreTA lk;kñúgT

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nehIy? etI WTO manplb:HBal; nigplcMeNjGVIxøH mkelIshCIB enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa?

elak CYn mMuful )anmanRbsasn_fa shCIBmanplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶r edaysarEteragcRkmYycMnYnRtUvbiTTVar ehIysmaCik 50/000 )at;bg;kargar eFVI. cMeBaHlkçN³l¥rbs; WTO mkelIkm<úCavij elak)anelIkeLIgfa vaman

mk. cMúg kan;NabuRt mkBIRksYgBaNiCökmµ)anmanRbsasn_fa eyIg)an

Gnum½tcMnYn 16 c,ab;ehIy. IV-esckþIsnñidæan

GgÁevTikaTaMgmUl )aneFVIesckþIsnñidæanelIplb:HBal;viCöman nig GviCöman rbs;]sSahkmµkat;edrrbs;km<úCakñúg WTO. karcUlCasmaCik

WTO rbs;km<úCavaCakarcaM)ac;Nas; eRBaH WTO CaTIpSarmYy d¾sMxan; sMrab;lk;plitplrbs;km<úCa CaBiessplitplkat;edrenH eRkayEdlkm<úCa RtUv)anbBa©b;kUta Edlpþl;edayshrdæGaemrik nigshKmn_GWr:ub. elIsBIenH eTAeTot

IpSarRbeTsEdlCasmaCik WTO pgEdr. TnÞw nwgplviCöman eyIgk¾manplGviCöman nigplvi)akCaeRcInEdl

191


karBRgwgRbB½n§FnaKar nigkarFana[)annUvsnþisux nigsßirPaBneya)ay. TaMgGs;enHCabBaða Edlkm<úCakMBugCYbRbTH ehIyRtUvedaHRsay[)ankñúgeBl GnaKt ebImindUecñaHeT km<úCaminGacTajplRbeyaCn_BI WTO )aneRcIneT.

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RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ manplb:HBal;GVIxøHeTAelIkmµviFIkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk?

I-esckIþepþIm

edayGnuvtþtamkmµviFIRbcaMqñaM 2005 CabnþbnÞab;Kñakñµúgry³eBlmYy Exmþg viTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtiþkar nigsniþPaB )anerobcMevTikamYy eTotEdlCaevTikaTI6 kalBIéf¶TI28 kkáda eRkamRbFanbTsþIBI {RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ etImanplb:HBal;GVIxøH eTAelIkmµviFIkat; bnßPaBRkIRk ¬Cambodia and WTO : Any Implications on Poverty

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193


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194


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195


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196


yksßitirbs;FnaKarBiPBelak Edl)a:n;sµanfa karEdllubr)aMg BaNiC¢kmµTaMg Gs;GaceFVI[cMNUlCaskl (Global Income) ekInRbEhl 2>8 Ban;ekadæ duløa (USD2.8 Trillion) gry³eBl 10qñaM ehIyGaceFVI[manRbeyaCn_ dl;mnusSRbEhl 320 lannak; kñúgRbeTskMBugGvivDÆn_dl;qñaM 2015. cMeBaHesdækic©km<úCavij Ék]tþmman KMnitsuTidiæniymfa km<úCanig)ancMeNj BIkarcUlCasmaCik WTO edayÉk]tþmepþatsMxan;eTAelImIRkUhirBaØvtßú nig CaBiesseTAelIkarbnßyBn§naMcUl ¬Tariffs¦ [mkenAkRmitGb,rma EdlnaM [RbCaBlrdæTTYl)anenAesva nigTMnijefak. cMeBaHEpñkma:RkUesdækic©vij naM[RbCaBlrdæmankareFVI dUcCa eragcRkkat;edrCaedIm. EtTnÞwmnwgTTYl)an plRbeyaCn_ BI WTO Ék]tþm k¾)aneFVIkt;sMKal;pgEdlfa kalNaeyIg ebIkesdækic©TIpSar KWnigeFVI[b:HBal;dl;esdækic©Cati CaBiess]sSahkmµkñúg Rsuk EdlmanlkçN³Ca ]sSahkmµekµgx©ITMhMplitenAmankRmit .l.

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197


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198


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199


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Administrative Reform¦ begáItvKÁbNþúHbNaþlelIkmµviFI bI ³ TI 1- fñak;CMnaj (PDP) TI 2- fñak;dwknaMRKb;RKgTI3- fñak;dwknaMkMBUl (AEP) CacugeRkayÉk]tþm)anpþl;CaGnusasn_elIkarbNþúHbNþalCMnaj nig

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200


WTO CaedIm eRBaHecosvagkarCYlbuKÁlikbreTsmkbeRmIkarenARsukExµr.

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201


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202


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203


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müa:geTot eyIgk¾eTIbEtnwgTTYl)ansniþPaBeBjeljenAqñaM 1998 enHEdreT dUecñH minTan;manGVIKYr[kt;sMKal;cMeBaHkarrIkceRmIn

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204


IV- esckIþsniñdæan ³ karcUlCasmaCik WTO BitCaman\T§iBll¥eRcIn dl;karkat;bnßy

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205


TRmg;

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kareRbIR)as; WTO Ca]bkrN_CMrujkMENTRmg; :. RbFan nigGñksRmb sRmYledayelakbNÐit cab sufariT § naykRbtibtþi viTüasßanExµrsRmab;; shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB. evTikaenH manvaKµinkitþiysBIrrUb KW ¬1¦-Ék]tþm ega: huglI GKÁelxaFikarRkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;rdæ)al TIsþIkarKN³ rdæm®nþI nig¬2¦-elak ehov vasña naykRKb;RKgmCÄmNÐlGPivDÆn_sgÁm. k¾b:uEnþ elak ehov vasña manFur³CacaM)ac;RtUvGak;xankñúgkarcUlrYm Etelakk¾)anepJI bTGnþraKmn_rbs;elakEckCUnsmaCik smaCikaenAkñúgevTika enHEdr.

munebIkevTikaelIkTI 7 elakbNiÐt cab sufarTi§ )anpþÜcepþImbMpusKMnit dl;CasmaCik smaCikaénGgÁBiPakSa BIkalb,vtiþxøHrbs;km<úCa ry³eBl 10 qñaM kñúgkarsMucUlCasmaCik WTO. dMNak;kalnImYy² eBalKWcab;taMgBI qñaM 1993 EdlraCrdæaPi)almaneKalbMNgrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarkøayCasmaCikWTO.


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206


enAéf¶ TI 08 FñÚ qñaM 1994 RbeTskm<úCa)andak;BaküCapøÚvkarsMucUlCasmaCik

WTO. bnaÞb;mkRkumkargarsRmab;RtYtBinitü nigvaytémøsmaCikPaBrbs; YyÉkGKÁraCTUtGIutalI Edl

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Ex mifuna qñaM 1999 EdlCaCMhand¾mansar³sMxan;mYyeq<aHeTArkkarFanasmaCik

aNiC¢kmµBiPBelak.

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PaBenH kñúgsßab½nBcugeRkay smiT§plEdlkm<úCaTTYl)anenaHKW km<úCa nig en)a:l;

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II- TsSn³vaKiµn nigmtiBiPakSa ³

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207


bEnßmeTot edIm,IBRgwg nigFanavis½yBaNiC¢kmµeyIg[mansþg;darGnþrCati rYmmantulakarBaNiC¢kmµ tulakarrdæ)alCaedIm. kMENTRmg;rdæ)al KYrEt eFVIkarEksRmYlRbB½n§rdæ)albc©úb,nñ[manGPi)alkic©l¥ kat;bnßyPaBGskmµ kñúgCYrrdæ)al eBalKWRbB½n§énkarpþl;esva ¬esvaEbbKYkeCr¦ sMedAy:agNa[ RbCaBlrdæ ¬RbCaCnkm<úCa GñkvinieyaK CnbreTssñak;enAkm<úCa edayRsb c,ab;¦ manPaBRbesIrCagmun.

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eTA rdæ)almYyeTot BMuEmnCakatBVkic©rbs;RbCaBlrdæeTKWCakic©karépÞkñúgrdæ)al¦.

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208


mYycMnYnKYrRbKl;[ÉkCnRKb;RKg dUcCaRkumh‘uncMkarekAs‘U vis½yTUrKmnaKmn_ CaedIm > > > >.l.

TI 2- karelIkTwkcitþmRnIþ Edlmansñaédl¥kñúgkarbMeBjkargar manBIrcMNuc ³

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a fµI² enHmankardMeLIgR)ak;bMNac;muxgarRbmaN 20° eTot. sBVéf¶enH

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209


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eRbIRbB½n§Bt’manviTüagayRsYldl;kar

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elx BitR)akd karcUlnivtþn_ > > > .l. edIm,IeRbIfvikaCati[manRbsiT§iPaB ¬ecosvagenAEtebIkebovtS[mRnþIexµac b¤mRnþI Edlmin)anbMeBjkargar¦ gay RsYldl;kardMeLIgebovtSbEnßm.

210


RKb;RKgrc

Mbg extþesomrab nig)an begáItka

RbwkSa GPivDÆ m k¾ eRtomy x IEkv.

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PaBkñúg eCaKCy½ KWRtUvEtCMruj karEkTRmg;eFVI[mankMeNInesdækic© ehIyRtUveFVIkarEbgEckkMeNInesdækic©

bIsMNYreTAvaKiµn ³

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bBaðaEklm¥RbB½n§esva rdæaPi)al)anbegáIt RckecjcUlEtmYy ¬One

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k ½NÐBIrmkGnuvtþn_CMhandMbUgpgEdrKW x½NÐcMkarmn nigx½NÐbJsSenATIsIþkarKN³rdæmRnþImanCMnajkar kMBugEtbeRgonmRnþImkBIRKb;

an ag 50 nak;eTAelIkaviPaKmuxgar nigRbsiTi§PaBénkarpþ;l

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211


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cMeBaHeKalk

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212


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213


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224


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• RbtibtiþkarGaCIvkmµRbCaBlrdæ EdlebIkeFVIGaCIvkmµmankarenOy- Nay nwgsMNMuEbbbTrdæ)aly:agxøaMg kariyal½yFibetyünaM[man karcMNayluyx¢Hx¢ay.

• dMNak;kalBRgIk b¤karlUtlas;GaCIvkmµ EdlcMNucenH elak)anelIk eLIgfa RbCaBlrdækm<úCaenA eBlKat;ebIkGaCIvkmµGVImYyKat;BMu)an KitKUreRcInBITIpSareLIy. cMeBaHRbCaBlrdækm<úCa Kat;TTYl)aneCaK- Cy½elIGaCIvkmµkñúgkRmitmYyehIyKat;KµanKMnit nigBRgIkTIpSarbnþ eToteT. CarYmeKalkarN_rbs; WTO sRmab;RbeTsCasmaCik KWman

GtßRbeyaCn_dl;esdækic©eRcIn. cMeBaHkm<úCakñúgkarcUl WTO nignaMmknUv PaBcMeNj EteyIgGacsYrfa etIkm<úCaGaceqøIytb b¤bMeBj)antameKal- karN_ WTO )aneT? .

III -mtiBiPakSarYm bnÞab;BIvaKµinTaMgBIrbeBa©jnUvTsSn³ nigbTBiesaFn_rbs;xøÜnrYcmkGgÁ

sikçasalaTaMgmUl)anebIk kic©BiPakSapøas;bþÚreyabl;pþl;cMeNHdwgeGayKñaeTA vijeTAmkRBmTaMgelIkeLIgnUvsMNYr k¾dUc CaykcMNucEdlRtUvBiPakSadak;CUn GgÁsikçasalasRmab;eFVIkarBicarNa.

225


s Yr etIvaKiµnmanRbtikmµdUemþc cMeBaHtémøkarcuHbBa¢IeFVIBaNiC¢kmµEdl ø 1500 duløar ehIyqñaMenHFøak;mkRtwmEt 1000 dulaør? ehIyehtuGVI

arcuHbBa¢IeFVIBaNiC¢kmµenAkm<úCamantémøéføCagRbeTsdéTeTot?

MNmantém)anCak

tamkarscMNayfvikaeRcInCagbNþalRbeTsCitxag dUcCa ³ evotNam éf PUma Lav BitR)akdEmn. mUlehtuEdleFIV[cMNayeTAelIkarcuHbBa¢Imantémøx<s;vaBak; Bn§½eTAnwgknøgmkraCrdæaPi)al)anxitxMEklm¥ edaHRsay nigsRmYleFVIya:gNapþl; PaBgay- rdæaPi)al)anesñIrsMueTA Word Bank edIm,ICYykñúgkarsikSaRsavRCaveFVI

ya:gNaedIm,Ikat;bnßykarcMNay eTAelIkarsMucuHbBa¢IeFVIBaNiC¢kmµenH.

Gnuvtþn_kat;bnßyBIEpñkNaeTAEpñkNamun. evTikaBiPakSa rvagvisy½ÉkCn nigvisy½saFarN³

mµnImYy² CYbCamYymRnþICMnaj b¤RksYg

cMelIy cMeBaHsMNYrenH elakbNÐuit hIug fUra:sIu )anmanRbsasn_fa eyag ikSa karcuHbBa¢IsMueFIVEbbbTBaNiC¢kmµ enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaBitCaRtUv

rUbvnþ½pg nigvisy½c,ab;pg. k¾b:uEnþ eTaHCaya:gNak¾edayry³eBl

RsYl nigtRmUveTAtameKalbMNgrbs;GñkvinieyaKdUcCa ³

ehIykñúgenaH)anbegáInnUvkmµviFI “Facilitation Program” KWeK)aneFVIkar sikSartaMgBIKy kaMkugRtUl kardwkCBa¢Ún kMBg;Ep rhUtdl;RKb;EbbbT TaMgGs; ehIyRtUveFIVkar

- rdæaPi)al)anbegáItCaCaerogral; 6Exmþg kñúgeKalbMNgEsgrknUvpllM)ak nigPaBxVHxatEdl ekItmaneLIg edIm,IeFIVkaredaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs; CUndl;GñkvinieyaKTun TaMgenaH.

- TnÞwmnwgenHEdr rdæaPi)alk¾)anerobcMevTikaCaerogral;Ex ¬mYyExmþg¦ edIm,I [GñkvinieyaKTun elIEpñk]sSahk

226


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EdlefaebIkduløareT. müa:geTot rdæaPi)al)aneFIVvimCÄkar RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_km<úCasMedA

avinie

etIktþaGIVxøHEdleFIV[esdækic© RbeTskm<úCamankarrIkceRmIn?

sa

dlTTYl nÞúkelI]sSahkmµenaHpgEdr. ]TahrN_³ ]sSahkmµ sNæaKar KWCYbCamYyrdñmRnþIeTscrN_ manrdæelxaFikar GnurdæelxaFikar edIm,IeFIVkar edaHRsaynUvbBaðaepSg² EdlTak;Tg nigGaCIvkmµrbs;xøÜn. kñúgkarCMrujvisy½ÉkCn rdæaPi)al)anbegáItGnuKN³kmµaFikarcMnYn3eTot

1- KN³kmµaFikarEpñkehdæarcnasm<n§½ ¬dUcCa³ Twk ePøIg¦ 2- KN³kmµaFikar SME KWeFIVkareTAelIshRKasFuntUc nigFunmFüm 3- KN³kmµaFikarBaNiC¢kmµnaMecjnaMcUl . KN³kmµaFikarTaMgenH KWdwknaMedayrdæmRnþIEdlCaGñkCMruj nigedaH

Rsayral;bBaðaTaMgGs;. bnÞab;mkelakbNiÐt k¾)anbgðajCUn nUvsmiT§plrbs;rdæaP

mkelIkMENTRmg;enH dUcCakarGnum½telIGnuRkitüsþIBI karsRmYlvisy½vinieyaK GnumtifµI²enH Edltémøénkarrt;karsMueFVIEbbbT vinieyaKFøak;mkenAtémø

k KWRtwmEt 2000 ¬BIrBan;¦ duløar. EdltémøenHkalBImun karsMuEbbbT eragcRkkat;edrmYy ebIKitTaMgbøg;sagsg;eTotminticCag30000 ¬bImWun¦

y: gNa[manbNaþjenAtambNþalextþRkug edIm,Ipþl;PaBgayRsYldl;Gñk yaKmincaM)ac;mkcuHbBa¢IBaNiC¢kmµenAPñMeBjeT. sMNYr etIkarcUlCasmaCik WTO manpllM)ak b¤plRbeyaCn_GIVxøH?

cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH elakbNÐit kg cn½Þdara:rtñ½ )anmanRbsaln_fa rCatirbs; WTO KWl¥eRBaHva)anpþl;nUvRcksRmab;eFIVBaNiC¢kmµ [eyIgnaM

227


ecjpþl;lT§PaBeRcIn dl;visy½ÉkCnsRmab;karvinieyaK eTARbeTsdéTeTot tamry³karpøas;bþÚrhirjvtßú FnFanvtßúFatuedIm bec©kviTüa nigesvakmµepSg² dUec KWvaGaRs½yeTA elIkarRbkYtRbECg ehIyedIm,I[karRbkYtRbECgTTYl)aneCaKC½y ebIniyay GMBIkarl

BaNiC¢kmµnUvmantémøx<s; esdækic©duløarrUbnIykmµ FnaKar manEtenAkñúgTI RbCMuCnm

alRtUvGPivDÆ dUcCa pøÚv eFIVRbBn§½dwkCBa¢ÚnRKb;Ebb ya:gTaMg

c[eyIgRbkYtRbECg nig TTYl

edIm,ITajykpl Rb

ñH karcUl WTO KWl¥. b:uEnþebIsYrfa etIcMeNjb¤xatenaH

k;TMnijvij KWRtUvlk;[)anefak nigTMnijmanKuNPaBx<s;.bBaðaEdleyIgRtUvRbQrmuxsBVéf¶KW ³ karcMNayelIGaCJabNÑ½cuHbB¢aI

inmanenATICnbT dUecñaH \NTanrbs;eyIgKWmantémøéføNas; ehIy x©I)anticeTotpg. rdæaPi)

Gs; edIm,ITak;TajGñkvinieyaK nigCMruj[RbCaBlrdæ)ancUlrYmenAkñúg vis½yvinieyaKedaypÞal;.

CarYmelakbNÐit kg cn½Þdara:rtñ )anbBa¢ak;fa smaCikPaBkm<úCakñúg WTO bc©úb,nñ minGaccMeNj)aneLIy eRBaH rYmpSM dI Twk ePøIg kMBugeLIgéfø. CamYyenHEdr elakbNÐit k¾)anGHGagfa ry³eBl 10 eTA 15 qñaMeTot ebIeyIgcab;eFIVBI\LÚvenHeTAedayxitxMRbwgERbg manny½fa vinieyaKsaFarN³ RtUvepþateTAelIeKalFM²Cacm,g CaBiessvinieyaKeTAelIpøÚvfñl; famBl nig vis½yCMnYjb¤ ]sSahkmµ KaMRTmYycMnYneTot EdlGa

)anplcMeNj. sMNYr etIkñúgnameyIgCavisy½ÉkCnKYreFIVdUcemþc

eyaCn_BI WTO [Gs;lT§PaB? etITsSn³rbs;elakbNÐitpÞal; b¤rdæaPi)al KYreFIVya:gNa edIm,Ipþl;plRbeyaCn_[vis½yÉkCnTTYl)anGtibrima?

228


cMelIy sMNYretIrdæaPi)al KYrEteFIVya:gNaedIm,ITajykplRbeyaCn_BI WTO [)anGtibrmadl;visy½ÉkCn elakbNÐit hIug fUra:sIu )anman Rbsasn_fa elak)aneqøIyrYceTAehIy dUcCa ³ Eklm¥ ehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbvnþ ehdæarcnasm<n§½ pøÚvc,ab; edaHRsaybBaðanUv Twk ePøIg nig karbegáItevTika visy½ÉkCn nigsaFarN³.

ehIyTak;TgsMNYrfa etIvisy½ÉkCn KYreFIVdUcemþc? edIm,ITajykpl RbeyaCn_[Gs;lT§PaB BI WTO elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½ dara:rtñ½ )anbk Rsayfa sBVéf¶enH eTaHbICaeyIgxMRbwgya:gNa k¾minQñHeKEdr b:uEnþCMhanCa yuT§saRsþKWrdæaPi)al nigvisy½saFarN³ RtUvEtxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVskmµPaBrbs; xøÜn[)anxøaMgkøa manny½fa ehdæarcnasm<n§½epSg²EdlenATn;exSay b¤ Gskmµ RtUvEkERbFana[manRbBn§½c,ab;Tmøab;l¥ nigFananUvsuvtßiPaB RTBüsm,tþiÉkCn TaMgLay

-etvinieyaKenAkñúgRsukExµr eRBaH témøBlkmµenAkñúgRsukExµrmantémøéfø ebIR)ak;Ex k

.l. bBaðamYycMnYneTot RbCaCnkm<úCaeyIgKYrEkERbKW³ ¬1¦-ecHmanKMnit

EsVgrkTIpSaredayxøÜnÉg/ ¬2¦-RtUvmanEpnkarkñúgkareFIVGaCIvkmµ/ ¬3¦-EsVg yl;BI\NTan nigeroneRbIR)as;\NTan/ ¬4¦-RtUvxitxMEsVgyl;nUvBt’man epSg² sþIBI bec©kviTüaEdlTak;Tg nigkareFVIGaCIvkmµrbs;xøÜnpÞal;.

sMNYr 1-etIeBlEdlkm<úCacUlkñúg WTO manplb:HBal;CaviC©manya:g dUcemþc?

2 IehtuGIV)anCaKN³vaKµin ha‘nGHGagfa GñkvinieyaK minmk

mµkr)anTTYlEt 40duløarGaemrikkñúgmYyExb:ueNÑaH?

229


3 etIenAeBlEdlevotNamcUl CasmaCik WTO vanwgmanpl b:HBal;dl;km<úCaya:g dUcemþc?

cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrTI1 elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½ )anbkRsayfa sarCatirbs; WTO KWviC¢man ¬pþl;plRbeyaCn_¦. k¾b:uEnþ plCaviC¢man b:uNÑaenaH vaGaRs½yelIkarRb

-

kYtRbECg nigkarxitxMRbwgrbs;eyIg.

km<úCaBitCaéføCagRbeTsbg;køaeds nigPUma EdltémøBlkmµrbs;eKesµIBak;

2 dg nwgéføBlkmµeFIVkareBléf¶ b:uEnþenARbeTseKeFIVkaryb; nigéf¶té

- lT§plTTYl)anvamankRmitTabebIeFobeTA nigR)ak;Ex

cMeBaHsMNYrTI2 elakbNÐit hIug fUra:k;sIu bBa¢ak;fa kmøaMgBlkmµenA

kNþalénkmøaMgBlkmµkñúgRsukExµr. ehIytMbn;xøHénRbeTs cinkmøaMgBlkmµ rbs;eKmantémøefakCagkm<úCa b:uEnþenAevotNamKWRbhak;RbEhlnwgeyIg. CamYy enHEdr elakbNiÐit)anGHGagfa karrYjrarbs;GñkvinieyaKkñúgkarbNþak; TunenAkm<úCa Tak;Tgnigc,ab;kargarpgEdr. c,ab;kargarkm<úCaEcgfa éføBlkmµ eBlyb;RtUvesµI

møBlkmµesµIKñµa. Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenHpgEdr elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½ )anbkRsayfa

tamkarsikSarbs;elakCamYynwgRkumh‘unCag 30 enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa rkeXIj fa kmøaMgBlkmµEdleKfaéfømanbI KW ³

1- R)ak;ExTTYl)anKitCasac;luy 23- karp¥akskmµPaB PaBrgeRKaHéneragcRk Edlbgáedaykmµkr

eFVI)atukmµ

230


Tak;TgnwgsMNYrTI3 elakbNÐit hIug fUra:k;sIu )anmanRbsasn_fa evotNamminEmnCaEpñkmYyEdleyIgRtUvRBYy)armÖeT KWRbeTscineTEdleyIg RtUv)armÖ eRBaHcin KWCaRbeTsEdlTak;TajGñkvinieyaK)aneRcInCageKbMput

:uEnþeTaHCa ya:gNak

TIpSarGnþrCati? cMelIy

nEmnCakEnøglagluyFMenaHeT eRBaH esdækic©km<úCatUcNas; ehIybc©úb,nñkm<úCakMBugEtbegáItc,ab; sþIGMBI karkarBar karlagluyenAkm<úCa EdlFnaKarCatikMBugshkarCamYyRksYgesdækic©.

ebIbreTscat;TukRbBn§½FnaKareyIg RKb;dNþb;edaykarlagluyexµA eBlenaH nwgKµanluys¥ats¥McUlmkRbeTseyIgenaHeT. dUecñH b:HBal;dl;karvinieyaK

enAelIBiPBelak. k¾b:uEnþelakbNÐit k¾)anTTYlsÁal;pgEdrfa enAeBl EdlevotNamcUlCasmaCik WTO vaBitCab:HBal;dl;km<úCa b

þI bc©úb,nñeyIgmanviFankarBar Safe Guard Measure. Safe Guard Measure KWCar)aMgkarBarEdlGWr:ubnwgGaemrikman

viFankar manny½fa ral;TMnijEdlcUleTAGaemrikelIsBI 2% eLIgeTARtUvdak; kUta eTaHCa WTO manc,ab;esrIya:gNak¾eday.

sMNYr 1-etIkarlagluyexµAenAkm<úCa manplb:HBal;dl;esdækic©km<úCa Edlb¤eT?

2-ebIeKecaTfakm<úCa CaRbeTslagluyexµAnwgmanplb:HBal;GIV dl;TIpSarkñúgRsuk k¾dUcCa

Tak;TgnwgsMNYrTI1 elakbNÐit hIug fUra:sIu )anmanRbsasn_fa bc©úb,nñeyIgminTan;manGgÁkar b¤sßabn½NamYyeFVIkarsikSa[c,as;GMBIerOgenH enAeLIyeT. EtelakeCOCak;fa km<úCami

Tak;TgnwgsMNYrTI2 elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½ )anBnül;fa Rbsin

231


breTs

yeyIgeT. ehIysBVéf¶manEtFanaKareGsIulIdaeT Edlmanekr×þeQµaH ehIyGacTTYlyk

KMnitcg;BRgIkTIpSar? eday sarehtuGIV b¤edaysarminmantRmUvkarbEnßmsmtßPaBmankMNt; b¤minman karBieRKaHeyabl;BIraCrdæaPi)al?

R kEdrb¤eT? etIRkumh‘untUc²kñúgRsuk Gac

¶CYb RbTH KWx

nigb:HBal;dl;ekr×þeQµaHFnaKarénRbeTskm<úCaeyIgEtmþg. eRBaHfa RbeTseyIgeRbIR)as;luyduløar FnaKarCatieyIgBMumanlT§PaBpþl;\NTandl; FnaKarBaNiC¢kmµeT dUecñH eFIV[FnaKarBaNiC¢kmµRtUvEp¥keTAelIRbPBluyBI breTs. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIeyIgcg;eTAx©IluyBIbreTs dUcCaFnaKarRkugLúg ¬RbeTsGg;eKøs¦ eKRtUvemIlfa etIRbPBx©ImkBIRbPBNa. ehIyebIeKdwgfa mkBIkm<úCaEdlmanBak;Bn§½nwgRbB§n½lagluy enaHeKnwgminrksIuCamY

)an[cUleTAx©IluyenATIpSarbreTs. sMNYr 1 - ehtuGIV)anCaGaCIvkreyIg minman

2-bnÞab;BIcUlCasmaCik WTO etInwgmankarRbkYtRbECgrvag kumh‘untUc²kñúgRsuk nigRkumh‘uneRkARsu

mansmtßPaBRbkYtRbECgEdrb¤eT? cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenHTI1 elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½ )anman

Rbsasn_fa minEmnKat; ¬RbCaBlrdæ¦ minKiteT b:uEnþKat;mindwgfaerOgenH CaerOgsMxan;. ehIyGIVEdlsMxan;bMputsRmab;BYkKat; KWKat;mindwgfa etIRtUveFIV dUcemþc edIm,Ilk;plitplecj. bBaðamYyeTotEdlGaCIvkreyIgsBVéf

VHkarts‘UEsVgrkyuT§saRsþ edIm,IRbkYt[QñH nigcUlcitþKitfa muxrbr rbs;Kat;KWbnÞab;bnSM ebIKat;RbkYtminQñH KWKat;nwgbþÚrmuxrbrfµI.

232


Tak;TgnwgsMNYrTI2 elakbNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½ )anbkRsayfa cg;min cg;sBVéf¶enH KWeyIgcaj;eKrYceTAehIy eRBaHRkumh‘unFM²eKlk;GIVk¾efakCag eyIgEdr ehIyKuNPaBl¥EfmeTotpg nigrYmTaMgFananUvkarpÁt;pÁg;eTotpg. cMENkÉRkumh‘unkñúgRsuktUc² KWtémøéfø KuNPaBGn; nigminGacFanabrimaN énkarpÁt;pÁg;)aneTotpg. dUecñaH eKmincaM)ac;RbkYtRbECgCamYyeyIgeT KWeK RKan;EtecjmuxPøam KWeyIgcaj;eKrYceTAehIy.

CabEnßm elakbNÐit cab sufariTi§ )aneFVIcMNab;GarmµN_pgEdrfa FatuBitrbs; WTO KWl¥Nas; b:uEnþsYrfa etIval¥dl;kRmitNaenaHvaGaRsy½ eTAe

eFVICMnYjrbs;eyIgminl¥ enaHKWeyIgnwgTTYl )annUvbr

Ðit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½ RbeTskm<úCamankar lM)a T

)anBnül;fa comparative advantage enAkm<úCamaneRcIn k¾b:uEnþRKan;EtplcMeNjenaH

lIlT§PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg. ehIyvaCakarFmµtaeT karcUlkñúg WTO KWCakarebIkTVareTAvijeTAmkedIm,IeFIVCMnYjTaMgGs;Kña nigTTYl)ankarcMeNj TaMgGs;Kña. b:uEnþ ebIdMeNIrkarénkar

aC½yCak;Caminxan. ehIyplcMeNjénkarcUl WTO KWkarepÞrbec©k viTüaBt’man EdlGaceFIV[kmµkreyIgTTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_bEnßmeTot.

sMNYr tamRbsasn_ elakbNkelI\N anKWlM)akx©I nigkarR)ak;x<s; ehtudUcenH etIeFIVdUcemþcedIm,I[

SME ekIneLIg edIm,IbgálkçN³gayRsYldl;GaCIvkreyIg? etIRbeTskm<úCa manplcMeNjeRbobeFob (comparative advantage) GIV? ehIyGIVeTACapl cMeNjdac;xat (Absolute advantage)? sRmab;km<úCaeyIgedIm,IRbkYt RbECgenAkñúg WTO.

cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH elakbNÐit cabsufariT§

233


eyIgminT

m<úCamandITMenrsRmab;ksikmµ eRcInNa

uy RKb;RKan

ntémøTabCag 15 % eTA 18 % ebIFnaKar)anTTYl km©IkñúgR

an;ykmkeRbICa»kas edaysarEtkm<úCaenATn;exSay nigmankar xVHxat. kñúgeBlenaH elakbNÐit )anelIkvis½ykat;edr EdleyIgkMBugEtman karlUtlas; bnÞab;BIeyIgcUl WTO nigRtUvkat;pþac;kUta. EteRkayBIkm<úCacUl kñúg WTO visy½kat;edrrbs;km<úCa KWminFøak;cuH ehIyEfmTaMgmankarekIneLIg eTot. dUecñaH comparative advantage KWvis½ykat;edr nigtm,aj. ehIy absolute advantage KWvisy½ksikmµ eRBaHk

s;. Tak;TgnwgsMNYr etIeFIVdUcemþcedIm,IelIkkm<s; SME? ebIsinkarlM)ak

kñúgkarx©IluysRmab;vinieyaK CaBiesskarR)ak;x<s; ehIyRckénx©IvaKµaneTAeTot. elak bNÐit kg cnÞ½dara:rtñ½ )anbkRsayfa GaCIvkreyIgsBVéf¶ Kat;GacrIklUtlas; eTaHbICaKat;Kµanluyk¾eday BIeRBaHKat;mansm<aFcg; begáInCaGaCIvkmµ FMmYyelIsBIsmtßPaB edayemIlrMlgBIGaCIvkmµFuntUc . RKan;EtKat;bEnßmTun nigbec©kviTüaenaH Kat;GacBRgIkGaCIvkmµ nigmanl

;. kñúgenaHEdr elak bNÐitk¾)anbnþeTotfa manEtRckmYyKt;sRmab; bc©úb,nñ KWkarbegáItCasm<n§½ GaCIvkr EdltMNag[TwkcitþGaCIvkreTIbGac edaHRsaynUv\NTan nigrhUtdl;karkRmiténkareFIVvinieyaKRbePTNa Edl GaceFIVeTA)an.

sMNYr etIFnaKareGsIulIda KYreFVIdUcemþc? edIm,I[GRtakarR)ak;Edl pþl;eTA[RbCaksikrma

suk k¾dUcCa eRkARsukmancMnYn 12 % eTAehIyenaH.

234


cMelIy Tak;TgnwgsMNYrenH elakbNÐit kg cn½Þdara:rtñ½ )anman Rbsasn¾fa sMNYrenHKYrsYr eTAxagFnaKareGsIulIda b:uEnþelakyl;fa ehtudUc emþc)anCakarR)ak;x<s;? eRBaHedaysarhaniP½yRbeTsx<s;. ehIyRbeTsEdl RtUv)ankMNt;CaRbeTs EdlmanhaniPy½x<s;eKBinitüelIbIcMNuc KW 1-kMeNIn esdækic©/ 2-rdæ)alsaFarN³ b¤GPi)alkic©l¥ b¤minl¥ 3-etIlTi§RbCaFibetyü mankRmitNa?

sMNYr etIBI\LÚvenHeTAdl; 5qñaM eTA 10 qñaMeTot etIesdækic©km<úCa GacFøak

v

dækic©vij eyIgeXIjfal¥ KWGacFanakMeNIn GDP CamFüm RbEhlC °k¾)anelIkeLIgfa edIm,IeFIV[esdækic©km<úCamankarrIkceRmInelIsenH luHRtaEt G

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235


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239


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240


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241


elak)anbBa¢ak;fa ebIKittaMgBIéf¶dak;BaküCapøÚvkar sMucUlCasmaCik rhUtdl; køayCasmaCikmanry³eBl 10 qñaM. kñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMenH RbCaBlrdæ ExµrPaKeRcInelakBMu)andwgfa rdæaPi)al)aneFVIGVIxøHTak;Tgnig WTO. ehIy faetIxøøÜn ¬RbCaBlrdæExµr¦ GaccUlrYmcMENkCamYyrdæaPi)alkRmitNa sIþGMBI WTO? elak)ansgát;F¶n;elIcMNucenHfa vaCabBaðalM)akrbs;km<úCa eRBaH Blrdækm<úCa CaGñkRtUveFVIkarRbkYtRbECgedaypÞal;kñúg WTO min)an yl;dwg GVIeRcInBIeKalkarN_rbs; WTO. Tak;TgnwgbBaðakmµsiT§ibBaØaenH mancMNuc 4 rYmenaHKW ³

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2 - plb:HBal;énkarGnuvtþc,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØaenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

242


karGnuvtþn_kmµsiTi§bBaØa nignaM[mankareLIgéfø. mann½yfaral;TMnij b¤smÖar³eRbIR)as; nigP¢ab;mkCamYynUvkarkarBar. ]TahrN_ esovePAGan mYyk,al EdlBImuneyIgGacrkTij)ankñúgtémøefak eRBaHCaesovePAftcmøg Etdl;eBleyIgGnuvtþkmµsiT§ibBaØa esovePAenaHminRtUv)anGnuBaØat[ftcmøg eLIy. dUecñH esovenaHRtUvlk;kñúgtémøx<s; EdlGaceFVI[b:HBal;dl;kar GPivDÆn_FnFanmnusSrbs;RbeTspgEdr.

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243


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244


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258


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259


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260


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261


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262


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264


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266


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267


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cMeljBIsmaCikPaBenAkñúg WTO Cacm,gKWkarsRmbsRmYlBaNiCkmµ.

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268


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269


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270


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271


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Agriculture¦} kalbricäT Exemsa qñaM 2005.

272


evTikaTI4 sþIBI {RbeTskm<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal; dl;

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Trade and Investment) : kalbricäT ExkBaØa qñaM

273


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274


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276


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278



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282


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nig Gg WTO

“ Cambodia an

]btßmÖeday mUlniFTIkEnøg³

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evTikaelIkTI7 sþIGMBI

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i RhVIRDIc eGEb‘t (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung) (FES)

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CMu énviTüasßanExµrsRmab;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB

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283


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km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµ nigkarvinieyaKTun

“

eday bNÐit cab naykRbtibtþi v>x>s>s>


Cambodia and WTO: Impact on Trade and Investment ”

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éf¶TI 27 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2005 BIem:ag 08³30 RBwk dl;em:ag 11³30 éf¶Rtg;

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bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykR30-8³50

btibtþi viTüasßanExµr þiPaB

³50-9³40 sMrab;shRbtibtþikar nigsn

8 KN³vaKµinkitþiys

284


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asßansikSa RsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_

9³40-10³00 s1011³00-11³30 bUksrublT§plevTikaelIkTI8 eday bNÐit cab

km<úCa nig GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ plb:HBal;elIkmµsiT§ibBaØaa “Cambodia and WTO: Implic n the Intellectual Property

TIkEnøg³

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ations oRights ”


bnÞb;Rbéf¶TI 28 Ex tula qñaM 11³30 éf¶Rtg;

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285


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287


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288


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289


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290


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- sunÞrkfasar³sMxan;ebIkGgÁsnñisITCatieday semþc h‘un Esn n

291


BaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ³ GtßRbeyaCn_ karRbQm nigTsSnvis½ysRmab;GnaKt :

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G‘un n

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RbFan³

292


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b;shRbtibtþikar nigsnþiPaB

vaKµin³

293


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vaKµin³ Ék]tþm em:A fUra : GnurdæelxaFikarRksYg

BaNiC¢kmµ

294


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tibtþi viTüasßan

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dæanrdæ)al

295


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bNÐit cab sufariT§ naykRbtibtþi viTüasßan

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296


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297


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298


a¢IraynamGñkrYmcMENkkñúgevTika

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GnþrCati nigsmaCikRkumRbwkSaPi)al v/x/s/s/ Ék]tþm ega: huglI GKÁelxaFikarRkumRbwkSa kMENTRmg;rdæ)al TIsþI

karKN³rdæm®nþI Ék]tþm Kg; suPI GKÁelxaFikarrg RkumRbwkSakMENTRmg;rdæ)al TIsþI

]bsm<½n§ TI 4 bBnigsnñisITCati

299


karKN³rdæm®nþI Ék ig

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Ék]tþmbNÐit KuN jwm

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