Biotechnoloy Cuisines

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    Biotech Cuisines

    Group 1

    July 19, 2011

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    Traditional Modern

    Biotech Food

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    USES ENZYME FROM LIVING ORGANISM FOR MILK CURDLING

    AND BACTERIA FOR CHEESE FLAVORING

    Traditional Biotech

    Cheese

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    USES LIVE BAKERS YEAST, A MICROORGANISM THAT PRODUCES CO2WHICH ALLOWS THE DOUGH TO RISE BEFORE BAKING

    Traditional Biotech

    Bread

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    ALCOHOL IS SYNTHESIZED BY YEAST

    Traditional Biotech

    Beer and Wine

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    Traditional Biotech

    And Many more!

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    Modern Biotech GMOs

    What are GMOs

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    Genetically Modified Crops

    GM CORN

    (INSECT / HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)

    GM SOYBEAN

    (HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)

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    Genetically Modified Crops

    GM TOMATO

    (DELAYED RIPRENING)

    GM POTATO

    (INSECT / HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)

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    SQUASH

    (HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)

    PAPAYA

    (DELAYED RIPENING/

    VIRAL RESISTANCE)

    Genetically Modified Crops

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    EGG PLANT

    ( INSECT RESISTANCE)

    Genetically Modified Crops

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    Food Properties of the genetically modified variety Modification

    Soybeans Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicidesHerbicide resistant gene taken from bacteria

    inserted into soybean

    Corn, field

    Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicides.

    Insect resistance via producing Bt proteins, some

    previously used as pesticides in organic crop

    production. Vitamin-enriched corn derived fromSouth African white corn variety M37W has

    bright orange kernels, with 169x increase in beta

    carotene, 6x the vitamin C and 2x folate.[18]

    New genes, some from the bacterium Bacillus

    thuringiensis, added/transferred into plantgenome.

    Cotton (cottonseed oil) Pest-resistant cottonBt crystal protein gene added/transferred into

    plant genome

    Alfalfa Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicidesNew genes added/transferred into plant

    genome.

    Hawaiian papayaVariety is resistant to the papaya ringspot

    virus.[19]New gene added/transferred into plant genome

    TomatoesVariety in which the production of the

    enzyme polygalacturonase (PG) is suppressed,

    retarding fruit softening after harvesting.[20]

    A reverse copy (anantisense gene) of the gene

    responsible for the production of PG enzyme

    added into plant genome

    Rapeseed (Canola)Resistance to herbicides (glyphosate or

    glufosinate), high laurate canola[21]New genes added/transferred into plant

    genome

    Sugar caneResistance to certain pesticides, high sucrose

    content.

    New genes added/transferred into plant

    genome

    Sugar beet Resistance to glyphosate, glufosinate herbicidesNew genes added/transferred into plant

    genome

    RiceGenetically modified to contain high amounts of

    Vitamin A (beta-carotene)

    "Golden rice" Three new genes implanted: two

    fromdaffodils and the third from a bacterium

    Squash (Zucchini)

    Resistance to watermelon, cucumber and

    zucchini yellow mosaic viruses[23][24]Contains coat protein genes of viruses.

    Sweet Pe ers Resistance to virus[25] Contains coat protein genes of the virus.

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    How GMOs are made?

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    RecombinantTechnology

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    Recombinant Technology

    The process of combining a gene from one

    organism to the gene of another to form the

    desired characteristic.

    This technology involves transfer of the gene

    of interest to the gene of the organism to be

    modified and all these processes happens in

    vitro.

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    Process Flow

    Cutting of the gene using therestriction enzymes

    Combination of the two genesthrough the sticky ends

    The DNA ligase connect the gene

    of interest with the original gene

    New gene is replicated throughthe use of bacteria

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    How is DNA TRANFERRED into a plant

    CELL?

    Agrobacterium

    Plant tissues are exposed toAgrobacterium carrying the

    plasmid with gene of interest

    Gene gun or biolistics

    particles of gold or tungsten are coated with DNA and

    then shot into young plants or plant embryos

    http://croptechnology.unl.edu/animation/GeneGun.swf

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    Golden Rice

    A variety ofOryza sativa rice produced through geneticengineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene.

    This product improves the Vitamin A content of the rice

    because beta-carotenes are precursors of Vitamin A.

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    Golden Rice

    The rice plant can naturally produce beta-carotene but it is

    found in the leaves and not in the endosperm.

    To place the beta-carotene in the endosperm, these

    biosynthesis genes are needed:

    psy(phytoene synthase) from daffodil

    crt1 from the soil bacterium

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    Golden Rice

    Preliminary results of field tests showed that

    field-grown golden rice produce four to five

    times beta-carotenes than the ones in the

    greenhouse condition

    Hopefully, the golden rice will be out in the

    market on 2012

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    Resistant to certain insects

    Not available to home-growers

    BT Corn

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    First GM food to be granted license for

    human consumption

    Slow ripening but still havesame flavor and color tonon-GM tomato

    +antisense gene (interferewith the production of theenzyme polygalacturonase)

    Polygalacturonase (PG)breaks down pectin on cell

    wall

    NO PG, NO softening oftomato

    FLVR SAVR Tomato

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    Resistance to papaya

    ringspot virus (PRSV)

    inserting virus-derivedsequences that encode the

    PRSV coat protein (CP) by

    microparticle bombardment

    of plant tissues

    Papaya with ringspot virus

    GM Papaya

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    Genetically ModifiedAnimals

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    Genetically Modified Animals

    A genetically engineered or transgenic animal is an

    animal that carries a known sequence of recombinant

    DNA in its cells, and which passes that DNA onto its

    offspring.

    In genetic engineering, part of the genetic code or

    DNA is added to, deleted from or substituted with the

    genes of interest.

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    For specific economic traits

    As disease models

    For research and testing

    To save endangered species

    To create more productive farm animals

    Genetically Modified Animals

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    Basic Methods of Producing GM Animals

    desired geneconstruct

    pronucleus of areproductive

    cell

    recipient female

    DNA MICROINJECTION

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    totipotentstem cells

    desiredgene

    hosts

    embryo

    EMBRYONIC STEM CELL-MEDIATED GENETRANSFER

    Basic Methods of Producing GM Animals

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    Basic Methods of Producing GM Animals

    retroviruses

    chimera

    transgenicoffspring

    RETROVIRUS-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER

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    ENVIROPIG

    FUEL EXCRETINGGENETICALLY

    MODIFIED BUGS

    Examples of GM Animals

    http://www.smashinglists.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/DieselFuel385_352162a.jpghttp://www.smashinglists.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/enviropig.jpg
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    RUPPYJAKE THE ALLIGATOR

    MAN

    Examples of GM Animals

    http://www.smashinglists.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Jake_the_Alligator_Man.jpghttp://c-lab.co.uk/userdata/BLOGS/ruppy_uv.jpg
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    Examples

    SEE-THROUGH FROG SUDDEN DEATHMOSQUITO

    l

    http://www.smashinglists.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Sudden-Death-Mosquito.jpghttp://www.smashinglists.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/glass-frog.jpg
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    Examples

    UMBUKU LIZARD DOLION

    l

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    Examples

    FERN SPIDER LEMURAT

    f

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    Benefits

    AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS

    a) breeding

    b) quality

    c) disease resistance

    MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

    a) xenotransplantation

    b) nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticalsc) human gene therapy

    INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

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    Animal Cloning

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    Cloning is the process of making a geneticallyidentical organism through nonsexual means. It has

    been used for many years to produce plants (even

    growing a plant from a cutting is a type of cloning).

    Animal Cloning

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    Animal cloning has been the subject of scientific

    experiments for years, but garnered little attention

    until the birth of the first cloned mammal in 1997, a

    sheep named Dolly. Since Dolly, several scientists

    have cloned other animals, including cows and mice.The recent success in cloning animals has sparked

    fierce debates among scientists, politicians and the

    general public about the use and morality of cloning

    plants, animals and possibly humans.

    Animal Cloning

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    In the 1970s, a scientist named

    John Gurdon successfully clonedtadpoles. He transplanted the

    nucleus from a specialized cell of

    one frog (B) into an unfertilized

    egg of another frog (A) in which

    the nucleus had been destroyed

    by ultraviolet light. The egg withthe transplanted nucleus

    developed into a tadpole that was

    genetically identical to frog B.

    While Gurdon's tadpoles did not

    survive to grow into adult frogs,

    his experiment showed that theprocess of specialization in animal

    cells was reversible, and his

    technique ofnuclear

    transfer paved the way for later

    cloning successes.

    Animal Cloning

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    Top Five Clones

    Dolly the sheep Tetra the rhesus monkey

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    Copycat the cat Idaho Gem the mule

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    Snuppy the dog

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    Questions on

    Genetically ModifiedFoods

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    1. Why are GM foods produced?

    GM foods are developed and marketed because there is some perceived advantage

    either to the producer or consumer of these

    foods. This is meant to translate into a

    product with a lower price, greater benefit (in

    terms of durability or nutritional value) or

    both.

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    2. Are GM foods assessed differently

    from traditional foods?

    Generally, consumers consider that

    traditional foods are safe. When new foods

    are developed by natural methods, some of

    the existing characteristics of foods can bealtered, either in a positive or a negative way.

    Indeed, new plants developed through

    traditional breeding techniques may not beevaluated rigorously using risk assessment

    techniques.

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    3. How are the potential risks to

    human health determined?

    Direct health effects (toxicity)

    Tendencies to provoke allergic reaction

    (allergenicity) Specific components thought to have

    nutritional or toxic properties

    The stability of the inserted gene Nutritional effects

    Any unintended effects

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    4. What are the main issues of concern

    for human health?

    Allergenicity - As a matter of principle, the transfer of genes fromcommonly allergenic foods is discouraged unless it can bedemonstrated that the protein product of the transferred gene is notallergenic.

    Gene transfer - Gene transfer from GM foods to cells of the body or tobacteria in the gastrointestinal tract would cause concern if thetransferred genetic material adversely affects human health.

    Outcrossing - The movement of genes from GM plants into

    conventional crops or related species in the wild (referred to asoutcrossing), as well as the mixing of crops derived fromconventional seeds with those grown using GM crops, may have anindirect effect on food safety and food security.

    5 H i i k t f th

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    5. How is a risk assessment for the

    environment performed?

    The assesment process includes the

    evaluation of the characteristics of the GMO

    and its effect and stability in the environment,

    combined with ecological characteristics ofthe environment in which the introduction will

    take place.

    The assessment also includes unintendedeffects which could result from the insertion

    of the new gene.

    6 Wh t th i f f

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    6. What are the issues of concern for

    the environment? Issues of concern include: the capability of the GMO to escape and

    potentially introduce the engineered genes into wild populations;the persistence of the gene after the GMO has been harvested; thesusceptibility of non-target organisms (e.g. insects which are notpests) to the gene product; the stability of the gene; the reductionin the spectrum of other plants including loss of biodiversity; and

    increased use of chemicals in agriculture. The environmental safetyaspects of GM crops vary considerably according to local conditions.

    Current investigations focus on: the potentially detrimental effecton beneficial insects or a faster induction of resistant insects; the

    potential generation of new plant pathogens; the potentialdetrimental consequences for plant biodiversity and wildlife, and adecreased use of the important practice of crop rotation in certainlocal situations; and the movement of herbicide resistance genes toother plants.

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    7. Are GM foods safe?

    Different GM organisms include different

    genes inserted in different ways. This means

    that individual GM foods and their safety

    should be assessed on a case-by-case basis

    and that it is not possible to make general

    statements on the safety of all GM foods.