B0old,ooc CIl6enb

crucadcopda$oo

rorcorcocodlcorco'

fiDofiMlO OilBllrlrru OCOros6m .iOl(nlerm AUAlOl (scERT), SOrOpo

ce"cogcnrtdsrccd

20ao

tZio-b-Km\w

P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl

`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,

]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm

ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,

hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,

D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,

Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,

Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,

Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm

P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl

`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm.

Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,

Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

]Xn⁄

C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co-

ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln -°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw

sshhn -[y -]q¿W-hp -amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy -Øn¬ Rm≥

A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.

Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-

hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw

sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n ]bXv\n°pw.

Prepared by :State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, KeralaWebsite : www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail : scertkerala@asianetindia.comPhone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax: 0471 - 2341869First Edition: 2010Typesetting : Computer Lab., SCERT© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

]nb hnZym¿Yn-I-tf,

Np‰p]mSpw kw`-hn-°p∂ am‰--߃ kq£va-ambn

\nco-£n-®pw hni-I-e\w sNbvXpw imkvX-]-T\w B\-

µ-I-c-amb A\p- -h-am°n am‰p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v Xncn-

®-dn-™-h-cmWp \Ωƒ. imkvXw Hcp XpS¿®-bm-Wv.

AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ imkvX-]-T\w Hcp XpS¿-

]Inbbpw.

kzbw Nn¥n®pw hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®pw Iq´p-Im-tcm-

sSm∏w tN¿∂v A\p- -h-߃ ]¶n´pw \n߃ \n¿an-

°p∂ Adn-hmWv ]T-\sØ apt∂m´p \bn°p-∂Xv.

Adn-hns‚ \n¿am-W-L-´-Øn¬ Ht´sd tNmZy-߃

\nß-fn¬ cq]wsIm≈pw. F√m-‰n\pw DØcw In -W-

sa-∂n-√. IqSp-X¬ At\z-j-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-tS-≠Xpw

DØ-cw- I-s≠-Øm-\p≈ am¿Kw cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw

\n߃ Xs∂-. AXn\p klm-bn-°m≥ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

hpw A[ym]Icpw \n߃°v H∏-ap-≠m-hpw.

Adnhv B\-µ-am-Ip-∂Xv ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bbm-

k-cln-X-am-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \nc-h[n

]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS km[y-X-Iƒ Cu ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn-

ep-≠v. imkvX-Øns‚ hgn-I-fn-eqsS Iq´p-Im-tcm-

sSm∏w IS-∂p-t]mbn ]T\w BtLm-j-am°n am‰m≥

\n߃°v Ign-b-s´.

kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,

s]m^. Fw.-F. -Jm-Z¿

Ub-d-IvS¿

Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 012

]mT-]p-kvXI kanXn`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ IX

AssUz-k¿

s]m^. F-®v.-kn. ][m≥, sk‚¿ Ub-d-IvS¿, tlman `m`m sk‚¿ t^m¿ kb≥kv FUyq-t°-j≥,

Sm‰m C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v ^≠-sa‚¬ dnk¿®v (TIFR), apwss_

sNb¿am≥

tUm. ap-l-ΩZv jm^n, s]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v sIan-kvSn, Imen-°‰v bqWn-th-gvkn‰n, tImgn-t°mSv

AwK-߃

tUm. Aem-hp-±o≥. Fw, ]n≥kn∏¬ (dn´.) Kh. tImtfPv, Ftf-cn-X-´v, Imk¿tKmUv

A\n¬Ipam¿.]n.sI, F®v.-F-kv.-F., kn.F®v.Fw.F®v.Fkv., Xn√t¶cn, Xe-t»cn, IÆq¿

_m_p- ]øØv, F®v.-F-kv.-F., Pn.hn.F®v.Fkv.Fkv., ta∏øq¿, hSIc, tImgnt°mSv.

]n.Un.-t__n, F®v.-F-kv.-F., sk‚v B‚Wokv F®v.Fkv.Fkv., ]q™m¿, tIm´bw

Pn._me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿, slUv (dn .), Un∏m¿ vsa‚v Hm v nkn-Ivkv, F≥.Fkv.Fkv. tImtfPv, ]¥fw, ]Ø-\w-Xn

F≥.-sI.-tKm-]m-e≥, F®v.Fkv.F (dn´.), sI.sI.-Fw.Pn.hn.F®v.Fkv.Fkv., Hm¿°mt´cn, hSIc

tUm.Fkv. taml-\≥, ^nknIvkv doU¿ & slUv (dn´.), bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtfPv, Xncph\¥]pcw

]Zo]vIpam¿.sI.hn, F®v.-F-kv.-F., aqtØSØv F®v.Fkv.Fkv., Xfn∏dºv, IÆq¿

ctajvIpam¿.Fw.sI, F®v.-F-kv.-F., ]m∏n\nt»cn ]©mbØv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., IÆq¿.

sI.Pn.kPn-Ip-am¿, F®v.-F-kv.-F., Pn.hn & F®v.Fkv.Fkv. t^m¿ tKƒkv, aW°mSv, Xncph\¥]pcw.

sk-_m-Ãy≥ eqt°mkv. Sn.sP, ske-. tKUv eIvNd¿ (dn´.), bqWnthgvkn‰n tImtfPv, Xncph\¥]pcw.

tUm.tkXp-am-[-h≥, slUv, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v ^nkn-Ivkv, Fkv.F≥.Pn. tImtfPv, tImgnt°mSv

sI.kptcjvIpam¿, F®v.-F-kv.-F., F.Fw. F®v.Fkv.Fkv., Xncp-a-e, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

hn.inh≥, F®v.Fkv.F, (dn´.), ]n.sI.F®v.Fkv., a∂-], ]me°mSv

Sn.sF.-D-Æn-Ir-jvW≥, slUvamÿ (dn´.), F.sI.sI.B¿.F®v.-F-kv t^m¿ t_mbvkv, tNf-∂q¿, tImgnt°mSv

A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿

tUm. B≥kn h¿Kokv, dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿ (^nkn-Ivkv), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn., Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

NnX-Imc-∑m¿

A`n-emjv Xncp-thmØv, F≥.-hn.‰n. (sIan-kvSn), Pn.hn.F®v.Fkv.Fkv. AtØmfn, tImgn-t°mSv

_na¬Ipam¿.Fkv, tUmbnMv So®¿, Pn.Fw.hn.F®v.Fkv.Fkv. t^m¿ t_mbvkv, sIm√w

taml≥Zmkv ]n.Fw, tUmbnMv So®¿, aqtØ-SØv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Xfn-∏-d-ºv, IÆq¿

hnZKv[kanXn

taml≥Ip-am¿. kn, sU]yq´n Ub-d-IvS¿ (dn´.), tImtf-Pn-tb‰v FUyq-t°-j≥, sIm√w

sI. ]m∏q´n, Ub-d-IvS¿, tÉv C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v F≥sskt¢m]oUnIv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

tUm. sI. kp_mjv_m_p, sU]yq´n Ub-d-IvS¿, tImtf-Pn-tb‰v FUyq-t°-j≥. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

sI. kp-tcjv_m_p, slUv, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v ^nkn-Ivkv, Kh. tImtfPv, aS-∏≈n

tUm. hn. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿, s]m^-k¿ (dn´.), Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v Hm]vt‰m- C-e-IvtSm-Wn-Ivkv,

bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v tIc-f, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

1. ]Zm¿Ykz`mhw................................................................ 07

2. anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°¬ ......................................... 17

3. ]ncn-tbm-UnIv tS_nfpw cmk-_-‘-\hpw ................. 25

4. Ne\w................................................................................. 45

5. XcwKNe\w...................................................................... 58

6. Kpcp-Xzm-I¿jWw........................................................... 65

7. ]hr-Ønbpw Du¿Phpw ]hdpw ................................. 77

`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\`mKw IV I

auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃

51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm

]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv ˛

(I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-

sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(J) kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\v ]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb

al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI;

(K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw

kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiy-

s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw ]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°Xo-

X-ambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb

kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kvXoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-

Øp∂ BNm-c-߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;

(N) \ΩpsS kΩnikwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-

Ibpw \ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;

(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]IrXym D≈

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw

ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(P) imkvXo -b -amb Img vN -∏mSpw am\-hn -I -Xbpw, At\z -j-W-Øn\pw

]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;

(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv AIaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI;

(R) cmjvSw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te°v

\nc¥cw Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚

F√m afi-e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.

(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v ]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m c£y-_m-e-I-t\m,

AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£-I¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-

\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

foj orerrilmmreccuo

nfJ o o) fl c o oL m5 ro'r3 oo g card "j] icoromjl er] gg rd I

* taro oL aO'l oE ofJ O Or

-eJ

c o roro or mrn oo;l con p gg

"-Lr:cdLneanuE genit

pocorloS eirocormmool er;gg oLm5or;eo<,rd

oJo(o)codocolcenil

* 11."crl*"ogilersseorcecDct

a

oL5ror;mJto c'roorm:nagil a;gg ormJro;oeio8

crrloleMq orcrrrlolao;cm .r5fl o, "-Lg6orrr1

ao)cdoJ. (enLccraaccoraJ'l' org;e)

''ro ccd to eir3 gllos e ornloc6eoila @ 6rDo

o)sc o-to, LGcor&, olc(o)& olr:cdLneongso

o ern'l a e <.rd ( or co c Lo'r o cd, coq g ecn <rd, Gro G ao)c

em;acrE) oacend cnldoloracenS. o_ro"tocd rc

eano6 "gool]oacerrecen5 mro'loaccot (moea

toleoto8 cnletcrjloSeo;cm<dt Locolecolou-oeoloS "gool;oacerrecerd mrn'loacqo) cr06aot

O gc o,irroi? rol(.ac L<olc ga o"l a o sm olorlcd

PonoS "oyooorF)lalo otel6rBcolJcoc? (o.)(zc

ltOCo:elCnOlollCcnc?

ao; gcm)soerrigcAo8 crr'looqo selo o0)sJdoJ.

oo3 pd"nlgd g"-Lccorcan! o'oeiao aoqfl

L('o r]l) G ao)c O 5 g c et c n-t o'l ror s orojl o8 ei v'l eer 3 "

o0eroc6mJ mt o re o-il eo] cmail ?

drocnp3os crilolaemrn o

* 6C@5rDo "6100roen5l

gr:coraecngtoei torcEcLoleg;os detcDcxJ

ocao'l erumlogs;ololl,jlcrof aog.

6UC0o lGCCU6o CllCCDdro

criloo-ilal

or5c"joro psrri

mrn'loacor

cargo,5o'il geni

"151e t.t

€g1qilqgil tz

8 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃

Rß-fpsS \nK-a\w

sh≈-Øn-¬ ]c-°p∂Xpt]mse ajn •mkv

]mX-Øns‚ `nØn-°p-≈n-te°p ]c-°p-

∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm-≠m-WnXv? Pe-Ønse

X∑m-X-I-fmtWm •mknse X∑m-X-

IfmtWm IqSp-X¬ ASpØv ÿnXn sNøp-

∂Xv? Jc-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fn-sebpw Zmh-I-ß-fn-

sebpw X∑m-Xm-N-e-\w Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv

Fgp-Xq. FØn-t®-cm-hp∂ \nK-a\w F¥v?

Jc-]-Zm¿YsØ Zmh-I-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-

at√m. Fß-s\-bm-WnXp sNøp-∂Xv?

Cßs\ sNøp-tºmƒ Jc-h-kvXp-hns‚

KpW-ß-fn-ep-≠m-hp∂ am‰sa¥v? X∂n-cn-

°p∂ ]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh

" ' sNøpI

\n›nX BIrXn C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.

X∑m-X-Iƒ thK-Øn¬ Nen®p XpS-ßp-

∂p.

X∑m-X-Iƒ btYjvSw Fhn-tS°pw

Nen-°p-∂p.

X∑m-Xm-N-e\w Ipd-bp-∂p.

Jcw Zmh-I-am-hp-tºmgpw ZmhIw hmX-I-

am-hp-tºmgpw X∑mXm Iao-I-c-W-Øn¬

D≠m-Ip∂ am‰w ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq. (]´nI 1.2)

]Zm¿Y-߃ NqSm-°p-tºmƒ X∑m-X-I-fpsS

Du¿Pw IqSptam? Ipd-bptam?

XWp-∏n-°p-tºmtgm?

Xmsg∏d-bp∂ am‰-ß-fn-tem-tcm-∂nepw

X∑m-X-I-fpsS Du¿P-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰w

Fgp-Xq.

Jcw → ZmhIw

ZmhIw → Jcw

ZmhIw → hmXIw

Hcp •mkv sh≈-Øn¬ kv]q¨ C´v

btYjvSw Cf-°mw. CtX sh≈w ^ok-

dn¬ h®v sFkm-°nam‰n-bm¬ Cßs\ Cf-

°m≥ Ign-bptam?

F¥mhmw ImcWw?

Hcp sFkvIyq_n\v Dd-∏p≈ ]X-e-ßfp≠v.

Cu sFkvIyq_v DcpIn Pe-am-bmtem?

Pe-Øn-\p -≈Xpt]mse F√m Zmh-I-

߃°pw Hcp D]-cn-Xew D≠-t√m. Cu D]-

cn-Xew Fß-s\-bp-≠m-hp∂p?

Jcw, Zmh-Iw, hmXIw (NnXw 1.1) F∂n-

h-bnse X∑mXm NnXo-I-cWw i≤n-°pI.

]Zm¿Y-Øns‚ aq∂-h-ÿ-I-fnepw X∑m-Xm-

I-ao-I-c-W-Øn-ep≈ ]tXy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®pw

X∑mXIƒ XΩn-ep≈ AI-e-sØ-°p-dn®pw

Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°n kb≥kv Ub-dnbn¬

tN¿°q.

Jcw Zmh-I- ZmhIw hmX-I-

am-°p-tºmƒ am-°p-tºmƒ

X∑m-X-I-fpsS Ne\w

X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ AIew

X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ BI¿jWw

]´nI 1.2

`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 9

Hcp ]mX-Øn-se-SpØ Pe-Øns‚ X∑mXm

NnXoI-cWw i≤n-°q (NnXw 1.2). Nne

X∑m-XIsf Np‰p-ap≈ a‰p- X∑m-X-Iƒ

BI¿jn-°p-∂Xv NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

D]-cn-X-e-Ønse X≥am-X-I-fnepw A-Ih-

isØ X∑m-X-I-fnepw Zmh-I-Ønse a‰v

X∑m-X-Iƒ sNep-Øp∂ BI¿jW_e-

Øn¬ hyXym-k-apt≠m?

]X-e-_ew (Surface tension)

Ptem-]-cn-X-e-Øn-eqsS Nne sNdp-Po-hn-Iƒ

\S-∂p-\o-ßp-∂Xv i≤n-®n-´pt≠m? (NnXw

1.3). km[m-cWKXn-bn¬ sh≈-Øn¬ apßn-

t∏m-Ip∂ Hcp t]∏¿¢nt∏m kqNntbm Pe-

Øn¬ s]mßn -°n -S -°p∂ kµ¿`-ß-

fpt≠m?

D]-cn-X-e-Ønse X∑m-X-Iƒ°p hi-ß-fn-

te°pw Xmtg-°p-amWv BI¿j-W-_ew

apJy-ambpw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Pe-Øn\pw

a‰p Zmh-I-߃°p-sams° D]-cn-Xew

D≠m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ Hcp ImcWw CXm-Wv.

Cu D]-cn-X-e-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw ]tXy-I-

X-bpt≠m?

NnXw 1.3

NnXw 1.1

NnXw 1.2Hcp •mkn¬ \ndsb sh≈w FSp-°q. CXn-

\-I-tØ°v sNdnb \mW-b-ßtfm sam´p-

kq-Nn-Itfm CSq. sh≈w Ihn-s™m-gp-

ImsX FX \mW-b-߃ CSm≥ Ign-bp-

∂p-≠v? Ptem-]-cn-Xew Db¿∂p \n¬°p-

∂pt≠m?

Ptem -] -cn -X -e -Øns‚ NnXo -I -cWw

kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ hc-bv°q.

10 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃

Hcp tªUv hfsc i≤-tbmsS Ptem-

]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ hbv°q. F¥mWv \nco-

£-Ww?

tªUn\v Np‰p-ap≈ Ptem-]-cn-Xew

i≤n-°q. Fß-s\-bmWv Ptem-]-cn-

Xew hen-®p-sI-´nb Hcp ]mS-t]mse

]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv? ZmhI D]-cn-X-e-

Øns‚ X∑m-Xm-Xe NnXo-I-c-W-hp-

ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hni-Zo -I -cn -

°mtam?

Zmh-I-Øns‚ D]cnXe-Ønse X∑m-X-

Iƒ hi-ß-fn-te°pw AI-tØ°pw amXw

BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv D]-cn-Xew

Cem-kvXn-I-amb (elastic) Hcp ]mS-t]mse

]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv. CXn\p Imc-W-amb

_ew ]X-e-_ew F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Zmh-I-sØ-°mƒ kmµX IqSp-X-ep≈ Jc-

h-kvXp-°ƒ km[m-c-W-bmbn AXn¬ apßn-

t∏m-hp-I-bmWp ]Xn-hv. F∂m¬ Jc-h-kvXp-

hns‚ BIrXnbn¬ hyXymkw hcpØn B

hkvXp-hns‚ `mcØn\p Xpeyw `mcw Zmh-

IsØ ]pd¥≈p∂ cq]-Øn-em -°n -

bmtem? At∏mƒ hkvXp Zmh-I-Øn¬

s]mßn-°n-S -°pw. Ccpºp sIm≠p≈

I∏epw a‰pw Pe-Øn¬ s]mßn-°n-S-°p-∂Xv

Cß-s\-bmWv. F∂m¬ sam´p-kq-Nnbpw

tªUp-sam-s°tbm?

sam´p-kq-Nntbm tªtUm t]∏¿¢nt∏m

Ptem-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ s]mßn°n-S-°p-∂-

Xns\ Fßs\ hni-Zo -I -cn -°mw?

]Xe_e-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Nn¥n-

®p-t\m-°q.

Ae°pw tkm∏pw

Ae-°p-tºmƒ, hkvX-ß-fn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-

®n-cn-°p∂ Agp°v CfIn Pe-Øn¬ ebn-

°p-Itbm Pe-tØm-sSm∏w Hgp-In-t∏m-hp-

Itbm BWv sNøp-∂-Xv. FÆ-a-b-ap≈

Agp-°m-sW-¶n¬ sh≈wsIm≠v B

`mKw \\bn-√. B `mKsØ Agp°v

hkvX-Øn¬ \n∂v hn´p-t]m-hp-Ibpan√.

tkm∏v D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ CXp ]cn-l-cn-

°mw. tkm∏ns‚ X∑m-X-bn¬ sh≈-

Øn¬ ebn-°p∂ Hc-Khpw (t]mfm¿)

FÆ-bn¬ ebn-°p∂ as‰m-cp AKhpw

(t\m¨t]m-fm¿) D≠v. t\m¨t]m-fm¿

AKw FÆ-bn¬ ]th-in®v AXns\

sNdp-Xp-≈n- (droplets) Ifm°n hnL-Sn-∏n-

°p-∂Xp sIm≠mWv Agp°v Cf-In-t∏m-

cp-∂-Xv. Agp°p \oßm≥ th≠ as‰mcp

kml-Ncyw hkvX-Øns‚ \qen-g-Isf

Pew \∂mbn \\-bv°pI F∂-Xm-Wv.

Pe-X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ BI¿jW

_ew Ipd-®m¬ CXp km[y-am-hpw.

sh≈-Øn¬ \∂mbn tkm∏p-I-e-°nb

tijw Ptem -] -cn -X -e -Øn¬ tªUv

hbv°q.

tªUv apßn-t∏m-Ip -∂-sX-¥p-sIm-

≠mWv?

tkm∏p-e-bn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Pe-Øns‚ ]X-

e-_ew Ipd-bp-∂p F∂t√ CXp kqNn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xv?

hkvX-߃ Igp-Im≥ tkm∏p-]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂-Xn¬ ]X-e-_-e-Øn\v kzm[o-\-

apt≠m?

Rß-fpsS Is≠-ج

sh≈-Øns‚ t\¿Ø ]mS-bp-≠m°n Nne

]co-£-W-߃ sNømw.

hÆw Ipd™ c≠p sNdnb sNºp-I-ºn-

Iƒ tIm´¨\qep-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v NnX-

Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xp t]mse Xq°n-bn-Sp-I.

(NnXw 1.4) CXv tkm∏ns‚ KmV-em-b\n

bn¬ ap°n-b-tijw kmh-[m\w Db¿Øq.

F¥mWp \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv?

\qep-Iƒ ASp-tØ°p h∂v ]mS-bpsS

]X-e-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Ww Ipd-bp-∂Xv

`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 11

F¥mWp \nco-£Ww?

NnXw 1.4

F¥p-sIm-≠mhmw? GXp _e-amWv

\qep-Isf hen-®-Sp-∏n-°p-∂Xv?

as‰mcp ]co-£Ww sNøq.

Hcp teml-h-f-b-Øn-tem hÆw Ipd™

πmÃnIv hf-bntem NnX-Øn-te-Xp-t]mse,

(NnXw 1.5) a[y-`m-KØp \n∂p amdn -

\n¬°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ Aev]w Ab®v Hcp

tIm´¨ \q¬ sI´n\n¿Øq. hf tkm∏p-

sh≈-Øn¬ ap°n-b-tijw kmh-[m\w

Db¿Øq. hf-bn¬ samØw Hcp hrØm-Imc

tkm∏p]mS e`n-®nt√? C\n, hfbv°pw

\qen-\p-an-S-bn¬ hnkvXmcw IqSnb `mKØv

s]≥kn¬ ap\-sIm≠p IpØn tkm∏p]mS

s]m´n°q.

NnXw 1.5 (c)

hf ho≠pw tkm∏psh≈-Øn¬ ap°n ]mS-

bp -≠m°q. C\n tkm∏p]mS -bpsS

hnkvXmcw Ipd™ mKw s]m´n-®pt\m-°q.

F¥p \nco£n®p?

\q¬ GXp `mK-tØ°v hen-®-Sp-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-

sa∂v NnXw 1.5 (c) ¬ hc-®p-tN¿°q.

]X-e-_ew ]X-e-sØ Npcp-ßmt\m,

hnI-kn-°mt\m t]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv?

]X-e-_ew aqew Zmh-I-Øns‚ ]X-

e-hn-kvXo¿Ww IqSp-I-bmtWm Ipd-bp-

I-bmtWm sNøpI?

NnXw 1.5 (a), (b)

12 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃

NnXw 1.6

GsX-¶nepw Hcp Xp≈nsb kmh-[m\w

DuXn c≠m-a-tØXn\-Sp-tØ°v ASp-∏n-°q.

c≠v Xp≈n-Ifpw tN¿∂v H∂m-bnØo¿-

∂nt√? F¥m-Wn-Xn\p ImcWw?

sa¿°p -dn°v ]Icw Pe-Øp -≈n -Iƒ

Bbmepw Cßs\ Hcp -an®p tN¿∂p

\n¬°p-at√m.

Htc-bn\w X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ BI¿j-

W-_-e-amWv sImlo-j≥ (cohesion).sImlo-j≥ _e-amWv ck-Øp-≈n-Iƒ

H∂ptN¿∂p \n¬°m≥ Imc-Ww. sImlo-

j≥ _ew Xs∂-bt√ ]X-e-_-e-Øn\pw

ImcWw? N¿®sNøq.

•mkv]Xew Ncn-®p-]n-Sn-®m¬ ck-Øp-≈n-

Iƒ Dcp≠p \oßp-∂pt≠m? •mkvtπ-‰n\v

apI-fn¬ Pe-Øp-≈n-Iƒ hogvØn-bmtem?

Rß-fpsS \nco-£Ww:

•mkns‚ X∑m-X-I-fpw Pe-X∑m-X-Ifpw

XΩn-ep≈ BI¿j-W-_-e-am-Wt√m sh≈-

Øp-≈n-Iƒ •mkn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-°m≥ Imc-W-

am-Ip-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ Hcp ]Zm¿Y-Øns‚

X∑m-X-Ifpw as‰m-∂ns‚ X∑m-X-Ifpw

XΩn-ep≈ BI¿j-W_e-amWv AUvlo-

j≥ (adhesion).

Hcp •mkvss…Uv FSpØv AXns‚ ]Ip-

Xn-tbmfw `mKw Hcp _o°-dnse sh≈-

Øn¬ ap°n-∏n-Sn-°q. •mkvss…Uv ]pd-sØ-

SpØv XpS-®-tijw CtX-t]mse sa¿°p-dn-

bn¬ ap°n-hbv-°q.

henb Xp≈n-I-fm-hp-tºmƒ Ah ]c-

°m≥ mcw Fßs\ Imc-W-am-Ip∂p?

sNdnb Xp≈n-I-fm-hp-tºmtgm?

NnXw 1.7

(.............................)

•mkv ss…Uv

(.............................)

Pe-Øp-≈n-Ifpw ]X-e-_-ehpw

Pe-Øn-s‚bpw a‰p Zmh-I-ßfp-sSbpw

sNdp-Xp-≈n-Iƒ°v tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wt√m

D≈Xv? X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ BI¿j-

W-_ew Xmc-X-tay\ IqSn-b-Xn-\m¬ ASp-

Ø-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ X∑m-X-I-fmWv Zmh-

I-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. Pe-Øp-≈n-bpsS ]X-e-

Ønse IWn-I-Iƒ D]-cn-Xe hnkvXo¿-

Ww ]c-am-h[n Ipd-™ co-Xn-bn¬ Iao-

I-cn-°m≥ ian-°p∂p. CXns‚ ^e-am-

bmWv Ah D]-cn -X-e-hn -kvXo¿Ww

G‰hpw Ipd-bv°m-\p-X-Ip∂ tKmfm-IrXn

]m]n-°p-∂Xv.

Hcp •mkvtπ-‰n¬ Hcp sNdnb Xp≈n ckw

(sa¿°p-dn) hogvØq (sa¿°pdn ico-c-Øn\p

tZmj-I -c -am -b -Xn -\m¬ i≤-tbmsS

ssIImcyw sNø-Ww). AXn\p sXm´-Sp-

Ømbn Hcn-S-Øp-Xs∂ c≠p Xp≈n IqSn

hogvØpI. AXn-\-SpØv GXm\pw Xp≈n-

Iƒ Hcp-an®v hogvØpI (NnXw 1.6). Xp≈n-

I-fpsS BIr-Xnbn¬ F¥p hyXym-k-amWp

ImWp-∂-Xv?

`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 13

sImlo-j≥ IqSp-Xepw sImlo-j≥ Ipdhpw

AUvlo-j≥ Ipdhpw AUvlo-j≥ IqSp-Xepw

$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

]´nI 1.3

NnX-Øn¬ (NnXw 1.7) \nß-fpsS \nco-

£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Zmh-I-߃

AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq.

GXp kµ¿`-Øn-emWv Zmh-I-Ønse

sImlo-j≥ _ew •mkv ]X-e-hp-am-

bp≈ AUv-loj≥ _esØ-°mƒ IqSn-

bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?

Rß-fpsS \nK-a\w

\nK-a-\-Øn\p ImcWw

Nne kµ¿ -ß-ƒ NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.

$ tNºn-e-bn¬ sh≈w hogvØp-∂p.

$ hml-\-Øns‚ •mkv ag-bØv \\-bp∂p.

$ FÆ-]p -c≠ ]mXw sh≈-Øn¬

ap°p∂p.

$ •mkvtπ-‰n\p apI-fn¬ sa¿°pdn

hogvØp∂p.

$ hmIvkvt]∏¿ sh≈-Øn¬ ap°p-∂p.

$ ]pØ≥ IpS-bn¬ ag-sh≈w hogp∂p.

$ Hcmƒ ag \\-bp∂p.

Cu kµ¿`-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv A\p-

tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ ]´n-I-bn¬ (]´nI

1.3) Fgp-Xn-t®¿°q.

F√m Zmh-I-ß-fnepw sImlo-j≥_ew

Hcpt]mse-bmtWm? Hcp •mkvtπ-‰n¬ Hcp

Xp≈n-hoXw Pew, asÆÆ-, sa¿°pdn

F∂nh hogvØn ]cn-tim-[n-°q. \nco-

£Ww kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Ipdn-°q.

sImlo-j≥: hyXykvX Zmh-I-ß-fn¬

X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-cm -

I¿jW e-am-bmWv sImlo-j≥ _ew

D≠m-Ip -∂-Xv . CXv X∑m- X-m`mcw,

kz`mhw XpSßn H∂n-e-[nIw LS-I--ßsf

Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. t]mfm¿ kz`m-h-ap≈

X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ sImlo-j≥

_ew ka-`m-c-ap≈ t]mfm¿ A√mØ

X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈Xnt\-°mƒ IqSp-

X-em-bn-cn-°pw.

Nne kµ¿`-߃ t\m°q.

$ \\™ •mkvtπ‰p-Iƒ Hcp-an®v Aa¿-

Øn-b-tijw hnS¿Øn th¿s]-Sp-Øm≥

ian-°p-∂p.

$ Ab-bn¬ Xq°nb \\™ t]mfn--ÿ

hkvX-`m-K-߃ ]c-kv]cw H´n-∏n-Sn-

°p∂p.

$ \\® IS-emkv Nph-cn¬ H´p-∂p.

$ FÆ-bn¬ ap°nb IS-em-kn¬ sNdp-]m-

Wn-Iƒ H´n-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p.

CØcw A\p-`-h-߃ \nß-fpsS i≤-

bn¬s∏´n -´pt≠m? CXns‚ Imc -W-

sas¥∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°mtam? AUvlo-j≥,

sImlo-j≥ _e߃ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂

IqSp-X¬ kµ¿`-߃ \¬Imtam?

$

tIin-IXzw (capillarity)

Nne u≠≥ t]\-I-fn¬ ajn-bn¬ apßpw-

hn[w t\cnb Ipg-ep-Iƒ (capillary tubes)\n∫n-t\mSp tN¿Øp LSn-∏n-®Xv i≤n-®n-

14 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃

Hcp _o°-dn¬ \ndw Ie¿Ønb sh≈w

FSp-°p-I. CXn-\-I-tØ°v hfsc sNdnb

Zzmc-ap≈ Hcp •mkvIpg¬ XmgvØn t\m°q.

R߃ \nco-£n-®-Xv

F¥mhmw CXn\p ImcWw?

Ipg-en-\-IsØ Pe-Øn\p `mc-ap-≠m-

hnt√?

GXp _e-amWv CXns\ Db¿Øn-

\n¿Øp-∂Xv?

Ipg-en-\-IsØ Zmh-I-Øns‚ mcw IqSn-

bm¬ CtX Db¿®-bp-≠m-Iptam?

NnXw 1.8

hyXykvX hymk-ap≈ •mkvSyq-_p-Iƒ

sh≈-Øn¬ Cd-°n-h®v tIinI Db¿®

]cn-tim-[n-°q. Ipg-ens‚ AI-h-isØ

hymkw (hÆw) IqSp-tºmƒ AXn-\-IØv

Ib-dp∂ Zmh-I-Øns‚ mcw IqSptam Ipd-

bptam?

Xmsg X∂n -cn -°p∂ NnX-ß-fn¬

(NnXw 1.9) GsXms°bmWv \nß-fpsS

\nco-£-WsØ km[q-I-cn-°p-∂Xv?

Ipg-ens‚ hÆw IqSp-tºmƒ tIinI

Db¿® .....................

F¥mhmw ImcWw?

tIinI Db¿®bpw tIinI XmgvNbpw

sNdn-b-hnShpI-fn-eq-sSbpw hÆw Ipd™

Ipg-ep-I-fn-eqsSbpw `qKp-cp-Xzm-I¿j-W-

Øns\Xncmbn Hcp ZmhIw Db-cp-∂-

Xns\ tIinI Db¿® F∂mWp ]d-bp-

∂Xv. Zmh-I-Øns‚ Cu kz`m-hsØ

tIin-IXzw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬

sImlo-j≥ IqSnb sa¿°pdn t]mep≈

Zmh-I-߃ •mkv Ipg-ep-I-fn¬ tIinI

XmgvN ImWn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.

´pt≠m? CØcw t]\-Iƒ sIm≠v Nph-cn-

sem- n® Hcp IS-em-kn¬ t]mepw \n∫v apI-

fn-te°v ]nSn®v Fgp-Xm-\m-hpw. ChnsS ajn

Fß-s\-bmWv apI-fn-te-°p-b¿∂-Xv? mcw

ImcWw AXv Xmtg°p htc-≠-Xt√? qKp-

cp-Xzm-I¿j-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn ZmhIw apI-

fn-te-°p-b-cp∂ at‰-sX-¶nepw kµ¿`-ß-

fpt≠m?

IgpInhrØn-bm-°nb tijw \∂mbn

XpS® c≠v •mkvss…Up-Iƒ FSp-°p-I.

Ch Hcp-an®v tN¿Øp-h® tijw Cu

ss…Up-Iƒ Aev]w ajn-tN¿Ø sh≈-

Øn¬ ]Ip-Xn- m-K-tØmfw XmgvØn-h-bv°q.

ss…Up-Iƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS Pew apI-fn-te-°p-

b-cp-∂pt≠m?

as‰mcp ]co-£Ww sNbvXp t\m°q

`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 15

tNm°v

asÆÆ

NnXw 1.9

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

imkvX-ta-f-bn¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°-s∏´ Hcp

tNm°p-hnf°v ]co-£Ww t\m°q? (NnXw

1.10).

NnXw 1.10

Cu ]co-£Ww \n߃°pw sNømtam?

tNm°n-\-IsØ sNdpkpjn-c-߃ asÆÆ

Db-cp-∂-Xn\v Fß-s\-bmWp klm-bn-®n-

´p-≠m-hpI? CXpXs∂-bm-hptam km[m-cW

asÆÆhnf-°nepw (Xncn-hn-f-°v) kw`-hn--

°p-∂Xv?

sk√p-temkpw tIm´Wpw

kky-i-cocw \n¿an-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ][m-\-

ambpw sk√p -temkv \mcp -Iƒ

sIm≠mWv. tIm´¨ \mcp-Ifpw t]∏-dp-

sams° sk√p-tem-kns‚ At\Iw sNdp-

\m -cp -Iƒ tN¿∂-Xm -Wv . CØcw

]Zm¿Yßfnse sk√p-temkv \mcp-

Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ AXn-kq-£va-amb Ht´sd

kpjn-c-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. tIm´¨

hkvX-Øns‚ arZpXzØn\v Imc-W-an-

XmWv.

tIm´¨ XpWn-Iƒ sh≈w H∏n-sb-Sp-°p-

∂Xpw CXp-t]m-se-bm-hptam?

Rß-fpsS Dulw

at‰-sXms° kµ¿`-ß-fn-emWv \mw

tIinI Db¿® ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂Xv?

$

Hcp ]h¿Ø\w sNøq

\∂mbn DW-ßnb a¨I-´-bpsS Hcp

IjWw sNdp-X-cn-I-fm-°nbpw as‰mcp

IjWw \∂mbn s]mSn®pw c≠v •mkvv

Syq_p -I -fn -embn \nd®v FSp -°p -I.

•mkvSyq_p-I-fpsS HcKw Hcp tIm´¨-

XpWn-sIm≠v aqSn-s°-´p-I. Hcp S^n¬

16 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃

aqt∂m \mtem sk‚o-ao-‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬

sh≈-sa-SpØ tijw •mkvSyq_p-IfpsS

aqSn-s°- nb mKw AXn¬ Cd°nhbv°pI.

Aev]-k-abw Ign™v \nco-£n-°p-I.

IqSp-X¬ Db-c-Øn-te°v sh≈w Ib-dn-

bXv GXn-emWv ?

a¨

I´ \

∂mb

n s]

mSn-®

Xv

a¨

I´ s

Ndp-X

-cn-I

-fm-°

n-bX

v

Pew

NnXw 1.11

GXn-emWv aÆn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ tIinI

Ipg-ep-Iƒ°v hÆw Ipd-™n-cn-°pI?

th\¬ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv ]dºv Inf-

bv°p-∂Xns\ CXp-ambn Fßs\ _‘-

s∏-SpØmw? \n߃ \S-Ønb ]co-£-

W߃ hni-I-e-\w sNbvXp Is≠Øq.

Iym]n-√dn Syq_v LSn-∏n® ajn-t∏-\-Iƒ

sIm≠v \n∫v apI-fn-te°p ]nSn®pw kpK-

aambn Fgp-Xm≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v

a\- n-em-bn-t√.

\nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øp≈ hnhn[ Xcw aÆp-

I-fn¬ GXn-emWv tIin-IXzw aqew Pew

IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂p-h-cm≥ km[yX? ]co-

£Ww \SØn Is≠-Øn-°qtS?

th\-en¬ _mjv]o-I-cWw aqew aÆn¬

\n∂p Pew \jvS-s∏-Sp -∂Xv Fß-s\--

sbms° XS-bm-\m-hp-sa∂v At\z-jn-®-

dn™v \n¿tZi-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°q. I¿j-I-

cp-ambn Btem-Nn®v \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ IqSn

]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-at√m.

tIin-I-Xz-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IqSp-X¬

PohnXkµ¿`-߃ Is≠Øn Ipdn-°q.

`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 17

tIc-fo-b¿°v ][m\w Acn `£Wam-W-

t√m. sImbvØp-Im-e-am-bm¬ F√m I¿j-

I-cp-sSbpw ho´pap‰sØ Hcp ]Xn-hp Zriy-

amWv apI-fnse NnXØnep-≈Xv. I‰

saXn®- -tijw s\√v Im‰-Øn-Sp-∂Xv F¥n-

\mWv? I‰ saXn-®m¬ In´p∂ s\√n¬

[mcmfw ]Xn-cp-≠m-hp-at√m. CXp Im‰-Øn-

Sp-tºmƒ F¥mWp kw -hn-°p-∂Xv? F¥p-

sIm≠v?

s\√p -Ip -Øn -bm¬ Acnbpw XhnSpw

Ie¿∂m--Wt√m e`n-°p-I. CsX-ß-s\-

bmWp th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv?

\ntXym-]-tbmKhkvXp-°fn¬ ]eXpw ]e

]Zm¿Y-߃ tN¿∂v anin-X-cq-]-Øn-et√

e`n-°m-dp-≈Xv?

Fs¥m-s°-bmWv anin-X-ß-fpsS ]tXy-

IXIƒ?

CXp Is≠-Øm≥ \ap°v Hcp ]h¿Ø\w

sNbvXpt\m°mw.

anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°¬2

]´nI 2.1

Cu anin-Xw th¿Xn-cn -°m≥ G‰hpw

]mtbm-KnIamb am¿Kw F¥mhmw?

ssN\m Unjn¬ Hcp Sokv]q¨ hoXw Ccp-

ºp-s]m-Snbpw kƒ^¿ s]mSnbpw FSp-

°pI. \∂mbn Ie¿Øp-I. se≥kn-eqsS

\nco-£n-°q. Ccp-ºns‚ IdpØXcn-Ifpw

kƒ^-dns‚ a™-s∏m-Snbpw ImWp-

∂pt≠m?

Xmsg ]´n-I-bn¬ (]´nI 2.1) Ccp-ºn-s‚bpw

kƒ^-dns‚bpw Nne KpW-߃ \¬In-bn-

cn-°p-∂p.

Ccpºv kƒ^¿

kmµX IqSp-X¬ Ipdhv

Im¥n-IX Im¥n-I-amWv Im¥n-I-a√

Pe-Øn¬ Aen-bp-∂n√ Aen-bp-∂n√

18 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃

LS-I-ß-fpsS KpW-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-

s∏SpØn Nn¥n-°q.

a‰p am¿K-߃ \n¿tZ-in-°mtam?

Cu anin-X-Ønse Ccpºps]mSn-bp-sSbpw

kƒ^¿ s]mSn-bp-sSbpw Afhv hyXym-k-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bmepw Ah th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ CtX

am¿K-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°mtam? F¥p-sIm-

≠mWv CXp km[n-°p-∂Xv?

C\n, So®-dpsS klm-b-tØmsS Xmsg ]d-

bp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ IqSn sNbvXv, \nco-

£Ww tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Ccp-ºn-s‚bpw kƒ -dn-s‚bpw Aev]w

aninXw Hcp sSÃvSyq_n¬ FSpØv

t\¿∏n® ssltUm-t¢m-dnIv BknUv

(HCl) tN¿°p-I. D≠m-Ip∂ hmXIw

]cn-tim-[n-°q. sSÃvSyq_ns‚ ASn-h-

iØv F¥p- Im-Wp-∂p? GXp LS-I-

amWv BknUpambn ]h¿Øn-®Xv?

ka-hmIyw Fgp-Xq.

Cu aninXw thsdmcp sSÃvSyq_n¬

Aev]w FSp-Øv, Ipd®p Im¿_¨ ssU

kƒ-ss^Uv ZmhIw Hgn-°q. sSÃvSyq_v

sNdp-Xmbn Ipep-°q. F¥p \nco -

£n°p∂p? F¥p-sIm≠v?

ta¬ sNbvX ]co-£-W-ßfpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ N¿®

sNøq.

Hcp anin-X-Øn¬ G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv

FX ]Zm¿Y-߃ D≠m-IWw?

]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS Afhv FX-bmhmw?

Ie-cp -tºmƒ LS-I-ß-fpsS cmk/

`uXnIKpW-߃ amdp-∂pt≠m?

aninX\n¿amWw cmk-am-‰ -amtWm

`uXn-I-am-‰-amtWm?

\nK-a-\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øq.

]co-£-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn® anin-X-Ønse

LS-I-߃ Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈-h-bm-W-t√m.

Jchpw Zmh-Ihpw tN¿Øp≠m-°nb anin-

X-am-Wt√m D∏p-sh-≈w. GsXms° `uXn-

Im-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ ]Zm¿Y-߃ sIm≠v anin-

X-ß-fp-≠m°mw? IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-߃

Is≠Øn ]´n-I-bn¬ tN¿°q.

anin-X-Øns‚DZm-l-c-W-߃

Xcw

Jc-]-Zm¿Y-߃ aÆv, ......, ......

tN¿∂Xv

Jchpw Zmh-Ihpw D∏p-sh-≈w, ......, ......

tN¿∂Xv

Zmh-I-߃ tN¿∂Xv ......, ......, ......

hmX-I-߃ tN¿∂Xv ......, ......, ......

............................................. .....................................

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \nc-h[n anin-X-߃

\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \mw ssIImcyw sNøp-

∂p-≠v. ]e kµ¿ -ß-fnepw Ch-bnse LS-

I-߃ \ap°p th¿Xn-cn-t°≠n hcm-dp-≠v.

Nne kµ¿`-߃ t\m°q.

$ Nmb-bn¬ \n∂v Nmb-®≠n am‰p-∂p.

$ Acn-bnse I√pw s\√pw am‰p-∂p.

N¿®-bn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ kµ¿`-߃ enÃv-

sN-øq. Hmtcm kµ¿`-Ønepw Fßs\

th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw GXp KpWsØ

ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn th¿Xn-cn -°p-∂p-

sh∂pw ]´n-I-s∏-SpØn (]´nI 2.3) kb≥kv

Ub-dn-bn¬ tN¿°q.

NnXw 2.1

]´nI 2.2

`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 19

LS-I-ß-fpsS KpW-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bmWv anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-

sX∂p a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. C\n \ap°v

anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ a‰p Nne coXn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

Ie-ßnb Pe-Øn¬ \n∂v PewFßs\ th¿Xn-cn-°mw

Nmb Acn-°p∂ Acn∏ D]-tbm-Kn®v

Ie-ßnb Pew Acn-®m¬ Pew th¿Xn-

cn™p In´ptam?

Acn∏pIS-em-kp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mtem?

kµ¿`w coXn ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nb KpWw

Nmb Acn-°¬ IW-ß-fpsS hen-∏-hy-Xymkw

Acn-bnse I√pw s\√pw ssIsIm≠p s]dp-°¬ \ndw, hen∏w

D∏p-sh≈w _mjv]o-I-cn-°¬ (h‰n-°¬) _mjv]o-I-cWkz`mhw

Nfn-sh≈w ˛ ˛

Ccpºv + aW¬ ˛ ˛

]©-kmc + aW¬ ˛, ˛, ˛ ˛

]´nI 2.3

NnXw 2.2

NnX-Ønse k÷o-I-cWw Xbm-dm°n aÆp

Ie-°nb Pew, tNm°p-s]mSn Ie-°nb

Pew F∂nhbn¬ \n∂v Acn°¬

(filtration) hgn Pew th¿Xn-cn®p t\m°q.

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv ^n¬´¿t]∏¿ D]-

tbm-Kn®v Pew th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-

™Xv?

Hcp LSIw ^n¬´¿t]∏-dn¬ Xßn

\n¬°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?

IWn-I-I-fpsS hen-∏-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn

Nn¥n®pt\m°q. \nK-a\w kb≥kv Ub-dn-

bn¬ Fgp-Xq.

D∏p-em-b-\n-bn¬ \n∂v D∏pw Pehpw

th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ CtX am¿Kw kzo-I-cn-

°mtam? F¥p-sIm-≠v?

D∏psh≈-Ønse LS-I-߃th¿Xn-cn-°¬

D∏p-em-b-\n -bn¬ \n∂v D∏pw Pehpw

Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn°mw?

kqcyXm]w D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn IS¬

sh≈w h‰n-®mWv D∏p-≠m-°p-∂-sX∂v

\n߃°-dn-bm-a-t√m.

NqSp-X-´p-tºmƒ Pe-Øn\v F¥p kw`--

hn-°p∂p?

F¥p-sIm≠v D∏v Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p?

_mjv]-ambn t]mIp∂ Pew tiJ-cn-

°m≥ am¿K-apt≠m?

sXfn™Pew

^n¬´¿t]∏¿

•mkvtdmUv

aÆp-I-e-°nbPew

20 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃

CØcw anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Hcp

k÷o-I-c-W-Øns‚ NnXw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-

∂Xp t\m°q (NnXw 2.3).

XΩn¬ Ie-cp∂ c≠p Zmh-I-ßsfth¿Xn-cn-°¬

GX-f-hn-se-Sp-Ømepw XΩn¬ Ie-cp∂

c≠p Zmh-I-ß-fmWv Ak-t‰mWpw Pehpw.

Pe-Øns‚ Xnf-\ne 1000C BWv. Ak-

t‰m-Wn-t‚Xv 560C bpw. Xnf-\n-e-Iƒ XΩn-

ep≈ henb hy-X-ymkw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn

Cu aninXw th¿Xn -cn -°p∂ coXn

t\m°mw. NnXw 2.4 t\m°q. ^vfmkvIn¬

Hcp sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤n-

®-t√m. aninXw NqSm-°n-bm¬ GXp LS-I-

am-bn-cn°pw BZyw Xnf®p _mjv]amhpI?

F¥p-sIm≠v? Cu _mjv]-Øn¬ \n∂v B

LSIw hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? N¿®

sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

ASnbpcp≠ vfmkvIn¬ aninXw (D∏p-sh-

≈w) FSpØp Xnf-∏n-°p∂p.

GXmWv _mjv]o-I-cn-°pI? Dt∏m

Petam?

_mjv]w I≠≥k-dn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-

tºmƒ kmµo-I-cn®v tiJ-cW ^vfmkvIn-

te°v Hgp-Ip-∂p.

ASn-bp-cp≠ ^vfmkvIn¬ Ah-ti-jn-

°p∂ ]Zm¿Yw GXmWv?

tkzZ\w (distillation) F∂mWv Cu

]Inb Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

km[m-cW IpSn-sh-≈-Øn¬ ]e eh-W-

ßfpw tN¿∂n-cn-°pw. Ahsb tkz-Z\w

hgn \o°w sNbvXmWv IpØn-h-bv]n\pw

tÃmtdPv _m‰-dn-I-fnepw a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-

\p≈ UnÃn¬Uv hm´¿ \n¿an-°p-∂Xv.

Hcp LSIw _mjv]oI-cW-io-e-ap-≈Xpw

at‰Xp _mjv]oI-cW-ioew C√mØ-Xp-

amb anin-X-ß-fn-emWv Cu coXn ]tbm-

Kn-°p-∂-Xv. IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-

Øq.

NnXw 2.3

sX¿tam-ao-‰¿

I≠≥k¿

Pew

kmµo-I-cn®Pew

D∏p-em-b\nvfmkvIv

Pew

NnXw 2.4

sX¿tam-ao-‰¿

Ak-t‰m v+

PewaninXw

Pew

vfmkvIv

I≠≥k¿

Ak-t‰m¨

LS-I-Zm-h-I-ß-fpsS Xnf-\n-e-Iƒ XΩn¬

]I-S-amb A¥c-ap-s≠-¶n¬ amXta Cu

coXn ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-Iq. amX-a-√, NqSm-°p-

tºmƒ Ah hnL-Sn-°p-I-bp-a-cp-Xv. Cu coXn-

bn-ep≈ th¿Xn-cn-°-en-s\bpw tkzZ\w

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

LSI Zmh-I-ß-fpsS Xnf-\n-e-Iƒ XΩn¬

t\cnb A¥cw amXta D≈p-sh-¶n¬,

Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn-°mw?

`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 21

FY-t\mfpw saY-t\mfpw ]c-kv]cw Ie-

cp∂ Zmh-I-ß-fm-Wv. Ch-bpsS Xnf-\n-eIƒ

XΩn¬ sNdnb hyXym-kta D≈q. Cu anin-

XsØ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ NnXw 2.5 ¬ ImWn-

®n-cn-°p∂ D]-I-cWw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.

^vfmkvIn¬ tiJ-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. anin-

X-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ LS-I-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬

Ahbpw Xnf -\nebpsS Ia -Øn¬

th¿Xncn°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu coXnsb

AwinItkzZ\w (fractional distillation)F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

Xnf -\n -e -I -fn¬ A[nIw hyXymkw

C√mØ ZmhI ssltUm Im¿_-Wp-I-

fpsS anin-X-amWv IqtUm-bn¬. ta¬kqNn-

∏n® coXn-bn-emWv CXnse LS-I-ßfmb

s]tSmƒ, Uok¬, asÆ-Æ apX-em-bh

th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

hmbp-hn¬ \n∂p hyXykvXLS-I-߃ Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn°mw?

cmk-hf \n¿am-W-Øn¬ Atam-Wnb Hcp

][m\ Akw-kvIrX]Zm¿Y-amWv. Atam-

Wnb BI-s´, ss\S-P\pw sslU-P\pw

tN¿Øm-Wp \n¿an--°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\m-h-iy-

amb ss\S-P≥ hmbphn¬ \n∂p th¿Xn-

cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p.

hmbp-hnse LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Nne

hnh-c-߃ ]´n-I- 2.4¬ \¬Ip-∂p.

HmIvkn-P≥ B¿K¨ ss\S-P≥

Xnf-\ne -1830C -1860C -1960C

Afhv (%) 20.9 0.9 78.1

]´nI 2.4

_1820C bn¬ HmIvkn-P≥ GX-h-ÿ-bn-

emWv?

_1840C bntem?

Xnf-\ne G‰hpw IqSnb LS-ItaXv?

NnXw 2.5

sX¿tam-ao-‰¿

I≠≥k¿

saY-t\mƒ

Pew

^mIvjt\-‰nMv

tImfw

saY-t\mƒ+

FY-t\mƒaninXw

Pew

anin-X-Øns‚ _mjv]w ^mIvjt\-‰nMv

tImf -Øn -eqsS IS -∂p -t]m -Ip -tºmƒ

Bh¿Øn-®p≈ Zho-I-c-Whpw _mjv]o-I-

c-Whpw aptJ\ Xnf-\ne Ipd™ saY-

t\mƒ ^mIvj-t\-‰nMv tImf-Øn-\-I-Øp-

\n∂v BZyw _mjv]-cq-]-Øn¬ I≠≥k-

dn-te°v ]th-in-°p-Ibpw AhnsS h®p

XWpØv Zmh-I -ambn tImWn -°¬

vfmkvIn¬ tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

CXn-\ptijw Xnf-\ne Aev]w IqSnb FY-

t\mƒ CtX t]mse-Øs∂ as‰mcp

hmbpD∂X a¿Z-Øn¬XWp-∏n-°p∂p

_1980C

^mIvj-t\-‰nMvtImf-Øn¬

kmh-[m\w NqSm-Im≥ A\p-h-Zn-

°p-∂p.

Zho-I-cn®hmbp

ss\S-P≥ _ 1960C

B¿K¨ _ 1860C

HmIvkn-P≥ _ 1830C

^vtfm UbKw 2.1

22 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃

IdpØ ajn-bnse LS-I-߃th¿Xn-cn-°mtam?

\mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ajn sh≈-Øn¬

ebn-°p∂ Hcp Xcw NmbamWv.

Cu ]h¿Ø\w sNbvXpt\m°q.

Hcp ssN\m-Un-jn¬ Aev]w IdpØ ajn-

sbSpØv NqSm-°p-I. (\√-Xp-t]mse NqSm-

°nb aW-en¬ Unjv h®mepw aXn-bmhpw).

_mjv]w t]mIp-∂Xp ImWmtam? _mjv]o-

I-cWw \n∂m¬ Unjv FSpØp am‰p-I.

_mjv]-am-bXv GXp ]Zm¿Y-am-bn -

cn°pw?

Unjn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw Ah-ti-jn-°p-

∂pt≠m?

ajn ip≤-]-Zm¿Y-amtWm? anin-X-

amtWm? F¥mWv \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\w?

IdpØ ajn-bn¬ Hcp \nd-amtWm?]e \nd-ß-fpt≠m?

GI-tZiw 1 C©v hoXnbpw 6 C©v \ofhp-

ap≈ Acn-∏p-I-S-emkv FSp-°p-I. AXns‚

Hc-‰-Øp-\n∂v GI-tZiw 1 C©v hn´v Hcp

Xp≈n IdpØ ajn (kvsI®v t]\-bn¬

\nt∂m ^u≠≥ t]\-bn¬ \nt∂m) C‰n-

°p-I. Hcp an\n‰v DW-ßm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°q.

G‰hpw Ipd-™tXm?

Cu hmX-I-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ ]In-b-

bpsS ^vtfm UbKw t\m°q. (^vtfm

UbKw 2.1)

GXp hmX-I -am -bn -cn°pw BZyw

XWpØv Zmh-I-am-hpI?

Zmh-I-an-in-X-Øn¬ \n∂v GXp LS-I-

am-bn-cn°pw BZyw _mjv]o-I-cn-°pI?

^mIvjt\‰nMv tImf-Øn¬ G‰hpw

BZyw e`n-°p∂ LSIw GXv? CXv

GXh-ÿbnem-bn-cn°pw ˛ Jcw, Zmh-

Iw, hmXIw?

G‰hpw HSp-hn-embn GXp LSIw? GXp

`uXn-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬?

\nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-

bn¬ Ipdn-®p- h-bv°q.

hym -h -km -bnI ]m[m -\ -y -ap≈ Nne

coXnIfmWv CXp-hsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-Xv.

XΩn¬ Ie-cmØ c≠p Zmh-I-ßfpsSanin-Xw Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn°mw?

asÆ-Æbpw sh≈hpw Ie¿∂p-sh-∂n-cn-°-

s´. Fß-s\ th¿Xn-cn°mw? Hcp Ip∏n-bn¬

Ipd®p asÆ-Æbpw sh≈hpw FSpØv

\∂mbn Ipep-°p-I. tijw A\-°msX

hbv°q. F¥p-Im-Wmw? F¥m-Wn-Xn\p

ImcWw?

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ anin-XsØ th¿Xn-cn-

°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ k÷o-I-c-W-amWv

NnX-Øn¬. NnXw 2.6 t\m°q.

GXp Zmh-I-amWv ASn-`m-KØv tiJ-cn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?

F¥p--sIm-≠mWv asÆÆ sh≈-Øn\v

apI-fn-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?

ASn-bn-ep≈ sh≈w Fßs\ \o°w

sNømw?

]c-kv]cw Ie-cp∂ Zmh-I-ß-fm-sW-

¶ntem?

NnXw 2.6

sh≈w

sk∏-td-‰nMv^W¬

`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 23

NnXw 2.7

•mkv Pm¿

Pew

^n¬´¿t]∏¿

ajn-Øp≈n

•mkv tdmUv

^n¬´¿t]∏¿

Hcp Pmdn¬ sh≈-sa-Sp-°p-I. ajn-Øp≈n

Pe-\n-c-∏n\p sXm´p-ap-I-fn¬ hcp∂ coXn-

bn¬ (Nn-X-Ønse t]mse) ^n¬´¿

t]∏¿ Pm-dn¬ XmgvØnhbv°p-I (NnXw

2.7).

Pew ^n¬´¿t]∏-dn-eqsS Db-cp-tºmƒ

kq£va-ambn \nco-£n-°q. \nß-fpsS \nco-

£Ww kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xq.

^n¬´¿ t]∏-dn¬ hyXykvX \nd-߃

]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?

t]∏-dn-eqsS \nd-߃ Db¿∂ph-cp-∂-

Xn\p Imc-W-sa-¥m-bn-cn°mw?

A[n-tim-jWw (Adsorption)

tIm´¨, kvt]m©v XpS-ßnb Nne

]Zm¿Y-߃ Zmh-I-ß-sfbpw a‰pw AXn-

\p-≈n-te°v BKn-cWw (absorption)sNøm-dp-≠t√m. Nne ]Zm¿Y-߃ a‰p

Nne ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS IWn-I-Isf Ah-

bpsS D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ amXw ]nSn®p

\n¿Øm-dp-≠v. A[n-tim-jWw (adsorp-tion) F∂mWv Cu ]Xn-`mkw Adn-b-

s∏ -Sp -∂-X v . KymkvamkvIp -I -fnse

Im¿_¨ (Nm¿t°mƒ) Xcn-Iƒ hnj-

hm-X-I-ßsf hmbp-hn¬ \n∂p am‰p-

∂Xpw hm´¿^n¬ -dp-I-fnse Nm¿t°mƒ

\nd-ap≈ ]Zm¿Y-ß-sfbpw Zp¿K-‘-ap≈

hkvXp-°-sfbpw Pe-Øn¬ \n∂p am‰p-

∂Xpw Cß-s\-bm-Wv. Nph-cn¬ s]mSn-

]n-Sn-°p-∂Xpw A[n-tim-jWw aqe-am-Wv.

Hcp ]Zm¿Y-Øn-\p-ta¬ \S-°p∂ A[n-

tim-j-W-Øns‚ \nc°v A[n-tim-j-W-

t]∏¿ ¢n∏v

Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ hkvXp-hns‚ kz`m-

hsØ Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. anin-X-ß-

fpsS A[n-tim-jW thf-bn¬ AXnse

Nne LS-I-߃ \∂mbn A[n-tim-

jWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. a‰p Nne LS-I-

߃ AX-tØmfw A[n-tim-jWw

sNø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.

ajnbn¬ AS-ßnb Nmb-߃ km[m-c-W-

bmbn ct≠m AXn¬ IqSp-Xtem \nd-ß-

fpsS anin-X-am-Wv. Pe-Øn\v t]∏-dn-eqsS

tIinI Db¿® kw`-hn-°p∂p. A[n-tim-

jWw Ipd™ LSIw t]∏-dn-eqsS thK-

Øn¬ Db-cp-∂p. A[n-tim-jWw IqSn-bh

kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ Db-cp-∂p. Cßs\ \nd-

߃ th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu coXn BZyw

]tbm-Kn-®Xv \ndap≈ ]Zm¿Y߃ th¿Xn-

cn-°m\mb-Xp-sIm-≠v, CXns\ tImam-t‰m-

Km^n (chromatography) F∂p hnfn-®p.

Htc emb-I-Øn¬ Aen-bp∂ eo\-ßsf

th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv

tImam-t‰m-Km-^n. Cu coXn-bpsS D]tbm-

K-߃ t\m°q.

$ Nmb-ß-fn¬ \n∂p LSI-߃ th¿Xn-

cn-°m≥

$ c‡-Øn¬ Ie¿∂ acp-∂p-Iƒ th¿Xn-

cn-®-dn-bm≥

anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \nXy

Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp kµ¿`w t\m°q.

ssXcn¬ \n∂p shÆ

ssXcp IS™v shÆ FSp-°p-∂Xv \n߃

I≠n-cn-°p-a-t√m. IS-bp-tºmƒ shÆ-bpsS

IWn-I-Iƒ sXdn®v th¿Xn -cn -bp -∂p.

kmµX Ipd™ Ch ssXcn\p apI-fn¬

s]mßn-°n-S-°p-∂p.

LS-I-ß-fpsS `mc-h-y-X-ym-k-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ CØcw anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-

cn-°m≥ sk≥Sn-^yqPv F∂ D]-I-cWw

(NnXw 2.8(a)) ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

Cu coXn ]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Nne kµ¿`-

߃ t\m°q.

24 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃

Hcp kwbp-‡-Ønse LS-I-߃th¿Xn-cn-°m\mhptam?

anin-X-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw Hcp `uXnI

am‰-am-sW∂v t\ctØ a\ n-em-°n-bt√m.

kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw cmk-am-‰-

amWv. aqe-I-߃ \n›nX A\p-]m-X-Øn¬

cmk-]-c-ambn kwtbm-Pn-®mWv kwbp-‡-

߃ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ A\p-tbm-

Py-amb cmk-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°p hnt[-b-am-

°n-bmte kwbp-‡-ßfnse aqe-I-߃

th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ km[n°q.

Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-ßfpw

cmk-kq-X-ßfpw t\m°q.

sa¿°p-dnIv HmIvsskUv ˛ HgO

Im¬kyw HmIvsskUv - ˛ CaO

c≠pw teml HmIvssk-Up-I-fm-Wt√m.

HgO NqSm-°n-bm¬ Hg bpw O2bpambn

th¿Xn-cn-bpw. F∂m¬ CaO NqSm-°n-bm¬

hnL-Sn-°p∂n√.

Hmtcm kwbp-‡-Øns‚bpw kz`m-h-Øn-\-

\p-k-cn®v ]tXyIw coXn-I-fmWv kwbp-‡-

ßfnse LSI߃ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Ah-

ew-_n-°m-dp≈-Xv.

Db¿∂ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ cmk-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-

fpsS XpS¿]T-\-Øn-eqsS CØcw coXn-Iƒ

\n߃°p ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

NnXw 2.8(b)

NnXw 2.8(a)

$ ]men¬ \n∂v Iow th¿Xn-cn-°m≥

$ ¢n\n-°¬ em_n¬ c‡-tIm-i-߃

th¿Xn-cn-°m≥

$ ]co-£-W-im-e-bn¬ Ah-£n-]vX-߃

th¿Xn-cn-°m≥.

anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Nne coXn-Iƒ

\n߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m.