ARCHITECTURAL

DESIGN THEORY – 4

AR. WALTER GROPIUS

PRESENTED BY:

ANANT NAUTIYAL(1304003)

RIYA TANEJA(1304029)

SNEHA SUBRAMANIAM(1304037)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PRINCIPLES

BUILDINGS

"Architecture begins where the engineering ends" -Walter Gropius

INTRODUCTIONPioneer Master Of Modern Architecture.

Born In Berlin On 18 May 1883.

Was A German Architect And An Educator.

Influential Proponent Of Modern Design And Furthered His Ideas ThroughBauhaus School Design.

He Was Taught By His Father Who Also Was An Architect And Learned TheStudy Of Proportions With Actual Architectural Expressions By His Uncle.

Gropius Could Not Draw, And Was Dependent On Collaborators AndPartner-interpreters Throughout His Career. In School He Hired An AssistantTo Complete His Homework For Him.

Gropius’s Career Was Interrupted By The Outbreak Of World War-1 In 1914And Served As A Sergeant And Then As A Lieutenant. GEORGE WALTER ADOLF GROPIUS

EDUCATION AND EARLY WORKS• 1903 He Left School And Went To The Technical University In Munich To Study

Architecture.

• Although He Studied Architecture In Munich And Berlin (1903-1907), He Received No Degree.

• In 1908,gropius Worked Under The Renowned Architect And Industrial Designer Peter Behrens Till 1910.

• In 1919, Gropius Transformed The Grand-ducal Saxon School Of Arts And Craft Into The World Famous Bauhaus.

• In 1934, He Moved And Began To Work In Britain.

• In 1937, He Moved To New York And Taught At The Harvard University.

• In 1946, Gropius Founded The Young Architects Association, The Architects Collaborative(tac).

PRINCIPLES

• Simple Geometry Often Rectangular.

• Use Of Modern Materials Like Steel, Rcc And Glass

• Smooth Surface

• Primary Colours

• Linear And Horizontal Elements

Grid System

His Design Has Full Command Of The Elements Of Architecture, Which Were To ConstituteThe International Modern Style.

He Believed That All Initial Training For Artist And Craftsman Should Be Same I.e.Introduction To Form, Colour, Nature Of Material.

In Those Times The Use Of Machine Was Encouraged Because Of The Phase Of

Industrialisation.

He Realized The Interdependence Of Machine And Architecture, Thus Encouraged The Use Of

Prefabricated Units.

Plane surface without any

ornamentation

Colours:

white,

gray,

beige

or black

New Technology

Uses of :

Concrete SteelGlass

"The ultimate aim of all artistic activity is building! The artist is a heightened manifestation of the craftsman... Let us together create the new building of the future which will be all in one: architecture and sculpture and painting." -Walter Gropius

FAMOUS BUILDINGSFagus Factory (1911-1913)

Bauhaus

Gropius House (1937-38 )

Josephine M. Hagerty House 1938

J.f. Kennedy Federal Building : 1963-1966

Pan Am Building(now Metlife Building) 1960-1963

Waldenmark 1939

FAGUS FACTORY

The Fagus Factory Is A Shoe Last Factory InAlfeld On The Leine In Germany And Is AnImportant Example Of Early ModernArchitecture.

Constructed Between 1911-1913, It WasWalter Gropius' First IndependentCommission

It Was Called An Artistic And Practical DesignBy Gropius

It Was In Collaboration With Adolf Meyer. Most Striking Thing: Simplicity And

Confidence Of The Architecture.

FAGUS FACTORY Fagus Structure Was Actually A Hybrid Construction Of Brick Columns, Steel Beams

And Concrete Floor Slabs And Stairways. It Was A Steel Frame Supporting The Floors, Glass Screen External Walls. Pillars Are Set Behind The Façade So That Its Curtain Character Is Fully Realized. Glass Screen Was Used All Over The Walls To Have Proper View From Inside. Walls Are No Longer Supporters Of The Building But Simple Curtain Projecting

Against Increment Weather. It Was Domination Of Voids Over Solids.

Plane Surfaces Predominate In This Factory.

The Glass And Walls Are Joined Cleanly At The Corners Without The Intervention Of

Piers.

FAGUS FACTORY

• Use Of Floor-To-Ceiling Glass Windows On Steel Frames That Go Around Tthe Corners Of The Buildings Without A Visible (most of the time without any) Structural Support.

• The Other Unifying Element Is The Use Of Brick.

• All Buildings Have A Base Of About 40cm Of Black Brick And The Rest Is Built Of Yellow Bricks.

• In Order To Enhance This Feeling Of Lightness, Gropius and Meyer Used A Series Of optical Refinements Like Greater Horizontal Than Vertical Elements On The Windows, Longer Windows On The Corners And Taller Windows On The Last Floor.

• The Fagus Factory Is Still In Use Today And Was Included On The List Of Unesco World Heritage Sites In 2011.

FAGUS FACTORY

The Office And Is One Of The Most Important

And Characteristic Of The Complex.

The Main Building, Rectangular In Shape, Was

Designed As A Structural Framework Without Pillars In

The Corners, With A Front Metal Grid Cut By Glass

Covers, One Of The First Examples Of Curtain Wall.

ELEVATION

FAGUS FACTORY

Striking, fully glazed

corners

( Glass curtain walls

)

Façade of three-

storey

Flat-roofed

structure

Vaulted entrance

Open space

FAGUS FACTORY

The supports of

the building are

hidden

Slender piers

Iron frame

According to Gropius, the

factory should be a kind of

palace for the workers who

were offered light, air and

hygienic atmosphere

BAUHAUSDesigned By Gropius And His Partner Meyer With Certain Amount of Participation From Students.

Bauhaus, Was An Art School In Germany That Combined Crafts And The Fine Arts.

It Operated From 1919 To 1933. At That Time the German Term about This Sound Bauhaus literally "house Of Construction"—was Understood As Meaning "school Of Building".

The Complex Consists Of Five Main Elements Fully Glazed 3 Storeyed:

Workshop Block.

Teaching Block.

Social Areas.

A 5-storeyed Study Block.

An Administrative Wing Spanning the Roadway

“The Bauhaus was not an institution… it was an idea.”- Mies van der Rohe, its last director 1953

BAUHAUSTo Produce A Separation Of Each Of These Functions From Others, At The Same Time Not Isolating Them But Bringing Them Together Into Efficient Integration.

Workshops Noticeably More Industrial, Particularly In Their Window

The Square Pedalled Metal Windows Are Typical Of Mass Produced Industrial Units.

BLOCK VIEW OF BAUHAUS BUILDING:

1. WORKSHOP

2. DINING HALL

3. STUDIO WORKSHOP

4. ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE

5. TRADE SCHOOL

BAUHAUS SITE PLAN

BAUHAUS

Aesthetically Bauhaus Was An Advanced Building But

Technologically- Probably Because Of The Limited Funds, It

Was ,someway Behind The Contemporary Works.

Bauhaus Is Enclosed By Glass Curtains

The Curtain Glass Walling Was First Used In Fagus Factory -

1911 And Then Used With Certain Refinement.

The Whole Cube Seems Like To Immense Horizontal Plains

Floating On The Ground.

Giant Light Cube Dazzling White Light From Every Wall.

The High Glass Walls Revealing The Light Steel Structure….

Delineated In All Its Transparency By The Iron Grid Of Its

Exterior Structure.

BAUHAUSPlan Show The Linear Nature Of The Individual Structures.

The Complex Is Divided Into Three Main Wings.

The Studio Apartments Are Connected By Auditorium, Canteen, Kitchens And Gymnasium To The Long Narrow

The Wing On Left Is The School Of Arts And Crafts, Wing On The Right Accommodate The Workshop.

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

• Flat Roofs

• Smooth Facades Cubic Shapes

• Colours Are White, Gray, Beige Or Black

• Floor Plans Are Open

• Furniture Is Functional

Form follows Function :

Door knob

VS

Bauhaus

door knob

Early decorative

door knob

FAÇADE OF THE STUDENTS

STUDIO APARTMENTS WITH THEIR

CANTILEVERED BALCONIES AND

LARGE OPENINGS

GENERAL VIEW OF THE

BAUHAUS BUILDING

BAUHAUS, DESSAU.

STUDENT’S STUDIOS IN

FOREGROUND

BAUHAUS, DESSAU. ADMINISTRATION WING

OVER THE STREET, CONNECTING THE

SCHOOL DIVISIONS.

BAUHAUS, DESSAU.

INTERIOR, WORKSHOP.BAUHAUS, DESSAU. INTERIOR,

CORRIDOR AND STAIRS

BAUHAUS, DESSAU INTERIOR,

DIRECTORS OFFICE.

BAUHAUS, DESSAU. INTERIOR,

STUDENTS WORK AND BEDROOM

BAUHAUS, DESSAU. INTERIOR,

AUDITORIUM

SECTION

GROPIUS HOUSE , LINCLON, MASSACHUSETTS

It Was Done In Patrnership With Marcel Breller In Linclon (1937-38 )

There Was An Extensive Use Of Timber Reinforced With SomeSteel Members , Lends A Different And Softer Character To TheBuilding.

Timber Cladding Was Hung Vertically.

Inconsistent Use Of Elements Like Spiral Stair To Roof TerraceAnd Sun Lounge.

GROPIUS HOUSE, LINCLON,

MASSACHUSETTS

•Every aspect of the house and its surrounding landscape was planned for maximum efficiency and simplicity.

•The Gropius House mixes up the traditional materials of New England architecture (wood, brick, and fieldstone) with industrial materials such as glass block , acoustic plaster, and chrome banisters.

•The house structure consists of a traditional New England post and beam beam wooden frame.

•It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000.

GROPIUS HOUSE , LINCLON, MASSACHUSETTS

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

GROPIUS HOUSE , LINCLON ,

MASSACHUSETTS

GARDEN ELEVATION-

EXTERIOR VIEW FROM SOUTH

GROPIUS HOUSE-

LIVING AND DINING ROOM

JOSEPHINE M. HAGERTY HOUSE

A historic house at 357 Atlantic Avenue in Cohasset, Massachusetts.

Located a few feet from the shoreline.

Built in 1938 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

Architect : Walter Gropius; Marcel Breuer

Architectural style : International Style

The Hagerty House, was his first architectural commission in the United States.

Two-story part-time residence characterized by a plain geometric form and simplicity of detail, with a large living area and several bedrooms.

The exterior staircases were constructed of welded and galvanized steel pipes.

Granite was used for half of the house’s base as well as for the mortared stone walls located at the front and rear.

The roughly L-shaped house’s main longitudinal section extends in a north–south orientation, punctuated by floor-to-ceiling windows and smaller bands of glass designed to maximize views of the Atlantic Ocean.

JOSEPHINE M. HAGERTY HOUSE

Upstairs, the bedrooms are arranged in a uniform line of

five cubicles. Initially, each bedroom had a vividly colored

western wall—red, blue, yellow, or green—with the

remaining three walls painted white.

In the living room, there's a black leather Le Corbusier lounge and a Minotti sofa set.

The main staircase consists of simple oak treads that

cantilever out from side walls sheathed in natural

vertical board and are supported on the other side by a

continuous grill-like railing truss.

J.F. KENNEDY FEDERAL BUILDING

Building facts:

Architects: Walter Gropius and The Architects Collaborative with Samuel Glaser

Construction Dates: 1963-1966

Architectural Style: Sixties Modern

Primary Materials: Steel, Reinforced Concrete, and Glass

Prominent Features: Monolithic towers; Landscaped Plaza; Public Art

John Fitzgerald Kennedy Federal Building is a United States Federal government office building located in the Government Center area of Boston, Massachusetts.

It is a complex that consists of two 26 floor towers and a low rise building of four floors that connects to the two towers via an enclosed glass corridor.

The two towers stand at a height of 387 feet (118 m).

The exterior of the towers is constructed of pre-cast reinforced concrete.

The lower sections are faced with polished granite.

All aluminum work has a dark anodized finish in a medium gray tone.

A glass-enclosed walkway connects the four-story building to the towers.

Like the towers, the low building's facade is made of concrete and glass.

The building's design result in 45% of the available

space being occupied by the structure.

The remaining portion contains terraces, plazas,

landscaping, a sunken patio, and driveways.

Plazas are surfaced with stone in most sections.

A tiered stair platform of cement and brick leads to the

low building.

J.F. KENNEDY FEDERAL BUILDING

WALDENMARKWaldenmark, Also Known As The Edward Fischer House, Is A Historic House, Studio, Garage, And Guesthouse Located In Wrightstown Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

Built1939,

Architect Gropius, Walter; Breuer, Marcel

Architectural Style International Style

The Main House Is A Two-level, Flat Roofed Dwelling.

It Is A Frame Structure With Redwood And Stone Sections.

It Features Curved Walls, Ribbon Windows, And A Freeform Stone Patio.

The Studio Is A Frame Structure With Redwood Siding With A Saltbox And Shed Roof Profile.

The Guesthouse Is A Long Two-story Building With A Cantilevered Second Floor And Uneven Gable Roof.

This property offers 3 buildings: a main residence, a writer's cottage and a carriage garage. Large floor to ceiling windows, beautiful deck off of the 2nd level and 2 covered patios allow you to enjoy the beauty of the natural surroundings.