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RFID

GROUP 11

T N VATSA + VINAYAK R + VISHAL JAIN + GAUTAM + SHISHIR64 42 19 24 56

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RFID What is it?

Radio Frequency Identification Device

Holds a small amount of unique data a serial number or otherunique attribute of the item

The data can be read from a distance no contact or even lineof sight necessary

Enables individual items down to the proverbial can ofbeans to be individually tracked from manufacture toconsumption!

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History of RFID

Invented in 1948 by Harry Stockman

Initial application was way back in WW2 by US army

Came into use only in 1990s

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RFID Tag Attributes

Few hundred within 3m ofreader

1000s of tags recognized up to 100mph

Multi-tag reading

Up to 3-5m, usually lessUp to 100mRange

128 bytes of read/writeUp to 128Kb or read/writewith sophisticated searchand access

Data Storage

Very HighVery LowRequired signal strengthto Tag

Only in field of readerContinuousAvailability of power

NoYesTag Battery

Energy transferred usingRF from reader

Internal to tagTag Power Source

Passive RFIDActive RFID

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Passive RFID Tags

Traditional tags used in retail security applications Tag contains an antenna, and a small chip that

stores a small amount of data

Tag can be programmed at manufacture or oninstallation

Tag is powered by the high power electromagneticfield generated by the antennas usually indoorways

The field allows the chip/antenna to reflect back anextremely weak signal containing the data

Collision Detection recognition of multiple tags inthe read range is employed to separately readthe individual tags

These passive tags form the basis of the Auto-IDdesigns, and, if manufactured in billions, will comedown in price from $0.80 to $0.05 in the next 2 years.

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Active Tags

Battery Powered tags

Have much greater range 100m

Hold much more information Kbytes

Can integrate sensing technology

Temperature, GPS Can signal at defined time

Multiple tags can be recorded at once

Used for higher value items

Shipping containers

Babies Electronic assets

Cost between $20 and $40 per item

Life between 2 4 years

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Relatively expensive ascompared to Bar Codes

(Reader 1000$, Tag 20cents a piece)

Can read only one tag at atime

Can read multiple tags

BarcodeRFID

Cannot be reusedCan be reusable within

factory premises

RFID is comparatively fast

Scanner needs to see thebar code to read it

Scanner not required. Noneed to bring the tag nearthe reader

Counterfeiting is easyCounterfeiting is difficult

Comparison of RFID Vs Bar Code

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Auto-ID Organization

Non-profit organization supported by major software, consulting, tagand reader manufacturers and by MIT, Cambridge University andAdelaide University

All research and solutions are public domain

Developed vision of global approach to automatic ID of every product

Developed standards for tags and readers

Developed high level designs that will bring tag cost toward 5c andreaders to $100

Developed with SUN Savant software to act as mediation betweenreaders and a global network of name servers and databases available as open source

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EPC Network Building Blocks

Object Name Service similar to DNS in the Internet knowsthe appropriate database holding full information about theproduct the tag is attached to

ONS

Servers/Software to support readers, extract uniqueinformation from the read data, and communicate withExternal databases

Savant

Data capture device interrogates the tag and retrieves thedata from all tags in the receiving area. Can be fixed orportable

Reader

Coil included in plastic or similar case usually 12 18inches square

ReaderAntenna

Connected to chip in Tag could be wire or printed usingconductive ink

TagAntenna

Data carrier the ID number Unique EPC Code isprogrammed into the Tag

Tags

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EPC Code

E.g. 613.23000.123456.123456789 (96 bits)

Header defines data type (8 bits)

EPC Manager describes originator of EPC (Productmanufacturer) (34 bits)

Object Class - Could describe the product type (20 Bits)

Serial Number Unique ID for that product item (34 Bits)

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Supply Chain Global Vision

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Potential RFID ROI for Retailers

Reduced on-hand inventory and less use of safety stock

Increased sales through reduced out-of- stocks

Increased stock visibility and availability at point ofshipment (>50%)

Reduced transportation cost and shipping volumes

More accurate forecasts and stock replenishment

Reduced shrink and theft in the supply chain

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Potential RFID Benefits forConsumers

Better in-stock - product on the shelf when you want it

Improved Product Selection

Product Freshness for Dated Goods

Easier Identification on Recalls

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Case Study

Gillete & Co:

Objective: To Track movement of product from Packaging Centerto Plants distribution center.

Previously->Using Bar Code, time taken=80 sec to 20 min

1999->With RFID it takes 20 secs

Gains->Gillette saves 20% in Operational Cost at eachDistribution Center.

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Initiatives from India Inc

Patni Computer Systems Lab Implemented Animal Tracking System

Wipro Technologies - Member of the Electronic Product Code (EPC)

- Setting up a lab to study RFID

- Working on pilot projects

Infosys Technologies RFID consulting on logistics player in the RFIDspace.

Intellicon - pilot project for BEL Bangalore tags installed on employeebuses.

- Buses inside the BEL campus were tracked with the aim of gaugingemployee punctuality.

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Indian Scenario

RFID will be used to track exported goods

Retail segment worth $330 Billion is potential target

Wal-Mart suppliers have adopted this technology

Pantaloon, Madura Garments and Ashok Leyland use RFID

RFID business expected to reach $600 million by 2009 up from$140 million

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Way Forward

Large Retail companies Tracking Goods

Hospitals & Nursing Homes Patient Tagging

Airports Baggage Tracking

Security Applications Smart Cards

RFID Readers could also WRITE onto Tags

RFID Sensors to sense temperature, movement, radiation, foodquality

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Constraints

Cost

Battery life

Active RFID life 2 to 4 years

Extreme weather

Privacy concerns

Security concerns

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Phased Approach towards RFID

Effort - software development, application integration and building thecapability to act on the additional data from value chain

Identify business functions

Pilot in a controlled environment

Key metrics

Larger scale field trial