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jyifopfpmayta7;tom;wGif vlwkd\ tESpfoufqkH;ESifhtaumif;qkH; vuf7mrsm;ukd 0šKwdkuav;rsm;YawG\7.? Tjyifopf0šKwkduav;rsm;rSm a7S;rla[mif;ukd jyefajymif;atmufarh owd7apjyD;v~if wpfcgwpf7Hjidrfhajimif;om,mI wpfcgwpf7HY&kef\7if;-urf;wrf;aom7,f7FifzG,f tcef;uav;rsm;jzifh pmzwfolwkd\ pdwfESvkH;ukd7FifjyKH;apavonf? okd\7mwGif 0šKwkd a7;7mY jyifopfwkd\ . —m+ftjrifrSm rus,f0ef;vSacs? 0šKa-umif;cH7mY topf tqef;rxGifbJ a7;&kd;a7;pOf twkdif;oma7;om;avonf? trsm;tm;jzifh xkH;a[mif;ykHjyifrsm;ESifh wkdif;7if;om; vl&kdif;ppfyGJrsm;ta-umif;ukdomrSD;jirf;jyKIa7;-u.? wpfcgwpf7H omoemjyKykCdKvfrsm;ESifhc7D;xGuf e,fopf7SmazGolrsm;. pGef\pm;cef;rsm;ukd a7;-u.? tcsKd\ 0šKwdkuav;rsm;rSm uae'gEkdifiH7SdjyifopfvlrsKd;wkd\. obm0tavhtxESifh awmifol,mvkyfwkd\. ta-umif;rsm;ukd o&kyfaz:xm;onf?tcsKd \yk H0šKwkduav;rsm;rSm uav;rsm;twGufoufouf jzpfonf?

1800 jynfhESpf rwkdifrD jyifopfwkd\ a7;om;aom0šK7Snf-uD;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh a0:vwm paumha7;aomorkdif;0šKrsKd;omjzpf.? 1900 jynfhESpftxd0šK7Snfta7;tom;onf rsm;pGmwkd;wufjcif; r7SdvSao;acs? orkdif;a-umif;ukd aemufcHxm;I a7;om;aom tavhrSm uae’gEkdifiHjyifopfvlrsKd;wkd\. 0goemwpf7yfyif jzpfavonf? okd\7mwGif ,cktcg tjrifus,fvmjyDjzpfIorkdif;a-umif;rSty tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifhajymif;vJIa7;om;vm-u.? 0šKY Zmwfaumifrsm;ukd xif7Sm;pGmo&kyfaz:jcif;/ ZmwfuGufukdrdrd77

a7;jcif;wkd\Y rsm;pGm wkd;wuf vmavonf? jyifopf0šKa7; q7mrsm;rSm‘r7D,mcsuf y'gvdef;’ 0šKukda7;olvkd0Da[;rGeftjyif zdvpf'g*uf pay;ESifh a*77if vm*dKifwkd\ jzpf-u.?

uae'gEkdifiH7Sd jyifopfvlrsKd;wkd\ pyfqkdaom uAsmrsm;wGif rsKd;cspfpdwf”gwfESifh omoema7;rSm t"du r@Kdifjzpfavonf? 1890 jynfhESpftxd Tta-umif;t7mESpfckukd zGJ\qkdomuAsmrsm;om acwfpm; cJhavonf?atmhawhua7;rufZD. oDcsif;wpfyk'frSm jyifopfrsm;,ckxufwkdifESpfjcdKufaeao;aom taumif;qkH;vuf7myif jzpf.? obm0ta-umif;ukd zGJJ\EGJ\onfhuAsmyifjzpfvifhupm; vlrsKd;a7;ESifh omoema7;ukdum; vufrvFwf-uacs?

1860 rS 1900 jynfhESpftwGif; uAsmta7;tom;wkd;wufr=twGuf v=H\aqmf-uaom ykCdKvfrsm;rSm uDGAufpmay*kd+f;rS ua7;rufZDESifh tJvz7uf*gEkd;wkd\ jzpfavonf? olwkd\ESpfOD;acgif;aqmifI pma7;q7mrsm;trsm;tjym;yif uAsmzGJ\qkd-u.? xl;csGefaom uAsmq7mrsm;rSm yrf;zD;av;arESifh vl0Dza7;csufwkd\ jzpfonf? av;aronfajrta-umif;ukduAsmzGJ\qkdI za7;csufu rdwfaqGta-umif;/ obm0ESifh rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwffrsm;udk zGJ\qdkonfh tcspfESihfqdkifaom uAsmrsm;rSm tvGefenf;yg;avonf? TacwfwGif rsKd;cspfpdwfxufoefr=/omoema7;ukd av;pm;r=wkd\ukd wkdufwGef; v=H\aqmfaomuAsmrsm; xGef;um;.? rGef;x7D;atmpmay*kd+f;rS pmqkdrsm;url rsKd;cspfpdwf7ifhoefr==ESifh t,l0g'ukduAsma7;7mY t"du rxm;awmhbJ avmua-umif;qkdif7mrsm;ukdom tajccHI zGJ\qkd oGm;-u.? xkdolrsm;rSm atrD;e,fvD*ef/ tJvAwfvkdZkd;ESifh aygrkd7ifwkd\ jzpfonf? xkdolrsm;onf vl\avmu jy©em trsKd;rsKd;ukdajz7Sif;7efESifh vlwkd\pdwf"gwfESifhqkdifonfh ta-umif; 7yfrsm;udk zGJ\qkd-uavonf?at;rDe,fvD*efonf ol.tawG;tq t,l0g'rsm;ukduAsmjzifh o&kyfaz:a7;om;7m xdkacwf pmqkdrsm;.a7S\aqmifjzpfcJhonf? xkdacwfrSmyiff ay:aygufaompmqkdawmf tJvAwfvkdZkd;. vuf7mrSmtvGef odrfarG\El;nHh.? aygrkd7ifonf ta7S\EkdifiH. ,Ofaus;r=ukdrlwnfI uAsm—m+f uGef\jrL;cJhonf? trsKd;orD;pmqkdAvef\vmrGefwef\onf uae'gjynfoljynfom;wkd\. aeykHxkdifykH/ pdwfaepdwfxm;ukd ESpfopfzG,f7m o&kyfaz:cJh.?

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1800 jynfhESpfcef\wGif ay:aygufaom pma7;q7mwpfOD;rSm aomrwfcsef'vm[,fvDAg;wefjzpf.? [,fvDAg;wefonf vlwkd\. cGswf,Gif;csufukdvnf;aumif;omoema7;udkvnf;aumif; pmrsm;jzifhoa7mfxm;.?olonf vl\obm0 awG\7aom tjypfrsm;ukd &kyfvkH;az:IjycJhonf?

19 7mpkESpfwGifuae'gEkdifiHY t*‡vdyfuAsmta7;tom;rsm; pwifxGef;um;cJhavonf? csm;qef;pwm;.uAsmrsm;rSm rsKd;cspfpdwfukd v=H\aqmfay;I uae'gEkdifiH. awmawmifa7ajr om,mykHukd zGJ\qkdxm;avonf? csm;[JAD;qufESifhaomrwf'gpDruf*D;wkd\.uAsmrsm;rSm tvu®m7oESihf jynfhpHkonf? okd\aomfolwdk\. uAsm rsm;udk uae’gEkdifiH jzpf[k rac:Ekdifacs?[JAD;quf. uAsmrsm;rSm t*‡vdyfqefI 'gpDruf*D;.uAsmrsm;rSm tkdif7pfqefavonf?

uae'gEkdifiHonf 'kdrDeD,eftqifhtwef;ukd77Sdaomtcg oD;jcm;aom,Ofaus;r=ESifh vlrsKd;.xkH;pH"avhrsm;ukdxlaxmifvm-uonf? csm;a7mAwfESifh tmcsDaAg vifh

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20 7mpkacwfY pum;ajy ta7;tom; ajrmufjrm;pGmxGef;um;cJhonf? 1900 jynfhESpfcef\uyif uae'gEkdifiHwGiforkdif;ESifhtšK_Wdpmayrsm; ay:xGef;cJh7ma*spD'ifha7;aom uaegEkdifiH txufykdif; orkdif;rSm tzkd;twefqkH;jzpfonf? uae'gpmayonf jyifopfpmaytjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;/ t*‡vdyfpmaytjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;wkd;wufvsuf7Sdayonf?

uae'gtaemufajrmufe,frsm; ? ?uae'gEkdifiH taemufa jrmufbuf7 S d e,frsm;uk dp k& k H ;I taemufajrmufe,frsm;[k ac:onf? ,if;onf ya77Dac:jrufcif;vGifjyifa'orsm;rStmwdwfork]7mtxd us,fjyef\I teD;tem; w0kduf7Sd uGsef;pk-uD;rsm; yg0ifonf?xkde,frsm;rSm uae’gwpfjynfvkHH;.okH;ykH wpfykHcef\7SdItus,ft0ef;rSm pwk7ef;rkdif 1304903 cef\ 7Sdonf?taemufajrmufe,frsm;ukd uD0gwif/ rUZDESifhz7efuvif[lI e,fokH;e,fcGJjcm;xm;onf? xkda'otm;vkH;ukd 18^0 jynfhESpf txd ['fqef aA;uk$+DuykdifqkdifcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg uae'gtpkd;7u cef\xm;aom wkdif;rif;-uD;u pDrHtkyfcsKyfonf?

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jrefrmjynfwGif;a7;ESihfom vHk;0 oufqdkifaom udPt00wkd\wGif bk7ifcHESihf ol. twkdifyifcHt7m&Sdrsm;.axmufcHcsufrsm;udk bk7ifhtpdk;7u rsm;aomtm;jzifhvkdufavsmcJhonf? tifydkif,mEdkifiHrsm;ESihf tdrfeD;csif;wkdif;jynfrsm;odk\ *,uf&dkufaprnfh udPrsm;wGifrl bk7ifhtpkd;7oabm twdkif; pDrHcef\cGJcJhonf?

umuG,fa7;Xmeqkdif7m Oya'jy}mef;csuf tqkdrsm;udk bk7ifcHxH -udKwiftrdef\rcHbJ vFwfawmf 27yfvHk;wGifaqG;aEG;jyKvkyfEdkifcGifhr&Sdacs?

jrefrmjynfumuG,fa7;Xmeudk 193^ ck {jyDv 17ufae\rSpwifzGifhvSpfcJhaomtcsdefY jrefrmjynf -unf;wyfrawmfwGif ajcvsifwyf7if; 4 ck/ t7Hwyf 2ck/ e,fapmifht7Hwyf 2ck/ t7m&Sd t7HwyfzGJ\ 1 ck/ e,fjcm;wyftenf; i,fESihf jrdK\apmifhwyfwkd\&SdcJhonf? txufyg wyfrsm;teuf ajcvsifwyf7if;rsm;/ t7Hwyfrsm;ESihf t7m&Sdt7HwyfzGJ\rsm;wGif 0ifa7muftr=xrf;

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aom t7m&Sd/ t7mc/H wyfom;rsm;rSm ta7;&Sdu jrefrmjynf e,ferdwfukd ausmfvGefI wkdif;wpfyg;odk\ oGm;a7muftr=xrf; wkdufcdkuf7ef wm0ef,l vufrSwfa7;xkd;-u7onf? e,fapmifh t7Hwyf/ e,fjcm;wyfrsm;ESihfjrdK\apmifhwyfrsm;udkrl e,fpyfudkausmfvGefI wdkuffcdkuf7ef trdef\ay;EdkifcGihf r&Sdacs?

ajcvsifwyf7if;rsm;wGif awmifwef;a'oom;rsm;udkt7mcHAdkvfrsm;ESihf ppfom;rsm;tjzpf cef\tyfI jrefrmvlrsKd; wpfpHkwpfa,mufudkr~ cef\tyfjcif;rjyKcJhacs? olwkd\ta-umif;jycsufrSm jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;onf ysif;7djcif;/pdwfjrefjcif;wkd\a-umifh ppfom;ryDoEkdif[k qdkxm;avonf? EdkifiHa7; tajctaet7 1939 ckESpfwGif ajcvsifwyf7if;rsm;wGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;udkvnf; 0ifcGihfay;rnf[k qHk;jzwf cJh.? odk\aomf 1940 jynfhESpfavmufwGifrS jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;xJrS qmarmif-uD;udk twkdifyifcHt7m&Sd-uD;tjzpf cef\xm;jyD;v~if/ jrefrmppfom;rsm;omyg0ifaomjrefrmwyfpdyf wpfckavmufudk jyefvnf zGihfvSpf7ef qHk;jzwfcJhI xkdolrsm;udk tjcm; wyf7if;rsm;wGifvnf; tenf;i,fpDcGJI oGwfoGif; prf;oyfxm;7ef rltm;jzihf oabmwlonf? okd\7mwGif xdktcsdefESihf ra&S;raESmif;Yyif ta&S\zsm;rS*syef\7efonf eD;onfxufeD;vmojzifh -unf;wyfrawmfudk tjyif;wkd;csJ\7ef qHk;jzwfjyD;aemuf ppf7Jwyfrsm;/ e,fjcm;wyfrsm;udk wyfrawmfajcvsifwyf7if;rsm;zGJ\I 7&SdEkdifor~aom t7m&Sdt7HwyfzGJ\0ifrsm;udk ac:,ljyD;v~if xkdwyfrsm;wGif t7m&Sdrsm;cef\xm;um weo®m7Dwkdif;rS *syef\7efudk ckcHapcJhonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;wpfOD;udk bk7ifcH. twkdifyifcHt7m&Sd-uD;tjzpf cef\tyfonfhESpfYyif jrefrmjynf taysmfwrf;a7wyftzGJ\ESihftaysmfwrf;avwyftzGJ\wdk\udk pwifzGJ\pnf;cJhonf? okd\aomf avwyftzJG\wGif av,mOfysH[lIudk,fydkifr&Sdao;bJ a7wyftzGJ\wGifom urf;apmihfoab®mi,fuav; tenf;i,f avmufESifh pwifwnfaxmifcJhavonf?

*syefwyfrawmfESihf yl;wGJIArmhvGwfvyfa7; wyfrawmfonf ,dk;',m;EdkifiHudk jzwfum weo®m7DrS'v-urf;0ifvmaoma-umifh 7efukefaejynfawmf&Sd umuG,fa7;XmeESifhwuG umuG,fa7;wyfzGJ\ toD;toD;wkd\udk1942 ck azazmf0g7Dv217ufae\wGif arjrdK\rSwpfqihftdNd,odk\ ajymif;a7G\oGm;avonf? xkdXmeatmuf&SdwyfzGJ\toD;oD;wdk\vnf; z&dkz7JjydKuGJjyD;aomf tcsdK\wyfom;rsm; wyfAdkvf rsm;rSm tdNd,okd\ygoGm;-uItcsKd\rSm rdrdwkd\ae7yfrsm;odk\ jyefoGm;aexkdif-uonf?

1942 ck ZGefvtv,favmufwGif umuG,fa7;Xmeudk tdNd,jynf qif;rvm;jrdK\wGif jyefvnfzGJ\pnf;&kH;xkdifavonf? jydKuGJysufpD;vmaom -unf;wyfzGJ\toD;oD;udkvnf; jyefvnfpkaqmif;jyD;aomf jrefrmjynfokd\jyef0ifwkdufcdkuf7ef -udK;pm;-ujyefonf? a7wyfESihfavwyftzGJ\0if t7m&Sd t7mcHrsm;udkrl/ tdNd,a7wyfESihf jAdwdo~ bk7ifhavwyfrawmfwkd\wGif toD;toD;xnhfoGif; ay;cJhavonf?

1945 ck rwfvwGif 7efukefaejynfawmfudk jAdwdo~wyfrsm; jyefvnfodrf;ydkufjyD;aemuf ppftkyfcsKyfa7;utkyfcsKyfaecJhaoma-umifh umuG,fa7;Xmeudk 1945 ckEdk0ifbmv 23 7ufae\wGif rSom qif;rvm;jrdK\rS 7efukefaejynfawmfodk\ ajymif;a7F\cJhavonf?

jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufjyD;aemuf 1946 ckpufwifbmv 28 7ufae\wGif EdkifiHa7; tajctaerSmtxl; v=yf&Sm;vsuf&Sdaoma-umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; yxrt-udrf jrefrmvlrsKd; bk7ifcH/ twkdifyifcHt7m&Sd-uD;tjzpf umuG,fa7;XmewGif cef\tyfcJhavonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; umuG,fa7; twkdifyifcHt7m&Sd-uD;tjzpf aqmif7GufaepOf EdkifiHjcm;a7;XmeudkcGJxkwf7ef tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? '*®g;ESihfaiGpULrsm; xkwfvkyfa7;udkrl b@ma7;ESihftcGefawmf0ef-uD;Xmeodk\ ajymif;jyD;om;jzpfI &Srf;jynfe,f awmifwef;a'orsm;/ rzGH\jzdK;ao;aome,fy,frsm; tkyfcsKyfa7;udPrsm;udkrl awmifwef; a'oqdkif7mtkyfcsKyfa7;Xmeodk\ vFJtyfjyD; jzpfavonf? umuG,fa7;Xmeonf xkdtcsdefrSpI wkdif;jynfumuG,fa7;udPrsm;udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; wm0ef,ljyD;v~iftenf;i,f&Sdaom c7pf,ef*dk+f; tkyfcsKyfa7;udPrsm;udkqufvufvkyfudkifcJhonf? 194^ck Zlvdkifv 19 7ufae\wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf-uHjcif;cH7I AdkvfrŒ;csKyfvufsmudk twkdifyifcH t7m&Sd-uD;tjzpf cef\tyfavonf? 194^ ck 'Zifbmv 24 7ufae\wGif jrefrmjynf taysmfwrf;avwyfESihf taysmfwrf;a7wyf tzGJ\tpnf;rsm;udk jrefrmavwyfrawmfESihf jrefrma7wyfrawmftjzpfodk\ ajymif;jyD;v~if udk,fydkif ppfav,mOfysHrsm;ESihf oab®mrsm;udk0,f,lum pwifzGJ\pnf;cJhavonf?a7wyfrawmfwGif yxrqHk; tvHwifoab®mrSm,lADtuf (p) ar,k oab®m jzpfonf?

1948 ck Z³0g7D 47uf we*®aEGae\wGif EdkifiHawmftvHudkvFifhwifjyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa7; ausnmonfhae\rSpI 1935 ckESpf jrefrmjynftufOya'onf ouf

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umAkd[kduf'7dwf"mwf yg7Sdaom [if;oD;[if;7Gufrsm;

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umAGefonf wd7>mefESihftyifwkd\ touf&SifI -uD;xGm; oefrmvmap7ef t7if;cHyPnf;wpfckjzpfaoma-umihf/ rnfhonfhtpm;tpmrnfonfh t0wftpm;Yrqkd umAGefyg&Sd.? o-um;/ umzD/ axmywf/ vufzufajcmufpaom pm;ukefaomufukefrsm;ESihf tusˆvHkcsnftp&Sdaom txnft0wfrsm;rSm umAGeft7if;cHI jzpfvm-uaom yPnf;rsm;yif jzpfonf?

umAGefonf j'yfpifwpfckjzpfI tufwrftav;q12 &SdjyD;v~iftufwrfeHywfpOfrSm 6 jzpf.?(ausmufrD;aoG;/ *7ufzdku/f pdef/ rD;aoG;„7=? )

umAGef'dkifatmufqdkuf ? ?umAGef'dkifatmuf qkduf("gwfaiG\) onf umAGeftufwrfwckESihf atmuf qD*siftufwrfESpfckwkd\ aygif;pyfzGJJ\pnf;I 77Sdaom "gwfaiG\jzpf.?"gwkoau®wrSm CO

2 jzpf.? xkd"gwf aiG\onf

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umAGef umAGef'kdifatmufqkduf

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atmufqdkuf("gwfaiG\) tajrmuftjrm; yg7Sdaomavudkjzpfap/ &SLrdv~ifatmufqD*sifvHkavmufatmifr7Edkifaoma-umifhrGef;I aoqHk;wwfonf?

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CaCo3

+ 2HCL = CaCl2

+ H2O+ CO

2

pusifausmuf § tufppf Ó "gwfqm; § a7 §umAGef 'dkifatmufqdkuf("gwfaiG\)

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umAGef'kdifatmufqkduf

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a7mif;0,f azmufum;7ef twGufrlrufueDZD,rfumAGefedwfESihf qdk'D,rfumAGefedwfwdk\wGif qmvzsL7pftufqpfxnhfI umAGef'd kifatmufqdkufudk t-uD;tus,f az:,lxkwfvkyf-uonf?

umAGefrGefatmufqdkuf ? ?umAGef rGefatmufqdkufonf ta7mif;uif;I teH\t7om r&Sdaom"gwfaiG\jzpf.? a7wGiftenf;i,fomaysmf0if.? avavmufyifav;I udk,fwkdifrD;avmifEdkifaomfvnf; rD;avmifr=udk tm;ray; acs? tvGeftqdyfjyif;xefaoma-umihf xkd"gwfaiG\udk vlwd7>mefwdk\&SL&d=ufrdaomftouftM7m,f jzpfEdkifonf? umAGefrGefatmufqdkuf"gwfaiG\udk obm0wGif tvdktavsmufawG\7cJ.?rD;awmifywf0ef;usifwGif&Sdaom avxJY tenf;tusOf;r~omawG\7.? rD;xGef;aom "gwfaiG\rsm;wGifumAGefrGefatmufqkduf ygwwfaoma-umihf/ xkd"gwfaiG\udktenf;i,fr~ &SL&d=ufrdv~ifyif ab;tM7m,f jzpfapwwfonf? armfawmfum; tdyfaZmydkufrsm;rS xkwfvdkufaomtaiG\rsm;wGifvnf; umAGefrGefatmufqdkufygvmaoma-umifh/ vl&Sdaecdkuf armfawmfum;udkpufEd=;I armfawmfum;&Hkudk avvHkatmifydwfrxm;rd7eftxl;owdjyKtyfayonf?

umAGefrdkatmufqdkufESihf umAGef'dkifatmufqdkufwkd\jcm;em;yHkrSm umAGefrGefatmufqkduf. armfvDusL;wpfckwGif umAGeftufwrfwpfckESihf atmufqD*siftufwrfwpfckomyg&Sd.? ,if;"gwkoau®wrSm CO jzpf.? umAGefrGefatmufqkduf 7&Sdvkdaomf rD;aoG;ukdavtvkHtavmuf ray;bJ rD;&=d\ygu rD;aoG;&SdumAGefESifhavtwGif;&Sd atmufpD*sifwkd\onf yl;aygif;IumAGefrGefatmufqkduf jzpfvmonf?

rD;aoG;§atmufqD*sif(rvkHravmuf)=umAGefrGefatmuf qkduf

umAGefrGefatmufqdkufudk umAGe'dkifatmufqdkufrSvnf;7&SdEkdif.? umAGef'kdifatmufqkduf "gwfaiG\udk 7J7Jawmufaeaom rD;usD;cJrsm;tay:rS jzwfoef;oGm;apjcif;jzifh umAGefrGefatmufqdkuf "gwfaiG\udk7&SdEdkifonf?

CO2 + C = 2 CO

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odk\aomf ,cktcsdeftxd uBmay:wGif jidrf;csrf;a7;7&Sd7eftwGufukvorConf taumif;qHk;aomar~mfvifhcsufjzpfaeayonf? vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;u tawG\t-uHKrsm;t7/ ukvorConf ajymif;vJvmaomtajctaersm;ESihfavsmfnDpGmusifhwwfjyD;v~if tcuftcJ -uD;rsm;udk wwfEdkifoavmuf ausmfeif;EdkifcJhonfudkawG\7.?1946ckESpftwGif;u ukvorConf tD7efrS qkdAD,ufwyfrsm;ajymif;a7F\a7;ESihf qD;7D;,m;ESihf vufbEGefwkd\rS jyifopfESifh jAdwdo~wyfrsm;ajymif;a7F\a7;udPrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJh.? z7efudktkyfpdk;aom pydefEdkifiH.tajctaeudk aqG;aEG;jyD;v~if ukvorC. tzGJ\cGJrsm;jzpfaomuBmvHk;qdkif7m tzGJ\tpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifcGihfrjyK7efESihf tzGJ\0ifEdkifiHrsm;uvnf; EdkifiHa7;tquftoG,f jzwf7ef qHk;jzwfcJh.? tzGJ\0ifEdkifiHrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd trsdK;om;rsm;enf;wl EdkifiHa7; tcGihfta7;rsm;ay;7efudk aqmf-ocJhI/ ppf'+fcHcJh7aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif oHk;pGJ7eftwGuf tjynfjynfqdkif7muav;rsm; ta7;ay:7efyHkaiGudkowfrSwfay;cJh.?

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· 2017. 10. 25. · 2 yg;pyfayguf eufonf? ausmql;awmif ESpfckygI xif 7Sm;ay:vGifonf?...

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Transcript of · 2017. 10. 25. · 2 yg;pyfayguf eufonf? ausmql;awmif ESpfckygI xif 7Sm;ay:vGifonf?...