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RUSSIA: FIRST WORLD WAR

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Population repressed.

- Okhrana rooted out revolutionaries.

- University students & lecturers.- Mass deportation of Jews.

before the war began

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before the war began

Strikes were common.

April 1912: Lena goldfields massacre.

- striking workers were shot (270 shot).

Joseph Stalin declared: "The Lena shots brokethe ice of silence, and the river of popularresentment is flowing again. The ice has

broken. It has started!" Over 4000 strikes in the first 7 months of

1914.

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TRIPLE ENTENTE

BRITAIN

FRANCE

RUSSIA Formed in 1907.

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MILITARY ALLIANCES

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POST CARD

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RUSSIAN ARMY 1914

August 1914: Russia had the largest army in

the WORLD.

When fully mobilised, the number reached

over 5 million.

Russias poor roads/railways made it difficult

to deploy them all.

Tsars uncle Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich

was the Commander in chief of the army.

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GRAND DUKE

NICOLAI

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Russian Army Air Services (RAAS): largest airforce in the world (360 aircrafts, 16 airships).

Russian Navy:

- 4 battleships

- 10 cruisers

- 21 destroyers

- 11 submarines

- 50 torpedo boats

RUSSIAN ARMY 1914

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BATTLESHIP

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TORPEDO BOAT

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DESTROYER:

designed to

destroy othertorpedo boats.

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RUSSIAN REACTION TO WW1

Strong sense of patriotism.

Brought people together for a common cause.

Workers who had been protesting against thetsar also diverted their anger at the common

enemy: Germany.

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WAR BEGINS

August 1914: Russian armies entered East

Prussia (East Germany) under the general

Alexander Samsonov.

They planned to take over Berlin after Prussia

was done with.

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BATTLE OF TANNENBURG

By the end of August-beginning of September1914, Russian advance was stopped.

Fighting went on for 3 days.

Germans won over the Russians here. 30,000 Russians killed or wounded.

95,000 captured.

Only 10,000 of the 150,000 Russian soldiersmanaged to escape.

End of Sept: Russian victory in Austro-Hungary.

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WAR CONTINUES

Dec 1914: 6 million men in the Russian army.

Rifles: 4 million.

Untrained troops were ordered to fight in the

war.

In 1915 Russia suffered over 2 millioncasualties.

Lost Kurland (Latvia), Lithuania and much ofBelorussiadriven out of Russian Poland aswell.

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Report by Michael Rodzianko,

president of Duma

The army had neither wagons nor horses nor firstaid supplieswe visited the Warsaw stationwhere there were about 17,000 men wounded in

battle.At the station, we found a terrible scene: on theplatform in dirt, filth and cold, on the ground,even without straw, wounded men, who filled the

air with heart-rendering cries, dolefully asked:for Gods sake order them to dress our wounds.For 5 days we have not been attended to.

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Tsar Nicholas to his wife Alexandra,

July 1915.

again that cursed question of shortage of

artillery and rifle ammunition stands in the

way of an energetic advance. If we should

have 3 days of serious fighting, we might runout of ammunition altogether. Without new

rifles, it is impossible to fill up the gaps.

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CONTD.

The army is now almost stronger than in peacetime; it should be (and was at the beginning)three times as strong. This is the position we find

ourselves in at present.If we had a rest from fighting for about a month,our condition would greatly improve.

It is understood, of course, that what I say is

strictly for you only. Please do not say a word ofthis to any one.

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NICHOLAS II REACTS

BAD DECISION!

Sept 1915.

Nicholas II made himself the Commander inchief of the Russian Army.

He was not even qualified to command ONE

military unit.

Yet, he was attempting to command an army

of several MILLIONS.

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NICHOLAS II AS COMMANDER IN

CHIEF OF THE ARMY

He was personally responsible for the military

defeats.

If Nicholas II was away at the front, who would

be in charge back home?

Running of the Govt. and Administration

handed over to..

TSARINA ALEXANDRA.

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BRUSILOV OFFENSIVE 1916

Last major offensive (June-August 1916).

Launched by General Alexei Brusilov against

the Austro-Hungrarian army.

Russians were victorious at first.

The German Army sent reinforcements to help

their allies and gradually the Russians were

pushed back.

Russia lost almost a MILLION men.

Arthur Ransome made several visits

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Arthur Ransome made several visits

to the Eastern Front in 1916 and 1917.

I saw a great deal of that long-drawn out(extended) front and of the men who, ill-armed, ill-supplied, were holding it against an

enemy who, even in his anxiety to fight was nogreater than the Russian's, was infinitelybetter equipped.

I came back to Petrograd full of admiration forthe Russian soldiers who were holding thefront without enough weapons to go round.

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WW1

Total Russian soldiers in WW1: 13 million.

Casualties: 9.15 million.

Killed: 1.8 million.

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JULY 1917

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Helpful links

http://www.marxists.org/glossary/events/w/

ww1/russia.htm

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSfw

w.htm

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/russia_a

nd_world_war_one.htm

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/

08/first-world-war-mobilisation

http://www.marxists.org/glossary/events/w/ww1/russia.htmhttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/events/w/ww1/russia.htmhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSfww.htmhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSfww.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/russia_and_world_war_one.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/russia_and_world_war_one.htmhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-mobilisationhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-mobilisationhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-mobilisationhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-mobilisationhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-mobilisationhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-mobilisationhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-mobilisationhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-mobilisationhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-mobilisationhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-mobilisationhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/russia_and_world_war_one.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/russia_and_world_war_one.htmhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSfww.htmhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSfww.htmhttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/events/w/ww1/russia.htmhttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/events/w/ww1/russia.htm

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Classwork

Without using any resources, think about the

social situation of Russia at a time like this.

How will the Russians react to WW1?

- Peasants

- Industrial workers

- Army- Revolutionaries

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RUSSIAN HOME FRONT WW1

PEASANTS (COUNTRYSIDE)

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS (TOWNS/CITIES)

ARMY

REVOLUTIONARIES

POLITICAL

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CONSCRIPTION

5.3 million men (9% of the population) in1914.

By the end of 1916, 15.3 million had served in

the military. What does this tell us about the situation back

at home?

- Who would be working?- Where would the food, fuel and govt. budget

spending go to?

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COUNTRYSIDE

Agricultural workers sent off to fight in the

WW1 (conscription): of rural population.

Horses sent to the army as wellhorses that

would otherwise be used to work on the

fields.

Railway lines taken over by the army as well.

Are soldiers the only ones who would use the

railway tracks?

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COUNTRYSIDE

CONSCRIPTION:

WORKERS TAKENAWAY

HORSES TAKEN

AWAY

RAILWAY TRACKS

OVERTAKEN

FOOD SHORTAGE

LOW

EFFICICIENCY

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TOWNS/CITIES

Food shortages: bread queues.

Fuel shortage: people were cold in the winter.

Railway tracks taken over by the army.

Prices rose 200%: cancelled out wages. Many industrial plants that produced

agricultural machinery were switched to war

production.

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FOOD SHORTAGES

FUEL SHORTAGE

RAILWAY TRACKS TAKEN

OVERBREAD QUEUES

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GOVT BUDGET

National Budget rose 8 fold between 1913-

1916.

So where would this money come from?

- Higher taxes (guess who would be paying

these).

- Loans

- Borrowing (from whom?)

Govt printed more moneyINFLATION.

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POLITICAL IMPACTS

Important bodies created to help with the war

effort.

Union of Zemstva (Zemgor-1915): medical

facilities for the army.

Progressive Bloc (Aug 1915): Duma deputies

(Kadets, Octobrists and Progressivists).

How did Nicholas II respond?

He refused their requests for change.

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RASPUTIN

http://www.damninteresting.com/the-death-

of-grigory-rasputin/

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PUPPETS