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19.11.2014 2

Russia

Kazakhstan

ChinaAktau

Taraz

Uralsk

Atyrau

Kostanay

Pavlodar

Shymkent

Kyzylorda

KaragandaAktyubinsk

Petropavlovsk

Ust-Kamenogorsk

Astana

AlmatyAktau

Taraz

Uralsk

Atyrau

Kostanay

Pavlodar

Shymkent

Kyzylorda

KaragandaAktyubinsk

Petropavlovsk

Ust-Kamenogorsk

Astana

Almaty

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BELGIUM

S ≈ 30 500 km2

BELGIUM

S ≈ 30 500 km2

ISRAEL

S ≈ 20 800 km2

ISRAEL

S ≈ 20 800 km2

STS

P ≈ 600 км

S ≈ 18 300 km2

STS

P ≈ 600 км

S ≈ 18 300 km2

Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site

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STS (456 tests)

Total area 18 500 km2

Main experimental

areas

1 – Experimental field

(air and ground, ≈100

expl.)

2 – Balapan

(boreholes, ≈ 100

expl.)

3 – Degelen (tunnels, ≈

200 expl.)

4 – Sary-Uzen

(boreholes, ≈ 20 expl.)

Excavational explosions

(Atomic lake, Telkem)

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Main areas of research at STS

� Inventory of radioactive facilities at STS.

� Further special studies.

� Comprehensive study of "conditionally clean" areas,

with a view to their further transfer to the national

economy.

� Investigation of dose loads to the population living in

the area of potential STS impact.

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Inventory of radioactive facilities at STS,

"Experimental Field" site

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Inventorying of the STS objects. Atomic lake

Пешеходная гамма-спектрометрическая съемка 2012-14

гг.

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Inventorying of the STS objects. Atomic lake

Пешеходная гамма-спектрометрическая съемка 2012-14

гг.

Отбор проб почвы по сети 500х500 м (предыдущее

обследование)

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Development of subaquatic gamma-spectrometric

survey method

Detection limit for 137Cs - < 200 Bk/kg

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STS (456 tests)

Total area 18 500 km2

Main experimental

areas

1 – Experimental field

(air and ground, ≈100

expl.)

2 – Balapan

(boreholes, ≈ 100

expl.)

3 – Degelen (tunnels, ≈

200 expl.)

4 – Sary-Uzen

(boreholes, ≈ 20 expl.)

Excavational explosions

(Atomic lake, Telkem)

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“Degelen" site

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Tunnel 176. Contamination of

territory adjoing to the tunnel

mouth

Main radionuclides90Sr, 137Cs

Maximum

concentration:137Cs

90Sr239+240Pu

n*106

n*105

n*103

Isotope ratio:137Cs/90Sr

239+240Pu/137Cs

10-3 – 102

n*10-4 – n*1

Main characteristics of the Test Areas. DEGELEN

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“Degelen" site. Tritium in air

Inside the cavity of the tunnels Tunnels near-mouth areas

Maximal destruction of the rockIn the location of vertical wells

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Further special studies

«Degelen» test area

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Further special studies, “Degelen” site

Surface waters:

80÷400 kBq/l

Tritium beyond

"Degelen“boundary

Vegetation:

1÷300 kBq/l

Ground water:

15÷250 kBq/l

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STS (456 tests)

Total area 18 500 km2

Main experimental

areas

1 – Experimental field

(air and ground, ≈100

expl.)

2 – Balapan

(boreholes, ≈ 100

expl.)

3 – Degelen (tunnels, ≈

200 expl.)

4 – Sary-Uzen

(boreholes, ≈ 20 expl.)

Excavational explosions

(Atomic lake, Telkem)

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“Balapan" site

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Main radionuclides

(Bk/kg) :

Am-241, Cs-137, Sr-90,

Pu-239+240

– up to n*104

Main characteristics of the Test Areas (Balapan, Sary-Uzen

Scheme of Exposure Dose

Rate values distribution at

the borehole № 101

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“Balapan" siteBorehole 1355 Borehole 1010

Borehole “Glubokaya” Borehole 1361

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Groundwater discharge at the

Balapan Area

Tritium in Shagan river

Main characteristics of the Test Areas. BALAPAN

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Further special studies, Shagan River

2010 г

2011 г

2012 г

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Complex researches of the STS territory

STS total area – 18 500 km2

The NNC RK have developed a plan of step-by-

step investigation of the STS for the purpose of

harmonization of the STS’ administrative border

with it’s real radioecological status, as well as

complete liquidation of the most radiation

hazardous objects by the 2021 году, 30th

anniversary of Independence of Kazakhstanаin 2008–2013 a complex ecological survey of the territory with are of 6 060 km2 have been performed,including:Northern part of the STS• in 2009 – 3 000 km2

Western part of the STS• in 2010 – 560 km2

South-Eastern part of the STS• in 2011 – 850 km2

• in 2012 – 850 km2

• in 2013 – 800 km2

• in 2014 – 800 km2 (southern part)Survey of the south-eastern part have beenstarted - 1000 km2

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Complex researches of the STS territory. Methodology

• revealing of technogenic objects at the studying territory

(decoding of satellite images);

• estimation of possible contamination on the base of historical

information;

• experimental investigation of radionuclide contamination of all

media (soil, surface and underground water, vegetation, air);

• for soil. All possible artificial radionuclide are studied (fission

products, activation isotopes, transuranium elements).

Additionally species of radionuclides and vertical profile are

under consideration;

• investigation of geological structure;

• prognosis of radioecological situation in future;

• dose assessment for the most conservative scenario

“substantial farmer”;

• preparation of recommendation on possible use of investigated

territories

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239+240Pu/ 241Am – 5,1Bq/kg137Cs – 19 Bq/kg241Am < 0,7 Bq/kg

Average activities of 137Cs and 241Am,

and isotopic ratio of 239+240Pu/241Am in

the STS studied areas

239+240Pu/ 241Am – 4,9 Bq/kg137Cs – 16,7 Bq/kg241Am < 0,9 Bq/kg

239+240Pu/ 241Am – 5,5 Bq/kg137Cs – 17,2 Bq/kg241Am < 0,8 Bq/kg

Some characteristic parameters of background

contamination at the STS

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Species of radionuclides in soils of «background»

тterritories («northern», «western» part)

3.9%0 2.9%

93.2%

Cs137

26.0%

0

28.2%

45.8%

Am241

48.7%

020.9%

30.3%

Sr90

0.7% 0 0.9%

98.4%

Pu239+240

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y = 125e-0,36x

R² = 0,98

0,1

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Сод

ерж

ан

ие 1

37C

s, %

от о

бщ

его

содер

жа

ни

я в

сл

ое

Глубина, см

1 23 45 67 89 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 2425 26

y = 85e-0,34x

R² = 0,98

0,1

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Сод

ерж

ан

ие 2

41A

m,

% о

т о

бщ

его

сод

ерж

ан

ия

в с

ло

е

Глубина, см

1 2 34 5 67 8 9

10 11 1213 14 15

16 17 1819 20 21

22 23 2425 26 27

28 29 3031 32 33

34 35 36

y = 126e-0,41x

R² = 0,97

0,1

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Сод

ерж

ан

ие 2

39

+2

40P

u %

от

об

щег

о с

од

ер

жа

ни

я в

сл

ое

Глубина, см

1 23 45 67 89 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 28

y = 79e-0,25x

R² = 0,91

0,1

1

10

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Сод

ерж

ан

ие 9

0S

r %

от о

бщ

его

содер

жа

ни

я в

сл

ое

Глубина, см

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13

Vertical distribution of radionuclides in chestnut soils

of STS

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Peculiarities of radionuclides’ accumulation by plants at

conditionally «background» territories

Serveyed territories:

• «northern» part of the STS,

• «western» part of the STS,

• «south-eastern» part of the STS

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Peculiarities of radionuclides’ accumulation by plants at

conditionally «background» territories

Serveyed territories:

• «northern» part of the STS,

• «western» part of the STS,

• «south-eastern» part of the STS

Radionuclides n min – max GM GSD AM SD137Cs 39 0,003 – 0,3 0,030 3,2 0,057 0,07390Sr 18 0,0079 – 1,73 0,25 4,1 0,45 0,42

239+240Pu 32 0,00075 – 0,21 0,019 3,4 0,036 0,044241Am 39 Values are not specified

n – number of cases;

GM –geometric mean (GSD –standard deviation), AM – arithmetic mean. (SD –

standard deviation)

19.11.2014 29

239+240Pu concentrations at the monitoring points

<0,3 mkBk/m3

0,3±0,1 mkBk/m3

<0,4 mkBk/m3

0,3±0,1 mkBk/m3

0,4±0,1 мкБк/м3

2,3±1,1 мкБк/м3

<0,3 мкБк/м3

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2010 год

2011 год

“Subsistence farmer”

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“Subsistence farmer”

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Distribution of radionuclides lg Кн for agricultural plants at the

«Experimental Field» test area

“Experimental estimation of radionuclide transfer to

agricultural products atr the STS territory

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Transfer dynamics T into poultry products

At uptake with air At uptake with water At uptake with forage

Chicken

meat

Eggs

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40

Ко

эф

фи

ци

ен

т п

ер

ехо

да

Сутки

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

0 10 20 30 40

Ко

эф

фи

ци

ен

т п

ер

ехо

да

Сутки

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40

Ко

эф

фици

ент

пер

ехо

да

Сутки

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

Ко

эф

фи

ци

ент

пе

ре

хо

да

Сутки

0 10 20 30 40 50 600,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

Ко

эф

фи

ци

ент п

ере

ход

а

Сутки

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

Ко

эф

фи

ци

ен

ты п

ер

ехо

да

Сутки

Кп = 2,4 Кп = 2,1 Кп = 2,8

Кп = 8,0 Кп = 16,0Кп = 1,9

19.11.2014 34

Complex researches of the STS territory

In 2008–2013 a complex

ecological survey of the territory

of 6 060 km2 have been

performed

o 35 km2 were not

recommended for use

o About 300 km2 were

recommended only for

industrial use

o About 5650 km2 were

recommended for use without

any restrictions

19.11.2014 35

Information and publication about STS

“Topical issues of

radioecology of

Kazakhstan”, 4

issues

Available at IRSE

website in Russian,

Kazakh and English

www.irse.kz

19.11.2014 36