Post on 18-Dec-2021
Semiconductor sources of two-photon states pat room temperature in the telecom range
Gi LEOGiuseppe LEO
Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité,Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (UMR 7162)
Les enjeux de la génération non linéaire paramétrique dansLes enjeux de la génération non linéaire paramétrique dans les domaines UV et IR : état de l’art et nouveaux challenges
Grenoble, 28 - 29 juin 2012
Laboratoire MPQQ
Equipes :
• DON (Dispositifs Optiques Nonlinéaires) • IPIQ (Ions Piégès et Information Quantique)• MEANS (Microscopie Electronique Avancées et Nanostructures)• QUAD (Physique Quantique et Dispositifs)• TELEM (Transport Electronique à l'Echelle Moléculaire)• SQUAP (Spectrocopie des Quasi Particules)STM (N t t t i é t STM)• STM (Nanostructures auto‐organisées et STM)
• THEORIE (Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée)
2
Equipe Dispositifs Optiques Nonlinéaires
G. LeoS Ducci A. Andronico F Ghiglieno
Christophe Baker Alexandre DelgaS. Ducci
I. Favero
V Berger
A. AndronicoP. FillouxC. Manquest
F. GhiglienoA. Eckstein
Alexandre DelgaSilvia MarianiAdeline Orieux
V. BergerL. Doyennette
Cécile Ozanam David ParrainMarc SavanierMarc Savanier
…
Dispositifs Optiques Nonlinéaires
Sources à deux photons intégrées
1 μm
Microstructures semiconductrices pour la génération et l’oscillation paramétriques
Paires contrapropageantes
Sources à deux photons intégrées AlGaAs fonctionnant à 300K
Microsystème guide-cavité AlGaAs à QPM efficace
g p q
Guide d’ondes GaAs/AlOx à biréfringence de forme
- Paires contrapropageantes- Longueur d’ondes télécom- Faible largeur de raie
λω≈0.775µm λ2ω≈1.55µm
X. Caillet et al. Opt. Expr. 18, 9967 (2010)A. Orieux et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 28, 45 (2011)
M. Savanier et al. Opt. Expr. 19, 22582 (2011)M. Savanier et al. Opt. Lett. 36, 2955 (2011) λ1≈λ2≈1.3µm
λDFG≈100µm
S. Mariani et al. Opt. Express (2012)
Dispositifs Optiques Nonlinéaires
Nano-Optomécanique GaAs1 μm
Transport dans les hétérostructures pour la photodétection dans l’IR moyen
0.35
0.30
0.25
0 20y (e
V)
E8
E9
(a)QCD
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
Ener
gy
E1E2E3E4E5E6E7E8
0.05
0.006005004003002001000
Width (Å)11001100500 600 700 800 900 1000
L Ding et al Applied Opt 49 2441 (2010)
A. Buffaz et al. PRB 81, 075304 (2010)A. Delga, et al. APL 99, 252106 (2011)
L Ding et al. Applied Opt., 49, 2441 (2010)L. Ding et al. PRL 105, 263903 (2010) C. Baker et al. APL 99, 151117 (2011)J. Restrepo et al. C.R. Phys. 12, 860 (2011)
Ré i i di G ARésonateurs miniature disques GaAsHaute fréquenceCouplage fort optique/mécanique QWIP
Integrated sources for quantum information
Semiconductors: small de ices mat re clean room technologies optoelectronics capabilitiessmall devices, mature clean-room technologies, optoelectronics capabilities…
Quantum Dots: biexciton emission
• deterministic☺• cryogenic temperatures
Waveguides: spontaneous parametric down-conversion
• poissonian• room temperature☺• hyper entanglement ☺hyper entanglement ☺
ћωp = ћωs + ћωi
ћkp = ћks + ћkino birefringence in bulk AlGaAs
→ other PM strategies required
OutlineSPDC in AlGaAs waveguides :
- Form birefringence phase-matching
- Modal phase-matching- Modal phase-matching
- Counterpropagating phase-matching
Comparison
7
p
Perspectives
OutlineSPDC in AlGaAs waveguidesSPDC in AlGaAs waveguides :
‐ Form birefringence phase‐matching
‐Modal phase‐matching‐Modal phase‐matching
‐ Counterpropagating phase‐matching
ComparisonPerspectives
8
Parametric fluorescence @ 2 µmTuning Bandwidth
G d id h i l l h• Good waveguide homogeneity over several mm length
• Generated signal and idler > 100 nW
• Tuning between 1 3 μm and 4 7 μmη = 1188 % W‐1cm‐2
• Tuning between 1.3 μm and 4.7 μm
Form Birefringence PM
Phase-Matching:kp = ks + kikp ks ki
nTMωp = nTEωs + nTEωi
insertion of low index layers (AlOx)→ artificial birefringence
TE0TMTM0
10
M Savanier et al OL 36 2955 (2011)
Record SH output… M. Savanier et al. OL 36, 2955 (2011)M. Savanier et al. OE 19 22582 (2011)
SHG experiment:FH @ 1550 nm (TE) → SH @ 775 nm (TM)
No sublinear deviation up to PFH = 50 mWMax SH output: PSH = 267 μWWaveguide length: 500 mWaveguide length: 500 μm
ηnorm = 1120% W‐1cm‐2 ☺→ we expect ηSPDC ≈ 4 10‐8
11
… but … but highhigh gguideduided--wave losseswave losses
FH: ECDL Fabry‐Perot fringes
0 3 0 06 1 iαNOX = 0.35 ± 0.06 cm‐1
αOX = 1.13 ± 0.03 cm‐1
SH
Two regimes
hν < 70% gap:SH: Ti:Sa transmissionαOX = 150 ± 12 cm‐1
hν < 70% gap: Rayleigh‐like scattering
hν > 70% gap: Absorption (*)
(*) Shi et al. APL 70, 1293 (1997)
Outline
SPDC in AlGaAs waveguides :SPDC in AlGaAs waveguides :‐ Form birefringence phase‐matching
‐Modal phase‐matchingp g
‐ Counterpropagating phase‐matching
13
ComparisonPerspectives
Modal PMPhase-Matching:
kp = ks + ki
nTEωp = nTEωs + nTMωi
Higher order p mp modeHigher-order pump mode(TIR or Bragg mode)
→ Electrical injection of the laser mode jwithin the nonlinear waveguide.
→ Integrated room temperature device for heralded single photon or photon pairs generation at telecom wavelength.
L. Lanco et al. APL 84, 2974 (2004)A. Orieux et al. CLEO 2012
14
R. Horn et al., PRL 108, 153605 (2012)
Modal PMLatest resultsa es esu s
SHG experiment (passive device):FH @ 1530 nm (TE+TM) → SH @ 765 nm (TE)Waveguide length: 2 mm
ηnorm = 35% W-1cm-2 ☺→ we expect ηSPDC ≈ 2 10-8
αSH ≈ 0.1 cm-1 ☺αFH ≈ 0.1 cm-1 ☺FH(10 times better than Horn et al.)
15
Modal PMLatest results
lasing on the Bragg modeWaveguide length: 2 mm
g gg(electrically pumped device): Waveguide length: 2 mm
α775 nm ≈ 6 cm‐1
α1.55 μm ≈ 1 cm‐1
Thanks to C. Sirtorifor discussionfor discussion
Modal PMLatest (unpublished) results
Spectrum & Tunability: Phase-matching vs temperature:Spectrum & Tunability: Phase matching vs temperature:
New sample under test right now!Graded MBE thicknesses
Outline
SPDC in AlGaAs waveguides :SPDC in AlGaAs waveguides :‐ Form birefringence phase‐matching
‐Modal phase‐matching‐Modal phase‐matching
‐ Counterpropagating phase‐matching
18
ComparisonPerspectives
Counterpropagating PM
Longitudinal Phase-Matching:k sinθ = k - kikpsinθ ks ki
Int. 1: ωpsinθ = nTEωs – nTMωiInt. 2: ωpsinθ = nTMωs − nTEωi
Vertical Quasi-Phase-Matching:kpcosθ = kQPM = 2π/ΛQPM
ηSPDC ~ 10-11300≈ηηcav
L L t l PRL 97
0η
L. Lanco et al. PRL 97,173901 (2006).
A O i t l JOSA B 28
19
A. Orieux et al. JOSA B 28,45 (2011).
Counterpropagating PM
intrinsic separation of the 3 beams ☺tunability by θP ☺two interactions at the same time: ☺
20
Counterpropagating PMX. Caillet et al. OpEx 19, 9967 (2010)
Two‐photon interference: Hong‐Ou‐Mandel dipTwo photon interference: Hong Ou Mandel dip
V = 85% ±3%
λp = 775 nmp
Counterpropagating PMPolarization entanglement
F l Bi iλp = 775 nm Fresnel Biprism
TE(1)TM(1)
signalidler
TETE(2)
TMTM(2)
To ards direct Bell state generation
22
Towards direct Bell‐state generation
Counterpropagating PMQuantum tomography: latest (unpublished) results
F=0.8S=2.2
88P14, biprism TP
Tangle 0.37D FV J l ‘M f bi ’ PRA 2001
Concurrence 0.61
Entanglementof formation
0.48
D.F.V. James et al. ‘Measurement of qubits’ PRA 2001
A. Orieux et al. EOS 2012of formation
LinearEntropy
0,43 Now working with a more adapted biprism
Counterpropagating PMX. Caillet et al. JMO 56, 232 (2009) P. J. Mosley et al. PRL 100, 133601 (2008).
M. Avenhaus et al. OL 34, 2873 (2009).
( ) ( ) ( )⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ −
+
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡ −+−= is
TMTE
p
pisis
nncLcAJSA ωω
σωωω
ωω22
sin2
exp, 2
20
ωc ωcx
i l d l d l d
⎦⎣ p
pump spectrum phase-matching ωs ωs
0
ISJ L=2.5mm dLambdaPompe=0.1887nm
197.3
0.8
0.9
0.01 0.010.020.02
0.040.050 10 2
ISJ L=1mm dLambdaPompe=0.1887nm
197.3
0.8
0.9
0.01
ISJ L=1.7mm dLambdaPompe=0.1887nm
197.3
0.8
0.9
anticorrelated uncorrelated correlated
ΔλTE ~ 0.36 nm ΔλTE ~ 0.26 nm ΔλTE ~ 0.21 nm
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.050.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.70.80.9
ν TM (T
Hz)
197.2
197.25
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.01
0.01
002
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.04
05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.10.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.30.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9ν TM (T
Hz)
197.2
197.25
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.01
0 01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.040.04
0.04
0.04
0.050.05
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.80.9
ν TM (T
Hz)
197.2
197.25
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
νTE (THz)197.15 197.2 197.25 197.3
197.150.1
0.2
1 2 30
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9decomposition de Schmidt S=0.87953 L=2.5mm dLambdaPompe=0.1887nm
mode n
λ n
0.010.01 0.
0
0.02 0.040.05
νTE (THz)197.15 197.2 197.25 197.3
197.150.1
0.2
1 2 30
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8decomposition de Schmidt S=1.1035 L=1mm dLambdaPompe=0.1887nm
mode n
λ n
0.01
νTE (THz)197.15 197.2 197.25 197.3
197.150.1
0.2
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1decomposition de Schmidt S=0.032514 L=1.7mm dLambdaPompe=0.1887nm
mode n
λ n
τp = 3.25 psL = 2.5 mmS = 1.10 S = 0.03 S = 0.88
τp = 3.25 psL = 1.7 mm
τp = 3.25 psL = 1 mm
24
Outline
SPDC in AlGaAs waveguides :SPDC in AlGaAs waveguides :‐ Form birefringence phase‐matching
‐Modal phase‐matchingp g
‐ Counterpropagating phase‐matching
i25
ComparisonPerspectives
ComparisonForm Birefring. PM Modal PM Counterpropag.
PM
PM t t I t II t IIPM type type I type II type II
Active / Passive P A / P P (A?)
CW / Pulsed CW or P P P or CW/
λSPDC 1550 nm 1550 nm 1520 nm
losses @ λSPDC 1 ‐ 2 cm‐1 1 cm‐1 / 0.1 cm‐1 0.1 cm‐1
losses @ λP 150 cm‐1 6 cm‐1 / 0.1 cm‐1 ‐
Lguide 0.5 mm 2 mm 2 mm
( i / h ) 4 10 8 2 10 8 10 11η (pairs / pump photon) ~ 4 10‐8
(1 10‐6 /cm)~ 2 10‐8
(1 10‐7 /cm)10‐11
ΔλSPDC (without filter) ~ 230 nm ~ 120 nm 0.17 nm(7 nm.cm) (24 nm.cm) (0.034 nm.cm)
ΔνSPDC (without filter) ~ 29 THz ~ 15 THz 22 GHz
brightness (s‐1mW‐1 GHz‐1) ~ 1 104 ~ 1 104 3 5 103
26
brightness (s 1 mW 1 GHz 1) 1 104
(3.5 105 /cm) 1 104
(5 104 /cm)3.5 103
Outline
SPDC in AlGaAs waveguides :‐ Form birefringence phase‐matching
d l h h‐Modal phase‐matching
‐ Counterpropagating phase‐matching
27ComparisonPerspectives
PerspectivesForm Birefringence PM:Form Birefringence PM:
Record SHG power in a sub-mm deviceWork on propagation losses
Modal PM:
Work on propagation losses
Modal PM:
Bragg mode SHGBragg mode lasingTune temperature and find twin photons
Counterpropagating PM:
HOMHOMMore quantum optics (direct Bell states
generation, frequency engineering,hyperentanglement) and integration
28
hyperentanglement) and integration(VCSEL on top, plasmonic circuit on chip)
Conclusion and perspectivesConclusion and perspectives
Ref.L
(mm)W(μm)
αFH
(cm‐1)αSH
(cm‐1)Regime Type
FH (mW)
SH (μW)
η(% W‐1)
ηnorm
(% W‐1cm‐2)FWHM (nm)
FBPM FioreAPL 1998
1.7 3 1.8 470 Pulsed I1.1(avg
)2.3(avg)
0.12 4.01 10
MPM DucciAPL
1 5 53.5 TE
CW II 8 0 45 0 7 30 0 86MPM Ducci2004
1.5 56 TM
‐ CW II 8 0.45 0.7 30 0.86
MPM HelmyOPEX 2009
1.96 4 7.8 41 CW I 94 0.023 2.7 x 10‐4 6.8 x 10‐3 0.91
OLQPM Fejer
OL 2005
5 6 1.6 3.5 CW I 3 2 23 92 0.37
FBPM FejerOL 2006
0.6 1 5.3 70 CW I 0.023 10‐4 4.5 1250 10
FBPM LeoOL2011
0.5 4 1.1 140 CW I 135 270 2.8 1120 2.9
SFG and DFG study under waySystematic study of optical losses below 1μmSystematic study of optical losses below 1μmTry soon SPDC
NLO 2011‐ Lihue, 19/07/201130/10